Luke the Evangelist

{{short description|One of the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical gospels}}
{{redirect|Saint Luke}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name           =Luke the Evangelist 
|image          = File: Luke_by_roslin.jpg
|caption        = Miniature of Saint Luke by [[Armenian illuminated manuscripts|Armenian manuscript illuminator]] [[Toros Roslin]], 13th century.
|birth_date    = Between 1 AD and 16 AD
|birth_place    = [[Antioch]], Syria, [[Roman Empire]] (modern-day [[Antakya]], Hatay, Turkey)
|death_place    = [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], Boeotia, [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]], Roman Empire (modern-day Thebes, [[Greece]])
|death_date     = Between 84 AD and 100 AD (traditionally aged 84)
|feast_day      = {{indented plainlist|
* '''18 October'''
* '''31 October''' ([[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] when [[Julian calendar|Julian]] date is observed)
}}
|venerated_in   = Most of all [[Christian Churches]] that venerate [[saint]]s, and in the [[Druze faith]]<ref name= "S. Swayd 2009 109">{{cite book|title= The A to Z of the Druzes| first=Samy |last=S. Swayd|year= 2009 | isbn= 978-0-81086836-6| page =109 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote= They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others}}</ref>
|titles         = Apostle, Evangelist, and Martyr
|beatified_date =
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by   = 
|canonized_date =
|attributes     = [[Four Evangelists|Evangelist]], Physician, a book or a pen, accompanied by a winged ox or calf, painting an [[icon]] of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], a brush or a [[Palette (painting)|palette]] 
|patronage      = Artists, notaries, bachelors, physicians, goldsmiths, butchers, brewers, glass workers, and others<ref name=catholicsaints.info />
|major_shrine   = [[Padua]], Italy
|major_works    = Gospel of Luke, Acts of the Apostles
|issues         =
}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed            = 
| honorific_prefix = 
| name             = Luke of Antioch
| honorific_suffix = 
| image            = Τετραευάγγελο Ε140 της Μεγίστης Λαύρας. Ευαγγελιστής Λουκάς. 15ος αιώνας.jpg
| image_size       = 
| image_upright    = 
| genre            = 
| caption          = 
| notableworks     = [[Gospel of Luke]] and [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]]
| occupation       = [[Christian missionary]] and [[Historian]]
| language         = [[Koine Greek]]
}}

'''Luke the Evangelist'''{{efn|{{lang-la|[[Lucas (given name)|Lucas]]}}; {{lang-grc|Λουκᾶς|[[Loukas|Loukâs]]}}; {{lang-he|לוקאס|Lūqās}}; {{lang-arc|ܠܘܩܐ/לוקא|Lūqā’}}; {{lang-gez|ሉቃስ}}}} is one of the [[Four Evangelists]]—the four traditionally ascribed authors of the [[canonical gospels]]. The Early [[Church Fathers]] ascribed to him authorship of both the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Acts of the Apostles]]. Prominent figures in early Christianity such as [[Jerome]] and [[Eusebius]] later reaffirmed his authorship, although a lack of conclusive evidence as to the identity of the author of the works has led to [[Authorship of Luke–Acts|discussion]] in scholarly circles, both secular and religious.

The New Testament mentions Luke briefly a few times, and the [[Epistle to the Colossians]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Colossians|4:14}}</ref> refers to him as a physician (from Greek for 'one who heals'); thus he is thought to have been both a physician and a disciple of [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]].

Since the early years of the faith, Christians have regarded him as a [[saint]]. He is believed to have been a [[martyr]], reportedly having been hanged from an olive tree, though some believe otherwise.{{efn|name=martyred?}} The [[Catholic Church]] and other major denominations venerate him as '''Saint Luke the Evangelist''' and as a [[patron saint]] of artists, physicians, [[bachelors]], notaries, butchers, brewers, and others; his [[feast day]] is 18 October.<ref name= catholicnewsagency.com /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Calendar|url= https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England}}</ref>

== Life ==
[[File:Evangelist Lucas.jpg|thumb|Print of Luke the Evangelist<ref name=ugent.be />]]

Many scholars believe that Luke was a physician who lived in the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] city of [[Antioch, Turkey|Antioch]] in Ancient [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]],{{efn|name=Hackett}} born of a Greek family,<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=St. Luke |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Catholic Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |url=https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |publisher=St. Luke the Evangelist Parish}}</ref> although some scholars and theologians think Luke was a [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenic Jew]].{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}} While it has been widely accepted that the theology of [[Luke–Acts]] points to a [[gentile]] Christian writing for a gentile audience, some have concluded that it is more plausible that Luke–Acts is directed to a community made up of both Jewish and gentile Christians since there is stress on the scriptural roots of the gentile mission (see the use of Isaiah 49:6 in Luke–Acts).{{sfn|Koet|1989|pp=157–58}}{{sfn|Koet|2006|pp= 4–5}} DNA testing on what [[Christian tradition]] holds to be his body has revealed it to be of [[Syrians|Syrian]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vernesi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Di Benedetto |first2=Giulietta |last3=Caramelli |first3=David |last4=Secchieri |first4=Erica |last5=Simoni |first5=Lucia |last6=Katti |first6=Emile |last7=Malaspina |first7=Patrizia |last8=Novelletto |first8=Andrea |last9=Marin |first9=Vito Terribile Wiel |last10=Barbujani |first10=Guido |date=6 November 2001 |title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=23 |pages=13460–13463 |doi=10.1073/pnas.211540498 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=11606723|pmc=60893 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Whether Luke was a Jew or gentile, or something in between, it is clear from the quality of the Greek language used in Luke-Acts that [[Authorship of Luke-Acts|the author]], held in Christian tradition to be Luke, was one of the most highly educated of the authors of the New Testament. The author's conscious and intentional allusions and references to, and quotations of, ancient Classical and Hellenistic Greek authors, such as Homer, Aesop, Epimenides, Euripides, Plato, and Aratus indicate that he was familiar with actual Greek literary texts. This familiarity most likely derived from his experiences as a youth of the very homogeneous Hellenistic educational curriculum ({{lang-grc|ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία|enkyklios paideia|label=none}}) that had been, and would continue to be, used for centuries throughout the eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steve |last=Reece |title=The Formal Education of the Author of Luke-Acts |publication-place=London |publisher=T&T Clark |date=2022 |pages=29–50 |isbn=978-0-567-70588-4}}</ref>

Luke's earliest mention is in the [[Epistle to Philemon]], chapter 1, verse 24.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Philemon|1:24}}</ref> He is also mentioned in Colossians 4:14<ref>{{Bibleverse|Colossians|4:14}}</ref> and 2 Timothy 4:11,<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Timothy|4:11}}</ref> both traditionally held to be [[Pauline epistles]] (see [[Authorship of the Pauline epistles]]).{{sfn|Milligan|2006|p=149}}{{sfn|Mornin|2006|p=74}}{{sfn|Aherne|1910}}{{sfn|Smith|1935|p=792}}{{sfn|von Harnack|1907|p=5}} The next earliest account of Luke is in the [[Anti-Marcionite Prologues|anti-Marcionite prologue]] to the Gospel of Luke, a document once thought to date to the 2nd century, but which has more recently been dated to the later 4th century.{{Citation needed|date= September 2015}}

[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Saint Luke (Saint Luc) - James Tissot.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Tissot]], ''Saint Luke'', [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]

[[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] states that Luke was one of the [[Seventy Apostles]] (''[[Panarion]]'' 51.11), and [[John Chrysostom]] indicates at one point that the "brother" that Paul mentions in the [[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]] 8:18<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Corinthians|8:18}}</ref> is either Luke or [[Barnabas]] (''Homily 18 on Second Corinthians'' on 2 Corinthians 8:18).

If one accepts that Luke was indeed the author of the Gospel bearing his name and the Acts of the Apostles, certain details of his personal life can be reasonably assumed. While he does exclude himself from those who were eyewitnesses to Jesus' ministry, he repeatedly uses the word ''we'' in describing the Pauline missions in Acts of the Apostles, indicating that he was personally there at those times.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}}

[[File:Bodleian Library MS. Arm. d.13. Armenian Gospels-0043-0.jpg|thumb|upright|Saint Luke as depicted in the head-piece of an Armenian Gospel manuscript from 1609, held at the [[Bodleian Library]]]]

The composition of the writings, as well as the range of vocabulary used, indicate that the author was an educated man. A quote in the [[Epistle to the Colossians]] differentiates between Luke and other colleagues "of the [[Circumcision controversy in early Christianity|circumcision]]."

{{blockquote|{{sup|10}}My fellow prisoner Aristarchus sends you his greetings, as does Mark, the cousin of Barnabas. {{sup|11}}Jesus, who is called Justus, also sends greetings. These are the only Jews among my co-workers for the kingdom of God, and they have proved a comfort to me.{{nbsp}}[...] {{sup|14}}Our dear friend Luke, the doctor, and Demas send greetings.|Colossians 4:10–11, 14<ref>{{Bibleverse|Colossians|4:10–11}}, {{bibleverse|Colossians|4:14}}</ref>}}

This comment has traditionally caused commentators to conclude that Luke was a gentile. If this were true, it would make Luke the only writer of the New Testament who can clearly be identified as not being Jewish. However, that is not the only possibility. Although Luke is considered likely to have been a gentile Christian, some scholars believe him to have been a [[Hellenistic Jew|Hellenized Jew]].{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}}{{sfn|McCall|1996}} The phrase could just as easily be used to differentiate between those [[Jewish Christians|Christians who strictly observed the rituals of Judaism]] and those who did not.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}}

Luke's presence in [[Rome]] with the Apostle Paul near the end of Paul's life was attested by 2 Timothy 4:11: "Only Luke is with me". In the last chapter of the Book of Acts, widely attributed to Luke, there are several accounts in the first person also affirming Luke's presence in Rome, including Acts 28:16:<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|28:16}}</ref> "And when we came to Rome..." According to some accounts, Luke also contributed to the [[authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews]].{{sfn |Fonck|1910}}

Luke died at age 84 in [[Boeotia]], according to a "fairly early and widespread tradition".{{sfn|Butler|1991|p=342}} According to [[Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos]], Greek historian of the 14th century (and others), Luke's tomb was located in [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebes]], whence his relics were transferred to [[Constantinople]] in the year 357.{{sfn|Migne|1901|loc=cols 875–78}}

== Authorship of Luke and Acts ==
{{see also|Authorship of Luke–Acts}}
The Gospel of Luke does not name its author.{{sfn|Sanders|1995|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=43}}{{sfn|Senior|Achtemeier|Karris|2002|p=328}}{{sfn|Nickle|2001|p=43}} The Gospel was not, nor does it claim to be, written by direct witnesses to the reported events, unlike Acts beginning in the sixteenth chapter.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005|p=235}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2004|p=110}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2006|p=143}} However, in most translations the author suggests that they have investigated the book's events and notes the name (Theophilus) of that to whom they are writing.

The earliest manuscript of the Gospel (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV), dated {{c.|lk=no}} AD&nbsp;200, ascribes the work to Luke; as did [[Irenaeus]] writing {{c.|lk=no}} AD&nbsp;180, and the [[Muratorian fragment]], a 7th-century Latin manuscript thought to be copied and translated from a Greek manuscript as old as AD&nbsp;170.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=267}}

The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles make up a two-volume work which scholars call [[Luke–Acts]]. Together they account for 27.5% of the [[New Testament]], the largest contribution by a single author.{{sfn|Boring|2012|p=556}}
[[File:De heilige Lucas schildert de Madonna - Maarten van Heemskerck-1532.JPG|thumb|''St. Luke painting the Virgin'', by [[Maarten van Heemskerck]], 1532]]

== As a historian ==
{{See also|Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles|Census of Quirinius|Chronology of Jesus}}
[[File:St Luke.JPG|thumb|upright|Detail from a window in the parish church of SS Mary and Lambert, [[Stonham Aspal]], Suffolk, with stained glass representing St Luke the Evangelist]]
Most scholars understand Luke's works ([[Luke–Acts]]) in the tradition of [[Greek historiography]].{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} Luke 1:1–4, drawing on historical investigation, identified the work to the readers as belonging to the genre of history.{{sfn|Bauckham|2017|p=117}} There is disagreement about how best to treat Luke's writings, with some historians regarding Luke as highly accurate,{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}}{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} and others taking a more critical approach.{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion}}

Based on his accurate description of towns, cities and islands, as well as correctly naming various official titles, archaeologist [[William Mitchell Ramsay]] wrote that "Luke is a historian of the first rank; not merely are his statements of fact trustworthy.  …[He] should be placed along with the very greatest of historians."{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}} Professor of Classics at [[Auckland University]], [[Edward Musgrave Blaiklock]], wrote: "For accuracy of detail, and for evocation of atmosphere, Luke stands, in fact, with [[Thucydides]]. The Acts of the Apostles is not shoddy product of pious imagining, but a trustworthy record.  …It was the spadework of archaeology which first revealed the truth."{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} New Testament scholar Colin Hemer has made a number of advancements in understanding the historical nature and accuracy of Luke's writings.{{sfn|Hemer|1989|pp=104–7}}

On the purpose of Acts, New Testament scholar [[Luke Timothy Johnson]] has noted that "Luke's account is selected and shaped to suit his apologetic interests, not in defiance of but in conformity to ancient standards of historiography."{{sfn|Johnson|1991|p=474}} Such a position is shared by Richard Heard, who sees historical deficiencies as arising from "special objects in writing and to the limitations of his sources of information."{{sfn|Heard|1950|loc= Ch. 13: The Acts of the Apostles}}

In modern times, Luke's competence as a historian is questioned, depending upon one's ''a priori'' view of the [[supernatural]].{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} Since post-[[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] historians work with [[methodological naturalism]],{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=229}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name= McGrew's conclusion}}{{efn|name= CraigEhrman2006}} such historians would see a narrative that relates supernatural, fantastic things like angels, demons etc., as problematic as a historical source. [[Mark Allan Powell|Mark Powell]] claims that "it is doubtful whether the writing of history was ever Luke's intent. Luke wrote to proclaim, to persuade, and to interpret; he did not write to preserve records for posterity. An awareness of this, has been, for many, the final nail in Luke the historian's coffin."{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}}

[[Robert M. Grant (theologian)|Robert M. Grant]] has noted that although Luke saw himself within the historical tradition, his work contains a number of statistical improbabilities, such as the sizable crowd addressed by [[Saint Peter|Peter]] in Acts 4:4. He has also noted chronological difficulties whereby Luke "has [[Gamaliel]] refer to [[Theudas]] and [[Judas of Galilee|Judas]] in the wrong order, and Theudas actually rebelled about a decade after Gamaliel spoke (5:36–7)",{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} though this report's status as a chronological difficulty is hotly disputed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://biblehub.com/commentaries/acts/5-36.htm|title = Acts 5:36 Commentaries: "For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody, and a group of about four hundred men joined up with him. But he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and came to nothing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christian-thinktank.com/qtheudy.html |title=Good Question… |publisher=Christian thinktank | accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref>

Brent Landau writes:
{{blockquote|So how do we account for a Gospel that is believable about minor events but implausible about a major one? One possible explanation is that Luke believed that Jesus’ birth was of such importance for the entire world that he dramatically juxtaposed this event against an (imagined) act of worldwide domination by a Roman emperor who was himself called “savior” and “son of God”—but who was nothing of the sort. For an ancient historian following in the footsteps of Thucydides, such a procedure would have been perfectly acceptable.<ref name=Landau />}}

== As an artist ==
[[File:Evangelist Luka pishustchiy ikonu.jpg|thumb|upright|Luke the Evangelist painting the first [[icon]] of the Virgin Mary]]
Christian tradition, starting from the 8th century, states that Luke was the first [[icon]] painter. He is said to have painted pictures of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] and Child, in particular the [[Hodegetria]] image in [[Constantinople]] (now lost). Starting from the 11th century, a number of painted images were venerated as his autograph works, including the [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]], [[Theotokos of Vladimir|Our Lady of Vladimir]], and ''[[Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)|Madonna del Rosario]]''. He was also said to have painted Saints [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and Paul, and to have illustrated a gospel book with a full cycle of miniatures.{{sfn|Grigg|1987|pp=3–9}}{{efn|name=Bacci}}

The late medieval [[Guild of Saint Luke|Guilds of Saint Luke]] gathered together and protected painters in many cities of Europe, especially Flanders. The [[Accademia di San Luca|Academy of Saint Luke]], in Rome, was imitated in many other European cities during the 16th century. The tradition that Luke painted icons of Mary and Jesus has been common, particularly in [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]. The tradition also has support from the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of India who claim to still have one of the [[Theotokos]] icons that Saint Luke painted and which [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] brought to India.{{efn|name=Hosten}}{{Failed verification|date=September 2023}}

The art critic [[w:ru:Успенский, Александр Иванович (искусствовед)|A. I. Uspensky]] writes that the icons attributed to the brush of the Evangelist Luke have a completely Byzantine character that was fully established only in the 5th-6th centuries.<ref>[https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Aleksandr_Uspenskij/o-hudozhestvennoj-dejatelnosti-evangelista-luki/ Александр Иванович Успенский. О художественной деятельности евангелиста Луки : I, II. Ев. Лука как иконописец. Ев. Лука как резчик : Реф., чит. 8 нояб. 1900 г. в заседании Церк.-археол. отд. при Общ. люб. духов. просвещения тов. пред. Отд. А.И. Успенским. - Москва : типо-лит. И. Ефимова, 1901. - 12 с.; 27.]</ref>

== Symbol ==
[[File:Hermen Rode 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Winged altar of the [[Guild of Saint Luke]], by [[Hermen Rode]], [[Lübeck]] (1484)]]
In traditional depictions, such as paintings, [[evangelist portrait]]s, and church [[mosaic]]s, Saint Luke is often accompanied by an [[ox]] or [[bull]], usually having wings.{{why|date=March 2024}} Sometimes only the symbol is shown, especially when in a combination of those of all [[Four Evangelists]].{{sfn|Zuffi|2003|p=8}}{{sfn|Audsley|Audsley|1865|p=94}}

==Veneration==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2022}}

=== Eastern Orthodoxy ===
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] Saint Luke,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Лука, Апостол |url= http://drevo-info.ru/articles/10326.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |website= Drevo-info |language=ru}}</ref> [[Seventy disciples|Apostle of the Seventy]], [[Four Evangelists|Evangelist]], companion (coworker) of the [[Apostle Paul|holy Apostle Paul]], hieromartyr, physician, first icon painter with several feast days. The following are fixed feast days:

* 4 January - The [[Synaxis]] of the [[Seventy disciples|Seventy Apostles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104055229/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref>
* 22 April - Feast of Apostles [[Nathanael (follower of Jesus)|Nathaniel (Nathanael)]], Luke the Evangelist, [[Clement of Sardice]] or [[Clement of Rome]] and [[Apelles of Heraklion]] (Greek sources say that Saint Luke (Loukias) was someone other than the Evangelist Luke).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135925/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Apostles of the 70 Apelles, Luke (Loukios), and Clement |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135545/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> This feast is held also on the 10 September.
* 20 June - Translation of the relics and garments of the Apostles Luke, [[Andrew the Apostle|Andrew]], and [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]], the [[Prophet Eliseus]], and Martyr Lazarus of Persia found {{c.|960|lk=no}}, during the time of the emperor [[Romanos I Lekapenos|Romanos Lakapenos]] (919–44) in a monastery of Saint Augusta into the [[Church of the Holy Apostles|Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople]] under [[Constantine VII|Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] (c. 956–70) by [[Polyeuctus of Constantinople|Saint Patriarch Polyeuctus of Constantinople]] (956–70).<ref>{{Cite web |title=June 20, 2023. + Orthodox Calendar |url=https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430140249/https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=orthochristian.com}}</ref>
* 10 September - Feast of Apostles of the Seventy: [[Nathanael (follower of Jesus)|Nathaniel (Nathanael)]], Luke the Evangelist, [[Clement of Sardice]] or [[Clement of Rome]] and [[Apelles of Heraklion]] (Greek sources say that Saint Luke (Loukias) was someone other than the Evangelist Luke). The commemoration is held again on the 22nd of April.
* 18 October - Feast of the Apostle and Evangelist Luke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193835/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref>
There are also moveable feasts in which Luke is commemorated:
* Synaxis of All Saints of [[Achaea|Achaia]] - Moveable holiday the Sunday before the feast of Saint Andrew (November 30).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=November 28, 2010 |title=Synaxis of the Achaean Saints |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327193259/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref>
* Synaxis of All Saints of [[Boeotia]] - Moveable holiday on the last Saturday of May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Synaxis of All Saints of Boeotia |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144712/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref>

=== Roman Catholicism ===
The [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] commemorates Luke the Evangelist on October 18.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Martyrologium Romanum |publisher=[[Vatican Publishing House]] |year=2004 |edition=2nd |location=[[Vatican City]] |pages=578}}</ref>

=== Oriental Orthodoxy ===
The [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] commemorates the martyrdom of Luke on [[Paopi 22]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commemorations for Baba 22 |url=https://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/2_22.html#1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402023254/https://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/2_22.html#1 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.copticchurch.net}}</ref>

=== Anglicanism ===
The [[Church of England]] commemorates Luke the Evangelist on October 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Calendar |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Church of England |language=en}}</ref>

== Relics ==
Eight bodies and nine heads, located in different places, are presented as the relics of the Apostle Luke.<ref>[[Ludovic Lalanne]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Curiositsdestra00lalagoog.pdf&page=138  Curiosités des traditions, des mœurs et des légendes, 1847. / р. 148]</ref><ref>[[Jacques Collin de Plancy|Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionnaire_critique_des_reliques_et_des_images_miraculeuses,_T2.pdf&page=141 Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculeuses, T. 2. 1827 / р. 131]</ref>

Despot [[Đurađ Branković|George of Serbia]] purportedly bought the relics from the Ottoman sultan [[Murad II]] for 30,000 gold coins. After the [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia]], the kingdom's last queen, George's granddaughter [[Mary of Serbia, Queen of Bosnia|Mary]], who had brought the relics with her from Serbia as her dowry, sold them to the [[Venetian Republic]].{{sfn|Fine|1975|p=331}}
[[File:Santa Giustina (Padua) - Chapel of Saint Luke - Tomb of Luke the Evangelist (front).jpg|thumb|Reliquary of St. Luke the Evangelist in [[Abbey of Santa Giustina|Padua]]]]
In 1992, the then [[Greek Orthodox]] Metropolitan [[Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens|Ieronymos]] of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes and Levathia]] (who subsequently became Archbishop Ieronymos II of [[Athens]] and All Greece) requested from Bishop [[Antonio Mattiazzo]] of Padua the return of "a significant fragment of the relics of St. Luke to be placed on the site where the holy tomb of the Evangelist is located and venerated today". This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in [[Padua]], and by numerous lines of empirical evidence (archeological analyses of the Tomb in [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] and the Reliquary of [[Padua]], anatomical analyses of the remains, [[carbon-14 dating]], comparison with the purported skull of the Evangelist located in [[Prague]]) confirmed that these were the remains of an individual of Syrian descent who died between AD 72 and AD 416.{{sfn|Marin|Trolese|2003}}{{sfn|Craig|2001}} The [[Diocese of Padua|Bishop of Padua]] then delivered to Metropolitan Ieronymos the rib of Saint Luke that was closest to his heart to be kept at his tomb in Thebes.<ref name=Tornielli />{{sfn|Wade|2001}}

Thus, the relics of Saint Luke are divided as follows:
* The body, in the [[Abbey of Santa Giustina]] in Padua;
* The head, in the [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] in Prague;
* A rib, at his tomb in Thebes.

{{blockquote|We also collected and typed modern samples from Syria and Greece. By comparison with these population samples, and with samples from Anatolia that were already available in the literature, we could reject the hypothesis that the body belonged to a Greek, rather than a Syrian, individual. However, the probability of an origin in the area of modern Turkey was only insignificantly lower than the probability of a Syrian origin. The genetic evidence is therefore compatible with the possibility that the body comes from Syria, but also with its replacement in Constantinople.<ref name="Vernesi Benedetto Caramelli Secchieri 2001 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Vernesi | first1=Cristiano | last2=Benedetto | first2=Giulietta Di | last3= Caramelli | first3=David | last4= Secchieri | first4=Erica | last5= Simoni | first5=Lucia | last6=Katti | first6=Emile | last7=Malaspina | first7=Patrizia | last8=Novelletto | first8=Andrea | last9=Marin | first9= Vito Terribile Wiel | last10= Barbujani | first10=Guido | title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=98 | issue=23 | date= 6 November 2001 | pages= 13460–63 | pmid=11606723 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.211540498 | pmc= 60893 | bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V | doi-access=free}}</ref>|Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke}}

==Gallery ==
<gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Luke the Evangelist in art">

File:Luke_writing.jpg
File:142082810-612x612.jpg
File:Luke_the_Evangelist.jpg
File:Saint_luke.jpg
File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png
File:Icon of the blessed Virgin Mary by Luke the Evangelist.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[John the Evangelist]]
* [[Mark the Evangelist]]
* [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew the Evangelist]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=martyred?|{{harvnb|Aherne|1910}} notes that it is controversial whether he actually died a martyr's death}}

{{efn|name=Hackett|Luke, was born in [[Antioch]], by profession was a physician.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=12}} He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. He died at the age of 84 years.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=335}} }}

{{efn|name=Bacci|The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is {{harvnb|Bacci|1998}} }}

{{efn|name=Hosten| Father '''H. Hosten''' in his book ''Antiquities'' notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the "Theotokos Mega Spileotissa" (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the "Panagia Soumela", and "Panagia Kykkou" which are in Cyprus."}}

{{efn|name=CraigEhrman2006|Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.{{Harvnb|Craig|Ehrman|2006}} }}

{{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion|McGrew's conclusion: historians work with [[methodological naturalism]], which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts;{{Harvnb |Flew| 1966|p= 146}} cf. {{Harvnb |Bradley |1874|p= 44}}.}}
}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=catholicsaints.info>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-luke-the-evangelist/|title=Saint Luke the Evangelist | work = Catholic saints |date=27 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=catholicnewsagency.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|title=St. Luke The Evangelist|website=Catholic News Agency|access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=ugent.be>{{cite web|title= Evangelist Lucas|url= https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|access-date=2 October 2020| publisher =Ghent University Library}}</ref>

<ref name=Tornielli>{{cite web|url= http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|title=The Beloved Physician|last= Tornielli |first=Andrea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607075349/http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|archive-date=7 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Landau>{{cite web|title= Was Luke a Historian?|url= https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|access-date=15 July 2020 |website=Bible odyssey|first= Brent|last=Landau|date=n.d.}}</ref>

}}

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{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* [[I. Howard Marshall]]. ''Luke: Historian and Theologian''. Downers Grove, [[Illinois|IL]]: InterVarsity Press.
* [[F. F. Bruce]], ''[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf  The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103401/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf |date=31 May 2012 }}.'' London: The Tyndale Press, 1942.
* Helmut Koester. ''Ancient Christian Gospels''. Harrisburg, [[Pennsylvania|PA]]: Trinity Press International, 1999.
* Burton L. Mack. ''Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth''. San Francisco, [[California|CA]]: HarperCollins, 1996.
* J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", ''[[Evangelical Quarterly]]'' 63 (1991), 3–44
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Luke the Evangelist}}
{{AmCyc Poster|Luke, Saint|Luke the Evangelist}}
* [http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/saint-luke.htm Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke]
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/luke.html Early Christian Writings: ''Gospel of Luke'' e-texts, introductions]
* [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/211540498v1?maxtoshow National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evangelist]
* [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 Patron Saint Luke]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311192236/http://www.glaubenswege.ch/Evangelist_Lukas.html Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)]
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E6D61E3FF935A25753C1A9679C8B63 DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse]
* [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76, Catholic Online]

{{Gospel of Luke}}
{{Acts of the Apostles}}
{{New Testament people}}
{{Catholic saints}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luke The Evangelist}}
[[Category:84 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:1st-century Greek physicians]]
[[Category:1st-century writers]]
[[Category:Four Evangelists]]
[[Category:Ancient Syrian physicians]]
[[Category:Antiochian Greek Christians]]
[[Category:Black Madonna of Częstochowa]]
[[Category:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles]]
[[Category:Burials in Greece]]
[[Category:Christianity in Roman Achaia]]
[[Category:Gospel of Luke]]
[[Category:Saints from Roman Anatolia]]
[[Category:People in Acts of the Apostles]]
[[Category:People in the Pauline epistles]]
[[Category:Prophets in the Druze faith]]
[[Category:Seventy disciples]]
[[Category:Saints from Roman Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian Christian saints]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]