Muhammadu Buhari Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Short description|President of Nigeria from 2015 to 2023, military head of state of Nigeria from 1983 to 1985}} {{EngvarB|date=May 2016}} {{Use Nigerian English|date=September 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]<br>[[Major-general (Nigeria)|Major General]] | honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Federal Republic|GCFR]] | image = Muhammadu Buhari, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (cropped3).jpg | imagesize = 230px | alt = Official portrait of Muhammadu Buhari as president of Nigeria | caption = Official portrait, 2015 | order = [[List of heads of state of Nigeria|7th and 15th]] | office = President of Nigeria | term_start = 29 May 2015 | term_end = 29 May 2023 | vicepresident = [[Yemi Osinbajo]] | predecessor = [[Goodluck Jonathan]] | successor = [[Bola Tinubu]] | term_start1 = 31 December 1983 | term_end1 = 27 August 1985<br /> {{small|as [[Military Head of State of Nigeria]]}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|[[Vice President of Nigeria|Chief of Staff]]}} | 1namedata1 = [[Tunde Idiagbon]] | predecessor1 = [[Shehu Shagari]] | successor1 = [[Ibrahim Babangida]] | office2 = [[Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources (Nigeria)|Federal Minister of Petroleum Resources]] | president2 = ''Himself'' | term_start2 = 11 November 2015 | term_end2 = 29 May 2023 | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Minister of State}} | 1namedata2 = [[Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu]]<br />[[Timipre Sylva]] | predecessor2 = [[Diezani Allison-Madueke]] | successor2 = Bola Tinubu | term_start3 = March 1976 | term_end3 = June 1978<br /> as {{small|[[Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources (Nigeria)|Federal Commissioner of Petroleum and Natural Resources]]}} | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Head of State}} | 1namedata3 = [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | office4 = [[Governor of Borno State]] | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Head of State}} | 1namedata4 = [[Murtala Mohammed]]<br>Olusegun Obasanjo | term_start4 = 3 February 1976 | term_end4 = 15 March 1976 | predecessor4 = ''Office established'' | successor4 = [[Mustapha Amin]] | term_start5 = 1 August 1975 | term_end5 = 3 February 1976<br /> as {{small|[[North-Eastern State|Governor of the North-Eastern State]]}} | predecessor5 = [[Musa Usman]] | successor5 = ''Office abolished'' | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|Head of State}} | 1namedata5 = Murtala Mohammed | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|12|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Daura]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]]<br />(now in [[Katsina State|Katsina]], Nigeria) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] (2013–present) | otherparty = {{plainlist| * [[All Nigeria Peoples Party]] (2002–2010) * [[Congress for Progressive Change]] (2010–2013) }} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Safinatu Buhari|Safinatu Yusuf]]|1971|1988|end=div}} * {{marriage|[[Aisha Buhari|Aisha Halilu]]|1989}} }} | relations = {{plainlist| * [[Muhammadu Ribadu]] (grandfather-in-law) * [[Mamman Daura]] (nephew) }} | children = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title = 10 |1=Zulaihat (deceased)|2=Fatima |3=Musa (deceased) |4=Hadiza |5=Safinatu |6=Halima |7=Yusuf |8=Zahra "Zarah" |9=Aisha |10=Amina }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|military officer}} | residence = | awards = [[#Honours|List of honors and awards]] | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Nigerian Defence Academy|Nigerian Military Training College]] * [[Mons Officer Cadet School]] * [[United States Army War College|U.S. Army War College]]<ref name="Paden">{{cite book |last=Paden |first=John |date=2016 |title=Muhammadu Buhari: The Challenges of Leadership in Nigeria |publisher=Roaring Forties Press |isbn=978-1-938901-64-5}}</ref> }} | website = <!--Military service--> | branch = [[File:Flag of the Nigerian Army Headquarters.svg|25px]] [[Nigerian Army]] | serviceyears = 1962–1985 | rank = [[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-7.svg|20px]] [[Major-general (Nigeria)|Major general]] | allegiance = {{flag|Nigeria}} | battles = [[Nigerian Civil War]]<br />[[Chadian–Nigerian War]] }} '''Muhammadu Buhari''' {{post-nominals|country=NG|post-noms=[[Order of the Federal Republic|GCFR]]}} ({{Pronunciation|Ha-Muhammadu Buhari.ogg|Hausa pronunciation|help=no}}; born 17 December 1942) is a [[Nigerian]] [[politician]] who served as the [[president of Nigeria]] from 2015 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=Muhammadu Buhari {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammadu-Buhari |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=President Buhari's inaugural speech on May 29, 2015 |url=https://guardian.ng/features/president-muhammadu-buharis-inaugural-speech/ |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> A retired [[Nigerian army]] major general, he served as the country's [[Military Head of State of Nigeria|military head of state]] from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985, after taking power from the [[Shehu Shagari]] civilian government in a [[1983 Nigerian coup d'état|military coup d'état]].<ref name="Buhari-Idiagbon">{{cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/buhari.htm |title=Military Regime of Buhari and Idiagbon, January 1984 – August 1985 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074423/http://www.dawodu.com/buhari.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Siollun">{{cite news |url=http://www.dawodu.com/siollun3.htm |title=Buhari and Idiagbon: A Missed Opportunity for Nigeria |author=Max Siollun |publisher=Dawodu.com |date=October 2003 |access-date=12 September 2013 |author-link=Max Siollun |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406090246/http://www.dawodu.com/siollun3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The term [[Buharism]] is used to describe the [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] policies of his [[military]] regime.<ref name="Sanusi">{{cite news |url=http://www.gamji.com/sanusi/sanusi26.htm |title=Buharism: Economic Theory and Political Economy |author=Sanusi Lamido Sanusi |location=[[Lagos]] |date=22 July 2002 |access-date=12 September 2013 |author-link=Sanusi Lamido Sanusi |archive-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312155444/http://www.gamji.com/sanusi/sanusi26.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nura">{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201009140173.html |title=Nigeria: The Spontaneous 'Buharism' Explosion in the Polity |author=Mohammed Nura |newspaper=[[Leadership (Nigeria)]] |date=14 September 2010 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629075850/http://allafrica.com/stories/201009140173.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Buhari ran for president of Nigeria on the platform and support of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) in [[2003 Nigerian presidential election|2003]] and [[2007 Nigerian general election|2007]], and on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) platform in [[2011 Nigerian presidential election|2011]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2016|title=The frustrations of Buhari from 2003 to 2011|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/the-frustrations-of-buhari-from-2003-to-2011/|access-date=1 October 2021|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001112806/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/the-frustrations-of-buhari-from-2003-to-2011/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2014, he emerged as the presidential candidate of<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 April 2015|title=Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins presidency|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110022117/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[All Progressives Congress]] party for the [[2015 Nigerian general election|2015 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2015|title=Buhari in historic election win, emerges Nigeria's President-elect {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/180374-buhari-in-historic-election-win-emerges-nigerias-president-elect.html|access-date=1 October 2021|language=en-GB|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001113036/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/180374-buhari-in-historic-election-win-emerges-nigerias-president-elect.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Buhari won the election, defeating incumbent President [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammadu Buhari |url=https://themuslim500.com/profiles/muhammadu-buhari/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=The Muslim 500 |language=en-US}}</ref> This was the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost a general election. He was [[Inauguration of Muhammadu Buhari|sworn in]] on 29 May 2015. In February 2019, Buhari was [[2019 Nigerian general election|re-elected]], defeating his closest rival, former Vice President [[Atiku Abubakar]], by over 3 million votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-buhari-winner-of-2019-presidential-election/|title=UPDATED: Buhari wins second term|website=Punch Newspapers|date=27 February 2019|language=en-US|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906151856/https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-buhari-winner-of-2019-presidential-election/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Stephanie Busari and Aanu Adeoye, for|title=Nigeria's President Muhammadu Buhari reelected, but opponent rejects results|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/africa/buhari-wins-nigeria-election-intl/index.html|access-date=1 October 2021|website=CNN|date=27 February 2019|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001113245/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/africa/buhari-wins-nigeria-election-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2019 |title=Nigeria's Buhari wins re-election, rival pursues fraud claim |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-election-idUSKCN1QG11U |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> ==Early life== Muhammadu Buhari was born to a [[Fulani people|Fulani]] family<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/31/muhammadu-buhari-military-dictator-nigeria-new-democratic-president The Guardian: "Muhammadu Buhari: reformed dictator returns to power in democratic Nigeria" by David Smith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305153611/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/31/muhammadu-buhari-military-dictator-nigeria-new-democratic-president |date=5 March 2017 }} 31 March 2015</ref> on 17 December 1942, in [[Daura]], a town in [[Katsina State]], Nigeria. His father was called [[wikt:mallam|Mallam]] Hardo Adamu, a [[Fula people|Fulani]] chieftain from Dumurkul in [[Mai'Adua]], and his mother, whose name was Zulaihat, had [[Hausa people|Hausa]] and [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] ancestry.<ref name="mbuhari.ng">{{cite web|url=http://thisisbuhari.com/all-project-list/muhammadu-buhari-presidential-candidate/|title=Muhammadu Buhari Presidential Candidate|work=thisisbuhari.com|access-date=8 February 2015|archive-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116035947/http://thisisbuhari.com/all-project-list/muhammadu-buhari-presidential-candidate/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad Buhari">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Muhammad Buhari|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammadu-Buhari|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=8 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218031931/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammadu-Buhari|archive-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> He is the twenty-third-(23) child of his father and was named after ninth-century [[Persians|Persian]] [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kperogi |first1=Farooq |title=Buhari's surname not his father's name; how he dumped it |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/08/15/buharis-surname-not-his-fathers-name-how-he-dumped-it/ |website=[[P.M. News]] |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> Buhari was raised by his mother; he was about four years old when his father died. He attended primary school in [[Daura]] and [[Mai'Adua|Mai'adua]], in 1953, [[Katsina]] Middle School, and attended Katsina Provincial Secondary School in Katsina State from 1956 to 1961 where he earned his [[West African School Certificate]]. Buhari went to the Nigerian Military Training School, Kaduna in 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/asiwaju-bola-ahmed-tinubu/exclusive-interview-with-gmb-buhari-speaks-to-the-sun-newspaper/409638299105506/ |title=Exclusive Interview With GMB – Buhari speaks to The Sun Newspaper |website=[[Facebook]] |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204194306/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnotes%2Fasiwaju-bola-ahmed-tinubu%2Fexclusive-interview-with-gmb-buhari-speaks-to-the-sun-newspaper%2F409638299105506%2F |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Major General Muhammadu Buhari (retd.) Archives|url=https://punchng.com/tags/major-general-muhammadu-buhari-retd/|access-date=21 February 2022|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Military career== In 1962, at the age of 19, Buhari enrolled in the [[Nigerian Military Training College]] (NMTC).<ref>{{cite book |last=Obotetukudo| first=Solomon|title=The Inaugural Addresses and Ascension Speeches of Nigerian Elected and Non elected presidents and prime minister from 1960 -2010|publisher=University Press of America|year=2011|page=90}}</ref> In February 1964, the college was upgraded to an officer commissioning unit of the [[Nigerian Army]] and renamed the [[Nigerian Defence Academy]] (NDA) (prior to 1964, the Nigerian government sent cadets who had completed their NMTC preliminary training to mostly [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] military academies<ref name=Ogbebor>{{cite web|last1=Ogbebor|first1=Paul Osakpamwan|title=The Nigerian Defence Academy – A Pioneer Cadet's Memoir|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/the-nigerian-defence-academy-a-pioneer-cadets-memoir/#sthash.Oo9A0qMO.dpuf|website=Vanguard (Nigeria)|access-date=11 August 2015|date=26 November 2012|archive-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815142454/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/the-nigerian-defence-academy-a-pioneer-cadets-memoir/#sthash.Oo9A0qMO.dpuf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Agbese>{{cite book|last1=Agbese|first1=Dan|title=Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power and Politics|publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers, 2012|isbn=978-1-906704-96-4|pages=48–49|year=2012}}</ref><ref name=Luckham>{{cite book|last1=Luckham|first1=Robin|title=The Nigerian Military a Sociological Analysis of Authority & Revolt 1960–1967|publisher=CUP Archive, 1971|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qA44AAAAIAAJ&q=teshie+military+nmtc+luckham&pg=PA235|access-date=10 August 2015|year=1971|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204194358/https://books.google.com/books?id=qA44AAAAIAAJ&q=teshie+military+nmtc+luckham&pg=PA235|url-status=live}}</ref> for officer cadet training). From 1962 to 1963, Buhari underwent officer cadet training at [[Mons Officer Cadet School]] in [[Aldershot]] in [[England]].<ref>The Times, "US overtakes Britain at educating leaders" (5 September 2019), pg. 19</ref> In January 1963, at age 20, Buhari was commissioned a second lieutenant and appointed [[Platoon leader|Platoon Commander]] of the Second Infantry Battalion in [[Abeokuta]], [[Nigeria]]. From November 1963 to January 1964, Buhari attended the Platoon Commanders' Course at the Nigerian Military Training College, [[Kaduna]]. In 1964, he facilitated his military training by attending the Mechanical Transport Officer's Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in Borden, [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Businessday NG 2015">{{cite web | title=General Muhammadu Buhari: The dawn of a new era | website=Businessday NG | date=31 May 2015 | url=https://businessday.ng/bd-lunch/article/general-muhammadu-buhari-the-dawn-of-a-new-era/ | access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref> From 1965 to 1967, Buhari served as commander of the Second Infantry Battalion and was appointed [[brigade major]], Second Sector, First Infantry Division, April 1967 to July 1967. Following the bloody [[1966 Nigerian coup d'état]], which resulted in the death of [[Premier of Northern Nigeria|Premier]] [[Ahmadu Bello]], Lieutenant Buhari, alongside several young officers from [[Northern Nigeria]], took part in the July counter-coup which ousted General [[Aguiyi Ironsi]], replacing him with General [[Yakubu Gowon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent Nigerians who share birthday month with President Buhari |url=https://guardian.ng/news/birthdays-6/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=guardian.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Civil war=== {{Main|Nigerian Civil War}} Buhari was assigned to the [[1st Division (Nigeria)|1st Division]] under the command of Lt. Col [[Mohammed Shuwa]].{{sfn|Momoh|2000|p=65}} The division had temporarily moved from Kaduna to [[Makurdi]] at the onset of the [[Nigerian Civil War]]. The 1st division was divided into sectors and then battalions, {{sfn|Momoh|2000|p=343}} with Shuwa assisted by sector commanders Martin Adamu and Sule Apollo, who was later replaced by [[Theophilus Danjuma]]. Buhari's initial assignment was as [[Adjutant]] and [[Company Commander]] 2 [[battalion]] unit, Second Sector Infantry of the 1st Division. The 2 battalion was one of the units that participated in the first actions of the war: they started from Gakem near [[Afikpo]] and moved towards [[Ogoja]], with support from [[Gado Nasko]]'s artillery squad.{{sfn|Momoh|2000|p=69}} They reached and captured Ogoja within a week, with the intention of advancing through the flanks to [[Enugu]], the rebel capital.{{sfn|Momoh|2000|p=339}} Buhari was briefly the 2 battalion's Commander and led the battalion to [[Ehugbo|Afikpo]] to link with the 3rd Marine Commando and advance towards Enugu through Nkalagu and [[Abakaliki]]. However, before the move to Enugu, he was posted to [[Nsukka]] as Brigade Major of the 3rd Infantry Brigade under Joshua Gin, who would later become battle fatigued and replaced by Isa Bukar.{{sfn|Momoh|2000|p=340}} Buhari stayed with the infantry for a few months as the Nigerian army began to adjust tactics learnt from early battle experiences. Instead of swift advances, the new tactics involved securing and holding on to the lines of communications and using captured towns as training ground to train new recruits brought in from the army depots in [[Abeokuta]] and [[Zaria]].{{sfn|Momoh|2000|p=340}} In 1968, he was posted to the 4 Sector, also called the Awka sector, which was charged with taking over the capture of Onitsha from Division 2. The sector's operations were within the [[Awka]]-[[Abagana]]-Onitsha region, which was important to Biafran forces because it was a major source of food supply. It was in the sector that Buhari's group suffered a lot of casualties trying to protect the food supplies route of the rebels along [[Oji River]] and [[Abagana]].{{sfn|Momoh|2000|p=78}} === After the war === From 1970 to 1971, Buhari was Brigade Major/Commandant, Thirty-first Infantry Brigade. He then served as the Assistant Adjutant-General, First Infantry Division Headquarters, from 1971 to 1972. He also attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington, India, in 1973.<ref name="Quartz">{{cite news|author=Siddhartha Mitter|date=28 October 2015|title=India can rival China in Nigeria, by being exactly what China is not: Open and free|work=Quartz|url=http://qz.com/534257/india-can-rival-china-in-nigeria-by-being-exactly-what-china-is-not-open-and-free/|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101070327/http://qz.com/534257/india-can-rival-china-in-nigeria-by-being-exactly-what-china-is-not-open-and-free/|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1974 to 1975 Buhari was acting director of Transport and Supply at the Nigerian Army Corps of Supply and Transport Headquarters.<ref>{{cite book|author=Solomon Williams Obotetukudo|title=The Inaugural Addresses and Ascension Speeches of Nigerian Elected and Non-Elected Presidents and Prime Minister, 1960–2010|publisher=University Press of America|year=2010|pages=91–92}}</ref> In the [[1975 Nigerian coup d'état|1975 military coup d'état]], Lieutenant Colonel Buhari was among a group of officers that brought General [[Murtala Mohammed]] to power. He was later appointed Governor of the [[North-Eastern State]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria/constitution-politics|title=Nigeria : Constitution and politics|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911145142/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria/constitution-politics|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mouau.edu.ng/index.php/node/134|title=PRESIDENT MUHAMMADU BUHARI (GCFR) | Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054012/https://www.mouau.edu.ng/index.php/node/134|url-status=live}}</ref> from 1 August 1975 to 3 February 1976, to oversee social, economic and political improvements in the state. On 3 February 1976, the North Eastern State was divided into three states [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]], [[Borno State|Borno]] and [[Gongola State|Gongola]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nigeriaroute.com/state-structure.php| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160603080911/http://nigeriaroute.com/state-structure.php| archive-date = 3 June 2016| title = Nigeriaroute.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612192532/http://www.nigeriaroute.com/state-structure.php |date=12 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e|title=This is how the 36 states were created|date=23 October 2017|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612192656/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alapiki|first1=Henry E|date=2005|title=State Creation in Nigeria: Failed Approaches to National Integration and Local Autonomy|journal=African Studies Review|volume=48|issue=3|pages=49–65|doi=10.1353/arw.2006.0003|jstor=20065139|s2cid=146571948}}</ref> Buhari then became the first Governor of Borno State from 3 February 1976 to 15 March 1976.<ref>{{Citation |title=Matthews, Norman Derek, (19 March 1922–21 July 1976), Governor of Montserrat, since 1974 |date=2007-12-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u157278 |work=Who Was Who |access-date=2023-09-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u157278 }}</ref> In March 1976, following the botched [[1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt|1976 military coup d'état attempt]] which led to the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed, his deputy General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] became the military head of state and appointed Colonel Buhari as the [[Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources (Nigeria)|Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources]] (now minister). In 1977, when the [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation]] was created, Buhari was appointed as its chairman, a position he held until 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nnpcgroup.com/NNPCBusiness/Businessinformation/OilGasinNigeria/IndustryHistory.aspx|title=History of the Nigerian Petroleum Industry|publisher=Nigerian National Petroleum Company|access-date=13 August 2015|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082300/http://www.nnpcgroup.com/NNPCBusiness/BusinessInformation/OilGasinNigeria/IndustryHistory.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> During his tenure as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources, the government invested in pipelines and petroleum storage infrastructures. The government built about 21 petroleum storage depots all over the country from Lagos to [[Maiduguri]] and from [[Calabar]] to [[Gusau]]; the administration constructed a pipeline network that connected Bonny terminal and the Port Harcourt refinery to the depots. Also, the administration signed the contract for the construction of a refinery in [[Kaduna State|Kaduna]] and an oil pipeline that will connect the Escravos oil terminal to Warri Refinery and the proposed Kaduna refinery.<ref>"Nigeria's Oil Production on Increase." ''Afro-American'' (1893–1988): 16. 16 December 1978.</ref> From 1978 to 1979, he was Military Secretary at the Army Headquarters and was a member of the [[Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1966–1979)|Supreme Military Council]] from 1978 to 1979. From 1979 to 1980, at the rank of colonel, Buhari (class of 1980) attended the [[US Army War College]] in [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]], in the [[United States]], and gained a [[master's degree]] in [[Strategic Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Muhammed Kabir Hassan|date=31 December 2014|title=Nigeria: The Mess 'Full Literates' Have Put Us All In!|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201501020034.html|work=AllAfrica|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102144609/http://allafrica.com/stories/201501020034.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 December 2014|title=A Rejoinder To 'Semi-Illiterate' PDP Secretary Prof. Wale Oladipo By Dr. M.K. Hassan|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/22/rejoinder-semi-illiterate-pdp-secretary-prof-wale-oladipo-dr-mk-hassan|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102155050/http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/22/rejoinder-semi-illiterate-pdp-secretary-prof-wale-oladipo-dr-mk-hassan|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon completion of the on-campus full-time resident program lasting ten months and the two-year-long, distance learning program, the [[United States Army War College]] (USAWC) awards its graduate officers a master's degree in Strategic Studies.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} '''Divisional commands held in the [[Nigerian Army]]:''' * General Officer Commanding, 4th Infantry Division: August 1980 – January 1981<ref>[http://newtelegraphonline.com/buhari-man-of-history/]{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> * General Officer Commanding, [[2 Division (Nigeria)|2nd Mechanised Infantry Division]]: January 1981 – October 1981<ref>[http://www.thesourceng.com/RaceApril132015.htm The Source Magazine Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723011300/http://www.thesourceng.com/RaceApril132015.htm|date=23 July 2015}}. Thesourceng.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> * General Officer Commanding, [[3rd Division (Nigeria)|3rd Armed Division]]: October 1981 – December 1983 === Coup d'état of 1983 === {{Main|1983 Nigerian coup d'état}} Major-General Buhari was one of the leaders of the [[Nigerian military coup of December 31, 1983|military coup of December 1983]] that overthrew the [[Second Nigerian Republic]]. At the time of the coup plot, Buhari was the General Officer Commanding (GOC), Third Armoured Division of [[Jos]].<ref>Matthews, Martin P. ''Nigeria: current issues and historical background.'' p. 121.</ref> With the successful execution of the coup by General Buhari, [[Tunde Idiagbon]] was appointed Chief of General Staff (the de facto No. 2 in the administration). The coup ended Nigeria's short-lived [[Second Nigerian Republic|Second Republic]], a period of multi-party [[democracy]] revived in 1979, after 13 years of military rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No to another Republic of Nigerian Army! |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/no-to-another-republic-of-nigerian-army/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=guardian.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> According to ''The New York Times'', the officers who took power argued that "a flawed democracy was worse than no democracy at all". Buhari justified the military's seizure of power by castigating the civilian government as hopelessly corrupt and promptly suspended the [[Constitution of Nigeria|constitution]]. Another rationale for the coup was to correct economic decline in Nigeria. In the military's first broadcast after the coup, Sani Abacha linked 'an inept and corrupt leadership'{{sfn|Graf|1988|p=149}} with general economic decline. In Buhari's New Year's Day speech, he too mentioned the corrupt class of the [[Second Nigerian Republic|Second Republic]] but also as the cause of a general decline in morality in society.{{sfn|Graf|1988|p=149}} ==Head of State (1983–1985)== === Consolidation of power === The structure of the new military leadership—the fifth in [[Nigeria]] since independence—resembled the last military regime, the [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]]/[[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Yaradua]] administration. The new regime established a Supreme Military Council, a Federal Executive Council and a Council of States.{{sfn|Graf|1988|p=150}} The number of ministries was trimmed to 18, while the administration carried out a retrenchment exercise among the senior ranks of the civil service and police. It retired 17 permanent secretaries and some senior police and naval officers. In addition, the new military administration promulgated new laws to achieve its aim. These laws included the Robbery and Firearms (Special Provisions) Decree for the prosecution of armed robbery cases, and the State Security (Detention of Person) Decree, which gave powers to the military to detain individuals suspected of jeopardizing state security or causing economic adversity.{{sfn|Graf|1988|p=153}} Other decrees included the Civil Service Commission and Public Offenders Decree, which constituted the legal and administrative basis to conduct a purge in the civil service.{{sfn|Graf|1988|p=153}} According to Decree Number 2 of 1984, the state security and the chief of staff were given the power to detain, without charges, individuals deemed to be a security risk to the state for up to three months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab5d3c.html|title=Nigeria: Repeal of Decree 2|date=1 October 1998|website=refworld.org|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120114352/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab5d3c.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Strikes and popular demonstrations were banned and Nigeria's security agency, the [[National Security Organization]] (NSO) was entrusted with unprecedented powers. The NSO played a wide role in the cracking down of public dissent by intimidating, harassing and jailing individuals who broke the interdiction on strikes. By October 1984, about 200,000 civil servants were retrenched.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naijapolitica.com/2014/12/04/the-untold-tales-of-gen-buhari-a-must-read/|title=THE UNTOLD TALES OF GEN. BUHARI ... [a must read]|date=4 December 2014|website=Naija Politica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120004503/http://naijapolitica.com/2014/12/04/the-untold-tales-of-gen-buhari-a-must-read/|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Buhari mounted an offensive against entrenched interests. In 20 months as Head of State, about 500 politicians, officials and businessmen were jailed for corruption during his stewardship.<ref name="autogenerated422">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12890807|title=Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari in profile|date=17 April 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=20 April 2011|archive-date=20 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420211645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12890807|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_52396.html|title=Nigeria: Human Rights Watch Africa|date=10 May 1996|website=africa.upenn.eu|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315211922/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_52396.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Detainees were released after releasing sums to the government and agreeing to meet certain conditions. The regime also jailed its critics, including [[Fela Kuti]].<ref name="amnesty2">{{cite web|url=http://static.amnesty.org/ai50/fela_kuti_en.pdf|title=Fela Kuti, PoC, Nigeria|date=2010|website=amnesty.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020006/http://static.amnesty.org/ai50/fela_kuti_en.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2015|quote=On numerous occasions he was detained and harassed by the authorities}}</ref> He was arrested on 4 September 1984 at the airport as he was about to embark on an American tour. [[Amnesty International]] described the charges brought against him for illegally exporting foreign currency as "spurious". Using the wide powers bestowed upon it by Decree Number 2, the government sentenced Fela to five years in prison. He was released after 18 months,<ref name="amnesty2" /> when the Buhari regime was overthrown. In 1984, Buhari passed Decree Number 4, the Protection Against False Accusations Decree,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ogbondah|first=Chris|date=1991|title=Origins and Interpretation of Nigerian Press Laws|url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20review/vol5no2/jamr005002006.pdf|journal=Africa Media Review|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=24 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224033156/http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20review/vol5no2/jamr005002006.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> a wide-ranging repressive press law. Section 1 of the law provided that "Any person who publishes in any form, whether written or otherwise, any message, rumour, report or statement [...] which is false in any material particular or which brings or is calculated to bring the Federal Military Government or the Government of a state or public officer to ridicule or disrepute, shall be guilty of an offense under this Decree".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalnetworkonline.com/vol10n40/nondisclosure.html|title=My Stance On 'Non Disclosure' Remains Unshakable – Tunde Thompson|date=9 October 2013|website=nationalnetworkonline.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120114257/http://www.nationalnetworkonline.com/vol10n40/nondisclosure.html|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> The law further stated that offending journalists and publishers will be tried by an open military tribunal, whose ruling would be final and unappealable in any court and those found guilty would be eligible for a fine not less than 10,000 [[naira]] and a jail sentence of up to two years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCT Chairman Advocates Return of Decree 2 to punish Journalists |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/cct-chairman-advocates-return-decree-2-punish-journalists/amp/}}</ref> ===Economics=== {{Main|Buharism}} In order to reform the economy, as Head of State, Buhari started to rebuild the nation's social-political and economic systems, along the realities of Nigeria's austere economic conditions.<ref name="upa" /> The rebuilding included removing or cutting back the excesses in national expenditure, obliterating or removing completely, corruption from the nation's social ethics, shifting from mainly public sector employment to self-employment. Buhari also encouraged import substitution industrialisation based to a great extent on the use of local materials.<ref name="upa">{{cite book|author1=Nwachuku, Levi Akalazu |author2=G. N. Uzoigwe |title=Troubled Journey: Nigeria Since the Civil War |publisher=University Press of America|year=2004 |page=192}}</ref> However, tightening of imports led to reduction in raw materials for industries causing many industries to operate below capacity,{{sfn|Graf|1988|p=162}} reduction of workers and in some cases business closure.<ref name="autogenerated422" /> Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund, when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira by 60%. However, the reforms that Buhari instigated on his own were as or more rigorous as those required by the IMF.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vreeland|first1=James Raymond|title=The International Monetary Fund: Politics of Conditional Lending|date=19 December 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-37463-7|page=60|quote=Buhari proved his independence by pushing through economic austerity so severe it went beyond what many advised – all the while he refused IMF assistance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mathews|first1=Martin P.|title=Nigeria: Current Issues and Historical Background|date=1 May 2002|publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]]|isbn=978-1-59033-316-7|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTs6GpM4zDMC&q=buhari+imf&pg=PA122|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103155730/https://books.google.com/books?id=hTs6GpM4zDMC&q=buhari+imf&pg=PA122|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 May 1984, Buhari announced the country's 1984 National Budget. The budget came with a series of complementary measures: *A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers *Raising of interest rates *Halting capital projects *Prohibition of borrowing by state governments *15 percent cut from Shagari's 1983 Budget *Realignment of import duties *Reducing the balance of payment deficit by cutting imports *It also gave priority to the importation of raw materials and spare parts that were needed for agriculture and industry. Other economic measures by Buhari took the form of counter trade, currency change, price reduction of goods and services. His economic policies did not earn him the legitimacy of the masses due to the rise in inflation and the use of military might to continue to push many policies blamed for the rise in food prices.{{sfn|Graf|1988|p=164}} ===Mass social mobilization=== {{main|War Against Indiscipline}} One of the most enduring legacies of the Buhari government has been the War Against Indiscipline (WAI). Launched on 20 March 1984, the policy tried to address the perceived lack of public morality and civic responsibility of Nigerian society. Unruly Nigerians were ordered to form neat queues at bus stops, under the eyes of whip-wielding soldiers. Civil servants<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12890807|title = Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari in profile|date = 11 December 2014|website = bbc.co.uk|access-date = 21 July 2018|archive-date = 13 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180813125916/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12890807|url-status = live}}</ref> who failed to show up on time at work were humiliated and forced to do "frog jumps". Minor offences carried long sentences. Any student over the age of 17 caught cheating on an exam would get 21 years in prison. Counterfeiting and arson could lead to the death penalty.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/10/world/nigeria-s-discipline-campaign-not-sparing-the-rod.html|title = Nigeria's discipline campaign: Not sparing the rod|date = 10 August 1984|work = The New York Times|author = Clifford D. May|access-date = 11 February 2017|archive-date = 9 June 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170609222757/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/10/world/nigeria-s-discipline-campaign-not-sparing-the-rod.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Buhari's administration enacted three decrees to investigate corruption and control foreign exchange. The Banking (Freezing of Accounts) Decree of 1984, allotted to the Federal Military Government the power to freeze bank accounts of persons suspected to have committed fraud. The Recovery of Public Property (Special Military Tribunals) Decree permitted the government to investigate the assets of public officials linked with corruption and constitute a military tribunal to try such persons. The Exchange Control (Anti-Sabotage) Decree stated penalties for violators of foreign exchange laws.{{sfn|Graf|1988|p=154}} Decree 20 on illegal ship bunkering and drug trafficking was another example of Buhari's tough approach to crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9485.html|title=Security and Anticrime Measures|date=June 1991|website=country-data.com|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314231150/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9485.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Section 3 (2) (K) provided that "any person who, without lawful authority deals in, sells, smokes or inhales the drug known as [[cocaine]] or other similar drugs, shall be guilty under section 6 (3) (K) of an offence and liable on conviction to suffer death sentence by firing squad." In the case of Bernard Ogedengebe, the Decree was applied retroactively.<ref name="tdl22">{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/buhari-history-and-the-wilfully-blind/198756/|title=Buhari: History and the Wilfully Blind|date=10 January 2015|website=thisdaylive.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113061304/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/buhari-history-and-the-wilfully-blind/198756/|archive-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> He was executed even if at the time of his arrest the crime did not mandate the capital punishment, but had carried a sentence of six months imprisonment.<ref name="tdl22" /> In another prominent case of April 1985, six Nigerians were condemned to death under the same decree: Sidikatu Tairi, Sola Oguntayo, Oladele Omosebi, Lasunkanmi Awolola, Jimi Adebayo and Gladys Iyamah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abiyamo.com/muhammadu-buhari-nigerias-strictest-leader/7/|title=Muhammadu Buhari, Nigeria's Strictest Leader|date=2 July 2013|website=abiyamo.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120113947/http://www.abiyamo.com/muhammadu-buhari-nigerias-strictest-leader/7/|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> In 1985, prompted by economic uncertainties and a rising crime rate, the government of Buhari opened the borders (closed since April 1984) with [[Benin]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]] and [[Cameroon]] to speed up the expulsion of 700,000 illegal foreigners and illegal migrant workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/05/world/expelled-foreigners-pouring-ved=0CHwQ6AEwDw#v=onepageout-of-nigeria-by-the-associated-press.html|title=Expelled foreigners pouring out of Nigeria By The Associated Press|date=5 May 1985|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Buhari is today known for this crisis; there even is a famine in the east of Niger that have been named "El Buhari".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20141211173541/|title=Présidentielle nigériane : Muhammadu Buhari affrontera Goodluck Jonathan|date=11 December 2014|website=jeuneafrique.com|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204194311/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/37766/politique/pr-sidentielle-nig-riane-muhammadu-buhari-affrontera-goodluck-jonathan/|url-status=live}}</ref> His regime drew criticism from many, including Nigeria's first Nobel Prize winner [[Wole Soyinka]], who, in 2007, wrote a piece called "The Crimes of Buhari"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2007/01/14/crimes-buhari-wole-soyinka|title=The crimes of Buhari-Wole Soyinka|date=14 January 2007|website=saharareporters.com|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120115130/http://saharareporters.com/2007/01/14/crimes-buhari-wole-soyinka|url-status=live}}</ref> which outlined many of the abuses conducted under his military rule. Ahead of the 2015 general election, Buhari responded to his human rights criticism by saying that if elected, he would follow the rule of law, and that there would be access to justice for all Nigerians and respect for fundamental human rights of Nigerians.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195948/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/my-contract-with-nigeria-buhari/ My contract with Nigeria – Buhari]. vanguardngr.com (17 March 2015)</ref> === Coup d'état of 1985 === {{main|1985 Nigerian coup d'état}} In August 1985, Major General Buhari was overthrown in a coup led by General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] and other members of the ruling Supreme Military Council (SMC).<ref name="Muhammad Buhari2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammadu-Buhari|title=Muhammadu Buhari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218031931/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammadu-Buhari|archive-date=18 February 2019|access-date=8 February 2015|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> Babangida brought many of Buhari's most vocal critics into his administration, including [[Fela Kuti]]'s brother [[Olikoye Ransome-Kuti]], a doctor who had led a strike against Buhari to protest declining health care services. Buhari was then detained in [[Benin City]] until 1988.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Toyin| last1=Falola|author1-link=Toyin Falola|title=A History of Nigeria|first2=Matthew M. |last2=Heaton|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=2008| isbn=9781139472036|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&pg=PR7|url-access=limited}}</ref> ==Pre-presidency (1985–2015)== === Detention === Buhari spent three years of detention in a small guarded bungalow in [[Benin City|Benin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-07 |title=Buhari: Most part of my detention was in a small bungalow in Benin |url=https://www.thecable.ng/buhari-part-detention-small-bungalow-benin |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> He had access to television that showed two channels and members of his family were allowed to visit him on the authorization of Babangida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=John Owen |date=2017-05-16 |title=How Ibrahim Babaginda sent bags of money to Buhari - John Parden |url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/05/16/ibrahim-babaginda-sent-bags-money-buhari-john-parden/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> === Civilian life === In December 1988, after his mother's death he was released and retired to his residence in [[Daura]]. While in detention, his farm was managed by his relatives. He divorced his first wife in 1988 and married Aisha Halilu.<ref name="Paden" /> In Katsina, he became the pioneer chairman of Katsina Foundation that was founded to encourage social and economic development in [[Katsina State]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Buhari served as the Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), a body created by the government of General [[Sani Abacha]], and funded from the revenue generated by the increase in price of petroleum products, to pursue developmental projects around the country. A 1998 report in ''[[New African]]'' praised the PTF under Buhari for its transparency, calling it a rare "success story".<ref name="PTF">{{cite web |title=Development: PTF – shining in the gloom |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/98_06/abcr0604.htm |date=June 1998 |access-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120225841/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/98_06/abcr0604.htm |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Presidential campaigns and elections=== [[File:GMB, Akande, Ajimobi at PGLS1.jpg|thumb|Buhari (left) with Governor [[Abiola Ajimobi]] (right)]] [[File:Atiku, GMB at PGLS 1.jpg|thumb|Buhari with former Vice President [[Atiku Abubakar]] (left)]]'''2003 presidential election''' In 2003, Buhari ran for office in the [[2003 Nigerian presidential election|presidential election]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6508055.stm | work=BBC News | title=Nigeria: Facts and figures | date=17 April 2007 | access-date=24 June 2009 | archive-date=1 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901035339/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6508055.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> as the candidate of the [[All Nigeria People's Party]] (ANPP). He was defeated by the [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] incumbent, President [[Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]], by more than 11 million votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buhari at 69: The leader Nigeria lacks - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/buhari-at-69-the-leader-nigeria-lacks/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=dailytrust.com}}</ref> ====2007 presidential election==== On 18 December 2006, Buhari was nominated as the consensus candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party. His main challenger in the April 2007 polls was the ruling PDP candidate, [[Umaru Yar'Adua]], who hailed from the same home state of [[Katsina State|Katsina]]. Buhari officially took 18% of the vote to Yar'Adua's 70%, but Buhari rejected these results.<ref name=Huge>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6584393.stm "Huge win for Nigeria's Yar'Adua"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426235748/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6584393.stm |date=26 April 2007 }}, BBC News, 23 April 2007.</ref> After Yar'Adua took office, he called for a government of national unity to bring on board aggrieved opposition members. The ANPP joined the government with appointment of its national chairman as a member of Yar'Adua's cabinet, but Buhari denounced this agreement.<ref>Felix Onuah and Camillus Eboh, [https://archive.today/20070517203204/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20070704220154487C404988 "Nigerian president picks ministers"], Reuters (''IOL''), 4 July 2007.</ref> ==== 2011 presidential election ==== In March 2010, Buhari left the ANPP for the [[Congress for Progressive Change]] (CPC), a party he had helped to found. He said that he had supported foundation of the CPC "as a solution to the debilitating, ethical and ideological conflicts in my former party the ANPP".<ref name=Mamah20100318>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201003180375.html |title=Buhari Joins Congress for Progressive Change |work=Vanguard |author=Emeka Mamah |date=18 March 2010 |access-date=22 April 2011 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019083100/http://allafrica.com/stories/201003180375.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Buhari was the CPC presidential candidate in the 2011 election, running against incumbent President [[Goodluck Jonathan]] of the [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP), [[Mallam Nuhu Ribadu]] of [[Action Congress of Nigeria]] (ACN), and [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] of ANPP. They were the major contenders among 20 candidates.<ref name="INEC">{{cite web|title=Summary of the 2011 Presidential election results |url=http://www.inecnigeria.org/results/presidential/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529123316/http://www.inecnigeria.org/results/presidential/ |archive-date=29 May 2011 }}</ref> Buhari campaigned on an anti-corruption platform and pledged to remove immunity protections from government officials. He also gave support to enforcement of [[Sharia law]] in Nigeria's northern states, which had previously caused him political difficulties among Christian voters in the country's south.<ref name="autogenerated422"/> The elections were marred by widespread sectarian violence, which claimed the lives of 800 people across the country, as Buhari's supporters attacked Christian settlements in the country's central region.<ref name="cfr">{{cite web|url = http://blogs.cfr.org/campbell/2014/12/12/nigerian-religious-leaders-advise-political-candidates/|title = Nigerian Religious Leaders Advise Political Candidates|date = 12 December 2014|website = cfr.org|access-date = 19 January 2015|archive-date = 13 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113121021/http://blogs.cfr.org/campbell/2014/12/12/nigerian-religious-leaders-advise-political-candidates/|url-status = live}}</ref> The three-day uprising was blamed in part on Buhari's inflammatory comments.<ref name="cfr" /> In spite of assurances from Human Rights Watch, which had judged the elections "among the fairest in Nigeria's history", Buhari claimed that the vote was flawed and warned<ref name="cfr" /> that "If what happened in 2011 should again happen in 2015, by the grace of God, the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Soyombo|first1=Fisayo|title=Opinion Will Muhammadu Buhari be Nigeria's next president?|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/12/will-muhammadu-buhari-be-niger-2014123191647111939.html|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=19 January 2015|date=31 December 2014|quote=In 2011, Buhari was accused of inciting the violence that followed his loss to Jonathan. The following year, he said "the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood" should the 2015 election be rigged. Buhari has shed blood before for his presidential ambition, some people believe. And they think he would do it again. Such a man, they reason, should never taste power.|archive-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111054340/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/12/will-muhammadu-buhari-be-niger-2014123191647111939.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ndujihe|first1=Clifford|last2=Idonor|first2=Daniel|title=Post-election violence: FG panel report indicts Buhari|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/post-election-violence-fg-panel-report-indicts-buhari/|website=vanguardngr.com|access-date=19 January 2015|date=11 October 2011|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119225955/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/post-election-violence-fg-panel-report-indicts-buhari/|url-status=live}}</ref> Buhari remained a "folk hero" to some for his vocal opposition to corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.naij.com/306026-buharis-presidential-attempts-and-2015-chances.html|title = Buhari's Presidential Attempts And 2015 Chances|date = November 2014|website = naij.com|access-date = 21 January 2015|archive-date = 13 November 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141113064255/http://www.naij.com/306026-buharis-presidential-attempts-and-2015-chances.html|url-status = live}}</ref> He won 12,214,853 votes, coming in second to Jonathan, who polled 22,495,187 votes and was declared the winner.<ref name="Next20110421">{{cite web |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5691404-146/story.csp |title=Congress for Progressive Change considers going to court and Buhari declared that he will make Nigeria ungovernable for Jonathan. Since then the Boko Haram Sect has been bombing Nigerians |work=Next |author=Festus Owete |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095821/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5691404-146/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ==== 2015 presidential election ==== {{Main|2015 Nigerian general election}} [[File:Incoming and Outgoing Nigerian Presidents Wave to Crowd Amid Peaceful Inaugural in Abuja.jpg|thumb|Incoming and outgoing Nigerian Presidents at the [[Inauguration of Muhammadu Buhari|inauguration]] ceremony]] Buhari ran in the 2015 presidential election as a candidate of the [[All Progressives Congress]] party. His platform was built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter and his incorruptible and honest reputation, but he said he would not probe past corrupt leaders and would give officials who stole in the past amnesty if they repented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/173941-buhari-will-not-probe-past-corrupt-nigerian-leaders-repent-apc.html|title=Buhari will not probe past corrupt Nigerian leaders if they repent – APC|date=29 December 2014|website=premiumtimesng.com|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119223627/http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/173941-buhari-will-not-probe-past-corrupt-nigerian-leaders-repent-apc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the runup to the 2015 election, Jonathan's campaign asked that Buhari be disqualified from the election, claiming that he was in breach of the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/174654-nigeria2015-jonathan-wants-buhari-disqualified.html|title = #Nigeria2015: Jonathan wants Buhari disqualified|date = 11 January 2015|website = premiumtimesng.com|access-date = 19 January 2015|archive-date = 18 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150118024219/http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/174654-nigeria2015-jonathan-wants-buhari-disqualified.html|url-status = live}}</ref> According to the fundamental document, in order to qualify for election to the office of the president, a person must be "educated up to at least School certificate level or its equivalent". Buhari failed to submit any such evidence, claiming that he lost the original copies of his diplomas when his house was raided following his overthrow from power in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/01/buhari-certificate-nuisance/|title = Buhari: Certificate nuisance!|date = 6 January 2015|website = vanguardngr.com|access-date = 19 January 2015|archive-date = 19 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150119191350/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/01/buhari-certificate-nuisance/|url-status = live}}</ref> In May 2014, in the wake of the [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping]], Buhari strongly denounced the [[Boko Haram]] insurgency. He "urged Nigerians to put aside religion, politics and all other divisions to crush the insurgency he said is fanned by mindless bigots masquerading as Muslims".<ref>Ajasa, Femi. (8 May 2014) [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/05/buhari-boko-haram-youre-bigots-masquerading-muslims/ BUHARI TO BOKO HARAM: You're bigots masquerading as Muslims – Vanguard News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509023342/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/05/buhari-boko-haram-youre-bigots-masquerading-muslims/ |date=9 May 2014 }}. Vanguardngr.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> In July 2014, Buhari escaped a bomb attack on his life by Boko Haram in Kaduna, 82 people were killed.<ref>Muhammed, Garba. (24 July 2014) [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nigeria-violence-idUKKBN0FS19N20140723 Suicide bombs in Nigeria's Kaduna kill 82, ex-leader Buhari targeted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821173244/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nigeria-violence-idUKKBN0FS19N20140723 |date=21 August 2016 }} [[Reuters]]. Uk.reuters.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> In December 2014, Buhari pledged to enhance security in Nigeria if elected president.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/nigeria-opposition-leader-vows-to-improve-security/2557090.html Nigeria Opposition Leader Vows to Improve Security] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216144310/http://www.voanews.com/content/nigeria-opposition-leader-vows-to-improve-security/2557090.html |date=16 December 2014 }}. Voanews.com (12 December 2014). Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> After this announcement, Buhari's approval ratings skyrocketed, largely due to Jonathan's apparent inability to fight Boko Haram. Buhari made internal security and wiping out the militant group one of the key pillars of his campaign. In January 2015, the insurgent group "The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta" (MEND) endorsed Buhari.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.punchng.com/news/mend-replies-pdp-says-buhari-best-candidate/|title = MEND replies PDP, says Buhari best candidate|date = 9 January 2015|website = punchng.com|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150110195931/http://www.punchng.com/news/mend-replies-pdp-says-buhari-best-candidate/|archive-date = 10 January 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In February 2015, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo quit the ruling PDP party and endorsed Buhari.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20150218-nigeria-ex-president-olusegun-obasanjo-lache-goodluck-jonathan-pdp-apc-boko-haram-presidentielle/|title = Nigeria: l'ex-président Olusegun Obasanjo lâche Goodluck Jonathan|date = 18 February 2015|access-date = 4 March 2015|publisher = RFI|archive-date = 10 March 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150310123841/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20150218-nigeria-ex-president-olusegun-obasanjo-lache-goodluck-jonathan-pdp-apc-boko-haram-presidentielle/|url-status = live}}</ref> On 31 March, Jonathan called Buhari to concede and congratulate him on his election as president.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/11507102/Muhammadu-Buhari-claims-victory-in-Nigerias-presidential-elections.html|title=Muhammadu Buhari claims victory in Nigeria's presidential elections|work=The Telegraph|author=Colin Freeman|date=31 March 2015|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401021040/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/11507102/Muhammadu-Buhari-claims-victory-in-Nigerias-presidential-elections.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Buhari was sworn in on 29 May 2015 in a [[Inauguration of Muhammadu Buhari|ceremony]] attended by at least 23 heads of state and government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic succession complete as Buhari is sworn in as the president of Nigeria {{!}} Nigeria {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/29/historic-succession-complete-buhari-sworn-in-nigerian-president |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> ===Second inauguration=== The second [[Nigerian presidential inauguration|inauguration]] of Buhari as the [[List of heads of state of Nigeria|15th]] [[president of Nigeria]], and 4th president in the [[fourth Nigerian Republic]] took place on Wednesday, 29 May 2019, following the [[2019 Nigerian presidential election]] and marking the start of the second and final four-year term of Muhammadu Buhari as president and [[Yemi Osinbajo]] as [[Vice President of Nigeria|vice president]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Presidential Elections Results 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-f0b25208-4a1d-4068-a204-940cbe88d1d3 |date=26 February 2019 |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> It was the 8th presidential inauguration in Nigeria, and 6th in the fourth republic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fmic.gov.ng/inauguration-of-president-muhammadu-buhari-as-president-professor-yemi-osinbajo-as-vice-president-of-the-federal-republic-of-nigeria/ |title=2019 Presidential Inauguration Ceremony |last1=Oyeyemi |first1=Tunji |date=29 May 2019 |publisher=FMIC |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="speech">{{Cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Buhari sworn in for second term |url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-sworn-in-for-second-term/ |date=29 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] }}</ref> The official [[swearing-in]] ceremony took place at [[Eagle Square, Abuja|Eagle Square in Abuja]], the [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Federal Capital Territory]]. Acting [[Chief Justice of Nigeria|Chief Justice]] [[Tanko Muhammad]] administered the oath of office taken by President Buhari and Vice President Yemi Osinbajo. The traditional inaugural speech was not delivered.<ref name="speech"/> Former Nigerian heads of state General [[Yakubu Gowon]], General [[Ibrahim Babangida]], Interim President [[Ernest Shonekan]], General [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] and President [[Goodluck Jonathan]] were in attendance. == Presidency (2015–2023) == {{Further|Presidency of Muhammadu Buhari}} [[File:The heads of delegations attending the Russia-Africa Summit pose for photographs (2019-10-24).jpg|thumb|Buhari and other African leaders at the [[Russia–Africa Summit 2019]] in Sochi on 24 October 2019]] The economy has averaged a growth rate of 0.9% since the administration's first term, unemployment is at an all-time high of 23%, and millions entered poverty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/05/30/nigerians-got-poorer-in-muhammadu-buharis-first-term|title=Nigerians got poorer in Muhammadu Buhari's first term|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=26 March 2020|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326160508/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/05/30/nigerians-got-poorer-in-muhammadu-buharis-first-term|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2015, Buhari has lost supporters due to his perceived un-energetic personality and contemplative decision making.<ref name= "ebe">{{Cite journal|last=Obadare|first= Ebenezer|year=2019|title=Introduction: Nigeria – Twenty years of civil rule|journal=African Affairs |volume= 121|issue= 485|pages= e75–e86|doi=10.1093/afraf/adz004}}</ref> === Cabinet === Buhari's key advisers include: his nephew [[Mamman Daura]], businessman [[Ismaila Isa Funtua]], political operator [[Baba Gana Kingibe]], [[Abba Kyari (politician)|Abba Kyari]] the [[Chief of Staff to the President (Nigeria)|Chief of Staff to the President]]; and from the late stages of his first term, [[Boss Mustapha]] the [[Secretary to the Government of the Federation]].<ref name="vol60" /> Empowering his [[Kitchen Cabinet|kitchen cabinet]] after his second inauguration, Buhari has stated his preference for cabinet members seeking meetings or consultation to direct such requests through the chief of staff or through the government secretary.<ref name="vol60" /> Since the [[Fourth Nigerian Republic|Fourth Republic]], ministerial positions are legally required to be composed of a federal ethno-demographic character with a minister representing each state of the federation. A result of this has created the outcome of political considerations as an important factor in nominating ministers as local party officials lacking in merit jostle for cabinet positions.<ref name="vol60" /> Nomination into Buhari's cabinet has been influenced by those political considerations and also closeness to the president and his inner cabinet.<ref name="vol60" /> In August 2019, the president named his cabinet of predominantly male members with an average years of 60 and dominated by political actors or those close to the president.<ref name="gang" /> The cabinet include two wealthy former governors from the Niger Delta, [[Timipre Sylva]] and [[Godswill Akpabio]] who were originally members of the opposition party PDP and fourteen retained ministers some of whom critics alleged had performed poorly or having a close relationship with a corrupt past Head of State.<ref name="gang">{{Cite journal |date=26 July 2019 |title=The Gang of 43 breaks cover |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/12703/The_Gang_of_43_breaks_cover |journal=African Confidential |language=en |volume=60 |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101173158/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/12703/The_Gang_of_43_breaks_cover |url-status=live }}</ref> === Health === In May 2016, Buhari cancelled a two-day visit to Lagos to inaugurate projects in the state but he was represented by the Vice-president [[Yemi Osinbajo]] after citing an "ear infection" suspected to be [[Ménière's disease]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Adetayo|first=Olalekan|date=22 May 2016|title=Buhari cancels two-day state visit to Lagos|work=[[The Punch]]|location=[[Abuja]]|url=http://punchng.com/buhari-cancels-two-day-state-visit-lagos/|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627153104/http://punchng.com/buhari-cancels-two-day-state-visit-lagos/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 June, Buhari travelled to the [[United Kingdom]] to seek medical attention.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nwabughuiogu|first=Levinus|date=6 June 2016|title=Buhari heads to London for medical treatment|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard News]]|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/buhari-heads-london-medical-treatment/|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711005842/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/buhari-heads-london-medical-treatment/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ifijeh|first=Martins|date=9 June 2016|title=Nigeria: Meniere's Disease and Buhari's Health|work=[[Thisday]] Live|publisher=All Africa|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606090823.html|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615002826/http://allafrica.com/stories/201606090823.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This happened days after the Presidential Spokesman [[Femi Adesina]] was quoted as saying Buhari was "as fit as fiddle" and "hale and hearty", to much discontent and criticism from political analysts and followers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Buhari Travelled Abroad Over Poor Health – Nigerians|work=[[Naij]]|url=https://www.naij.com/388658-buhari-travelled-abroad-over-poor-health-nigerians.html|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820114334/https://www.naij.com/388658-buhari-travelled-abroad-over-poor-health-nigerians.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rahman|first=Tunde|date=11 June 2016|title=On President Buhari's Health|work=ThisDay Live|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/06/11/on-president-buharis-health/|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627174256/http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/06/11/on-president-buharis-health/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kolawole|first=O'Femi|date=7 June 2016|title=President Buhari's health and Aso Rock lies|work=The Cable|url=https://www.thecable.ng/president-buharis-health-aso-rock-lies|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608133442/https://www.thecable.ng/president-buharis-health-aso-rock-lies|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2017, following what were described as "routine medical check-ups" in the UK,<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 January 2017|title=Buhari not dead - Presidency|language=en-GB|newspaper=Premium Times Nigeria|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/221184-buhari-not-dead-presidency.html|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113154/http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/221184-buhari-not-dead-presidency.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Buhari asked parliament to extend his medical leave to await test results.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muhammadu Buhari extends medical leave in UK|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/muhammadu-buhari-medical-leave-uk-170206042202525.html|access-date=6 February 2017|website=Aljazeera|archive-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206163247/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/muhammadu-buhari-medical-leave-uk-170206042202525.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His office did not give any further details on his health condition nor the expected date of his return.<ref>{{cite web|title=Buhari fails to return - New Telegraph Nigerian Newspaper|url= https://newtelegraphonline.com/news/buhari-fails-return/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208041432/https://newtelegraphonline.com/news/buhari-fails-return/|archive-date=8 February 2017|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> On 8 February, President Buhari personally signed a letter addressed to the [[President of the Senate of Nigeria]] alerting him of a further extension to his annual leave, leaving his vice president in charge.<ref>Ismail Mudashir, [http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/i-won-t-return-until-doctors-are-satisfied-buhari/184892.html "I won’t return until doctors are satisfied – Buhari"] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170212102522/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/i-won-t-return-until-doctors-are-satisfied-buhari/184892.html|date=12 February 2017}}, ''Daily Trust'', 12 February 2017.</ref><ref>[http://thenationonlineng.net/cant-return-home-now-buhari/ "Why I can’t return home now, by Buhari"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213141408/http://thenationonlineng.net/cant-return-home-now-buhari/ |date=13 February 2017 }}, ''The Nation''</ref><ref>[http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/223218-exclusive-i-wont-return-doctors-satisfied-buhari.html "XCLUSIVE: I won’t return until doctors are satisfied — Buhari"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164343/http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/223218-exclusive-i-wont-return-doctors-satisfied-buhari.html |date=13 February 2017 }}, ''Premium Times'', 11 February 2017.</ref> Following an absence of 51 days from office, President Buhari returned to Nigeria. He arrived at [[Kaduna Airport]] in the morning of 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|author=adekunle|date=10 March 2017|title=Ag. President, others receive Buhari in Presidential Villa|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/ag-president-others-receive-buhari-in-presidential-villa/|access-date=11 April 2017|website=Vanguard News|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310095225/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/ag-president-others-receive-buhari-in-presidential-villa/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Comrade|first=Ameh|date=10 March 2017|title=Buhari returns to Nigeria|url=http://dailypost.ng/2017/03/10/breaking-buhari-returns-nigeria/|access-date=11 April 2017|website=Daily Post Nigeria|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310084839/http://dailypost.ng/2017/03/10/breaking-buhari-returns-nigeria/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 March 2017|title=UPDATED: Buhari arrives Nigeria|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/225725-updated-buhari-arrives-nigeria.html|access-date=11 April 2017|website=Premium Times Nigeria|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310112107/http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/225725-updated-buhari-arrives-nigeria.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Although information was limited during his stay in [[London]], he was pictured on 9 March meeting the most senior cleric of the world Anglican congregation, Archbishop of Canterbury [[Justin Welby]].<ref>{{cite news|date=10 March 2017|title=Nigeria President Buhari: I've never been so sick|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39228656|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413143509/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39228656|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Muhammadu Buhari returns home from London medical leave|work=Nigeria News|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/muhammadu-buhari-returned-home-state-media-170310065849423.html|access-date=11 April 2017|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310125927/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/muhammadu-buhari-returned-home-state-media-170310065849423.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Vice President Yemi Osibanjo remained in charge as acting president, while the President continued to recover in [[Abuja]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 March 2017|title=Breaking: Osinbajo remains Acting President, says Buhari|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/breaking-need-rest-says-buhari/|access-date=11 April 2017|website=Vanguard News|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310112931/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/breaking-need-rest-says-buhari/|url-status=live}}</ref> The President has missed major official and public appearances just two months following his return to office from England. Most recently he was absent from the [[Cabinet of Nigeria|Federal Executive Council]] (FEC) meeting, the worker's day event held at the Eagle Square in Abuja on May Day 2017.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 May 2017|title=#WhereIsBuhari: President Buhari Absent From May Day Rally|url=http://saharareporters.com/2017/05/01/whereisbuhari-president-buhari-absent-may-day-rally|access-date=21 August 2017|website=Sahara Reporters|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809185308/http://saharareporters.com/2017/05/01/whereisbuhari-president-buhari-absent-may-day-rally|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nathaniel|first=Soonest|date=2 May 2017|title=Panic over Buhari's health: OBJ, IBB, Abdulsalami to meet secretly in Minna|url=https://www.naij.com/1102293-panic-buharis-health-obj-ibb-abdulsalami-meet-secretly-minna.html|access-date=21 August 2017|website=naij.com|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803220218/https://www.naij.com/1102293-panic-buharis-health-obj-ibb-abdulsalami-meet-secretly-minna.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 May 2017|title=Falana & Civil Society Leaders Urge President Buhari to take Medical Leave|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/05/falana-civil-society-leaders-urge-president-buhari-to-take-medical-leave/|website=BellaNaija|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502134625/https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/05/falana-civil-society-leaders-urge-president-buhari-to-take-medical-leave/|url-status=live}}</ref> Speculations about the President's health circulated in the [[public sphere]] in the days following President Buhari's wishes to "[[work from home]]".<ref>{{cite web|date=26 April 2017|title=Buhari To Work From Home Today • Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/04/26/buhari-to-work-from-home-today/|access-date=21 August 2017|website=channelstv.com|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812133228/http://www.channelstv.com/2017/04/26/buhari-to-work-from-home-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some prominent Nigerian figures urged the President to take a long-term medical leave,<ref>{{cite news|date=2 May 2017|title=Nigeria's President Buhari urged to take medical leave|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39778012|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803215010/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39778012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 May 2017|title=Buhari's health needs urgent medical attention – Falana|url=http://dailypost.ng/2017/05/01/buharis-health-needs-urgent-medical-attention-falana/|access-date=21 August 2017|website=dailypost.ng|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212523/http://dailypost.ng/2017/05/01/buharis-health-needs-urgent-medical-attention-falana/|url-status=live}}</ref> citing his failure to make any public appearances over a two-week period.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 May 2017|title=Muhammadu Buhari: Nigeria"s President urged to take medical leave|url=http://pulse.ng/local/muhammadu-buhari-nigerias-president-urged-to-take-medical-leave-id6612668.html|access-date=21 August 2017|website=pulse.ng|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829010945/http://www.pulse.ng/local/muhammadu-buhari-nigerias-president-urged-to-take-medical-leave-id6612668.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bolashodun|first=Oluwatobi|date=28 April 2017|title=BREAKING: President Buhari absent at Friday Juma'at prayer in Aso Villa|url=https://www.naij.com/1101886-breaking-president-buhari-absent-juma-prayer-aso-villa.html|access-date=21 August 2017|website=naij.com|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803222157/https://www.naij.com/1101886-breaking-president-buhari-absent-juma-prayer-aso-villa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> President Buhari again left Nigeria for a reported health check-up in [[London]] on 7 May 2017.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 May 2017|title=Again, Buhari travels to UK for check-up, hands over to Osinbajo|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/buharill-still-travel-london-medicals-presidency/|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=12 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512002747/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/buharill-still-travel-london-medicals-presidency/|url-status=live}}</ref> President Buhari returned to Nigeria from his medical leave in the United Kingdom 104 days after leaving, on 19 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buhari returns after lengthy UK medical treatment|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/nigeria-buhari-return-lengthy-uk-treatment-170819134302820.html|access-date=21 August 2017|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820230206/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/nigeria-buhari-return-lengthy-uk-treatment-170819134302820.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Adeshida|first1=Abayomi|last2=Agbakwuru|first2=Johnbosco|last3=Nwabughiogu|first3=Levinus|last4=Ajayi|first4=Omeiza|title=After 104 days on medical vacation…Finally, Buhari returns|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/104-days-medical-vacation-finally-buhari-returns/|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831215926/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/104-days-medical-vacation-finally-buhari-returns/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 May, Buhari left Nigeria to London for medical check up, upon arrival from USA; and he returned on Friday 11 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Buhari returns from UK medical trip|work=Punch Newspapers|url=http://www.punchng.com/buhari-returns-from-uk-medical-trip/|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511232111/http://www.punchng.com/buhari-returns-from-uk-medical-trip/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Economy === Buhari was an attractive choice to many Nigerians because of a perceived incorruptible character.<ref name=":0" /> Once in power, Buhari who had earlier mobilized supporters in three previous elections was slow to manifest his intention to solve problems he mentioned during his campaign. Determination to initiate his domestic policy agenda like naming of cabinet officials took six months,<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Obadare|first1=Ebenezer|title=Current History|date=May 2017|volume=116|issue=790|url=http://www.currenthistory.com/Article.php?ID=1414|journal=|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142500/http://www.currenthistory.com/Article.php?ID=1414|url-status=live}}</ref> while the passage of the 2016 and 2017 budgets were delayed by infighting. In Buhari's first year in office, Nigeria suffered a decline in commodity prices which triggered an economic recession.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2011 |title=Muhammadu Buhari, Nigeria's 'new broom' president in profile |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12890807 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> To source funds to close shortfall in revenue and fund an expansionary capital budget, Buhari traveled to 20 countries seeking loans.<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 2016 |title=Economy Thwarts Buhari |journal=Afr Res Bull Econ |volume=53 |issue=4 }}</ref> Thereby, expansionary budget allocation to finance infrastructure was pushed back to a further date.<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 November 2016 |title=Political schisms hit recovery and reform |url=http://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/11829/Political_schisms_hit_recovery_and_reform |journal=African Confidential |volume=57 |issue=23 |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121172005/http://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/11829/Political_schisms_hit_recovery_and_reform |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first year of the administration, [[Naira]], the currency of Nigeria depreciated in the black market leading to a gulf between the official exchange rate and the black-market rate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Verbatim: Why I attempted absconding from office after becoming President — Buhari - OAK TV|url=https://oak.tv/attempted-absconding-officeri/|access-date=2 January 2017|work=oak.tv|agency=Oak TV|publisher=Oak TV|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103094211/https://oak.tv/attempted-absconding-officeri/|url-status=live}}</ref> A resulting shortage in foreign exchange hit various businesses including petroleum marketers. However, the gulf between the official rates and the black market rates opened up the opportunity for well connected individuals to engage in arbitrage, making a mockery of the president's anti-corruption image.<ref name="pill"/> In May 2016, the government announced a rise in the official pump price of petroleum to curtail shortfall in the commodity as a result of foreign exchange shortages.<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1 July 2016 |title=NIGERIA: A Turbulent Year |journal=Afr Res Bull Econ |volume=53 |issue=5 }}</ref> [[File:Third GECF summit in Tehran 21.jpg|thumb|Buhari with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], Venezuelan President [[Nicolás Maduro]] and other leaders at the [[Third GECF summit]] in Tehran]] In 2016, the country's economy declined by 1.6% and in 2017 per capita economic growth is projected to be negligible. Buhari's first tenure as head of state coincided with a decline in oil prices similar to his second stint but his administration has not shown dedicated effort to diversify sources of government spending.<ref name="pill">{{cite news |title=Nigeria has let a crisis go to waste |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2f7d3a24-66eb-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614 |website=Financial Times |date=12 July 2017 |last1=Pilling |first1=David |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023426/https://www.ft.com/content/2f7d3a24-66eb-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2018 budget signaled an expansionary fiscal policy with funds dedicated to infrastructural projects such as strategic roads, bridges and power plants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Buhari opens the war chest|journal=Africa Confidential|date=17 November 2017|volume=58|issue=23|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12169/Buhari_opens_the_war_chest|language=en|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202744/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12169/Buhari_opens_the_war_chest|url-status=live}}</ref> Since an upturn in economic growth from the decline of 2016, a slow pace of recovery has the country behind many of its continental neighbors in GDP growth. Unemployment levels remain high and any effort to increase non-oil revenues has not improved while government deficit spending include a significant portion of its yearly budget dedicated to service debts.<ref name="vol6013">{{Cite journal|date=28 June 2019|title=The rise of Godwin Emefiele|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12678/The_rise_of_Godwin_Emefiele|journal=Africa Confidential|language=en|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023154232/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12678/The_rise_of_Godwin_Emefiele|url-status=live}}</ref> Buhari with the support of the Central Bank chief initiated policies to improve agriculture production through lobbying private banks to lend to the sector and restriction of foreign exchange at official rates for importation of food product that are grown locally. In his second term, the budget minister, Udo Udoma and trade minister, Enemalah both of whom favored liberalisation were not returned.<ref name="vol60">{{Cite journal |date=30 August 2019 |title=Executive exerts its privilege |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12727/Executive_exerts_its_privilege |journal=Africa Confidential |language=en |volume=60 |issue=17 |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003053134/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12727/Executive_exerts_its_privilege |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |date=30 August 2019 |title=Executive exerts its privilege |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12727/Executive_exerts_its_privilege |journal=Africa Confidential |language=en |volume=60 |issue=17 |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003053134/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12727/Executive_exerts_its_privilege |url-status=live }}</ref> The government continued to operate flexible exchange rates into the second term of the administration despite critics alluding to the exchange rate regime of being susceptible to arbitrage abuses and [[Round-tripping (finance)|round tripping]] by cronies of the government.<ref name="vol6013"/> === Social welfare === In 2016, Buhari launched the [[National Social Investment Program]], a national [[social welfare]] program.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2016|title=Is the N-Power programme key to delivering a campaign promise?|url=http://venturesafrica.com/n-power-key-to-delivering-campaign-promise/|access-date=15 July 2020|website=Ventures Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701192731/http://venturesafrica.com/n-power-key-to-delivering-campaign-promise/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Program was created to ensure a more equitable distribution of resources to vulnerable populations, including children, youth, and women. There are four programs which address poverty, unemployment and help increase economic development:<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Social Investments Programme|url=https://n-sip.gov.ng/|access-date=15 July 2020|website=N-SIP|language=en-US|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808140917/https://n-sip.gov.ng/|url-status=live}}</ref> * The [[N-Power (Nigeria)|N-Power]] program provides young Nigerians with job training and education, as well as a monthly stipend of 30,000 [[Nigerian naira]] ([[USD]] $83.33). * Npower is a social investment scheme initiated by President Muhammadu Buhari on 8 June 2016 in an attempt to boost the youths employment rate. The scheme was established as a core component of the [[Pokercrew.xyz|National Social Investment program]] to cushion the skill acquisition training and capacity building in the [https://www.northnods.com/latest-npower-stipends-news/ beneficiaries.] * The Conditional Cash Transfer Program (CCTP) directly supports the most vulnerable by providing cash to those in the lowest income group, helping reduce poverty, improve nutrition and self-sustainability, and supporting development through increased consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=Full transcript of Buhari's interview with Bloomberg |url=https://punchng.com/full-transcript-of-buharis-interview-with-bloomberg/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> * The Government Enterprise and Empowerment Program (GEEP) is a micro-lending entrepreneurship program targeting farmers, petty traders and market women with a focus. This program provides no-cost loans to its beneficiaries, helping reduce the start-up costs of business ventures in Nigeria. The programs include: TraderMoni, [[MarketMoni]] and FarmerMoni. * The National Home Grown School Feeding Program (NHGSF) is attempting to increase school enrollment by providing free meals to schoolchildren, particularly those in poor and food-insecure regions. The program works with local farmers and empowers women as cooks, building the community and sustaining economic growth from farm to table. The program was previously co-ordinated from the office of Vice President Yemi Osinbajo, until 2019, when the program was moved to the new Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development under [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]]. In his 2019 Independence Day Speech, the President attributed the movement to the need to have the programmes institutionalized.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-says-n-power-others-will-be-institutionalised/)|title = Buhari says N-Power, others will be institutionalised|date = October 2019|access-date = 5 August 2020|archive-date = 4 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211204194310/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-says-n-power-others-will-be-institutionalised/|url-status = live}}</ref> === Anti-corruption === {{main|Buhari's anti-corruption war}} [[File:General_Buhari_holding_a_broom_at_a_campign_rally.jpg|thumb|Buhari holding a broom at a campaign rally in 2015.]] The [[$2 billion arms deal]] was exposed following the interim report of Buhari's investigations committee on arms procurement under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. The committee report showed extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and additional spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under Goodluck Jonathan's watch. Preliminary investigation suggested that about $2 billion may have been disbursed for the procurement of arms to fight against the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. The investigative report indicated that a total sum of $2.2 billion was inexplicably disbursed into the office of the National Security Adviser in the procurement of arms to fight against insurgency, but was not spent for the purpose for which the money was disbursed. Investigations on this illegal deal led to the arrest of [[Sambo Dasuki]], the former National Security Adviser who later mentioned prominent Nigerians involved in the deal. Those who were mentioned and arrested includes [[Raymond Dokpesi]], the Chair Emeritus of [[DAAR Communications Plc]], [[Attahiru Bafarawa]], the former Governor of Sokoto State, and [[Bashir Yuguda]], the former Minister of State for Finance, [[Azubuike Ihejirika]], the [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]], [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]], the former [[Chief of the Air Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of the Air Staff]], [[Alex Badeh]] and several other politicians were mentioned.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} On 21 December 2016, the government's Federal Ministry of Finance announced a whistle-blowing policy with a 2.5%-5% reward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationallawoffice.com/Newsletters/White-Collar-Crime/Nigeria/Sofunde-Osakwe-Ogundipe-Belgore/Federal-Ministry-of-Finance-introduces-new-whistleblowing-initiative/|title=Federal Ministry of Finance introduces new whistleblowing initiative|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206165902/http://www.internationallawoffice.com/Newsletters/White-Collar-Crime/Nigeria/Sofunde-Osakwe-Ogundipe-Belgore/Federal-Ministry-of-Finance-introduces-new-whistleblowing-initiative|archive-date=6 February 2017}}</ref> The aim is to obtain relevant data or information regarding: the violation of financial regulations, the mismanagement of public funds and assets, financial malpractice, fraud, and theft.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} In May 2018, the [[Economic and Financial Crimes Commission]] (EFCC), Nigeria's anti-corruption agency, announced that 603 Nigerian figures had been convicted on corruption charges since Buhari took office in 2015.<ref name=judgesandmilitary>{{cite web| url = https://allafrica.com/stories/201805290530.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180529132530/http://allafrica.com/stories/201805290530.html| archive-date = 29 May 2018| title = Nigeria: EFCC Secures 603 Convictions in Three Years - allAfrica.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428090013/https://allafrica.com/stories/201805290530.html |date=28 April 2020 }}</ref> The EFCC also announced that for the first time in Nigeria's history, judges and top military officers including retired service chiefs are being prosecuted for corruption.<ref name=judgesandmilitary /> The successful prosecutions were also credited to Buhari's EFCC head [[Ibrahim Magu]].<ref name=judgesandmilitary /> Under Buhari, Chief Justice of the Nigerian Court [[Walter Samuel Nkanu Onnoghen|Walter Onnoghen]] was convicted by the Code of Conduct Tribunal on 18 April 2019, for false assets declaration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/325953-breaking-cct-convicts-onnoghen-of-false-assets-declaration.html|title=CCT convicts Onnoghen of false assets declaration -|date=18 April 2019|website=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612152407/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/325953-breaking-cct-convicts-onnoghen-of-false-assets-declaration.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, [[Mohammed Bello Adoke]], the former Attorney General of the Federation, was extradited to Nigeria to stand trial on corruption charges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Nigerian attorney general arrested, to face corruption charges - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/20/c_138646834.htm|access-date=13 July 2020|website=www.xinhuanet.com|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428225314/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/20/c_138646834.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2020, however, Transparency International still gave Nigeria a low performance in its corruption perception index.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/23/transparency-international-scores-nigeria-low-on-corruption-perception-index/|title=Why Nigeria Was Ranked Low in Corruption Index – Transparency International|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407125427/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/23/transparency-international-scores-nigeria-low-on-corruption-perception-index/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-nigeria-ranks-lower-on-transparency-internationals-corruption-index|title=Nigeria drops, ranked fourth most corrupt in West Africa on TI corruption index|date=23 January 2020|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228112056/https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-nigeria-ranks-lower-on-transparency-internationals-corruption-index|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, Ibrahim Magu the EFCC chairman was arrested by the [[State Security Service (Nigeria)|Department of State Services]] (DSS) over damaging security reports concerning his activities as the Buhari administration's leading anti-corruption figure and alleged financial irregularities, he was later replaced by Mohammed Umar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2020|title=Security agents arrest EFCC chairman Ibrahim Magu|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/401419-security-agents-arrest-efcc-chairman-ibrahim-magu.html|access-date=13 July 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712110937/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/401419-security-agents-arrest-efcc-chairman-ibrahim-magu.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=13 July 2020|title=EFCC: Ibrahim Magu opens up on 'N550b missing interest'|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/07/13/efcc-ibrahim-magu-opens-up-on-n550b-missing-interest/|access-date=13 July 2020|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713181943/https://dailypost.ng/2020/07/13/efcc-ibrahim-magu-opens-up-on-n550b-missing-interest/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Olisah|first=Chike|date=10 July 2020|title=Buhari appoints new Ag. Chairman of EFCC, gives reason for Magu's suspension|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/07/10/buhari-appoints-new-ag-chairman-of-efcc-gives-reason-for-magus-suspension/|access-date=13 July 2020|website=Nairametrics|language=en-GB|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713144300/https://nairametrics.com/2020/07/10/buhari-appoints-new-ag-chairman-of-efcc-gives-reason-for-magus-suspension/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mac-Leva|first1=Fidelis|last2=Mutum|first2=Ronald|last3=Jimoh|first3=Abbas|date=12 July 2020|title=All eyes on new EFCC helmsman, Mohammed Umar|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/all-eyes-on-new-efcc-helmsman-mohammed-umar.html|access-date=13 July 2020|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713235714/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/all-eyes-on-new-efcc-helmsman-mohammed-umar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2020, Former Pension Reform Taskforce head Abdulrasheed Maina, who was arrested in the neighboring country of Niger after jumping bail, appeared in an Abuja court on a 12-count charge of fraud and money laundering.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55175746|title=Maina: Former Pension Reform Taskforce boss collapse for Abuja court|publisher=BBC News|date=3 December 2020|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206014754/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55175746|url-status=live}}</ref> Ali Ndume, a senator representing Borno South, was arrested after jumping bail as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2020/12/22/aisha-buhari-magu-others-top-political-scandals-2020|title=Aisha Buhari, Magu, Others: Top Political Scandals In 2020|publisher=Sahara Reporters|date=22 December 2020|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222133407/http://saharareporters.com/2020/12/22/aisha-buhari-magu-others-top-political-scandals-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Security issues === ==== Niger Delta ==== Nigeria has the second-largest reserves of crude oil in Africa, reserves largely found in the Niger Delta region of the country. Years of oil production have resulted negative impact on farming and fishery by oil spillage.<ref name="hyrep222">{{Cite journal|date=13 September 2019|title=The oil clean-up that didn't?|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12746/The_oil_clean-up_that_didn%27t|language=en|journal=|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023154231/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12746/The_oil_clean-up_that_didn%27t|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|date=13 September 2019|title=The oil clean-up that didn't?|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12746/The_oil_clean-up_that_didn%27t|journal=Africa Confidential|language=en|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023154231/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12746/The_oil_clean-up_that_didn%27t|url-status=live}}</ref> The government initiated Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) to help clean up [[Ogoni people|Ogoniland]] while other state governors within the region want a similar setup. HYPREP was initiated in 2005 but has been slow to commence remediation works in Ogoniland.<ref name="hyrep222" /> Nonetheless, there are still intermittent attacks on oil facilities by groups such as the [[Niger Delta Avengers]]. This has significantly affected oil production leading to cuts in exports and government revenue.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21701124-nigerias-turbulent-oilfields-cannot-be-pacified-bribing-rebels-danegeld-delta|title=Danegeld in the Delta; The Niger Delta Avengers|date=25 June 2016|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624110234/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21701124-nigerias-turbulent-oilfields-cannot-be-pacified-bribing-rebels-danegeld-delta|url-status=live}}</ref> The Avengers are waging conflict for greater economic and political autonomy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Delta Groups Deny Militants Have Ties To Political 'Looters', Call For Autonomy In Delta Area {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2016/09/26/niger-delta-groups-deny-militants-have-ties-political-%E2%80%98looters%E2%80%99-call-autonomy-delta-area |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> ==== Shia Muslims ==== The [[Islamic Movement (Nigeria)|Islamic Movement of Nigeria]] led by Sheikh [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] is one of the country's leading organization of Shia Muslims. Nigeria's Muslim population is mainly Sunni while the Shia population have gone through sporadic persecution by governments.<ref name="{{Cite journal}}...22">{{Cite journal|date=2 July 2016|title=Nigeria's security under Buhari|journal=Strategic Comments|volume=22|issue=6|pages=iii–v|doi=10.1080/13567888.2016.1229389|s2cid=219693136}}</ref> After the Islamic movement was accused of an attack against Chief of Army Staff [[Tukur Yusuf Buratai|Tukur Buratai]] in December 2015, Zakzaky's base was shelled causing hundreds of fatalities while Zakzaky was arrested.<ref name="{{Cite journal}}...22"/> Zakzaky was held for almost six years, aside from a three-day medical trip to India, until being acquitted and released in July 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian court acquits Shia leader el-Zakzaky of all charges |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/29/nigerian-court-acquits-shia-leader-ibrahim-zakzaky-of-all-charges |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831180733/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/29/nigerian-court-acquits-shia-leader-ibrahim-zakzaky-of-all-charges |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Biafra separatists ==== {{see also|Igbo nationalism|Biafra|Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria}} A separatist group, the [[Indigenous People of Biafra]] and led by [[Nnamdi Kanu]] became high profile in 2015 for advocating independence for a separate nation of [[Biafra]].<ref name="{{Cite journal}}...22"/> A breakaway Biafra republic was briefly formed during Nigeria's Civil War. In October 2015, Kanu was arrested on allegation of treason, his arrest was followed by protests against his detention across many Southeastern states.<ref name="{{Cite journal}}...22"/> Kanu later jumped bail and fled abroad to help lead the low-level [[insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria]] before being arrested by [[Interpol]] and brought back to Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=29 June 2021 |title=UPDATED: Nnamdi Kanu re-arrested, returned to Nigeria – Malami |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/470566-updated-nnamdi-kanu-re-arrested-returned-to-nigeria-malami.html |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== Boko Haram ==== {{main|Boko Haram|Boko Haram insurgency}} Since 2015, the fight against the extremists has taken a new dimension, internally the groups have splintered into the traditional Boko Haram sect controlled by [[Abubakar Shekau]] and the [[ISWAP|Islamic State in West Africa Province]] controlled by [[Abu Musab al-Barnawi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/boko-harams-factional-feud|title=Boko Haram's Factional Feud|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705033956/https://www.cfr.org/blog/boko-harams-factional-feud|url-status=live}}</ref> Other groups supported by [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] such as [[Ansaru]], who were driven from Mali due to the French-led [[Operation Serval]] have surfaced and co-operated with Boko Haram despite being its rival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/islamists-ansaru-claim-attack-mali-bound-nigeria-troops-153819155.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202022322/http://news.yahoo.com/islamists-ansaru-claim-attack-mali-bound-nigeria-troops-153819155.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|title=Islamists Ansaru claim attack on Mali-bound Nigeria troops: paper - Yahoo! News|date=2 February 2013|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> This was mostly out of necessity, as the two factions could not risk to weaken themselves by fighting each other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-ansaru-nigerias-other-militant-group-443785|title=What is the other militant Islamist group in Nigeria besides Boko Haram?|first=Conor|last=Gaffey|date=4 April 2016|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612204916/https://www.newsweek.com/what-ansaru-nigerias-other-militant-group-443785|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2020, over two hundred and fifty Ansaru members were killed in a police raid in [[Birnin Gwari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/police-storm-ansaru-terrorists-camp-neautralise-250-terrorists-bandits/|title=Police storm ANSARU terrorists' camp, neautralise 250 terrorists, bandits|date=5 February 2020|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207180336/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/police-storm-ansaru-terrorists-camp-neautralise-250-terrorists-bandits/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2016, the government negotiated a deal with the terrorist group, Boko Haram which secured the release of 21 [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping|Chibok girls]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Porter|first=Steven|title=Schoolgirl hostage found almost three years after Boko Haram capture|date=5 January 2017|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|location=Boston}}</ref> By December 2016, the government had recovered much of the territories previously held by Boko Haram and after the capture of [[Sambisa Forest]], Buhari announced that Boko Haram has been technically defeated. The insurgency displaced about 2 million people from their homes and the recapture of the towns now present humanitarian challenges in health, education and nutrition.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fick|first=Maggie|title=Boko Haram leaves traumatic legacy|date=28 November 2016|newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref> On 6 May 2017, Buhari's government secured a further release of 82 out of 276 girls kidnapped in 2014, in exchange of five Boko Haram leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-security-idUSKBN1820P1|title=Nigeria exchanges 82 Chibok girls kidnapped by Boko Haram for prisoners|date=7 May 2017|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507001419/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-security-idUSKBN1820P1|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 May 2017, President Buhari met with the 82 released Chibok girls, before departing to London, UK, for a follow-up treatment for an undisclosed illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/05/08/buhari-departs-for-london-after-receiving-chibok-girls/|title=Buhari Departs for London After Receiving Chibok Girls|date=8 May 2017|access-date=7 June 2017|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510043054/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/05/08/buhari-departs-for-london-after-receiving-chibok-girls/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shekau committed suicide after his grouping was [[Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)|encircled]] by ISWAP rivals in May 2021. In the following months, hundreds of "repentant" terrorists surrendered to the government, many likely loyal to Shekau.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth |last2=Alfa |first2=Ismail |date=23 September 2021 |title=Thousands of Boko Haram Members Surrendered. They Moved In Next Door. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/23/world/africa/boko-haram-surrender.html |access-date=17 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==== Herder–farmer violence ==== {{main|Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria}} {{see also|Communal conflicts in Nigeria}} The [[Middle Belt]] region of Nigeria has been vulnerable to clashes between farmers and cattle herders, two groups trying to secure arable land for grazing or farming and access to water.<ref name="{{Cite journal}}...22" /> The intensity and politicization of the conflict along ethnic and religious divide increased during the administration of Buhari as instances of conflicts flared in parts of Southern Nigeria.<ref name="{{Cite journal}}...22" /> About 300 civilians were killed in a village in [[Benue State]], Middle-Belt of the country and about 40 civilians were killed in Enugu in Southeastern Nigeria.<ref name="{{Cite journal}}...22" /> The violence has displaced upwards of 250,000 villagers<ref name="iss162">{{Cite journal|date=9 August 2019|title=High risks, low politics|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12716/High_risks%2c_low_politics|journal=Africa Confidential|language=en|volume=60|issue=16|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023154230/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12716/High_risks,_low_politics|url-status=live}}</ref> who migrate to cities ill-prepared to handle the influx of migrants. The conflict between farmers many of whom are largely Christians and herders who are predominantly Muslims has stoked religious tension not helped when the president sent in military troops disarm ethnic Christian militias while critics allege of his lukewarm towards armed cattle herders.<ref name="iss162" /> The administration's effort to solve the conflict led to the National Livestock Transformation Plan to modernise cattle grazing and stabilize the Middle Belt region.<ref name="iss162" /> In 2017, RUGA, an acronym for Rural Grazing Area but also a word meaning settlement in Fulani was a proposed solution that came from deliberations of the transformation plan.<ref name="iss162" /> RUGA was to set aside grazing areas for herders as they migrate south, however, many Southern states opposed any involuntary acquisition of land for RUGA and the plan was suspended<ref name="iss162" /> ==== Banditry in Northern Nigeria ==== Since 2015, the Buhari Administration has suffered with an increased spate of banditry-related activities in [[Northern Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/banditry-in-nigeria-a-brief-history-of-a-long-war/|title=Banditry in Nigeria: A brief history of a long war|website=Punch Newspapers|date=27 December 2018|language=en-US|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612225859/https://punchng.com/banditry-in-nigeria-a-brief-history-of-a-long-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Abuja]]-[[Kaduna]] highway has been termed the "highway of kidnapping", due to the rampant atrocities committed by bandits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/abuja-kaduna-highway-of-kidnapping.html|title=Abuja-Kaduna Highway of Kidnapping|date=16 July 2017|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612184411/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/abuja-kaduna-highway-of-kidnapping.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2020, the Northern Elders Forum, a socio-political organisation, said the administration has failed Nigerians in terms of security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/buhari-has-failed-nigerians-say-northern-elders/|title=ICYMI: Buhari has failed Nigerians, say northern elders|website=Punch Newspapers|date=10 February 2020|language=en-US|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214150117/https://punchng.com/buhari-has-failed-nigerians-say-northern-elders/|url-status=live}}</ref> By July 2021, about 45 people a day were kidnapped, largely by bandits for ransom.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerians Are Being Kidnapped For Ransom — But This Time It's Not Boko Haram |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/14/1016093356/nigerians-are-being-kidnapped-for-ransom-but-this-time-its-not-boko-haram |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901174708/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/14/1016093356/nigerians-are-being-kidnapped-for-ransom-but-this-time-its-not-boko-haram |url-status=live }}</ref> Other bandits focused on stealing cattle, [[camel]]s, and other livestock while some groups attacked and seized control of entire villages and wider territories. The banditry lead to fears of collaboration between bandits and Northeastern terrorists with those fears being confirmed in August 2021 when the [[Nigeria Immigration Service]] reported that large groups of [[Zamfara State|Zamfara]]-based bandits were traveling to [[Borno State]] for training from [[Boko Haram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title='Bandits travelling from Zamfara to Borno for terrorist training' |url=https://punchng.com/bandits-travelling-from-zamfara-to-borno-for-terrorist-training/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> === National issues === ==== Ruga policy ==== {{Main|Ruga policy}} The Buhari administration introduced the controversial [[Ruga policy]] (human settlement policy), aimed at [[Conflict resolution|resolving]] the conflict between nomadic [[Fulani herdsmen]] and sedentary farmers. The policy, which is currently suspended, would "create reserved communities where herders will live, grow and tend their cattle, produce milk and undertake other activities associated with the cattle business without having to move around in search of grazing land for their cows."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/rethinking-the-ruga-policy/|title=Rethinking the Ruga policy|date=5 July 2019|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612205447/https://thenationonlineng.net/rethinking-the-ruga-policy/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Alleged militarization ==== Buhari has faced a lot of criticism in office. In 2019 his government came under widespread criticism over the unfair treatment<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2020|title=End Unfair Trial Of Sowore, Amnesty International Tells Nigerian Government|url=http://saharareporters.com/2020/03/11/end-unfair-trial-sowore-amnesty-international-tells-nigerian-government|access-date=11 April 2020|website=Sahara Reporters|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411024103/http://saharareporters.com/2020/03/11/end-unfair-trial-sowore-amnesty-international-tells-nigerian-government|url-status=live}}</ref> of US-based Social Activist [[Omoyele Sowore|Sowore]] during his trial, despite the court granting him bail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Court grants Sowore N100m bail, requests N50m security deposit|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-court-grants-sowore-n100m-bail-requests-n50m-security-deposit-2/|access-date=11 April 2020|website=Punch Newspapers|date=4 October 2019|language=en-US|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411024057/https://punchng.com/breaking-court-grants-sowore-n100m-bail-requests-n50m-security-deposit-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> This move was largely condemned, with [[Omoyele Sowore|Sowore]] himself stating that Buhari had violated his civic space.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ogundipe|first=Samuel|date=14 November 2019|title=Sowore speaks from custody, says Buhari out to destroy civic space - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/363012-sowore-speaks-from-custody-says-buhari-out-to-destroy-civic-space.html|access-date=11 April 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411024055/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/363012-sowore-speaks-from-custody-says-buhari-out-to-destroy-civic-space.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, Nigeria's Newspaper Giants: [[The Punch|PUNCH]] stated that henceforth they would addressed Buhari's administration as a "regime"<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Buhari: The general and the democracy|url=https://punchng.com/buhari-the-general-and-the-democracy/|access-date=11 April 2020|website=Punch Newspapers|date=17 December 2019|language=en-US|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411024052/https://punchng.com/buhari-the-general-and-the-democracy/|url-status=live}}</ref> and subsequently address him as "General Buhari"<ref name=":3" /> as his military-like administration was a far cry from [[democracy]]. They insisted that he was a 'military dictator',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian newspaper says it will now call President Buhari a 'military dictator'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/africa/nigeria-newspaper-calls-president-military-dictator/index.html|access-date=11 April 2020|website=CNN|date=11 December 2019|language=en|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411024057/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/africa/nigeria-newspaper-calls-president-military-dictator/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a move that was greeted with mixed receptions on [[social media]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Opejobi|first=Seun|title=Nigerians react as Punch changes Buhari's title to 'Major General'|date=11 December 2019|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/12/11/nigerians-react-as-punch-changes-buharis-title-to-major-general/|access-date=11 April 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411024054/https://dailypost.ng/2019/12/11/nigerians-react-as-punch-changes-buharis-title-to-major-general/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== COVID-19 pandemic ==== [[File:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari (51700506018).jpg|thumb|Buhari meets with US Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] in 2021]] {{main|COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria}} {{See also|Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic}} Following the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria]], Buhari established a Presidential Task Force for the control of the virus in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|date=10 March 2020|website=The Guardian|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613173313/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 March, Buhari's chief of staff [[Abba Kyari (politician)|Abba Kyari]] tested positive for COVID-19 sparking fears that Buhari may have been infected, it was later revealed that Buhari tested negative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/president-buharis-top-aide-tests-positive-coronavirus-nigeria|title=President Buhari's Top Aide Tests Positive for Coronavirus in Nigeria|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=9 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409073726/https://www.cfr.org/blog/president-buharis-top-aide-tests-positive-coronavirus-nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 March, Buhari announced a two-week lockdown on major cities Abuja, Lagos and Ogun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/nigeria-announces-lockdown-major-cities-curb-coronavirus-200330095100706.html|title=Nigeria announces lockdown of major cities to curb coronavirus|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619155511/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/nigeria-announces-lockdown-major-cities-curb-coronavirus-200330095100706.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 October, the presidential task force on COVID-19 warned about a potential second wave "if the guidelines and protocols are not adhered to strictly".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ajimotokan|first=Olawale|date=13 October 2020|title=Nigeria May Witness Second Wave of Covid-19, Says PTF|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010130031.html|access-date=15 October 2020|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108224733/https://allafrica.com/stories/202010130031.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== End SARS protests ==== {{main|End SARS}} In October 2020, protests against alleged police brutality of a special police unit of the [[Nigeria Police Force|Nigerian Police Force]] the [[Special Anti-Robbery Squad]] (SARS) erupted in Lagos and other major cities. The [[End SARS|End SARS movement]] with no centralised leadership beyond the small assembly that organized the initial protests, share similarities with the [[Occupy Nigeria|2012]] [[Occupy movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Attiah|first=Karen|title=Opinion: For the sake of democracy, Nigeria's #EndSars campaign against police brutality must prevail|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/10/13/sake-democracy-nigerias-endsars-campaign-against-police-brutality-must-prevail/|access-date=15 October 2020|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014210805/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/10/13/sake-democracy-nigerias-endsars-campaign-against-police-brutality-must-prevail/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 October, a day after demonstrators declared their demands Buhari announced the disbandment of SARS and promised "extensive police reforms".<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 October 2020|title=Sars ban: Two dead in Nigeria police brutality protests|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54506567|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014182855/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54506567|url-status=live}}</ref> Since independence in 1960, the Nigerian Police Force has been at the forefront of tackling organised crime in Nigeria with the recent spate of banditry, cultism, drug trafficking, fraud and kidnapping drastically affecting its personnel capacity,<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 August 2020|title=The price of underpolicing|url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-price-of-underpolicing|access-date=15 October 2020|website=TheCable|language=en-US|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204194324/https://www.thecable.ng/the-price-of-underpolicing|url-status=live}}</ref> leaving a vacuum for SARS members to exploit and commit extrajudicial killings.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ukomadu|first=Felix Onuah, Angela|date=13 October 2020|title=Nigeria's Buhari promises police reform; one protester killed|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-protests-police-idUSKBN26X1RE|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013211014/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-protests-police-idUSKBN26X1RE|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 October [[Mohammed Adamu]] the [[Inspector General of Police (Nigeria)|Inspector General of Police]] announced the creation of a new unit the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) to take over the duties of SARS.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 October 2020|title=IGP announces new squad "SWAT" to replace SARS|url=https://guardian.ng/news/igp-announces-new-squad-swat-to-replace-sars/|website=The Guardian|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=16 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016182919/https://guardian.ng/news/igp-announces-new-squad-swat-to-replace-sars/|url-status=live}}</ref> This move did not satisfy most demonstrators, who expected a substantial overhaul of the police structure.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 October 2020|title=Nigeria's youth finds voice in police brutality protests|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20201014-nigeria-s-youth-finds-voice-in-police-brutality-protests|access-date=15 October 2020|website=France 24|language=en|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162558/https://www.france24.com/en/20201014-nigeria-s-youth-finds-voice-in-police-brutality-protests|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 October, the demonstrations continued with at least ten protestors being killed, and violent clashes occurring between pro-SARS and anti-SARS protesters with the elite [[Presidential Guard Brigade (Nigeria)|Presidential Guard Brigade]] intervening in the federal capital.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 October 2020|title=#ENDSARS: Soldiers attack Protesters, Journalists in Abuja|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/endsars-soldiers-attack-protesters-journalists-in-abuja/|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014182201/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/endsars-soldiers-attack-protesters-journalists-in-abuja/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 June 2021, there was a deployment of the Nigerian Police Force and the Nigerian Army to the streets, Nationwide to curb the planned protest by the Youths, The demonstration of this was to prevent the incidents from the End Sars Protest that happened October 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=End Sars |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/467285-june-12-protest-live-updates-from-nigerian-streets.html |website=Premuim Times |date=12 June 2021 |publisher=AZAGBA |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612120734/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/467285-june-12-protest-live-updates-from-nigerian-streets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Foreign policy === {{See also|List of international presidential trips made by Muhammadu Buhari}} [[File:Ali Khamenei receives Muhammadu Buhari in his house.jpg|thumb|Buhari with Iranian Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]], 23 November 2015.]] [[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Hamid Ansari calling on the President of Nigeria, Mr. Muhammadu Buhari at the State House, in Abuja, Nigeria on September 27, 2016. The Vice President of Nigeria, Mr. Yemi Osinbajo is also seen (1).jpg|thumb|Indian [[Vice president of india|vice president]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] with Buhari at the State House in Abuja, Nigeria on 27 September 2016. The Vice President of Nigeria, [[Yemi Osinbajo]], is pictured on the right.]] [[File:P20211102AS-1201-2 (51846814909).jpg|thumb|Buhari with US President [[Joe Biden]], 2 November 2021]] Buhari described the [[Rohingya persecution in Myanmar (2016–present)|military crackdown]] by the [[Myanmar Army]] and police on [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] as ethnic cleansing and warned of a disaster like the [[Rwandan genocide]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un-nigeria/nigerian-president-likens-myanmar-crisis-to-bosnia-rwanda-genocides-idUSKCN1BU26Q|title=Nigerian president likens Myanmar crisis to Bosnia, Rwanda genocides|date=19 September 2017|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=24 October 2017|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930223201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un-nigeria/nigerian-president-likens-myanmar-crisis-to-bosnia-rwanda-genocides-idUSKCN1BU26Q|url-status=live}}</ref> Nigeria and South Africa between them share about 50% of Africa's economic output but both countries macroeconomic structure is hampered by high poverty rates, youth unemployment and decline in capital investment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makwembere|first=S|date=31 December 2015|title=Hallmarks of irresponsible and unresponsive governance: Internal xenophobic attacks in South Africa's municipalities|journal=The Journal for Trans-disciplinary Research in Southern Africa|volume=11|issue=4|doi=10.4102/td.v11i4.47 |issn=2415-2005|doi-access=free}}</ref> About 600,000 Nigerians have emigrated to South Africa to seek out better economic opportunities and like in Nigeria, it is an economy struggling with its own high unemployment rates. Tensions between migrants and the local populace have occasionally flared up, in 2008, 2015 and in 2019. The last resulted in the violence between migrants including Nigerians and black South Africans. The leaders of both countries met in early October 2019, to discuss measures to improve the relationship between both countries which has been affected not only by anti-migrant violence in South Africa both issues about profit repatriation by South African firms operating in Nigeria.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Buhari is the first president to call for a global treaty to end violence against women and girls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthew |first=Agbaje |title=Group lauds Buhari over treaty to end violence against women, girls |url=https://wuzupnigeria.ng/news/group-lauds-buhari-over-treaty-to-end-violence-against-women-girls |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=WuzupNigeria |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Post-presidency (2023–present) == Buhari handed over power peacefully to his successor Bola Tinubu on 29 May 2023 at 10AM ([[West Africa Time|WAT]]) at an [[Inauguration of Bola Tinubu|inauguration ceremony]] in [[Eagle Square, Abuja|Eagle Square]], Federal Capital Territory. He left the seat of power in Abuja immediately after the handover ceremony and in keeping with the tradition of past heads of state and presidents returned to his home state of Katsina where he was received by state and traditional dignitaries before evidently retiring to his farm and family seat in [[Daura]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angbulu |first=Stephen |date=29 May 2023 |title=Buhari arrives Daura hometown |url=https://punchng.com/1413969-2/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Controversies == === US$2.8 billion NNPC scandal === {{See also|Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation}} During his tenure as Federal Commissioner of Petroleum and Natural Resources, US$2.8 billion allegedly went missing from the accounts of the [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation]] (NNPC) in [[Midland Bank|Midlands Bank]] in the United Kingdom. General Ibrahim Babangida later allegedly accused Buhari of being responsible for this fraud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brimtime.com/2013/06/ibb-hits-buhari-harder-over-28billion.html|title=IBB Hits Buhari Harder: Over N2.8Billion Was Stolen By Buhari and Seen In His UK Bank|date=17 June 2013|website=brimtime.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119183407/http://www.brimtime.com/2013/06/ibb-hits-buhari-harder-over-28billion.html|archive-date=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Uko|first1=Ndaeyo|title=Romancing the Gun: The Press as Promoter of Military Rule|date=December 2003|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-1-59221-189-0|page=90|quote=Buhari's Decree 4, which led to his overthrow, was seen by Nigerians as an attempt to prevent the press from digging into a scandal which he was supposed to have known something about: the mysterious disappearance of the huge sum of N2.8 billion from the NNPC while it was under his supervision.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Frynas|first1=Jedrzej Georg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W8-vc7AlFAC&q=nnpc+buhari+2.8+billion&pg=PA41|title=Oil in Nigeria (Politics and Economics in Africa)|date=1 April 2000|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=978-3-8258-3921-5|page=41|quote=This followed evidence from a US accountancy firm that some 2.8 billion Naira (roughly US $4 billion) had not been accounted for by the bank records of the NNPC. The Irikife Tribunal, which investigated the matter, even failed to summon Generals Buhari and Obsanjo who were responsible for supervising the NNPC and controlled oil sales during the period in question.|access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> However, in the conclusion of the [[Crude Oil]] Sales Tribunal of Inquiry headed by Justice [[Ayo Gabriel Irikefe|Ayo Irikefe]] to investigate allegations of 2.8 billion Dollars misappropriation from the NNPC account, the tribunal found no truth in the allegations even though it noticed some lapses in the NNPC accounts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zabadi|first1=Istifanus|last2=Sampson|first2=Isaac|date=2009|title=Modalities for Coordinating Nigeria's Anti-Corruption Strategies|url=https://www.academia.edu/415860|journal=Constructive Engagement|volume=1|issue=1|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204194406/https://www.academia.edu/415860|url-status=live}}</ref> === Chadian military affair === {{further|Chadian–Nigerian War}} In 1983, when Chadian forces invaded Nigeria in the Borno State, Buhari used the forces under his command to chase them out of the country, crossing into Chadian territory in spite of an order given by President Shagari to withdraw.<ref name="Ayoade22">{{Cite book|last=Akinsanya|first=Adeoye A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUySAAAAQBAJ&q=buhari+1983+chad&pg=PA272|title=An Introduction to Political Science in Nigeria|publisher=John Adebunmi Ayoade|year=2013|isbn=978-0-7618-5743-3|page=272}}</ref> This 1983 Chadian military affair led to more than 100 victims and "prisoners of war".<ref name="Ayoade22" /> === Umaru Dikko affair === {{Main|Dikko affair}} [[Dikko Affair|The Umaru Dikko Affair]] was another defining moment in Buhari's military government. [[Umaru Dikko]], a former Minister of Transportation under the previous civilian administration of President Shagari who fled the country shortly after the coup, was accused of embezzling $1 billion in oil profits. With the help of an alleged former Mossad agent, the [[National Security Organization|NSO]] traced him to London, where operatives from Nigeria and Israel drugged and kidnapped him. They placed him in a plastic bag, which was subsequently hidden inside a crate labelled as "Diplomatic Baggage". The purpose of this secret operation was to ship Dikko off to Nigeria on an empty Nigerian Airways Boeing 707, to stand trial for embezzlement. The plot was foiled by British airport officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20211380|title=The foiled Nigerian kidnap plot|last=Alex|first=Last|date=12 November 2012|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124114330/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20211380|url-status=live}}</ref> === 53 suitcases saga === Buhari's administration was embroiled in a scandal concerning the fate of 53 suitcases with unknown contents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparentnigeria.com/news_entries/9088/S-H-O-C-K-I-N-G-5-starnge-things-you-never-knew-about-Buhari-%E2%80%93-By-Nzeribe-Enz|title=S-H-O-C-K-I-N-G!!! 5 starnge things you never knew about Buhari – By Nzeribe Enz|date=20 October 2014|website=transparentnigeria.com|publisher=Nzeribe Enz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119204253/http://www.transparentnigeria.com/news_entries/9088/S-H-O-C-K-I-N-G-5-starnge-things-you-never-knew-about-Buhari-%E2%80%93-By-Nzeribe-Enz|archive-date=19 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The suitcases were being transported by the Emir of Gwandu, whose son was Buhari's aide-de-camp, and were cleared through customs on 10 June 1984 without inspection during his return flight from Saudi Arabia.<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/53-suitcases-saga-buhari-blasts-atiku-jonathan/ 53 SUITCASES SAGA: Buhari blasts Atiku, Jonathan – Vanguard News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406041542/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/53-suitcases-saga-buhari-blasts-atiku-jonathan/ |date=6 April 2015 }}. Vanguardngr.com (21 March 2011). Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> === PTF allocation to the military === While Buhari was Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), critics had questioned the PTF's allocation of 20% of its resources to the military, which they feared would not be accountable for the revenue.<ref name="PTF2">{{cite web|url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/98_06/abcr0604.htm|title=Development: PTF – shining in the gloom|date=June 1998|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120225841/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/98_06/abcr0604.htm|archive-date=20 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 December 2014|title=The Buhari PTF Days: The Untold Story|url=http://pointblanknews.com/pbn/exclusive/buhari-ptf-days-untold-story/|access-date=17 July 2020|website=Pointblank News|language=en-US|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719145545/http://pointblanknews.com/pbn/exclusive/buhari-ptf-days-untold-story/|url-status=live}}</ref> Akhaine, Saxone (27 August 2001) [http://m.allafrica.com/stories/200108270355.html Nigeria: Buhari Calls for Sharia in All States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123212623/http://m.allafrica.com/stories/200108270355.html/|date=23 January 2015}}. He was quoted in 2001 as saying, "I will continue to show openly and inside me the total commitment to the Sharia movement that is sweeping all over Nigeria", he then added: "God willing, we will not stop the agitation for the total implementation of the Sharia in the country."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/insurgency-buharis-call-full-sharia/|title=Insurgency and Buhari's call for full Sharia|date=24 December 2014|website=vanguardngr.com|publisher=Viewpoint|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119192839/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/insurgency-buharis-call-full-sharia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Buhari has denied all allegations that he has a radical Islamist agenda.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12890807 Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari in profile – BBC News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813125916/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12890807 |date=13 August 2018 }}. Bbc.co.uk (31 March 2015). Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> On 6 January 2015, Buhari said: "Because they can't attack our record, they accuse me falsely of ethnic [[jingoism]]; they accuse me falsely of religious fundamentalism. Because they cannot attack our record, they accuse us falsely of calling for election violence – when we have only insisted on peace. Even as Head of State, we never imposed Sha'riah."<ref>Iginla, Ademola (6 January 2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20151003041632/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=204013%2F A Great Message: Gen Buhari Tweets From His Heart This Morning]. osundefender.org</ref> === Mediation with Boko Haram === In 2012, Buhari's name was included on a list published by [[Boko Haram]] of individuals it would trust to mediate between the group and the Federal Government.<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/boko-haram-names-buhari-5-others-as-mediators/ Boko Haram names Buhari, 5 others as mediators – Vanguard News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119224236/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/boko-haram-names-buhari-5-others-as-mediators/ |date=19 January 2015 }}. Vanguardngr.com (1 November 2012). Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> However, Buhari strongly objected and declined to mediate between the government and Boko Haram. In 2013, Muhammadu Buhari made a series of statements, when he asked the Federal Government to stop the killing of Boko Haram members and blamed the rise of the terrorist group on the prevalence of [[Conflict in the Niger Delta|Niger Delta militants]] in the South. Buhari stated<ref name="pbk2">[http://pointblanknews.com/pbn/exclusive/stop-killing-boko-haram-members-buhari-tells-fg/ Stop Killing Boko Haram Members – Buhari Tells FG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119223446/http://pointblanknews.com/pbn/exclusive/stop-killing-boko-haram-members-buhari-tells-fg/ |date=19 January 2015 }}. pointblanknews.com (2 June 2013)</ref> that "what is responsible for the security situation in the country is caused by the activities of Niger Delta militants [...] The Niger Delta militants started it all".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/yet-crush-boko-haram-jonathan/|title=Why we're yet to crush Boko Haram – Jonathan|date=13 December 2014|website=vanguardngr.com|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119225925/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/yet-crush-boko-haram-jonathan/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also questioned the special treatment including close to $500 million a year paid to 30,000 militants under the amnesty programme since 2013<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22357597 Has Nigeria's Niger Delta managed to buy peace? – BBC News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119113737/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22357597 |date=19 November 2018 }}. Bbc.co.uk (1 May 2013). Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> by the Federal Government and deplored the fact that Boko Haram members were killed and their houses destroyed. === Abolishing the office of the first lady === {{Main|First Lady of Nigeria}} In December 2014, Muhammadu Buhari went on the record to say he would abolish the office of the [[First Lady of Nigeria|First Lady]] if he was elected as president, claiming it was unconstitutional.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141231220655/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/12/27/buhari-says-no-first-lady-if-elected-patience-jonathan-kinda-responds-what-do-you-think/#sthash.oOW9HuRs.mRUxlv1H.dpbs/ Buhari Says "No First Lady" If Elected ... Patience Jonathan Kinda Responds. What Do You Think?]. that1960chick.com (27 December 2014). Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref><ref name=":1">[http://article.wn.com/view/2015/01/08/Buhari_Comes_Under_Severe_Attack_Over_Plans_to_Scrap_First_L/ Buhari Comes Under Severe Attack Over Plans to Scrap First Lady's Office – Worldnews.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418173853/http://article.wn.com/view/2015/01/08/Buhari_Comes_Under_Severe_Attack_Over_Plans_to_Scrap_First_L/ |date=18 April 2015 }}. Article.wn.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> The [[Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta]] (MEND), a Nigerian militant group that endorsed Buhari during the 2015 general elections, commended Buhari for his plans and went on to say that the office of the First Lady was "obviously an irrelevant, fraudulent and unconstitutional office, whose only purpose is to further plunder the resources of the country."<ref>[http://www.peoplesdailyng.com/mend-endorses-buhari-for-president/ MEND endorses Buhari for president | Peoples Daily Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427054521/http://www.peoplesdailyng.com/mend-endorses-buhari-for-president/ |date=27 April 2015 }}. Peoplesdailyng.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> Since assuming the presidency on 29 May 2015, Buhari has yet to terminate the office of the First Lady. [[Aisha Buhari]] operates from the office of the First Lady as "wife of the President".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150810030001/http://expressng.com/2015/08/aisha-buhari-takes-over-patience-jonathans-office/ Aisha Buhari Takes Over Patience Jonathan's Office – Entertainment Express]. Expressng.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2016.</ref> Having suggested the abolition of the [[First Lady of Nigeria|office of the First Lady]],<ref name=":1" /> Buhari has further aired some controversial statements about women. On his visit to the Germany's [[Angela Merkel]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=World's Most Powerful Women|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/|access-date=11 April 2020|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073036/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/|url-status=live}}</ref> Buhari reiterated "I don't know which party my wife belongs to, but she belongs to my kitchen and my living room and the other room" <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=Nigeria's President Buhari: My wife belongs in kitchen|language=en-gb|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37659863|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314230704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37659863|url-status=live}}</ref> after his [[Aisha Buhari|wife]] had earlier advised him to step up his leadership.<ref name=":2" /> === Plagiarism scandal === In September 2016, President Buhari came under heavy criticism after a newspaper report found him using [[plagiarized]] speech during the launching of a national re-orientation campaign tagged "Change begins with me". The speech was later found to be lifted from the 2009 inaugural speech of former US President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/1081685-buhari-leaders-caught-plagiarism-scandal.html|title=Buhari and other leaders caught in plagiarism scandal|date=10 January 2017|website=Naij.com|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202051531/https://www.naij.com/1081685-buhari-leaders-caught-plagiarism-scandal.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/17/nigerian-president-apologizes-for-plagiarizing-obama-in-speech|title=Nigerian president apologizes for plagiarizing Obama in speech|date=17 September 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=27 January 2017|agency=Associated Press|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202124714/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/17/nigerian-president-apologizes-for-plagiarizing-obama-in-speech|url-status=live}}</ref> The presidency later apologized and says the blunder was caused by "overzealous staff" and "Those responsible" will be sanctioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/nigeria-buhari-admits-line-plagiarised-obama-160917085048164.html|title=Nigeria's Buhari admits line plagiarised from Obama|website=Aljazeera|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064117/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/nigeria-buhari-admits-line-plagiarised-obama-160917085048164.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37395605|title=Nigeria president blames aide for plagiarising Obama|date=17 September 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121102758/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37395605|url-status=live}}</ref> However, one week later, a deputy director in the State House linked to the speech was redeployed and presidency assured Nigerian public that it has taken steps to avoid a repeat of such an embarrassing occurrence by implementing digital tools that detect [[plagiarism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/buhari-sacks-official-plagiarism-obamas-speech/|title=Buhari sacks own official over plagiarism of Obama's speech|date=28 September 2016|website=Vanguard Newspaper|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202043740/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/buhari-sacks-official-plagiarism-obamas-speech/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Twitter Ban === {{Main|Ban of Twitter in Nigeria}} After Buhari made a [[Twitter]] post threatening violence against the [[Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria|Biafra insurgents]] in southeast Nigeria on 5 June 2021, [[Twitter]] deleted his comments as violations of its [[terms of service]]. Shortly thereafter, the [[Ban of Twitter in Nigeria|Nigerian government banned Twitter]] from the country entirely.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria ends its Twitter ban after seven months |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/1/12/nigeria-ends-its-twitter-ban-after-seven-months |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> They lifted the ban on 13 January 2022, after they said Twitter had agreed to register its operations in Nigeria and pay [[tax]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2021 |title=Twitter agrees to open office in Nigeria – Lai Mohammed |work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |url=https://guardian.ng/news/twitter-agrees-to-open-office-in-nigeria-lai-mohammed/ |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> === Signature Forgery Scandal === As part of the discovery made in a lawsuit levelled against the former CBN Governor of Nigeria, [[Godwin Emefiele]], [[Boss Mustapha]], a senior official in ex-President Buhari's administration, testified that three suspects allegedly stole $6.2m (£4.9m) from the central bank, using the forged signature of then President Muhammadu Buhari. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-14 |title=Nigerian ex-President Muhammadu Buhari's signature forged to withdraw $6m, court hears |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68282228 |access-date=2024-02-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Personal life== === Family === [[File:The First Lady of Nigeria Her Excellency Aisha Buhari.jpg|thumb|Buhari's second and current wife, [[Aisha Buhari]]]] In 1971, Buhari married his first wife, [[Safinatu Buhari|Safinatu]] (née Yusuf). They had five children together, four girls and one boy. Their first daughter, Zulaihat (Zulai) was named after Buhari's mother. Their other children are Fatima, Musa (deceased son), Hadiza, and Safinatu.<ref name="naijarchives.com22">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150524021054/http://naijarchives.com/general-muhammadu-buhari-late-wife-safinatu/ General Muhammadu Buhari and his late wife, Safinatu]. naijarchives.com (3 April 2015)</ref> In 1988, Buhari and his first wife Safinatu divorced. On 14 January 2006, Safinatu died from complications of [[diabetes]]. In November 2012, Buhari's first daughter, Zulaihat (née Buhari) Junaid died from [[sickle cell anaemia]], two days after having a baby at a hospital in Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/news-general-muhammad-buhari-loses-40-year-old-daughter-zulai-buhari-junaid-to-sickle-cell/|title=General Muhammad Buhari loses 40 year old daughter, Zulai Buhari-Junaid to sickle cell|date=1 December 2012|publisher=FAB Magazine Online|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225072318/http://fabmagazineonline.com/news-general-muhammad-buhari-loses-40-year-old-daughter-zulai-buhari-junaid-to-sickle-cell/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1989, Buhari married his second and current wife [[Aisha Buhari]] (née Halilu). They also had five children together, a boy and four girls: Aisha, Halima, Yusuf, Zahra "Zarah" and Amina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/219174-president-buharis-children-schooled.html|title=President Buhari's children and where they schooled|date=29 December 2016|website=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925143953/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/219174-president-buharis-children-schooled.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Yusuf married Zahra Nasir Bayero, the daughter of Emir [[Nasiru Ado Bayero]], in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-58291132|title=Nigeria's royal wedding: Private jets, glitz and glamour|work=BBC News|date=21 August 2021|access-date=21 August 2021|archive-date=21 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821131543/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-58291132|url-status=live}}</ref> Buhari is a [[Muslims|Muslim]]. === Wealth === In 2015, Buhari declared US$150,000 cash; in addition to five homes and two mud houses as well as farms, an orchard and a ranch of 270 head of cattle, 25 sheep, five horses and a variety of birds, shares in three firms, two undeveloped plots of land, and two cars bought from his savings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34150508|title=Nigerian leader declares wealth|date=4 September 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=13 February 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054911/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34150508|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Honours== === National honours === *{{flag|Nigeria}}: **[[File:Order_of_the_Federal_Republic_(military)_-_Nigeria_-_ribbon_bar.gif|70px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Federal Republic]] '''(GCFR)''' (1983) === Foreign honours === *{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}: **[[File:Ordine dell'Indipendenza (Guinea Equatoriale).png|70px]] Grand Collar of the Order of Independence (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2016|title=Buhari recognised for 'personal integrity and exemplary leadership' in Equatorial Guinea|url=http://venturesafrica.com/yet-another-recognision-for-buhari-as-he-bags-the-highest-national-honour-in-guinea/|access-date=18 July 2020|website=Ventures Africa|language=en-US|first=Ayomide|last=Thompson|url-status=live|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210608175425/https://venturesafrica.com/1921-2021-hennessy-celebrates-a-century-of-being-present-in-nigeria/}}</ref> *{{flag|Serbia}}: **[[File:Orden Republike Srbije.gif|70px]] Second Class of the [[Order of the Republic of Serbia]] (2016) *{{flag|Liberia}}: **[[File:Order of the Pioneers of Liberia - ribbon bar.png|70px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Pioneers of Liberia]] (27 July 2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/BashirAhmaad/status/1154842944437923842|first=Bashir|last=Ahmad|website=[[Twitter]]|date=26 July 2019|title=IN PICS: President @GeorgeWeahOff confers "The Grand Cordon of the Knighthood of Venerable Order of the Pioneers", Liberia's highest honour on President @MBuhari today in Monrovia, at the Liberia's 172nd Independence Anniversary.|access-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210608074729/https://twitter.com/BashirAhmaad/status/1154842944437923842}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://independent.ng/buhari-bags-liberias-order-of-knighthood-deploys-50-technical-aid-corps/|date=27 July 2019|last=Oweh|first=Innocent|title=Buhari Bags Liberia's Order of Knighthood, Deploys 50 Technical Aid Corps|website=[[Independent Nigeria]]|access-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210608175123/https://independent.ng/buhari-bags-liberias-order-of-knighthood-deploys-50-technical-aid-corps/}}</ref> === Traditional titles === In 2017, the South-East council of [[Nigerian traditional rulers|traditional rulers]] honoured President Buhari with the [[chieftaincy]] titles of the '''Enyioma I''' of [[Ebonyi]] and the '''Ochioha I''' of [[Igboland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/photos-buhari-receives-igbo-chieftaincy-titles/|title=Buhari Receives Igbo Chieftaincy Titles|work=Punch|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204194408/https://punchng.com/photos-buhari-receives-igbo-chieftaincy-titles/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of his investiture, the president had already held a title—that of the '''Ogbuagu I''' of Igboland—in the [[Nigerian chieftaincy system]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/news/nigeria/national/abia-monarchs-chide-member-over-award-of-chieftaincy-title-to-buhari/|title=Abia Monarchs Chide Member Over Award Of Chieftaincy Title To Buhari|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612133140/https://m.guardian.ng/news/nigeria/national/abia-monarchs-chide-member-over-award-of-chieftaincy-title-to-buhari/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was later awarded another one, '''Ikeogu I''' of Igboland, in the following year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://prnigeria.com/2018/12/03/ganduje-igbo-chieftancy-title/|title=Gov. Ganduje Receives Igbo Chieftaincy Title For President Buhari|work=PrNews|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612143422/https://prnigeria.com/2018/12/03/ganduje-igbo-chieftancy-title/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=President Muhammadu Buhari|url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/people/president-muhammadu-buhari/|publisher=The Statehouse, Abuja|language=en-US|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628092536/https://statehouse.gov.ng/people/president-muhammadu-buhari/|url-status=live}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of heads of state of Nigeria]] * [[List of Nigerians]] * {{Portal-inline|Biography}} * {{Portal-inline|Nigeria}} * {{Portal-inline|Politics}} *[[List of Hausa people]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} ==Sources== * {{cite book |last=Graf |first=William |date=1988 |title=The Nigerian state: Political economy, state class, and political system in the post-colonial era |url=https://archive.org/details/nigerianstatepol0000graf |location=London |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-0-85255-313-8 |url-access=registration }} * {{cite book |last=Momoh |first=H.B |date=2000 |title=The Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970: history and reminiscences |location=Ibadan |publisher=Sam Bookman |isbn=978-978-2165-96-1}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Muhammadu Buhari}} * {{Official website}} * [http://buhari4change.com/ 2011 Presidential Election Campaign website] * {{C-SPAN|97817}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/hardtalk/3421277.stm Muhammadu Buhari – In a HARDtalk interview on 21 January 2004] {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Musa Usman]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Governor of the [[North-Eastern State]]|years=1975–1976}} {{s-non|reason=Office abolished}} {{s-break}} {{s-new|office}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Borno State]]|years=1976}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mustapha Amin]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-bef|before=[[Shehu Shagari]]|as=President of Nigeria}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Nigeria|Chair of the Supreme Military Council of Nigeria]]|years=1983–1985}} {{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Ibrahim Babangida]]}}|as=Chair of the [[Armed Forces Ruling Council (Nigeria)|Armed Forces Ruling Council]] of Nigeria}} {{s-break}} {{s-bef|before=[[Goodluck Jonathan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Nigeria]]|years=2015–2023}} {{s-aft|after=[[Bola Tinubu]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|first}} {{s-ttl|title=[[All Nigeria Peoples Party|ANPP]] nominee for President of Nigeria|years=[[2003 Nigerian presidential election|2003]], [[2007 Nigerian general election|2007]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Ibrahim Shekarau]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-new|party|rows=2}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Congress for Progressive Change|CPC]] nominee for President of Nigeria|years=[[2011 Nigerian presidential election|2011]]}} {{s-non|reason=Party dissolved}} {{s-break}} {{s-ttl|title=[[All Progressives Congress|APC]] nominee for President of Nigeria|years=[[2015 Nigerian general election|2015]], [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Bola Tinubu]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-end}} {{Muhammadu Buhari}} {{Navboxes |title= Articles related to Muhammadu Buhari |list1= {{Nigerian Heads of State}} {{BornoStateGovernors}} {{Nigeria Obasanjo Governors}} {{Nigeria Murtala Governors}} {{2007 presidential election candidates, Nigeria}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Buhari, Muhammadu}} [[Category:Muhammadu Buhari| ]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of Nigeria]] [[Category:Politicians from Katsina]] [[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]] [[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]] [[Category:Ribadu family]] [[Category:All Nigeria Peoples Party politicians]] [[Category:All Progressives Congress politicians]] [[Category:Graduates of the Mons Officer Cadet School]] [[Category:Nigerian Defence Academy alumni]] [[Category:Nigerian Fula people]] [[Category:Nigerian generals]] [[Category:Nigerian military governors]] [[Category:Nigerian Muslims]] [[Category:Nigerian revolutionaries]] [[Category:Petroleum ministers of Nigeria]] [[Category:United States Army War College alumni]] [[Category:Participants of coups in Nigeria]] [[Category:Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup]] [[Category:Participants in the 1975 Nigerian military coup]] [[Category:Participants in the 1983 Nigerian military coup]] [[Category:Candidates in the Nigerian general election, 2003]] [[Category:Candidates in the Nigerian general election, 2007]] [[Category:Candidates in the Nigerian general election, 2011]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2015 Nigerian general election]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2019 Nigerian general election]] [[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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