Osogbo

{{Short description|Capital city of Osun State, Nigeria}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = Osogbo
|other_name             = Osogbo Oroki
|native_name            =
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = [[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]] and city
|motto                  =
|image_skyline          = File:Osogbo.jpg|Osogbo
imagesize              =
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             =
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             =
|seal_size              =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Nigeria
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_mapsize        =
|pushpin_map_caption    =
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Nigeria}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[States of Nigeria|State]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Osun (state)|Osun]]
|subdivision_type2      =
|subdivision_name2      =
|subdivision_type3      =
|subdivision_name3      =
|established_title      =
|established_date       =
|area_magnitude         =
|unit_pref              = Metric
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =Local Government Chairman
|leader_name            =Adegoke Musa O.
|area_footnotes         = (LGA)
|area_total_km2           = 126.0 
|area_land_km2            =
<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of       = 2022 est
|population_note        =
| population_total      = 201,900 
| population_footnotes  = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osogbo (Local Government Area in Nigeria)|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/osun/NGA030030__osogbo/|access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone               = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
|utc_offset             = +1
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|coordinates            = {{coord|7|46|N|4|34|E|region:NG|display=inline,title}}
|module={{Infobox mapframe|wikidata=yes|zoom=8|marker=village|coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
|elevation_footnotes    =
|elevation_m            = 320
|elevation_ft           =
|postal_code_type       = 3-digit postal code prefix
|postal_code            = 230
|area_code              =
|iso_code               = NG.OS.OS
|blank_name             = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_info             = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]
|website                =
|footnotes              =
|blank_name_sec1= National language
|blank_info_sec1= [[Yoruba language|Yorùbá]]
}}

'''Osogbo ''' (also known as ''Oṣogbo'', and seldomly as ''Oshogbo'') is a city in [[Nigeria]]. It became the capital city of [[Osun State]] in 1991.<ref name="Jiboye 20–27">{{Cite journal|last=Jiboye|first=Adesoji David|date=1 March 2014|title=Significance of house-type as a determinant of residential quality in Osogbo, Southwest Nigeria|journal=Frontiers of Architectural Research|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=20–27|doi=10.1016/j.foar.2013.11.006|issn=2095-2635|doi-access=free}}</ref> Osogbo city seats the Headquarters of both Osogbo Local Government Area (situated at Oke-Baale Area of the city) and Olorunda Local Government Area (situated at Igbonna Area of the city).<ref name="Jiboye 20–27"/> It is some 88 kilometers by road northeast of [[Ibadan]]. It is also {{Convert|108|km|mi|abbr=out}} by road south of [[Ilorin]] (capital and largest city of [[Kwara State]]) and {{Convert|108|km|mi|abbr=out}} northwest of [[Akure]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Akpootu|first1=D. O.|last2=Rabiu|first2=A. M.|date=15 November 2019|title=Empirical Models for Estimating Tropospheric Radio Refractivity Over Osogbo, Nigeria|url=https://benthamopen.com/FULLTEXT/TOASCJ-13-43|journal=The Open Atmospheric Science Journal|volume=13|issue=1|pages=43–55|doi=10.2174/1874282301913010043|doi-access=free}}</ref> Osogbo shares boundaries with Ikirun, Ilesa, Ede, Egbedore, Ogbomosho and Iragbiji and it is easily accessible from any part of the state because of its central nature.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|title=Osogbo {{!}} Location, History, Facts, & Population|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Osogbo|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> It is about 48&nbsp;km from Ife, 32&nbsp;km from Ilesa, 46&nbsp;km from Iwo, 48&nbsp;km from Ikire and 46&nbsp;km from Ila-Orangun; the city had a population of about 200,000  people and an approximate land area of 126&nbsp;km.<ref name="Jiboye 20–27"/> The [[postal code]] of the area is 230.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | access-date = 20 October 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archive-date = 26 November 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Sculpture at Osun Osogbo groove 06.jpg|thumb|Sculpture at Osun Osogbo groove 06]]

==Infrastructure and demographics==
[[File:Old stadium road Osogbo, Kwara State.jpg|thumb|A picture of the old stadium road at oshogbo]]
Osogbo lies on the railway line from [[Lagos]]<ref name="britannica.com"/> to [[Kano (city)|Kano]]. It is known for the [[Oshogbo School of Art|Osogbo School of Art]] and the [[Oja Oba Market]] building, said to be the former [[Oba (ruler)|Oba]]'s [[palace]], within yards of the Osogbo Grand Mosque.

Osogbo is the trade center for a [[Agriculture|farming]] region. Farm produce such as [[yam (vegetable)|Yams]], [[cassava]], [[cereal|grain]], and [[tobacco]] are grown. [[Cotton]] is grown and used to weave cloth. It is also home to several [[hotel]]s and a [[football (soccer)|football]] stadium with a capacity of 10,000 and a second division professional league team.

Most of the population are members of the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] ethnic group.
In 1988, about 27% of the population were engaged in farming as their primary occupation, 8% were traders and about 30% clerks and teachers.

== Culture ==
Osogbo, sometimes called "Ilu Aro" (Home of Tie and Dye), is a major dyeing center.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fidelis|first=Abigail|date=2018-08-23|title=Osun state: facts, numbers, peculiarities|url=https://www.legit.ng/1184139-major-towns-osun-state.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> The traditional industry is one of the major industries of Osogbo and the different types of Adire in Osogbo includes Raffia Resist-''Adire Oniko'', Stitch Resist-''Adire Alabere'', Starch Resist-''Adire Eleko'', Wax Batik-''Adire Alabele''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VisitNigerianow - 📸📝 @artbeatblaze O S O G B O Osogbo, sometimes called "Ile Aro" (home of dyeing), is a major dyeing center.The traditional industry is one of the major industries of Osogbo and the different types of Adire in Osogbo includes Raffia Resist-Adire Oniko, Stitch Resist-Adire Alabere, Starch Resist-Adire Eleko, Wax Batik-Adire Alabele. Osogbo, Osun State. Brown Roof Cities. #visitnigerianow #visitnigeria #explorenigeria #vnnmovement #visitosun #exploreosun #vnnmovementosun #osunstate {{!}} Facebook |url=https://ms-my.facebook.com/visitnigerianow/photos/a.1966381213599717/3233207476917078/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=ms-my.facebook.com |language=ms}}</ref> A number of industries also began to rise after independence, notably small scale establishments involved in [[textile]], foam making, and [[pencil]]s. Osogbo was made a major industrial development center by the government of Nigeria during the 1970s. Osogbo is also the childhood home of the actor and dramatist [[Duro Ladipo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duro Ladipo {{!}} Nigerian dramatist and composer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Duro-Ladipo|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> and the Muslim scholar [[Sheikh Adelabu]].

Osogbo is the venue of the annual [[Osun-Osogbo]] festival along the [[River Osun]]. The festival is centered on the sacred grove of the river goddess Ọsun,<ref>Joseph M. Murphy; Mei Mei Sanford. Reviewed Work(s): Osun across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas. The International Journal of African Historical Studies > Vol. 34, No. 3 (2001)</ref> which is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>Peter Probst. Osogbo and the Art of Heritage. Monuments. Deities, and Money. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011</ref>

The city is also home to several progressive groups and associations, such as the Osogbo Descendants Progressive Union (ODPU; formerly Osogbo Progressive Union - OPU), the '''Mbari Mbayo Club''' for African writers, artists and musicians,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mbari Mbayo Club {{!}} African arts club|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mbari-Mbayo-Club|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> the Osogbo Professionals' Initiative (OPI), the Osogbo Affairs, the Osogbo Development Action Group (ODAG), the Osogbo National Students' Union (ONSU), the Oroki Social Club (OSC), the Ataoja Palace Project Initiative (APPI), the United Associates Osogbo and the Igbonna Progressive Club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Osogbo Progressive Union: An Indivisible Body |url=http://www.osundefender.com/osogbo-progressive-union-an-indivisible-body/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=OsunDefender |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Flooding ==
The citizens of Osogbo, Erin-Osun, and Ilobu, in particular, had no idea what lay in store for them when the heavens opened up for a rainstorm on Tuesday, August 3, 2021.

In contrast to earlier floods in the state, which were preceded by a warning from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, the nearly 8-hour downpour struck like a robber in the night and left tales of grief, tears, and blood by morning.The state capital, Osogbo, was hardest hit, while the damage also spread to numerous other communities. Ibu-Amo, Oke-Arungbo, Oke-Ayepe, Powerline, Gbonmi, Oke-Baale, Obalende, Obate, Oke-Oniti Alekuwodo, and Oke Awesin in Erin-Osun are some of the most impacted localities as Osun River, Awesin stream, and Opopo stream overflow their bounds.<ref>{{Cite news |website=www.vanguardngr.com|access-date=2023-09-24|title=How flood ravaged communities in Osogbo, Erin-Osun |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/how-flood-ravaged-communities-in-osogbo-erin-osun/}}</ref>

==Climate==
Osogbo has a tropical climate with rainfall and an average annual temperature of 25.5 degrees Celsius (77.8 degrees Fahrenheit) and 1361 Millimetres (53.6 inches) of precipitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Osogbo Weather & Climate {{!}} Temperature & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/africa/nigeria/osun/osogbo-46659/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Osogbo
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 35.5
|Feb record high C = 37.0
|Mar record high C = 38.0
|Apr record high C = 35.0
|May record high C = 34.0
|Jun record high C = 33.5
|Jul record high C = 31.5
|Aug record high C = 31.0
|Sep record high C = 32.0
|Oct record high C = 33.0
|Nov record high C = 33.5
|Dec record high C = 34.0
|year record high C = 38.5
|Jan high C = 32.8
|Feb high C = 34.6
|Mar high C = 34.3
|Apr high C = 32.1
|May high C = 31.2
|Jun high C = 30.0
|Jul high C = 27.9
|Aug high C = 27.4
|Sep high C = 28.8
|Oct high C = 30.1
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 31.9
|year high C = 31.0
|Jan mean C = 26.2
|Feb mean C = 27.4
|Mar mean C = 28.4
|Apr mean C = 27.1
|May mean C = 26.5
|Jun mean C = 25.8
|Jul mean C = 24.3
|Aug mean C = 23.8
|Sep mean C = 24.9
|Oct mean C = 25.4
|Nov mean C = 26.1
|Dec mean C = 26.0
|year mean C = 26.0
|Jan low C = 19.5
|Feb low C = 20.1
|Mar low C = 22.5
|Apr low C = 22.1
|May low C = 21.8
|Jun low C = 21.5
|Jul low C = 20.7
|Aug low C = 20.3
|Sep low C = 21.0
|Oct low C = 20.7
|Nov low C = 21.0
|Dec low C = 20.1
|year low C = 21.0
|Jan record low C = 10.5
|Feb record low C = 10.0
|Mar record low C = 19.0
|Apr record low C = 19.5
|May record low C = 18.0
|Jun record low C = 19.5
|Jul record low C = 17.0
|Aug record low C = 16.5
|Sep record low C = 18.5
|Oct record low C = 18.5
|Nov record low C = 14.5
|Dec record low C = 13.0
|year record low C = 10.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 7
|Feb precipitation mm = 26
|Mar precipitation mm = 76
|Apr precipitation mm = 118
|May precipitation mm = 144
|Jun precipitation mm = 141
|Jul precipitation mm = 121
|Aug precipitation mm = 125
|Sep precipitation mm = 181
|Oct precipitation mm = 172
|Nov precipitation mm = 54
|Dec precipitation mm = 12
|year precipitation mm = 1177
|unit precipitation days = 0.3 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1
|Feb precipitation days = 3
|Mar precipitation days = 7
|Apr precipitation days = 11
|May precipitation days = 12
|Jun precipitation days = 15
|Jul precipitation days = 15
|Aug precipitation days = 11
|Sep precipitation days = 17
|Oct precipitation days = 20
|Nov precipitation days = 5
|Dec precipitation days = 1
|year precipitation days = 118
|Jan humidity = 74
|Feb humidity = 69
|Mar humidity = 77
|Apr humidity = 84
|May humidity = 87
|Jun humidity = 88
|Jul humidity = 89
|Aug humidity = 89
|Sep humidity = 89
|Oct humidity = 89
|Nov humidity = 84
|Dec humidity = 79
|year humidity = 83
|source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_652150_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Oshogbo / Nigeria
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 10 August 2016}}</ref> (1961–1990)
}}
== Pollution ==

Osogbo the capital City of Osun State  has been in celebration mood as a result of the cultural festival held annually in the state with cultural enthusiasts across the globe.

The contamination of the Osun river raises concerns of stakeholders about this year's event which made experts to consider this unfit for humans use.

The health implication of consuming water from the river which is said to be having heavy metal and cyanide thereby causing great safety concerns in Osogbo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamigbola |first=Bola |date=2023-08-09 |title=Health concerns cast shadow over Osun-Osogbo festival |url=https://punchng.com/contamination-health-concerns-cast-shadow-over-osun-osogbo-festival/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/12/two-million-osun-residents-at-risk-of-lead-mercury-cyanide-poisoning/amp/]

== History ==

[[File:Short oral story of Osogbo in Yoruba language by a native speaker.webm|thumb|250px|Short oral story of Osogbo in Yoruba language by a native speaker]]

According to tradition, In Ipole Omu, seven rulers reigned before Olarooye in the following succession: Adefokanbale, Aikanya, Ogbogba, Saso, Luberin, Laege (also known as Adetuturinrin; father to both Lajomo and Larooye), Lajomo and Olarooye.

During the reign of Oba Olarooye at Ipole, life became very unbearable because of incessant dry seasons. The then Ipole people became much dejected, worried and uncomfortable over the losses involving their farms, domestic animals and human beings. The Oba Olarooye was worried and disheartened by the situation at Ipole Omu. He wanted emergency solutions to inevitable and uncountable losses. This was the time he ordered the chief hunter at Ipole-in the person of Timehin-and his co-hunters to go on expedition and look for greener pastures. Timehin and the other hunters courageously took up the challenge and moved out in search of a better place for settlement. This expedition discovered River Osun.

Yoruba tradition claims many people fleeing the [[Fulani|Fulani Invasion]] settled at Osogbo following the fall of old Oyo. As a result, Osogbo increased in population largely due to migration from other Yoruba towns.<ref>Tunde Agbola. Osogbo: Cities, Volume 9, Issue 4, November 1992.</ref>

For want of a more open place than a grove and a more central location, Olarooye and his people abandoned their settlement, including the already flourishing market and moved to Ode-Osogbo. At Ode-Osogbo, Olarooye built his new palace at the present-day Idi-Osun while Timehin built the Ogun shrine now known as Idi-Ogun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Probst|first=Peter|title=Picturing the Past: Heritage, Photography and the Politics of Appearance in a Yoruba City|url=https://www.academia.edu/5260070|journal=F. De Jong & M. Rowlands (Eds.), Reclaiming Heritage|language=en}}</ref>
Since then, Osogbo has maintained its function as an economic center.

== List of Ataojas (traditional kings)==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2011}}
The ''Ataoja''  which means the one that ''"stretches out his hand and takes the fish"''  is the traditional ruler of the people of Osogbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Osogbo {{!}} Location, History, Facts, & Population|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Osogbo|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> The following is the list of the Ataojas of Osogbo, with the dates of their rule:
*Oba Larooye Gbadewolu (died 1760)
*Oba Sogbodede (died 1780)
*Aina Serebu (1780–1810)
*Abogbe (1810–1812; as Regent, she reigned but did not assume the title Ataoja)
*Obodegbewale (1812–1815; as Regent)
*Oba Lahanmi Oyipi (1815–1840)
*Oba Ojo Adio Okege (1840–1854)
*Oba Oladejobi Oladele Matanmi I (1854–1864)
*Oba Fabode.Durosinmi Ogunnike (1864–1891)
*Oba Bamigbola Alao (1891–1893)
*Oba Ajayi Olosunde Oyetona (1893–1903)
*Oba Atanda Olukeye Olugbeja Matanmi II (1903–1917)
*Oba Kofoworola Ajadi Latona I (1918–1920)
*Oba Alabi Kolawole (1920–1933)
*Oba Samuel Oyedokun Latona II (1933–1943)
*Oba Samuel Adeleye Adenle I (1944–1976)
*Oba Iyiola Oyewale Matanmi III (1976–2010)
*Oba Jimoh Oyetunji Laaroye II (2010–present) [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/oba-jimoh-validly-elected-as-ataoja-elebuibon-others/]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Oshogbo}}
{{Wikivoyage|Osogbo}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1118 Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove World Heritage Site]
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/45488319/History-of-the-Kingship-Roles-of-Osogbo A Brief History of the Ataoja of Osogbo]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131116030643/http://osogbocity.com/id17.htm Welcome to Osogbocity Homepage]

{{LGAs and communities of Osun State}}
{{Cities in Nigeria}}

{{Yoruba topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Osogbo| ]]
[[Category:Local Government Areas in Osun State]]
[[Category:State capitals in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Cities in Yorubaland]]
[[Category:Cities in Nigeria]]