Maui

{{Short description|Second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands}}
{{About||the figure in Polynesian mythology|Māui|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox island
| name             = Maui
| nickname         = The Valley Isle
| image_name       = Maui Landsat Photo.jpg
| image_caption    = [[Landsat program|Landsat]] satellite image of Maui. The small island to the southwest is [[Kahoʻolawe]].
| map_image        = File:Map of Maui Island.jpg
| map_caption      = Small-scale map of the island and location in the [[Hawaii|state of Hawaii]]
| location         = {{coord|20|48|N|156|18|W|type:isle_scale:500000|display=title,inline}}
| area_sqmi        = 727.2
| highest_mount    = [[Haleakalā]]
| elevation_ft     = 10,023
| elevation_footnotes = {{R|ElevationRef}}
| demonym = Mauian
| population       = 164,221
| population_as_of = 2021
| density_sqmi     = 162
| country_largest_city = [[Kahului, Hawaii|Kahului]]
| country          = {{flag|United States}}
| country_admin_divisions = {{Infobox place symbols|embedded=yes|island=yes
| flower           = [[Rosa damascena|Lokelani]]
| color            = {{okina}}Ākala (pink)}}
| rank             = 2nd largest [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian island]]
}}
[[File:ISS-38 Hawaiian Island chain.jpg|thumb|220px|Maui (center right, with [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]], [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]], and [[Kahoʻolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]] to its left) as seen from the [[International Space Station]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82975 |title=Hawaii January 29, 2014 |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110044108/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82975 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

The [[island]] of '''Maui''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|aʊ|i}}; [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]: {{IPA-haw|ˈmɐwwi|}})<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kinney |first=Ruby Kawena |year=1956 |title=A Non-purist View of Morphomorphemic Variations in Hawaiian Speech |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=282–286}}</ref> is the second-largest island of the state of [[Hawaii]] at 727.2 square miles (1,883&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), and the [[List of islands of the United States by area|17th-largest island]] in the United States.{{R|SizeRef}} Maui is the largest of [[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui County]]'s four islands, which also include [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]], [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]], and unpopulated [[Kahoʻolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]]. In 2020, Maui had a population of 168,307, the third-highest of the [[Hawaiian Islands]], behind [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] and [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i Island]]. [[Kahului, Hawaii|Kahului]] is the largest [[Census-designated place|census-designated place (CDP)]] on the island, with a population of 28,219 {{As of|2020|lc=y}},{{R|PopRef}} and the island's commercial and financial hub.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLLCwAAQBAJ&q=kahului+is+the+commercial+and+financial+hub&pg=PA193 |author=Nyakundi, Colvin Tonya|author2= Davidson, John |title=Traveling to Maui Island: The Ultimate and Most Comprehensive Guidebook |publisher=Mendon Cottage Books |date=March 22, 2016 |page=193 |location=[[Mendon, Utah]] |isbn=9781310226106 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> [[Wailuku, Hawaii|Wailuku]] is the seat of Maui County and is the third-largest CDP {{As of|2010|lc=y}}. Other significant populated areas include [[Kihei, Hawaii|Kīhei]] (including [[Wailea, Hawaii|Wailea]] and [[Makena, Hawaii|Makena]] in the Kihei Town CDP, the island's second-most-populated CDP), [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lāhainā]] (including [[Kaanapali|Kā{{okina}}anapali]] and [[Kapalua]] in the Lāhainā Town CDP), and Upcountry Maui (including [[Makawao]], [[Pukalani, Hawaii|Pukalani]], and [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]]).

Originally part of [[Maui Nui]], Maui is dominated by two volcanic features: [[Haleakalā]] in the southeast, and the [[West Maui Mountains]] in the northwest. The two volcanos are connected by a small isthmus about six miles wide that gives the island its nickname, the Valley Isle.<ref name="1987nytimes">{{cite web |last1=Hornblower |first1=Malabar |title=A Historic Hub Where the Sun Sets on Maui |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/13/travel/a-historic-hub-where-the-sun-sets-on-maui.html |website=NYTimes |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

Maui has a significant tourism industry, with nearly three million visitors coming to the island in 2022.<ref name="2022-tourism">{{cite web |last1=Tanji |first1=Melissa |title=2.9M visitors to Maui spent $5.69B in 2022 |url=https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2023/02/2-9m-visitors-to-maui-spent-5-69b-in-2022/ |website=mauinews.com |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> A 2023 report based on 2017 data concluded that nearly 40% of Maui County's economy was generated or induced by tourism.<ref name="2023-tourism-analysis">{{cite web |last1=Tian |first1=Eugene |last2=Kamita |first2=Rene |title=Tourism’s Contribution to the State and County Economies in Hawai‘i |url=https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/reports/Economic_Impact_of_Tourism_by_County_Sept_2023_final.pdf |website=Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> Popular tourist destinations include the resorts in the Kā{{okina}}anapali and Wailea areas; [[Hana, Hawaii|Hāna]] and the [[Hana Highway]]; [[Iao Valley]]; [[Haleakalā National Park]]; and locations for beach sports and activities.

{{toclimit|3}}

==Etymology==
[[Native Hawaiian]] [[Hawaiian mythology|tradition]] gives the origin of the island's name in the legend of [[Hawaiiloa|Hawai{{okina}}iloa]], the navigator credited with discovering the Hawaiian Islands. According to it, Hawai{{okina}}iloa named the island after his son, who in turn was named for the [[demigod]] [[Māui (Hawaiian mythology)|Māui]]. Maui's previous name was {{okina}}Ihikapalaumaewa.{{R|Sterling}} The Island of Maui is also called the "Valley Isle" for the large [[isthmus]] connecting its northwestern and southeastern volcanic masses.

==Geology and topography==
[[File:Maui2022OSM.png|thumb|left|Detailed map of Maui and Kaho{{okina}}olawe]]

Maui's diverse landscapes are the result of a unique combination of geology, topography, and climate. Each [[volcanic]] cone in the chain of the Hawaiian Islands is built of [[basalt]], a dark, [[iron]]-rich/[[silica]]-poor rock, which poured out of thousands of vents as highly fluid [[lava]] over millions of years. Several of the volcanoes were close enough to each other that lava flows on their flanks overlapped one another, merging into a single island. Maui is such a "volcanic doublet," formed from two [[shield volcano]]es that overlapped one another to form an isthmus between them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/hvo_monitoring.html |title=Hawaiian Volcano Observatory |website=volcanoes.usgs.gov |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-date=2017-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131035346/https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Mount Haleakala Crater Maui Hawaii (45740764101).jpg|thumb|right|Looking into the [[Haleakalā]] crater]]

The older, western volcano has been eroded considerably and is cut by numerous drainages, forming the peaks of the [[West Maui Mountains]] (in Hawaiian, Mauna Kahalawai). [[Puʻu Kukui]] is the highest of the peaks at {{cvt|5788|ft|m}}. The larger, younger volcano to the east, [[Haleakalā]], rises to {{cvt|10023|ft|m}} above sea level, and measures {{cvt|5|mi|km|0}} from seafloor to summit.

The eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to the rocky, windswept shoreline. The valley-like Isthmus of Maui that separates the two volcanic masses was formed by sandy erosional deposits.

[[File:Maui, Hawaii beach.jpg|thumb|right|Volcanic rocks protrude on a Maui beach]]

Maui's last eruption (originating in Haleakalā's Southwest Rift Zone) likely occurred between 1480 and 1600;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/news/volcano-watch-youngest-lava-flows-east-maui-probably-older-ad-1790|title=Volcano Watch — Youngest lava flows on East Maui probably older than A.D. 1790|date=September 9, 1999|access-date=August 16, 2023|website=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> the resulting lava flows are located at Cape Kīna{{okina}}u between {{okina}}Āhihi Bay and [[La Perouse Bay]] on the southwest shore of East Maui. Considered to be dormant by [[volcanologist]]s, Haleakalā is thought to be capable of further eruptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/haleakal%C4%81|title=Haleakalā|website=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=August 16, 2023}}</ref>

Maui is part of a much larger unit, [[Maui Nui]], that includes the islands of [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]], [[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]], [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]], and the now submerged [[Penguin Bank]]. During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 200,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite web |date=2003-04-10 |title=Once a big island, Maui County now four small islands |url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/hvo_volcano_watch.html?vwid=651 |accessdate=2009-02-27 |work=Volcano Watch |publisher=[[Hawaiian Volcano Observatory]]}}</ref> they are joined as a single island due to the shallowness of the channels between them.

===Climate===
{{main|Climate of Hawaii}}
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2012}}

The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is characterized by a two-season year, tropical and uniform temperatures everywhere (except at high elevations), marked geographic differences in rainfall, high relative humidity, extensive cloud formations (except on the driest coasts and at high elevations), and dominant [[trade wind]] flow (especially at elevations below a few thousand feet). Maui itself has a wide range of climatic conditions and weather patterns that are influenced by several different factors in the physical environment:

*Half of Maui is situated within {{cvt|5|mi|km|0}} of the island's coastline. This, and the extreme insularity of the Hawaiian Islands, account for the strong marine influence on Maui's climate.
*Macro weather patterns are typically determined by elevation and orientation towards the trade winds (the prevailing air flow comes from the northeast).
*Maui's rugged, irregular topography produces marked variations in conditions. Air swept inland on the trade winds is shunted one way or another by the mountains, valleys, and vast open slopes. This complex three-dimensional flow of air results in striking variations in wind speed, cloud formation, and rainfall.

Maui displays a unique and diverse set of climatic conditions, each of which is specific to a loosely defined sub-region of the island. These sub-regions are defined by major physiographic features (such as mountains and valleys) and by location on the windward or leeward side of the island. Maui's daytime temperatures average between {{cvt|75|°F}} and {{cvt|90|°F}} year round, while evening temperatures are about {{convert|15|F-change}} cooler in the more humid windward areas, about {{convert|18|F-change}} cooler in the drier leeward areas, and cooler yet in higher elevations.

An exception to the normal pattern is the occasional winter "Kona storms" which bring rainfall to the South and West areas accompanied by high southwesterly winds (opposite of the prevailing trade wind direction).

====Microclimates====
[[File:Westküste Maui Hawaii (45740526221).jpg|thumb|West coast of Maui, with Haleakalā and Kihei visible in the background]]
Although the island of Maui is fairly small, it can feel quite different due to the unique microclimates that are typical to each of its distinctive locations.

[[File:Makena Beach, Maui Hawaii (45015180584).jpg|thumb|right|Makena Beach, South Maui]]

*'''Windward lowlands''' – Below {{cvt|2000|ft|m}} on north-to-northeast sides of an island. Roughly perpendicular to the direction of prevailing trade winds. Moderately rainy; frequent trade wind-induced showers. Skies are often cloudy to partly cloudy. Air temperatures are more uniform (and mild) than those of other regions.
*'''Leeward lowlands''' – Daytime temperatures are a little higher and nighttime temperatures are lower than in windward locations. Dry weather is prevalent, except for sporadic showers that drift over the mountains to windward and during short-duration storms.
*'''Interior lowlands''' – Intermediate conditions, often sharing characteristics of other lowland sub-regions. Occasionally experience intense local afternoon showers from well-developed clouds that formed due to local daytime heating.
*'''Leeward side high-altitude mountain slopes with high rainfall''' – Extensive cloud cover and rainfall all year long. Mild temperatures are prevalent, but humidity is higher than in any other sub-region.
*'''Leeward side lower mountain slopes''' – Rainfall is higher than on the adjacent leeward lowlands but much less than at similar altitudes on the windward side; however, maximum rainfall usually occurs leeward of the crests of lower mountains. Temperatures are higher than on the rainy slopes of the windward sides of mountains; cloud cover is almost as extensive.
*'''High mountains''' – Above about {{cvt|5000|ft|m}} on Haleakalā, rainfall decreases rapidly with elevation. Relative humidity may be ten percent or less. The lowest temperatures in the state are experienced in this region: air temperatures below freezing are common.

{{Anchor|Regions}} These microclimates help to divide the major regions of Maui: Central Maui; leeward South Maui and West Maui; windward North Shore and East Maui; and Upcountry Maui.<ref name="microclimate-areas">{{cite web |last1=Mitchell |first1=Alexandra |title=Micro-Climates & Choosing Residential Property to Buy on Maui {{!}} Maui Now |url=https://mauinow.com/2015/01/05/micro-climates-choosing-residential-property-to-buy-on-maui/ |website={{!}}  Micro-Climates & Choosing Residential Property to Buy on Maui |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

*'''Central Maui''' consists primarily of Kahului and Wailuku, and occupies the flat isthmus between the West Maui Mountains and Haleakalā. Kahului is the center of the island and tends to keep steady, high temperatures throughout the year. The microclimate in Kahului can be at times muggy, but it usually feels relatively dry and is often very breezy. The Wailuku area is set closer to the West Maui Mountain range. Here, more rainfall will be found throughout the year and higher humidity levels.
*'''South Maui''' (Kihei, Wailea, and Makena) and '''West Maui''' (Lahaina, Kaanapali, and Kapalua) are both on the leeward side of the island. These areas are typically drier, with higher daytime temperatures (up to {{cvt|92|°F}}), and the least amount of rainfall. (An exception is the high-altitude, unpopulated West Maui summit, which boasts up to {{cvt|400|in|mm}} of rainfall per year on its north and east side.)

[[File:Waianapanapa State Park Maui Hawaii Road to Hana (45690767052).jpg|thumb|right|Waianapanapa State Park in East Maui, next to Hana]]

*The '''North Shore''' (Paia and Haiku) and '''East Maui''' (Keanae, Hana, and Kipahulu) are both on the windward side of the island. Facing the prevailing, northeast trade winds, these areas have heavier rainfall levels, which increase considerably at higher elevations.
*{{Anchor|Upcountry}} '''Upcountry Maui''' is the name for the sloping area on the western face of Haleakalā, including the towns of Makawao, Pukalani, and Kula.<ref name="Upcountry-wanderlust">{{cite web |last1=Wogan |first1=John |title=Where to Stay (and What to Eat) in Maui’s Upcountry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/20/t-magazine/travel/maui-upcountry-guide.html |website=NYTimes |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Paniolo">{{cite web |last1=Moon |first1=Freda |title=In Maui’s Upcountry, Where the Paniolo Roam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/travel/in-mauis-upcountry-where-the-paniolo-roam.html |website=NYTimes |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-upcountry">{{cite web |last1=McClure |first1=Rosemary |title=Maui's Upcountry: Laid-back vibe, cool breezes and farm-to-table food |url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/hawaii/la-tr-maui-20141019-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=14 November 2023 |date=19 October 2014}}</ref> This area ranges from {{cvt|1,500|ft|adj=on}} to {{cvt|4,500|ft|adj=on}}, and the climate tends toward mild heat (between {{cvt|70|°F}} and {{cvt|80|°F}}) during the day and cool evenings. The higher the elevation, the cooler the evenings can be: during Maui's winter, Upper Kula can be as cold as {{cvt|40|°F}} in the early morning hours and the Haleakalā summit can dip below freezing.

{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Maui
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|-
!Average sea temperature °F (°C)
|style="background:#FF6700;color:#000000;"|76.3<br />(24.6)
|style="background:#FF6D00;color:#000000;"|75.5<br />(24.2)
|style="background:#FF6F00;color:#000000;"|75.3<br />(24.1)
|style="background:#FF6200;color:#000000;"|75.9<br />(24.4)
|style="background:#FF5800;color:#000000;"|76.8<br />(24.9)
|style="background:#FF5000;color:#000000;"|77.7<br />(25.4)
|style="background:#FF4E00;color:#000000;"|78.6<br />(25.9)
|style="background:#FF4600;color:#000000;"|79.3<br />(26.3)
|style="background:#FF3C00;color:#000000;"|80<br />(26.7)
|style="background:#FF4400;color:#000000;"|80<br />(26.7)
|style="background:#FF5000;color:#000000;"|78.9<br />(26.1)
|style="background:#FF6200;color:#000000;"|77.1<br />(25.1)
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: meteodb.com<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meteodb.com/usa/maui |title=Maui — weather by month, water temperature |access-date=March 22, 2023 }}</ref>
|}

====Rainfall====
[[File:KahikinuiCoastlineMaui.JPG|thumb|right|Kahikinui coastline near [[Kaupo, Hawaii|Kaupo]]]]
[[File:Rainbow in Hawaii.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rainbow]] over the [[West Maui Mountains]] after rainfall in [[Kaanapali, Hawaii|Kā{{okina}}anapali]]]]

Showers are very common; while some of these are very heavy, the vast majority are light and brief. Even the heaviest rain showers are seldom accompanied by thunder and lightning. Throughout the lowlands in summer the dominance of the trade winds produce a drier season. At one extreme, the annual rainfall averages {{cvt|17|in|mm}} to {{cvt|20|in|mm}} or less in leeward coastal areas, such as the shoreline from [[Ma'alaea Bay|Maalaea Bay]] to Kaupo. At the other extreme, the annual average rainfall exceeds {{cvt|300|in|mm}} along the lower windward slopes of Haleakalā, particularly along the [[Hana Highway|Hāna Highway]]. [[Big Bog, Maui|Big Bog]], a spot on the edge of Haleakalā National Park overlooking Hana at about {{cvt|5,400|ft}} elevation had an estimated mean annual rainfall of {{cvt|404|in|mm}} over the 30-year period of 1978 to 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Lee |last=Imada |title='Big Bog' ranks among wettest spots in Hawaii, possibly world |url=http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/559332.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611072538/http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/559332.html |archive-date=11 June 2013 |url-status=dead |website=[[The Maui News]] |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> If the islands of Hawaii did not exist, the average annual rainfall on the same patch of water would be about {{cvt|25|in|mm}}.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} Instead, the mountainous topography of Maui and the other islands induce an actual average of about {{cvt|70|in|mm}}.

{{climate chart
|Maui
|7|20|33
|6|19|31
|6|21|40
|5|22|11
|8|23|10
|9|21|4
|11|26|20
|11|28|3
|8|26|7
|8|22|36
|8|20|9
|6|20|12
|float=right
|clear=right
|source=<ref name="nasa">{{Cite web |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075542/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

In the lowlands, rainfall is most likely to occur throughout the year during the night or morning hours, and least likely in mid-afternoon. The most pronounced daily variations in rainfall occur during the summer because summer rainfall generally consists of trade winds showers that often occur at night. Winter rainfall in the lowlands is the result of storm activity, which is as likely to occur in the daytime as at night. Rainfall variability is far greater during the winter when occasional storms contribute appreciably to rainfall totals. With such wide swings in rainfall, there are inevitably occasional droughts, sometimes causing economic losses. These occur when winter rains fail to produce sufficient significant rainstorms, impacting normally dry areas outside the trade winds that depend on them the most. The winter of 2011–2012 produced extreme drought on the leeward sides of Moloka{{okina}}i, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii.

===Natural history===
Maui is a leading whale-watching center in the Hawaiian Islands due to [[humpback whale]]s wintering in the sheltered [[Channels of the Hawaiian Islands|{{okina}}Au{{okina}}au Channel]] between the islands of Maui county. The whales migrate approximately {{cvt|3500|mi|km}} from [[Alaska]]n waters each autumn and spend the winter months mating and birthing in the warm waters off Maui, with most leaving by the end of April. The whales are typically sighted in pods: small groups of several adults, or groups of a mother, her calf, and a few suitors. Humpbacks are an [[endangered species]] protected by U.S. federal and Hawai{{okina}}i state law. There are estimated to be about 22,000 humpbacks in the North Pacific.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iwc.int/estimate |title=Population Estimates |website=iwc.int |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117065743/https://iwc.int/estimate |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Maui's Humpback face many dangers, due to pollution, high-speed commercial vessels, and military sonar testing, their numbers have increased rapidly in recent years, estimated at 7% growth per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pacificwhale.org/news/news_detail.php?id=286 |title=Record Number of Whales Sighted During Great Whale Count |publisher=pacificwhale.org |access-date=2009-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225114415/http://www.pacificwhale.org/news/news_detail.php?id=286 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Maui is home to a large [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests|rainforest]] on the northeastern flanks of Haleakalā, which serves as the [[drainage basin]] for the rest of the island. The extremely difficult terrain has prevented the exploitation of much of the forest.

Agricultural and coastal industrial land use has hurt much of Maui's coastal regions. Many of Maui's extraordinary [[coral reef]]s have been damaged by pollution, run-off, and tourism, although finding sea turtles, dolphins, and Hawaii's celebrated tropical fish, is still common. Leeward Maui used to boast a vibrant dry 'cloud forest' as well but this was destroyed by human activities over the last three hundred years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourmaui.com/trees-of-maui-sandalwood/ |title=History of Sandalwood on Maui |date=30 June 2016 |publisher=tourmaui.com |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308020906/http://www.tourmaui.com/trees-of-maui-sandalwood/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Wildlife===
[[File:Green Sea Turtle, Maui.jpg|thumb|A [[green sea turtle]] near Maui]]

The birdlife of Maui lacks the high concentration of endemic birdlife found in some other Hawaiian islands. As recently as 200,000 years ago it was linked to the neighboring islands of Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, and Kaho{{okina}}olawe in a large island called Maui Nui, thus reducing the chance of species endemic to any single one of these. Although Moloka{{okina}}i does have several endemic species of birds, some extinct and some not, in modern times Maui, Lāna{{okina}}i, and Kaho{{okina}}olawe have not had much endemic birdlife. In ancient times during and after the period in which Maui was part of Maui Nui, Maui boasted a species of [[moa-nalo]] (which was also found on Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, and Kaho{{okina}}olawe), a species of harrier (the [[Wood harrier]], shared with Moloka{{okina}}i), an undescribed sea eagle (Maui only), and three species of ground-dwelling flightless ibis (''[[Apteribis]] sp.''), plus a host of other species. Today, the most notable non-extinct endemics of Maui are probably the [['Akohekohe]] (''Palmeria dolei'') and the [[Maui parrotbill]] (''Pseudonestor xanthophrys''), also known as Kiwikiu, both of which are critically endangered and only found in an alpine forest on the windward slopes of Haleakalā. Conservation efforts have looked at how to mitigate female parrotbill mortality since this has been identified as a key driving factor driving the decline in population. The parrotbill has a notable lack of resistance to mosquito-born diseases, so only forests above 1500 meters of elevation provide refuge for most parrotbills. The habitat is in the process of being restored on leeward east Maui as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Extinction Risk and Conservation Options for Maui Parrotbill, an Endangered Hawaiian Honeycreeper |first1=Hanna L. |last1=Mounce |first2=Christopher C. |last2=Warren |first3=Conor P. |last3=McGowan |first4=Eben H. |last4=Paxton |first5=Jim J. |last5=Groombridge |date=May 9, 2018 |journal=Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=367–382 |doi=10.3996/072017-JFWM-059|doi-access=free }}</ref> 
As Maui's population continues to grow, the previously undeveloped areas of the island that provided a refuge for the wildlife are decreasing in size as they are becoming more developed. This is proving to be a risk for the endangered species of the island. Both flora and fauna habitats need to be protected for the sake of the numerous endangered species that live there. More than 250 species of native flora are federally listed as endangered or threatened.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mauicounty.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/26582 |title=Maui Island Plan |access-date=2022-03-30 |archive-date=2022-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402164953/https://www.mauicounty.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/26582 |url-status=live }}</ref> Birds found on other islands as well as Maui include the [[I'iwi]] (''Drepanis coccinea''], [['Apapane]] (''Himatione sanguinea''), [[Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi|Hawai'i 'Amakihi]] (''Chlorodrepanis virens),'' as [[Maui ʻalauahio|Maui 'Alauahio]] (Paroreomyza Montana) well as the [[Nene (bird)|Nene]] (''Branta sandvicensis'', the state bird of Hawaii), [[Hawaiian coot]] (''Fulica alai''), [[Hawaiian stilt]] (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) and a number of others. The Winter months provide a great opportunity for whale watching, as thousands of humpback whales migrate annually and pass by the island.

==History==
{{main|History of Maui}}
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2015}}
[[File:Iao Needle MO.jpg|thumb|left|The "needle" of [[Iao Valley|{{okina}}Īao Valley]]]]

[[Polynesia]]ns from [[Tahiti]] were the original people to populate Maui. The Tahitians introduced the [[Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|kapu]] system, a strict social order that affected all aspects of life and became the core of Hawaiʻian culture. Modern Hawaiʻian history began in the mid-18th century. [[Kamehameha I]], king of the [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawaiʻi]], invaded Maui in 1790 and fought the inconclusive [[Battle of Kepaniwai]], but returned to Hawaiʻi to battle a rival, finally subduing Maui a few years later.

On November 26, 1778, explorer [[James Cook]] became the first European to see Maui. Cook never set foot on the island because he was unable to find a suitable landing. The first European to visit Maui was the French admiral [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]], who landed on the shores of what is now known as [[La Perouse Bay]] on May 29, 1786. More Europeans followed: traders, whalers, loggers (e.g., of [[sandalwood]]) and [[missionary|missionaries]]. The latter began to arrive from [[New England]] in 1823, settling in Lahaina, which at that time was the capital. They clothed the natives, banned them from dancing [[hula]], and greatly altered the culture. The missionaries taught reading and writing, created the 12-letter [[Hawaiian alphabet]], started a printing press in Lahaina, and began writing the islands' history, which until then was transmitted orally.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine/May-June-2008/Hale-Pai/ |title=Hale Pa'i |first=Rita |last=Goldman |date=May 2008 |magazine=Maui Magazine |access-date=8 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531191931/http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine/May-June-2008/Hale-Pai/ |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Ironically, the missionaries both altered and preserved the native culture. The religious work altered the culture while the literacy efforts preserved native history and language. Missionaries started the first school in Lahaina, which still exists today: Lahainaluna Mission School, which opened in 1831.

[[File:'Japanese Laborers on Spreckelsville Plantation', oil on canvas painting by Joseph Dwight Strong, 1885, private collection.jpg|thumb|Japanese laborers on Maui harvesting [[sugarcane]] in 1885]]

At the height of the [[whaling]] era (1843–1860), Lahaina was a major center. In one season over 400 ships visited with up to 100 anchored at one time in [[Lahaina Roads|Lāhainā Roads]]. Ships tended to stay for weeks rather than days, fostering extended drinking and the rise of [[prostitution]], against which the missionaries vainly battled. Whaling declined steeply at the end of the 19th century as [[petroleum]] replaced [[whale oil]].

Kamehameha's descendants reigned until 1872. They were followed by rulers from another ancient family of chiefs, including [[Liliuokalani|Queen Liliʻuokalani]], deposed in the 1893 [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] by American business interests. One year later, the [[Republic of Hawaii]] was founded. The island was [[annexation|annexed]] by the United States in 1898 and made a [[Territories of the United States|territory]] in 1900. Hawaiʻi became the 50th [[U.S. state]] in 1959.

In 1937, [[Vibora Luviminda]] [[trade union]] conducted the last [[strike action]] of an ethnic nature in the Hawaiʻian Islands against four Maui [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|sugarcane plantation]]s, demanding higher wages and the dismissal of five foremen. Manuel Fagel and nine other strike leaders were arrested, and charged with kidnapping a worker. Fagel spent four months in jail while the strike continued. Eventually, Vibora Luviminda made its point and the workers won a 15% increase in wages after 85 days on strike, but there was no written contract signed.

Maui was centrally involved in the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific Theater]] of [[World War II]] as a staging center, training base, and [[R&R (military)|rest and relaxation]] site. At the peak in 1943–1944, more than 100,000 soldiers were there. The main base of the [[4th Marine Division (United States)|4th Marine Division]] was in [[Haiku, Hawaii|Haiku]]. Beaches were used to practice [[amphibious warfare|landings]] and train in marine demolition and sabotage.

=== 2023 wildfires ===
{{Main|2023 Hawaii wildfires}}
In August 2023, [[2023 Hawaii wildfires|wildfires]] impacted the island, especially in [[Lahaina]]. The source of the fires remain undetermined as an open fire investigation is still underway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-12 |title=VIDEO: Lahaina fire fatalities rise to 93; Green said toll will 'continue to climb' |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2023/08/12/breaking-news/upcoming-livestream/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Advertiser]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Modern development==
[[File:KahakuloaHead sml.jpg|thumb|left|Kahakuloa Head near the tiny village of [[Kahakuloa, Hawaii|Kahakuloa]] on the north side of west Maui]]

The island experienced rapid population growth through 2007, with Kīhei one of the most rapidly growing towns in the United States (see chart, below). The island attracted many retirees, adding service providers for them to the rapidly increasing number of tourists. Population growth produced strains, including traffic congestion, housing unaffordability, and issues of access to water.

{{US Census population
|1950=40103
|1960=35717
|1970=38691
|1980=62823
|1990=91361
|2000=117644
|2010=144444
|footnote=State of Hawaii {{R|PopRef}}
|2020=168307}}

Most recent years have brought droughts, resulting in the {{okina}}Īao aquifer being drawn at possibly unsustainable rates above 18 million U.S. gallons (68,000 m<sup>3</sup>) per day. Recent estimates indicate that the total potential supply of potable water on Maui is around 476 million U.S. gallons (1,800,000 m<sup>3</sup>) per day, {{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} virtually all of which runs off into the ocean.

Water for sugar cultivation comes mostly from the streams of East Maui, routed through a network of tunnels and ditches hand dug by [[Chinese immigration to Hawaii|Chinese]] laborers in the 19th century. In 2006, the town of [[Paia, Hawaii|Paia]] successfully petitioned the county against mixing in treated water from wells known to be contaminated with both [[1,2-dibromoethane]] and [[1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane]] from former pineapple cultivation in the area (''Environment Hawaii'', 1996). Agricultural companies have been released from all future liability for these chemicals (County of Maui, 1999). In 2009, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and others successfully argued in court that sugar companies should reduce the amount of water they take from four streams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starbulletin.com/news/20090412_Pending_ruling_restores_water_to_4_streams_on_Maui.html |title=Pending ruling restores water to 4 streams on Maui |work=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

In 1974, Emil Tedeschi of the [[Napa Valley]] winegrower family of [[Calistoga, California]], established the first Hawaiian commercial winery, the Tedeschi Winery at Ulupalakua Ranch.

In the 2000s, controversies raged over whether to continue rapid real-estate development, vacation rentals in which homeowners rent their homes to visitors, and [[Hawaii Superferry]]. In 2003, Corey Ryder of the Earth Foundation gave a presentation regarding the unique situation on Maui, "Hazard mitigation, safety & security", before the Maui County Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/earthfoundation/earth-foundationcoreyryder |title=Earth foundation-corey-ryder |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024124806/http://www.slideshare.net/earthfoundation/earth-foundationcoreyryder |archive-date=24 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2009, the county approved a 1,000-unit development in South Maui in the teeth of the financial crisis. Vacation rentals are now strictly limited, with greater enforcement than previously. Hawaii Superferry, which offered transport between Maui and Oahu, ceased operations in May 2009, ended by a court decision that required environmental studies from which Governor [[Linda Lingle]] had exempted the operator.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2009/03/23/story5.html?page=all |title=Supreme Court ruling forces Hawaii Superferry shutdown, layoffs |access-date=2013-06-27 |archive-date=2014-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718233006/http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2009/03/23/story5.html?page=all |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Maui residents convinced officials to switch to [[organic pesticides]] for highway applications after they found out that label requirements for [[glyphosate formulation]]s were not being followed.<ref name=time>{{Cite magazine |title=How Activists Are Restricting Use of a Major Pesticide |magazine=Time |access-date=2018-08-15 |url=http://time.com/4295272/glyphosate-pesticide-roundup-hawaii-activists/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129085757/http://time.com/4295272/glyphosate-pesticide-roundup-hawaii-activists/ |archive-date=2018-01-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Fleming Beach, Maui.jpg|thumb|left|Fleming Beach near [[Kapalua, Hawaii|Kapalua]]]]

The major industry in Maui is [[tourism in the United States|tourism]]. Other large sectors include retail, health care, business services, and government. Maui also has a significant presence in agriculture and information technology.

The unemployment rate reached a low of 1.7% in December 2006, rising to 9% in March 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=usunemployment&met=unemployment_rate&idim=county:PA150150&q=maui+county+unemployment+rate |title=Unemployment rate |date=4 December 2010 |publisher=Yahoo |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402164923/https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=usunemployment&met=unemployment_rate&idim=county%3APA150150&q=maui+county+unemployment+rate |url-status=live }}</ref> before falling back to 4.6% by the end of 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mauinow.com/2014/01/28/video-maui-unemployment-rate-lowest-since-2008/ |title=VIDEO: Maui Unemployment Rate Lowest Since 2008 – Maui Now |work=mauinow.com |access-date=2014-10-29 |archive-date=2014-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029213009/http://mauinow.com/2014/01/28/video-maui-unemployment-rate-lowest-since-2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and to 2.1% in January, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://mauinow.com/2018/03/09/maui-unemployment-rate-remains-low-in-january/ |title=Maui Now: Maui Unemployment Rate Remains Low in January |work=Maui Now {{!}} Maui Unemployment Rate Remains Low in January |access-date=2018-03-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315200028/http://mauinow.com/2018/03/09/maui-unemployment-rate-remains-low-in-january/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Maui's primary agriculture products are corn and other seeds, fruits, cattle, and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/Hawaii/cp15009.pdf |title=20121 Census of Agriculture – Maui County |last=US Department of Agriculture |date=2013 |access-date=2018-03-14 |archive-date=2017-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503175631/https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/Hawaii/cp15009.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Specific products include [[coffee]], [[macadamia]] nuts, [[papaya]], [[flower]]s and fresh [[pineapple]]. Historically, Maui's primary products were sugar and pineapple. [[Maui Land & Pineapple Company]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mauiland.com/ |title=Maui Land & Pineapple Company homepage |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422161656/https://www.mauiland.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hcsugar.com/ |title=Commercial and Sugar Company |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415040241/http://www.hcsugar.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (HC&S, a subsidiary of Alexander and Baldwin Company) dominated agricultural activity. In 2016, sugar production ended.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bittersweet End to Cane Plantation Days |url=http://hpr2.org/post/bittersweet-end-cane-plantation-days |website=hpr2.org |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-date=2016-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121053119/http://hpr2.org/post/bittersweet-end-cane-plantation-days |url-status=live }}</ref> Haliimaile Pineapple Co. grows pineapple on former Maui Land & Pineapple Co. land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maui Pine assets sold for quarter of worth – Pacific Business News |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2010/01/04/daily44.html?ana=yfcpc |website=Pacific Business News |access-date=2016-01-15 |archive-date=2017-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620093528/http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2010/01/04/daily44.html?ana=yfcpc |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2014, a Maui County referendum enacted a moratorium on [[Genetic engineering in Hawaii|genetically engineered crops]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=16 November 2014 |url=http://khon2.com/2014/11/05/election-results-show-money-doesnt-guarantee-votes/ |title=Election results show money doesn't guarantee votes |date=November 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216180355/http://khon2.com/2014/11/05/election-results-show-money-doesnt-guarantee-votes/ |archive-date=2014-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shortly thereafter Monsanto and other agribusinesses obtained a court injunction suspending the moratorium.{{R|monsanto}}

===Information technology===
Most technology organizations that are located on the island populate the Maui Research & Technology Park<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mauitechpark.com/ |website=mauitechpark |access-date=29 March 2022 |title=Maui Research and Technology Park |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326092315/https://mauitechpark.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which is located in Kihei. This includes the Maui Research and Technology Center{{R|MRTC1}}. It is a program of the [[High Technology Development Corporation]],{{R|MRTC2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.htdc.org/ |title=TTDC homepage |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-date=23 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223070550/http://www.htdc.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an agency of the State of Hawaii, whose focus is to facilitate the growth of Hawaii's commercial high-technology sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/data_reports/hawaii-econ/he0100.pdf |title=Hawaii's Emerging Technology Industry |date=January 2000 |access-date=2006-08-09 |archive-date=2006-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821235559/http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/data_reports/hawaii-econ/he0100.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Astrophysics===
Maui is an important center for advanced astronomical research. The [[Haleakalā Observatory]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/haleakala/ |title=Institute for Astronomy, Maui homepage |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729215042/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/haleakala/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was Hawaii's first astronomical research and development facility, operating at the Maui Space Surveillance Site (MSSS) electro-optical facility. "At the 10,023-foot summit of the long-dormant volcano Haleakalā, operational satellite tracking facilities are co-located with a research and development facility providing data acquisition and communication support. The high elevation, dry climate, and freedom from light pollution offer virtually year-round observation of satellites, missiles, man-made orbital debris, and astronomical objects."{{R|MSSS1}}

==Sports==

===Snorkeling===
[[File:Big waves at Makena Beach (Big Beach) (30799850077).jpg|thumb|"Big Beach" in [[Makena, Hawaii|Makena]], on Maui Island's southwest shore]]

[[Snorkeling]] is one of the most popular activities on Maui, with over 30 beaches and bays to snorkel at around the island. Maui's trade winds tend to come in from the northeast, making the most popular places to snorkel on the south and west shores of Maui. Having many mountains on Maui helps with the trade winds not being able to reach the beaches located on the south and west of the island, making the ocean water very clear.

===Windsurfing===
Maui is a well-known destination for [[windsurfing]]. Kanaha Beach Park is a very well-known windsurfing spot and may have stand-up paddle boarders or surfers if there are waves and no wind. Windsurfing has evolved on Maui since the early 1980s when it was recognized as an ideal location to test equipment and publicize the sport.

===Surfing===
One of the most popular sports in Hawaii. [[Ho'okipa]] Beach Park is one of Maui's most famous surfing and windsurfing spots. Other famous or frequently surfed areas include [[Slaughterhouse Beach (Mokule'ia)|Slaughterhouse Beach]], [[Honolua Bay]], [[Peahi, Hawaii|Pe'ahi]] (Jaws), and Fleming Beach. The north side of Maui absorbs the most swell during the winter season and the south and west in the summertime. Due to island blocking, summer south swells tend to be weak and rare.

===Kitesurfing===
One of the newest sports on Maui is [[kitesurfing]], particularly at Kanaha Beach Park.

==Tourism==
{{see also|Tourism in Hawaii}}
[[File:Kaanapali beach sunset on Maui Hawaii (45015472644).jpg|thumb|right|Kaanapali beach in Lahaina]]

The big tourist spots in Maui include the [[Hana Highway|Hāna Highway]], [[Haleakalā National Park]], [[Iao Valley]], and [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]].

The Hāna Highway runs along the east coast of Maui, curving around mountains and passing by [[black sand]] beaches and [[waterfall]]s. Haleakalā National Park is home to Haleakalā, a [[Volcano#Volcanic activity|dormant volcano]]. Snorkeling can be done at almost any beach along the Maui coast. Surfing and windsurfing are also popular in Maui.

The main tourist areas are West Maui ([[Kaanapali, Hawaii|Kā{{okina}}anapali]], Lahaina, [[Napili-Honokowai, Hawaii|Nāpili-Honokōwai]], Kahana, [[Napili, Hawaii|Napili]], [[Kapalua, Hawaii|Kapalua]]) and South Maui (Kīhei, [[Wailea, Hawaii|Wailea]]-[[Makena, Hawaii|Mākena]]). The main port of call for cruise ships is located in Kahului. There are also smaller ports located at Lahaina Harbor (located in Lahaina) and Ma{{okina}}alaea Harbor (located between Lahaina and Kihei). Lahaina was one of the main attractions on the island with, until the 2023 fires, an entire street of shops and restaurants that led to a pier. Known locally as Lahainatown, it has a long and diverse history from its Hawaiian population beginnings to the arrival of travelers and settlers and its use as a significant whaling port.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lahainatown.com/lahaina-history.php |title=Lahaina Town History Timeline {{!}} Maui, Hawaii Events|website=lahainatown.com |access-date=2018-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012702/http://lahainatown.com/lahaina-history.php |archive-date=2018-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Maui County welcomed 2,207,826 tourists in 2004 rising to 2,639,929 in 2007 with total tourist expenditures north of US$3.5 billion for the Island of Maui alone. While the island of [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] is most popular with Japanese tourists, the Island of Maui appeals to visitors mainly from the U.S. mainland and Canada: in 2005, there were 2,003,492 domestic arrivals on the island, compared to 260,184 international arrivals.

While winning many travel industry awards as ''Best Island In The World''<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.visitmaui.com/resources/public/mvb/pdfs/CNT%202009%20Maui%20Best%20Island.pdf |title=Best Island In The World |publisher=Maui Visitors Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222080740/http://www.visitmaui.com/resources/public/mvb/pdfs/CNT%202009%20Maui%20Best%20Island.pdf |archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref> in recent years concerns have been raised by locals and environmentalists about the overdevelopment of Maui. Visitors are being urged to be conscious of reducing their environmental footprint<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kahanavillage.com/how-to-reduce-your-environmental-footprint-while-traveling-to-hawaii/ |title=Reduce Your Environmental Footprint While Traveling to Hawaii |website=Kahana Village |date=November 2019 |access-date=2019-12-20 |archive-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220142428/https://www.kahanavillage.com/how-to-reduce-your-environmental-footprint-while-traveling-to-hawaii/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while exploring the island. Several activist groups, including ''Save Makena'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://savemakena.org/ |title=Save Makena |website=Save Makena |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-date=2019-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124612/http://savemakena.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> have gone as far as taking the government to court to protect the rights of local citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7930000/newsid_7932500/7932577.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=7932577&bbcws=1 |title=Concerns Of Overdevelopment In Maui |author=Tayfun King Fast Track |publisher=BBC World News |date=2009-03-09 |access-date=2010-04-09 |archive-date=2021-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314104620/http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7930000/newsid_7932500/7932577.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=7932577&bbcws=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout 2008 Maui suffered a major loss in tourism compounded by the spring bankruptcies of [[Aloha Airlines]] and [[ATA Airlines]]. The pullout in May of the second of three [[Norwegian Cruise Line]] ships also hurt. ''Pacific Business News'' reported a $166 million loss in revenue for Maui tourism businesses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blair |first=Chad |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2008/10/20/story1.html |title=Maui feels pain of $166M tourism decline |work=Pacific Business News |publisher=American City Business Journals |date=2008-10-19 |access-date=2020-06-05 |archive-date=2020-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605154939/https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2008/10/20/story1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{wide image|Sunrise over Haleakala.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Sunrise at [[Haleakalā National Park|Haleakalā]]|alt=Sunrise at Haleakalā}}

==Transportation==
{{main|Maui County, Hawaii#Transportation}}
The [[Maui Bus]] is a county-funded program that provides transportation around the island for nominal fares.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.co.maui.hi.us/index.aspx?NID=605 |title=Bus Service Information |publisher=County of Maui |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313082343/http://co.maui.hi.us/index.aspx?nid=605 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Airports===
{{for|airports on Lāna{{okina}}i and Moloka{{okina}}i|Maui County#Airports}}
Three airports provide air service to Maui:
*[[Hana Airport]] provides regional service to eastern Maui
*[[Kahului Airport]] in central Maui is an international airport and the island's busiest
*[[Kapalua Airport]] provides regional service to western Maui

==Healthcare==
There are two hospitals on the island of Maui. The first, Maui Memorial Medical Center, is the only acute care hospital in [[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui County]]. It is centrally located in the town of [[Wailuku, Hawaii|Wailuku]] approximately 4 miles from [[Kahului Airport]]. The second, Kula Hospital, is a critical access hospital located on the southern half of the island in the rural town of [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]]. Kula Hospital, along with Lanai Community Hospital (which is located in Maui County but on the neighboring island of Lāna{{okina}}i), are affiliates of Maui Memorial Medical Center. All three hospitals are open 24/7 for emergency access. Although not technically a hospital or emergency room, Hana Health Clinic (or Hana Medical Center), located in the remote town of [[Hana, Hawaii|Hana]] on the southeastern side of the island, works in cooperation with American Medical Response and Maui Memorial Medical Center to stabilize and transport patients with emergent medical conditions. It too is open 24/7 for urgent care and emergency access.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mauimemorialmedical.org/our-hospital/default.aspx |title=Maui Memorial Medical Center |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101195627/http://mauimemorialmedical.org/our-hospital/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mauimemorialmedical.org/our-family/kula-hospital/default.aspx |title=Kula Hospital |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017121153/http://www.mauimemorialmedical.org/our-family/kula-hospital/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hanahealth.org/page/hana-health |title=Hana Health Clinic |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017145204/http://hanahealth.org/page/hana-health |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International relations==

Maui is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|PRT}} [[Funchal|Funchal, Madeira]], Portugal
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[Arequipa]], Perú
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Quezon City]], Philippines, since 6 March 1970<ref name="QuezonCityGovPH-SisterCities">{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/quezon-city-business-district/350-sister-cities |website=The Local Government of Quezon City |access-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001010801/http://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/quezon-city-business-district/350-sister-cities |archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Sil Lai Abrams]], writer
*[[Luther Aholo]] (1833– 1888), politician
*[[Lydia Kaʻonohiponiponiokalani Aholo]] (1878– 1979), daughter of Queen [[Liliʻuokalani]]
*[[Wallace M. Alexander]] (1869– 1939), businessman
*[[Irmgard Farden Aluli]] (1911– 2001), songwriter
*[[Renee Alway]], fashion model
*[[Samuel C. Armstrong]] (1839– 1893), Union Army general
*[[Chris Berman]], ESPN sportscaster{{r|bsmre}}<ref>{{cite news |last=WILNER |first=BARRY |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |title=Chris Berman changing role at ESPN |publisher=Associated Press |url=https://www.gazettenet.com/Chris-Berman-changing-role-at-ESPN-7303824 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623060743/https://www.gazettenet.com/Chris-Berman-changing-role-at-ESPN-7303824 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Cedric Ceballos]], former [[NBA]] basketball player
*[[Charlie Chong]] (1926– 2007), politician
*[[Alice Cooper]], musician<ref name=cr>{{cite web |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |title=Alice Cooper Spends New Year's Eve with Lynda Carter, Steven Tyler in Hawaii |date=January 4, 2019 |author=JOHN DALY |website=californiarocker.com |url=https://californiarocker.com/2019/01/04/alice-cooper-spends-new-years-eve-with-lynda-carter-steven-tyler-on-maui/ |quote=All are friends and neighbors on the island of Maui, commonly referred to as "Mauifornia" for its overwhelming population of Californians on the island. |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625052206/https://californiarocker.com/2019/01/04/alice-cooper-spends-new-years-eve-with-lynda-carter-steven-tyler-on-maui/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[William H. Cornwell]] (1843– 1903), businessman
*[[Destin Daniel Cretton]], film director and screenwriter
*[[Dylan Donkin]], rock musician
*[[Lani Doherty]], surfer
*[[Clint Eastwood]], actor/director<ref name=bsmre>{{cite web |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |title=Celebrities in Maui Hawaii |publisher=Buy or Sell Maui Real Estate |url=https://www.buyorsellmauirealestate.com/famous-celebrities-maui/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627023806/https://www.buyorsellmauirealestate.com/famous-celebrities-maui/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Joe Eszterhas]], [[Hungarian Americans|Hungarian-American]] screenwriter and author<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2009/02/06/february-6-2009-joe-eszterhas/2170/ |title=Joe Eszterhas February 6, 2009 |date=6 February 2009 |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726225823/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2009/02/06/february-6-2009-joe-eszterhas/2170/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Thomas Wright Everett]] (1823– 1895), former governor of Maui (1882– 1883)
*[[Harry Field (American football)|Harry Field]] (1911– 1964), former American football player
*[[Mick Fleetwood]], musician<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mauimagazine.net/rock-meets-mountain |title=Rock Meets Mountain: This Kula abode is where Mick Fleetwood unscrews up. |date=July 6, 2019 |author=Paul Wood |website=mauimagazine.net |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |quote=…he makes it clear that the Napili house is the actual domicile… |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626153334/https://www.mauimagazine.net/rock-meets-mountain/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Abraham Fornander]] (1812– 1887), judge
*[[Beverly Gannon]], chef
*[[Amy Hānaialiʻi Gilliom]], songwriter
*[[Kendall Grove]], mixed martial artist
*[[Barney F. Hajiro]] (1916– 2011), [[Medal of Honor]] recipient 
*[[S. N. Haleʻole]] (1819– 1866), writer and historian
*[[Woody Harrelson]], actor{{r|bsmre}}
*[[George Harrison]] (1943– 2001), musician/guitarist of [[The Beatles]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Huntley |first=Elliot |title=Mystical One: George Harrison: After the Break-up of the Beatles |publisher=Guernica Editions |year=2006 |orig-year=2004 |isbn=978-1-55071-197-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcg50S6jLnoC |access-date=2020-06-23 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213142/https://books.google.com/books?id=rcg50S6jLnoC |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Hon Chew Hee]] (1906– 1993), artist
*[[David Kahalekula Kaʻauwai]] (1833– 1856), politician 
*[[William Hoapili Kaʻauwai]] (1835– 1874), politician
*[[Zorobabela Kaʻauwai]] (1799– 1856), politician
*[[Willie K]] (1960– 2020), musician
*[[Anthony T. Kahoʻohanohano]] (1930– 1951), [[Medal of Honor]] recipient 
*[[Kapahei Kauai]] (1825– 1893), judge
*[[Helio Koaʻeloa]] (1815– 1846), missionary
*[[Kamaka Kūkona]], musician
*[[Kris Kristofferson]], musician{{r|bsmre}}
*[[Charles Lindbergh]] (1902– 1974), aviator
*[[Antony Garrett Lisi|Garrett Lisi]], physicist
*[[James Makee]] (1813– 1879), businessman
*[[David Malo]] (1793– 1853), historian
*[[Cecilia Suyat Marshall]], historian
*[[Patsy Mink]] (1927– 2002), lawyer and politician
*[[Andy Miyamoto]], former baseball player
*[[Dave Murray (musician)|Dave Murray]], musician/guitarist of [[Iron Maiden]]
*[[Jim Nabors]] (1930– 2017), actor/singer<ref>{{cite web |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |title=Aloha! Jim Nabors' Massive 170-Acre Maui Retreat Is Available for $4.5M |website=sfgate.com |url=https://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Aloha-Jim-Nabors-Massive-170-Acre-Maui-Retreat-14488793.php |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626103321/https://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Aloha-Jim-Nabors-Massive-170-Acre-Maui-Retreat-14488793.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[George Naea]] (died 1854), high chief of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]
*[[Linda Nagata]], author
*[[Betsy Nagelsen]], former tennis player
*[[Don Nelson]], former NBA basketball player and coach{{r|bsmre}}
*[[Willie Nelson]], musician
*[[Danny Ongais]], former [[Championship Auto Racing Teams|CART]], [[IndyCar Series|IndyCar]], [[Formula One]] driver
*[[Kalani Pe'a]], songwriter
*[[Jeff Peterson (guitarist)|Jeff Peterson]], musician
*[[Poncie Ponce]] (1933– 2013), actor and comedian
*[[Richard Pryor]] (1940– 2005) comedian<ref>{{cite news |date=31 May 1995 |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |title=Pryor wrote the book on comedy and now, a memoir of his tumultuous life |author=Michael Oricchio |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995-05-31-1995151149-story.html |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135831/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995-05-31-1995151149-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Puaaiki]] (1785– 1844), preacher
*[[Michael Reeves (YouTuber)|Michael Reeves]], YouTube personality
*[[Kealiʻi Reichel]], musician
*[[Bob Rock]], musician/record producer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agloballifestyle.com/legendary-music-producer-bob-rock-on-why-he-has-called-hawaii-home-for-20-years/ |title=Legendary Music Producer Bob Rock On Why He Has Lived In Hawaii For 20+ Years |date=July 6, 2019 |author=[[Darren Paltrowitz]] |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |quote=My home is basically the island… |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626002850/http://www.agloballifestyle.com/legendary-music-producer-bob-rock-on-why-he-has-called-hawaii-home-for-20-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Will Rodgers]], [[NASCAR]] driver
*[[Tadashi Sato]] (1923– 2005), artist
*[[Daniel Scott (soccer)|Daniel Scott]], American soccer player
*[[Zach Scott]], American soccer player
*[[Mike Stone (karate)|Mike Stone]], martial artist
*[[Kurt Suzuki]], baseball player
*[[Hannibal Tavares]] (1919– 1998), politician
*[[Kanekoa Texeira]], a former baseball pitcher who is currently the manager for the [[Mississippi Braves]]
*[[Kiana Tom]], television host for [[ESPN]]
*[[Rose Tribe]] (1890– 1934), singer
*[[Shan Tsutsui]], former Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (2012– 2018)
*[[Steven Tyler]], lead singer of [[Aerosmith]]{{r|bsmre}}
*[[Camile Velasco]], singer
*[[Shane Victorino]], former baseball outfielder{{r|bsmre}}
*[[Armine von Tempski]] (1892– 1943), writer
*[[Robert William Wilcox]] (1855– 1903), politician
*[[Owen Wilson]], actor{{r|bsmre}}
*[[Oprah Winfrey]], talk show host<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tinker |first1=Ben |last2=Boyette |first2=Chris |date=August 11, 2023 |title=Oprah Winfrey visits residents in shelters affected by Maui wildfires |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/11/entertainment/oprah-winfrey-maui-wildfire-shelters/index.html |access-date=2023-08-12 |work=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Becky Worley]], journalist
*[[Weird Al Yankovic]], musician<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.weirdal.com/archives/faq/ |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625035833/https://www.weirdal.com/archives/faq/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Wally Yonamine]] (1925– 2011), athlete
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hawaii|Islands}}
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii#Maui|National Register of Historic Places listings for Maui]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="ElevationRef">{{citation |chapter-url=http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/databook/2015-individual/05/051315.pdf |chapter=Table 5.13 – Elevation of Major Summits |title=The State of Hawaii Data Book 2015 |publisher=State of Hawaii |year=2015 |access-date=2007-07-23 |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207131313/http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/databook/2015-individual/05/051315.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SizeRef">{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2004/section05.pdf |chapter=Table 5.08 – Land Area of Islands: 2000 |title=2004 State of Hawaii Data Book |publisher=State of Hawaii |year=2004 |access-date=2007-07-23 |archive-date=2012-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201054628/http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2004/section05.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="PopRef">{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2010/section01.pdf |chapter=Table 1.05 – Resident Population of Islands 1950 to 2010 |title=2010 State of Hawaii Data Book |publisher=State of Hawaii |year=2010 |access-date=2011-09-25 |archive-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813085700/http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2010/section01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Sterling">{{cite book |first=Elspeth P. |last=Sterling |title=Sites of Maui |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=esxyAAAAMAAJ |page=2}}|date=1 June 1998|publisher=Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-0-930897-97-0|page=2}}</ref>

<ref name=monsanto>{{cite news |author1=Audrey McAvoy |author2=and KHON2 |title=Federal judge blocks Maui GMO moratorium |url=http://khon2.com/2014/11/14/federal-judge-blocks-maui-gmo-moratorium/ |access-date=16 November 2014 |date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222052454/http://khon2.com/2014/11/14/federal-judge-blocks-maui-gmo-moratorium/ |archive-date=2014-12-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="MRTC1">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000453/http://www.htdc.org/incubation/mrtc/ |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |url=http://www.htdc.org/incubation/mrtc/ |title=Maui Research & Technology Center |access-date=September 4, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="MRTC2">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929060747/http://www.maui.com/mrtc/mrtc.cfm |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |url=http://www.maui.com/mrtc/mrtc.cfm |title=What is the Maui Research & Technology Center? |access-date=September 4, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="MSSS1">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929060740/http://www.maui.com/mrtc/msss.cfm |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |url=http://www.maui.com/mrtc/msss.cfm |title=Maui Space Surveillance Site |access-date=September 4, 2012}}</ref>

}}

==Publications==

*{{cite book |last1=Kyselka |first1=Will |last2=Lanterman |first2=Ray E. |title=Maui, How It Came to Be |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=tVs_CA7azz0C}}|year=1980|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0530-2}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|Maui|voy=Maui}}
*[http://www.co.maui.hi.us/ Official site of Maui County]
*{{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Hawaii/Maui}}
*[http://blogs.ksbe.edu/kmslc/files/2014/11/aaamaui1.pdf High resolution Moku/Ahupua'a map]

{{Hawaii}}
{{Maui County, Hawaii}}
{{Hawaiian volcanism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maui| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Maui County, Hawaii]]