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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Strong, positive emotional/mental states}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} {{Love sidebar|all}} {{Emotion sidebar}} {{Contains special characters}} '''Love''' encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and [[mental states]], from the most sublime [[virtue]] or good habit, the deepest [[Interpersonal relationship|interpersonal]] [[affection]], to the simplest pleasure.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite encyclopedia |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/love |title=Definition of ''love'' in English |dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=May 1, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502140707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/love |archive-date=2 May 2018 }} |2={{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/love |title=Meaning of ''love'' in English |publisher=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge English Dictionary]] |access-date=May 1, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502141159/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/love#translations |archive-date=2 May 2018}} |3={{cite book | last=Karandashev | first=Victor | title=Romantic Love in Cultural Contexts | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | year=2017 | isbn=978-3-319-42681-5 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-42683-9 }}{{page needed|date=August 2023}} |4={{cite book | title=Love and Friendship Across Cultures | publisher=Springer Singapore | publication-place=Singapore | year=2021 | isbn=978-981-334-833-2 | doi=10.1007/978-981-33-4834-9 | s2cid=243232407 | editor-last1=Hongladarom | editor-last2=Joaquin | editor-first1=Soraj | editor-first2=Jeremiah Joven }}{{page needed|date=August 2023}} |5={{cite book | last1=Treger | first1=Stanislav | last2=Sprecher | first2=Susan | last3=Hatfield | first3=Elaine C. | title=Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research | chapter=Love | publisher=Springer Netherlands | publication-place=Dordrecht | year=2014 | doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1706 | pages=3708–3712 | isbn=978-94-007-0752-8 | quote=Love is a universal human experience.}} }}</ref> An example of this range of meanings is that the love of a mother differs from the love of a [[spouse]], which differs from the love for [[food]]. Most commonly, love refers to a feeling of strong attraction and emotional [[attachment (psychology)|attachment]].<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|title=Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/dkoxfordillustra0000unse/page/485/mode/1up 485]}} |2={{cite web | title=Love Definition & Meaning | website= Merriam-Webster | date=27 Dec 1987 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love | access-date=30 Sep 2021 | archive-date=17 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517210605/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love | url-status=live }} |3={{Cite web |title=Love Definition & Meaning |url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/love |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=YourDictionary |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162141/https://www.yourdictionary.com/love |url-status=live}} }}</ref> Love is considered to be both positive and negative, with its [[virtue]] representing human [[kindness]], [[compassion]], and [[affection]]—"the unselfish, loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another"—and its [[vice]] representing a human [[morality|moral flaw]] akin to [[vanity]], [[selfishness]], [[amour-propre]], and [[egotism]], potentially leading people into a type of [[mania]], [[Obsessive love|obsessiveness]], or [[codependency]].<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|title=Roget's Thesaurus|year=1998|pages=592, 639}} |2={{cite web | title=Love Definition & Meaning | website= Merriam-Webster | date=27 Dec 1987 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love | access-date=30 Sep 2021 | archive-date=17 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517210605/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love | url-status=live }} }}</ref> It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, oneself, or animals.<ref name=Fromm>{{cite book|last=Fromm|first=Erich|title=The Art of Loving|publisher=Harper Perennial|year=1956|edition=Original English|isbn=978-0-06-095828-2}}</ref> In its various forms, love acts as a major facilitator of [[interpersonal relationship]]s and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the [[creative arts]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Abbas|first=Azhar|date=2011-04-11|title=Just Love |url=http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love |access-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530043739/http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Callerame |first=Emmanuelle |date=2022-02-03 |title=An Exploration of Love in Art History |url=https://blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/an-exploration-of-love-in-art-history/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Artsper Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Love has been postulated to be a function that keeps human beings together against menaces and to [[human reproduction|facilitate the continuation of the species]].<ref name="Fisher">{{cite book|first=Helen|last=Fisher|title=Why We Love: the nature and chemistry of romantic love|year=2004|publisher=Henry Holt & Co.|isbn=978-0805069136}}</ref> Ancient Greek philosophers identified [[Greek words for love|six forms of love]]: [[familial love]] ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[storge]]}}), [[friendship|friendly love]] or [[platonic love]] ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[philia]]}}), [[romance (love)|romantic love]] ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[Eros (concept)|eros]]}}), [[self-love]] ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[philautia]]}}), [[hospitality|guest love]] ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[Xenia (Greek)|xenia]]}}), and divine or [[unconditional love]] ({{lang|grc-Latn|[[agape]]}}). Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of love: [[unrequited love]], [[empty love]], [[companionate love]], [[consummate love]], [[limerence|infatuated love]], [[amour de soi]], and [[courtly love]]. Numerous cultures have also distinguished {{lang|lzh-Latn|[[Ren (Confucianism)|Ren]]}}, {{lang|zh-Latn|[[Yuanfen]]}}, {{lang|yag-Latn|[[Mamihlapinatapai]]}}, {{lang|pt|[[Physical intimacy|Cafuné]]}}, {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Kama]]}}, {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Bhakti]]}}, {{lang|pi-Latn|[[Mettā]]}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Ishq]]}}, {{lang|he-Latn|[[Chesed]]}}, {{lang|it|[[Cupid|Amore]]}}, [[Charity (virtue)|Charity]], {{lang|pt|[[Saudade]]}} (and other [[Religious views on love|variants or symbioses of these states]]), as culturally unique words, definitions, or expressions of love in regard to specified "moments" currently lacking in the English language.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|first=Adrian|last=Catron|date=2014-12-05|title=What Is Love? A Philosophy of Life|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-is-love-a-philosophy_b_5697322|access-date=2020-10-02|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155921/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-is-love-a-philosophy_b_5697322|url-status=live}} |2={{cite book|author-link=Liddell and Scott|author=Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert|date=1940|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfili%2Fa|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|chapter=φιλία|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103220059/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfili%2Fa |archive-date=3 January 2017 }} |3={{cite book |translator-last= Mascaró |translator-first=Juan |title=The Bhagavad Gita |publisher=Penguin|series=Penguin Classics |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-14-044918-1}} }}</ref> The [[color wheel theory of love]] defines three primary, three secondary, and nine tertiary love styles, describing them in terms of the traditional color wheel. The [[triangular theory of love]] suggests intimacy, passion, and commitment are core components of love. Love has additional religious or [[spiritual but not religious|spiritual]] meaning. This diversity of uses and meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Definitions== The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "love"; one example is the plurality of [[Greek words for love|Greek concepts for "love"]] ({{transliteration|grc|agape}}, {{transliteration|grc|eros}}, {{transliteration|grc|philia}}, {{transliteration|grc|storge}}).<ref name=Nygren>{{cite book|author-link=Anders Nygren|last=Nygren|first=Anders Theodor Samuel|title=[[Agape and Eros]]|year=1936}}</ref> [[Cultural identity|Cultural differences]] in conceptualizing love make it difficult to establish a universal definition.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kay|first1=Paul|title=What is the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis?|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=86|issue=1|date=March 1984|pages=65–79|doi=10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050|last2=Kempton|first2=Willett}}</ref> Although the nature or [[essence]] of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what is ''not'' love (antonyms of "love"). Love, as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of ''like''), is commonly contrasted with [[hate]] (or neutral [[apathy]]). As a less sexual and more [[Emotional intimacy|emotionally intimate]] form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with [[lust]]. As an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with [[friendship]], although the word ''love'' is often applied to close friendships or platonic love. (Further possible ambiguities come with usages like "girlfriend", "boyfriend" and "just good friends".) [[File:Columpio Veracruz 059.jpg|thumb|left|Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from {{CE|250 to 900}}, of [[Huastec civilization|Huastec]] origin). [[Museo de Antropología de Xalapa|Museum of Anthropology]] in [[Xalapa]], [[Veracruz]], [[Mexico]]]] Abstractly discussed, ''love'' usually refers to a feeling one person experiences for another person. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. [[vulnerability and care theory of love]]), including oneself (cf. [[narcissism]]). In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after [[Middle Ages|the Middle Ages]], although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.TrueOpenLove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html |title=Ancient Love Poetry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072056/http://www.trueopenlove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html |website=TrueOpenLove |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> The complex and {{clarify|text=abstract nature|reason=seems like the assertion that love has an "abstract" nature is something that needs to be argued for rather than just stated|date=August 2023}} of love often reduces its discourse to a [[thought-terminating cliché]]. Several common [[proverb]]s regard love, from [[Virgil]]'s "[[Amor Vincit Omnia (Caravaggio)|Love conquers all]]" to [[The Beatles]]' "[[All You Need Is Love]]". [[St. Thomas Aquinas]], following [[Aristotle]], defines love as "to will the good of another."<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Aristotle]]|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-8#part-8-1 VIII]}}</ref><ref name="newadvent.org">{{cite book |title-link=Summa Theologica|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|title=Summa Theologiae|year=1485|at=[https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2026.htm#article4 I–II, Q26, Art.4] |publisher=New Advent }}</ref> [[Bertrand Russell]] describes love as {{clarify|text=a condition of|date=August 2023}} "absolute value," as opposed to [[relative value (economics)|relative value]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirsh |first=Marvin Eli |year=2013 |title=Philosophy, Science and Value |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250431 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2250431 |ssrn=2250431 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> Philosopher [[Gottfried Leibniz]] said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Confessio_philosophi |first=Gottfried |last=Leibniz |title=Confessio philosophi |year=1673 |publisher=Wikisource edition |access-date=25 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427115126/http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi |archive-date=27 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Meher Baba]] stated that in love there is a "feeling of unity" and an "active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love."<ref>{{cite book | last=Baba | first=Meher | author-link=Meher Baba | title=Discourses | year=1995 | isbn=978-1-880619-09-4 | location=Myrtle Beach |publisher= Sheriar Press | page=113}}</ref> Biologist [[Jeremy Griffith]] defines love as "unconditional selflessness".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.humancondition.com/book-of-answers-what-is-love/|chapter=What is love?|title=The Book of Real Answers to Everything!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116041234/http://www.worldtransformation.com/what-is-love/ |archive-date=16 January 2013 |last=Griffith|first=Jeremy|year=2011|isbn=978-1-74129-007-3}}</ref> According to [[Ambrose Bierce]], love is a temporary insanity curable by marriage.<ref>[http://dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict2&Database=devil&Query=Love "Love" entry in ''The Devil's Dictionary''] at [[Dict.org]]</ref> ==Impersonal== People can express love towards things other than humans, this can range from expressing a strong liking of something, such as "I love popcorn" or that something is essential to one's identity, such as "I love being an actor".<ref>{{Citation |last=Helm |first=Bennett |title=Love |date=2021 |work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/love/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |edition=Fall 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref> People can have a profound dedication and immense appreciation for an object, principle, or objective, thereby experiencing a sense of love towards it. For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal love but impersonal love, [[altruism]], and strong spiritual or political convictions.{{r|Fromm}} People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called [[paraphilia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Paraphilia |url=http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html|website=DiscoveryHealth |access-date=16 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212105714/http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref> ==Interpersonal== {{Close Relationships|emotions}} Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a much more potent sentiment than ''liking'' a person. [[Unrequited love]] refers to feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with [[interpersonal relationship]]s.{{r|Fromm}} Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are several psychological disorders related to love, such as [[erotomania]]. Throughout history, philosophy and religion have speculated about the phenomenon of love. In the 20th century, the science of [[psychology]] has studied the subject. The sciences of [[anthropology]], [[neuroscience]], and biology have also added to the understanding of the concept of love. ===Biological basis=== {{Main|Biological basis of love}} Biological models of sex tend to view love as a [[mammal]]ian{{clarify|reason=do other classes of animal not have hunger or thirst?|date=August 2023}} drive, much like hunger or thirst.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite book | last1 = Lewis | first1 = Thomas |last2=Amini|first2= F. |last3=Lannon|first3= R. | title = A General Theory of Love | publisher = Random House | year = 2000 |isbn=978-0-375-70922-7| title-link = A General Theory of Love }}</ref> [[Helen Fisher (anthropologist)|Helen Fisher]], an anthropologist and human behavior researcher, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust is the feeling of [[sexual desire]]; romantic attraction determines what partners find attractive and pursue, {{clarify|text=conserving time and energy by choosing|reason=it's not clear what this phrase is doing here|date=August 2023}}; and attachment involves sharing a home, parental duties, mutual defense, and in humans involves feelings of safety and security.<ref name="brain systems"> {{cite journal|url=http://homepage.mac.com/helenfisher/archives_of_sex_beh.pdf |title=Defining the Brain Systems of Lust, Romantic Attraction, and Attachment |access-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628051603/http://homepage.mac.com/helenfisher/archives_of_sex_beh.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2011|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=31|number=5|year=2002|first1=Helen E.|last1=Fisher|first2=Arthur|last2=Aron|first3=Debra|last3=Mashek|first4=Haifang|last4=Li|first5=Lucy L.|last5=Brown |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1023/A:1019888024255 |pmid=12238608 |s2cid=14808862 }}</ref> Three distinct neural circuitries,{{Specify|date=August 2023}} including neurotransmitters,{{Specify|date=August 2023}} and three behavioral patterns,{{Specify|date=August 2023}} are associated with{{How|date=August 2023}} these three romantic styles.<ref name="brain systems"/> [[File:Gothaer Liebespaar.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''Pair of Lovers''. 1480–1485]] [[Lust]] is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes [[Mating (human)|mating]], and involves the increased release of [[hormones]] such as [[testosterone]] and [[estrogen]]. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. [[Interpersonal attraction|Attraction]] is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate form. Recent studies in [[neuroscience]] have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the [[neuroendocrine|neurotransmitter hormones]] [[dopamine]], [[norepinephrine]], and [[serotonin]], the same compounds released by [[amphetamine]], stimulating the brain's [[pleasure center]] and leading to side effects such as increased [[heart rate]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|reduced appetite]] and [[insomnia|sleep]], and an [[euphoria|intense feeling of excitement]]. Research indicates that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.<ref name="human">{{cite book | publisher=Holt, Rinehart, & Winston | title=Holt World History: The Human Legacy | date=2008-01-01 | isbn=978-0-03-093780-4 }}</ref> Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. [[Attachment theory|Attachment]] is the [[human bonding|bonding]] that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals [[oxytocin]] and [[vasopressin]], to a greater degree than what is found in short-term relationships.<ref name="human"/> [[Enzo Emanuele]] and coworkers reported the protein molecule known as the [[nerve growth factor]] (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Emanuele|first1= E.|last2=Polliti|first2= P.|last3=Bianchi|first3= M.|last4=Minoretti|first4= P.|last5=Bertona|first5= M.|last6=Geroldi|first6= D.|year=2005|title=Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453005001976|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.09.002|volume=31|pmid=16289361|issue=3|pages=288–294|s2cid=18497668|access-date=3 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206142641/http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htm|archive-date=6 December 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Psychological basis=== {{Further|Human bonding}} [[File:Sri Lankan woman and child.jpg|thumb|Grandmother and grandchild in [[Sri Lanka]]]] [[Psychology]] depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. [[Psychologist]] [[Robert Sternberg]] formulated a [[triangular theory of love]] in which love has three components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is when two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. Non-love does not include any of these components. Liking only includes intimacy. Infatuated love only includes passion. Empty love only includes commitment. Romantic love includes both intimacy and passion. Companionate love includes intimacy and commitment. Fatuous love includes passion and commitment. Consummate love includes all three components.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sternberg| first= R.J. |year=1986| title=A triangular theory of love| journal=Psychological Review|volume= 93 |issue=2|pages= 119–135| doi= 10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.119}}</ref> American psychologist [[Zick Rubin]] sought to define ''love'' by [[psychometrics]] in the 1970s. His work identifies a different set of three factors that constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Zick|title=Measurement of Romantic Love|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=16|pages=265–273|year=1970|doi=10.1037/h0029841|pmid=5479131|issue=2|citeseerx=10.1.1.452.3207}} |2={{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Zick|title=Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/likinglovinginvi00rubi|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Holt, Rinehart & Winston|year=1973|isbn=978-0030830037}} }}</ref> Following developments in electrical theories such as [[Coulomb's law]], which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were envisioned, such as "opposites attract". Research on human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as [[immune system]]s, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), perhaps because this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Berscheid | first1 = Ellen | author-link1 = Ellen S. Berscheid |last2=Walster|first2= Elaine H. | title = Interpersonal Attraction | publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Co | year = 1969 | lccn = 69-17443 | isbn = 978-0-201-00560-8 }}</ref> In recent years, various [[human bonding]] theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities. Some [[Western culture|Western]] authorities {{clarify|text=disaggregate|reason=disaggregate what?|date=August 2023}} into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of [[M. Scott Peck|Scott Peck]], whose work in the field of [[applied psychology]] explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another" and simple narcissism.<ref name="peck">{{cite book | title=The Road Less Traveled | isbn=978-0-671-25067-6 | last=Peck | first=Scott | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=1978 | page=[https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_0/page/169 169] | url=https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_0/page/169 }}</ref> In combination, love is an ''activity'', not simply a feeling. Psychologist [[Erich Fromm]] maintained in his book ''[[The Art of Loving]]'' that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact the "feeling" of love is superficial in comparison to one's commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time.{{r|Fromm}} Fromm held that love is ultimately not a feeling at all, but rather is a commitment to, and adherence to, loving actions towards another, oneself, or many others, over a sustained duration.{{r|Fromm}} Fromm also described love as a conscious choice that in its early stages might originate as an involuntary feeling, but which then later no longer depends on those feelings, but rather depends only on conscious commitment.{{r|Fromm}} ===Evolutionary basis=== [[File:Place des Abbesse (the plaque with the je t'aime=te iubesc in 311 laguages).jpg|thumb|''[[Wall of Love]]'' on [[Montmartre]] in Paris: "I love you" in 250 languages, by calligraphist Fédéric Baron and artist Claire Kito (2000)]] [[Evolutionary psychology]] has attempted to provide various reasons for love as a survival tool. Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote parental support of children for this extended time period. Furthermore, researchers as early as [[Charles Darwin]] identified unique features of human love compared to other mammals and credited love as a major factor for creating social support systems that enabled the development and expansion of the human species.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} Another factor may be that [[sexually transmitted disease]]s can cause, among other effects, permanently reduced [[fertility]], injury to the fetus, and increase complications during [[childbirth]]. This would favor monogamous relationships over [[polygamy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology|editor-first=David M.|editor-last=Buss|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2005|chapter=Commitment, Love, and Mate Retention|first1=Lorne|last1=Campbell|first2=Bruce J.|last2=Ellis}}</ref> ===Adaptive benefit=== Interpersonal love between a man and woman provides an evolutionary adaptive benefit since it facilitates mating and [[sexual reproduction]].<ref name = Michod1989>{{cite journal|last=Michod|first=Richard E.|title=What's love got to do with it? The solution to one of evolution's greatest riddles|journal=The Sciences|year=1989|pages=22–27|doi=10.1002/j.2326-1951.1989.tb02156.x}}</ref> However, some organisms can reproduce [[asexual reproduction|asexually]] without mating. Understanding the adaptive benefit of interpersonal love depends on understanding the adaptive benefit of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction. Richard Michod reviewed evidence that love, and consequently sexual reproduction, provides two major adaptive advantages.{{r|Michod1989}} First, sexual reproduction facilitates [[DNA repair|repair of damages in the DNA]] that is passed from parent to progeny (during [[origin and function of meiosis|meiosis]], a key stage of the sexual process). Second, a gene in either parent may contain a harmful [[mutation]], but in the progeny produced by sexual reproduction, expression of a harmful mutation introduced by one parent is likely to be masked by expression of the unaffected homologous gene from the other parent.{{r|Michod1989}} ===Comparison of scientific models=== Biological models of love tend to see it as a {{clarify|text=mammalian|reason=why should we expect other classes of animal not to have hunger or thirst?|date=August 2023}} drive, similar to hunger or thirst.<ref name="Lewis"/> Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. Love is influenced by [[hormone]]s (such as [[oxytocin]]), [[neurotrophins]] (such as [[nerve growth factor|NGF]]), and [[pheromone]]s, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in [[biology]] is that there are two major drives in love: [[sexual attraction]] and [[attachment theory|attachment]]. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of [[companionate love]] and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by [[physiological arousal]] (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal. ===Health=== The psychologist [[Abraham Maslow]] identified a person feeling truly loved as a basic and foundational human need.<ref name="Geher, May 2022">{{cite web |url= https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/darwins-subterranean-world/202205/the-psychology-feeling-unloved |title= The Psychology of Feeling Unloved |last= Geher |first= Glenn |date= 27 May 2022 |website= psychologytoday.com |publisher= Psychology Today |access-date= 19 January 2024}}</ref> Love has been found to have a strong correlation to happinness and being able to build relationships and develop communities.<ref name="Geher, May 2022"/> Adverse effects of feeling unloved can result in conditions such [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD).<ref name="Geher, May 2022"/> ==Cultural views== ===Ancient Greek=== {{See also|Greek words for love}} [[File:Eros bow Musei Capitolini MC410.jpg|thumb|Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by [[Lysippus]] depicting [[Eros]], the Greek personification of romantic love]] [[Greek language|Greek]] distinguishes [[Greek words for love|several different senses]] in which the word "love" is used. Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or [[familial love|familiarity]] ({{transliteration|grc|[[storge]]}}), [[friendship]] and/or [[platonic love|platonic desire]] ({{transliteration|grc|[[philia]]}}), sexual and/or [[romance (love)|romantic desire]] ({{transliteration|grc|[[eros (concept)|eros]]}}), and [[Kenosis|self-emptying]] or divine love ({{transliteration|grc|[[agape]]}}).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|first=C. S.|last=Lewis|title=[[The Four Loves]]|year=1960}} |2={{cite book |last=Kristeller |first=Paul Oskar |title=Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-691-02010-5}} }}</ref> Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love.<ref>[[Stendhal]], in his book ''On Love'' ("De l'amour"; Paris, 1822), distinguished carnal love, passionate love, a kind of uncommitted love that he called "taste-love", and love of vanity. [[Denis de Rougemont]] in his book ''Love in the Western World'' traced the story of passionate love ({{lang|fr|l'amour-passion}}) from its courtly to its romantic forms. [[Benjamin Péret]], in the introduction to his ''Anthology of Sublime Love'' (Paris, 1956), further identified "sublime love", a state of realized idealisation perhaps equatable with the romantic form of passionate love.</ref> However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the [[Bible]] has examples of the [[verb]] {{transliteration|grc|agapo}} having the same meaning as {{transliteration|grc|[[phileo]]}}. ;''[[Agapē|Agape]]'' ({{lang|grc|ἀγάπη}} {{transliteration|grc|agápē}}) : ''love'' in modern-day Greek. The term {{transliteration|grk|s'agapo}} means ''I love you'' in Greek. The word {{transliteration|grk|agapo}} is the verb ''I love''. It generally refers to a "pure," [[ideal type]] of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by {{transliteration|grc|eros}}. However, there are some examples of {{transliteration|grc|agape}} used to mean the same as {{transliteration|grc|eros}}. It has also been translated as "love of the soul."{{r|Nygren}} ;''[[Eros (love)|Eros]]'' ({{lang|grc|ἔρως}} {{transliteration|grc|érōs}}) : (from the Greek deity [[Eros]]) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word {{transliteration|grc|erota}} means ''in love''. [[Plato]] refined his own definition. Although {{transliteration|grc|eros}} is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. {{transliteration|grc|Eros}} helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by {{transliteration|grc|eros}}. Some translations list it as "love of the body".{{r|Nygren}} ;''[[Philia]]'' ({{lang|grc|φιλία}} {{transliteration|grc|philía}}) : dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept addressed and developed by [[Aristotle]] in his [[Nicomachean Ethics]] Book VIII.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/love/|title=Philosophy of Love |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|language=en-US|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829093137/http://www.iep.utm.edu/love/|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. {{transliteration|grc|Philia}} is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean "love of the mind." ;''[[Storge]]'' ({{lang|grc|στοργή}} {{transliteration|grc|storgē}}) : natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring ; ''[[Xenia (Greek)|Xenia]]'' ({{lang|grc|ξενία}} {{transliteration|grc|xenía}}) : hospitality, was an extremely important practice in [[ancient Greece]]. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout [[Greek mythology]]—in particular, [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]''. ===Ancient Roman (Latin)=== The [[Latin|Latin language]] has several verbs corresponding to the English word "love." {{lang|la|[[wikt:amo#Latin|amō]]}} is the basic verb meaning ''I love'', with the infinitive {{lang|la|[[wikt:amare#Italian|amare]]}} ("to love") as it still is in [[Italian language|Italian]] today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come {{lang|la|amans}}—a lover, {{lang|la|amator}}, "professional lover," often with the accessory notion of lechery—and {{lang|la|amica}}, "girlfriend" in the English sense, often being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is {{lang|la|amor}} (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the city, [[Rome]]—in Latin: {{lang|la|Roma}}—can be viewed as an [[anagram]] for {{lang|la|amor}}, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times),<ref>{{citation|first=Thomas|last=Köves-Zulauf|title=Reden und Schweigen|location=Munich|publisher=Fink|year=1973}}</ref> which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces {{lang|la|amicus}}—"friend"—and {{lang|la|amicitia}}, "friendship" (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). [[Cicero]] wrote a treatise called ''On Friendship'' ({{lang|la|[[Laelius de Amicitia|de Amicitia]]}}), which discusses the notion at some length. [[Ovid]] wrote a guide to dating called {{lang|la|[[Ars Amatoria]]}} (''The Art of Love''), which addresses, in depth, everything from [[Affair|extramarital affairs]] to overprotective parents. Latin sometimes uses {{lang|la|amāre}} where English would simply say ''to like''. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by the terms {{lang|la|placere}} or {{lang|la|delectāre}}, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of [[Catullus]]. {{lang|la|Diligere}} often implies "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun {{lang|la|diligentia}}, however, has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb. {{lang|la|Observare}} is a synonym for {{lang|la|diligere}}; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, {{lang|la|observantia}}, often denote "esteem" or "affection." {{lang|la|[[Charity (virtue)|Caritas]]}} is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan [[Latin literature|Roman literature]]. As it arises from a [[conflation]] with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb. ===Chinese and other Sinic=== [[File:Love-zh.svg|thumb|left|upright|{{lang|zh|愛}} (Mandarin: {{transliteration|cmn|ài}}), the traditional [[Chinese character]] for love, contains a [[heart]] ({{lang|zh|心}}) in the middle.]] Two philosophical underpinnings of love exist in the Chinese tradition, one from [[Confucianism]] which emphasized actions and duty while the other came from [[Mohism]] which championed a universal love. A core concept to Confucianism is {{lang|zh|{{linktext|仁}}}} ({{transliteration|zh|[[Ren (Confucianism)|Ren]]}}, "benevolent love"), which focuses on duty, action, and attitude in a relationship rather than love itself. In Confucianism, one displays benevolent love by performing actions such as [[filial piety]] from children, kindness from parents, loyalty to the king and so forth. The concept of {{lang|zh|愛}} (Mandarin: {{transliteration|cmn|ài}}) was developed by the Chinese philosopher [[Mozi]] in {{BCE|the 4th century}} in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|兼愛}}}}, {{transliteration|zh|jiān'ài}}). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation; not just to friends, family, and other Confucian relations. Later in [[Chinese Buddhism]], the term {{transliteration|zh|Ai}} ({{lang|zh|愛}}) was adopted to refer to a passionate, caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism, {{transliteration|zh|Ai}} was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment. In [[Mandarin Chinese]], {{lang|zh|{{linktext|愛}}}} ({{transliteration|cmn|ài}}) is often used as the equivalent of the Western concept of love. {{lang|zh|{{linktext|愛}}}} ({{transliteration|cmn|ài}}) is used as both a verb (e.g. {{lang|zh|我愛你}}, {{transliteration|cmn|Wǒ ài nǐ}}, or "I love you") and a noun (such as {{lang|zh|{{linktext|愛情}}}} {{transliteration|cmn|àiqíng}}, or "romantic love"). However, due to the influence of Confucian {{lang|zh|{{linktext|仁}}}} ({{transliteration|zh|rén}}), the phrase {{lang|zh|我愛你}} ({{transliteration|cmn|Wǒ ài nǐ}}, I love you) carries with it a very specific sense of responsibility, commitment, and loyalty. Instead of frequently saying "I love you" as in some Western societies, the Chinese are more likely to express feelings of affection in a more casual way. Consequently, "I like you" ({{lang|zh|我喜欢你}}, {{transliteration|cmn|Wǒ xǐhuan nǐ}}) is a more common way of expressing affection in Mandarin; it is more playful and less serious.<ref>{{cite web|first=JFK|last=Miller|date=2009-02-04|url=http://shanghai.urbanatomy.com/index.php/i-ahearts-shanghai/85-i-love-shanghai/429-why-the-chinese-dont-say-qi-love-youq|url-status=dead|title=Why the Chinese Don't Say I Love You|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124202633/http://shanghai.urbanatomy.com/index.php/i-ahearts-shanghai/85-i-love-shanghai/429-why-the-chinese-dont-say-qi-love-youq |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref> This is also true in Japanese ({{transliteration|ja|suki da}}, {{lang|ja|好きだ}}). ===Japanese=== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Ohatsu and Tokube statue at Tsuyunoten Shrine.jpg|right|thumb|Ohatsu and Tokubei, characters of ''[[Sonezaki Shinjū]]'']] --> The [[Japanese language]] uses three words to convey the English equivalent of "love". Because "love" covers a wide range of emotions and behavioral phenomena, there are nuances distinguishing the three terms.<ref name="Ryang2006">{{cite book | last1 = Ryang | first1 = Sonia | title = Love in Modern Japan: Its Estrangement from Self, Sex and Society | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tkOUAgAAQBAJ | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=tkOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 13]–14 | isbn = 978-1-135-98863-0 | access-date = 3 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160711112044/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkOUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | archive-date = 11 July 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="About">{{cite web | last1 = Abe | first1 = Namiko | url = https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-words-for-love-2028042 | title = Japanese Words for "Love": The Difference between "Ai" and "Koi" | publisher = About.com | access-date = 5 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141105225936/http://japanese.about.com/od/japanesecultur1/a/The-Japanese-Words-For-Love.htm | archive-date = 5 November 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> The term {{Nihongo|''ai''|愛}}, which is often associated with maternal love<ref name="Ryang2006"/> or selfless love,<ref name="About"/> originally referred to beauty and was often used in a religious context. Following the [[Meiji Restoration]] of 1868, the term became associated with "love" in order to translate Western literature. Prior to Western influence, the term {{Nihongo|''koi''|恋 or 孤悲}} generally represented romantic love, and was often the subject of the popular [[Man'yōshū]] Japanese poetry collection.<ref name="Ryang2006"/> {{transliteration|ja|Koi}} describes a longing for a member of the opposite sex and is typically interpreted as selfish and wanting.<ref name="About"/> The term's origins come from the concept of lonely solitude as a result of separation from a loved one. Though modern usage of {{transliteration|ja|koi}} focuses on sexual love and infatuation, the Manyō used the term to cover a wider range of situations, including tenderness, benevolence, and material desire.<ref name="Ryang2006"/> The third term, {{Nihongo|''ren'ai''|恋愛}}, is a more modern construction that combines the [[kanji]] characters for both {{transliteration|ja|ai}} and {{transliteration|ja|koi}}, though its usage more closely resembles that of {{transliteration|ja|koi}} in the form of romantic love.<ref name="Ryang2006"/><ref name="About"/> {{Nihongo|''Amae''|甘え}}, referring to the desire to be loved and cared for by an authority figure, is another important aspect of Japan's cultural perspective on love, and has been analysed in detail in Takeo Doi's ''[[The Anatomy of Dependence]]''<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Electronic Journal of Sociology |year=2000 |url=https://sociology.org/content/vol005.001/smith-nomi.html |title=Is ''amae'' the Key to Understanding Japanese Culture? |first1=Herman W.|last1= Smith |first2= Takako |last2=Nomi |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220062826/http://www.sociology.org/content/vol005.001/smith-nomi.html |archivedate=2014-02-20 }}</ref> ===Indian=== [[File:Radha Madhavam.jpg|thumb|left|The love stories of the Hindu deities [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]] have influenced the Indian culture and arts. Above: Radha Madhavam by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]] In contemporary literature, the [[Sanskrit]] words for love is {{transliteration|sa|sneha}}. Other terms include {{transliteration|sa|priya}} which refers to innocent love, {{transliteration|sa|prema}} refers to spiritual love, and {{transliteration|sa|[[kama]]}} refers usually to sexual desire.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|first=Monier |last=Monier-Williams|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0304.html|chapter=काम, kāma|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211540/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0304.html |archive-date=19 October 2017 |title= Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=271}} |2={{cite book|first=James|last=Lochtefeld|year=2002|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|volume=1|publisher=Rosen Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-8239-2287-1|page=340}} }}</ref> However, the term also refers to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction and aesthetic pleasure such as from arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture and nature.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book | last=Morris | first=Kate | title=The Illustrated Dictionary of History | publisher=Lotus Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-89093-37-2 | page=124 }} |2={{cite book | last=Van Voorst | first=Robert E. | title=RELG: World | publisher=Cengage Learning | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-111-72620-1 | page=78}} |3={{cite book | last=Prasad | first=Rajendra | title=A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals | series=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization | volume=12 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-8069-544-5 | pages=249–270}} }}</ref> The concept of {{transliteration|sa|kama}} is found in some of the earliest known verses in [[Veda]]s. For example, Book 10 of [[Rig Veda]] describes the creation of the universe from nothing by the great heat. In hymn 129, it states: {{Blockquote| 1=<poem> कामस्तदग्रे समवर्तताधि मनसो रेतः परथमं यदासीत | सतो बन्धुमसति निरविन्दन हर्दि परतीष्याकवयो मनीषा ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv10129.htm|title=Rig Veda|at=Book 10, Hymn 129, Verse 4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216052950/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv10129.htm |archive-date=16 February 2018 }}</ref> Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit, Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent. </poem> |2=[[Rigveda|Rig Veda]]|3=~ {{BCE|15th century}}<ref>{{cite book|translator-first=Ralph T.H.|translator-last=Griffith|year=1897|url=https://archive.org/stream/hymnsrigveda00unkngoog|title=The Hymns of the Rigveda|volume=2|location=Benares|publisher=E.J. Lazarus and Co.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410225127/https://archive.org/stream/hymnsrigveda00unkngoog#page/n580/mode/2up |archive-date=10 April 2016|at=[https://archive.org/stream/hymnsrigveda00unkngoog#page/n580/mode/2up Book X, Hymn CXXIX, Verse 4, p. 575]}}</ref>}} {{clear}} ===Persian=== {{citation needed section|date=January 2012}} {{quote box|author=[[Saadi (poet)|Sa'di]]|salign=right|source=''[[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]]''{{space|3}} |quote=<poem>The children of Adam are limbs of one body Having been created of one essence. When the calamity of time afflicts one limb The other limbs cannot remain at rest. If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man".</poem>}} [[Rumi]], [[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]], and [[Saadi (poet)|Sa'di]] are icons of the passion and love that the [[Culture of Iran|Persian culture]] and language present. The Persian word for love is {{transliteration|fa|[[Ishq]]}}, which is derived from [[Arabic]]; however, it is considered by most to be too stalwart a term for interpersonal love and is more commonly substituted with "{{transliteration|fa|doost dashtan}}" ("liking"). In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life. ==Religious views== {{main|Religious views on love}} ===Abrahamic=== [[File:Ahava.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Indiana]]'s 1977 [[Love (sculpture)|''Love'' sculpture]] spelling {{transliteration|he|ahava}}]] ====Judaism==== {{see also|Jewish views on love}} In [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], {{lang|he|אהבה}} ({{transliteration|he|ahava}}) is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love between God and God's creations. {{transliteration|he|[[Chesed]]}}, often translated as loving-kindness, is used to describe many forms of love between human beings. The commandment to love other people is given in the [[Torah]], which states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" ([[Leviticus]] {{Bibleverse|Leviticus|19:18|nobook=yes}}). The Torah's commandment to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" ([[Deuteronomy]] {{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|6:5|nobook=yes}}) is taken by the [[Mishnah]] (a central text of the Jewish [[oral law]]) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity ([https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Zeraim/Tractate_Berakhot/Chapter_9/5 tractate Berachoth 9:5]). [[Rabbinic literature]] differs as to how this love can be developed, e.g., by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature. As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" ([[Ecclesiastes]] {{Bibleverse|Ecclesiastes|9:9|nobook=yes}}). Rabbi [[David Wolpe]] writes that "love is not only about the feelings of the lover... It is when one person believes in another person and shows it." He further states that "love... is a feeling that expresses itself in action. What we really feel is reflected in what we do."<ref>{{cite web |last=Wolpe |first=David |url=https://time.com/4225777/meaning-of-love/ |title=We Are Defining Love the Wrong Way |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226085614/http://time.com/4225777/meaning-of-love/ |archive-date=26 February 2019 }}</ref> The biblical book [[Song of Solomon]] is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between [[God]] and his people, but in its plain reading it reads like a love song. The 20th-century [[rabbi]] [[Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler]] is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take".<ref>{{cite book | last=Dessler | first=Eliyahu | chapter=Kuntres ha-Chesed | title=Michtav me-Eliyahu | lang=he | volume=1}}</ref> ====Christianity==== [[File:Liebe und die Einbahnstraße - Lange Straße in Sebnitz - Bildimpression aus Sebnitz von einem Fotografen.jpg|thumb|Love and the One-way Street]] The Christian understanding is that love comes from [[God]], who is himself love ({{Bibleverse|1 John|4:8}}). The love of man and woman—{{transliteration|grc|eros}} in Greek—and the unselfish love of others ({{transliteration|grc|agape}}), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.<ref name="vatican1">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est.html |author=Pope Benedict XVI |title=papal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008152102/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles. ; {{transliteration|grc|[[agape]]}}: In the [[New Testament]], {{transliteration|grc|agapē}} is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.{{r|Nygren}} ; {{transliteration|grc|[[phileo]]}}: Also used in the New Testament, {{transliteration|grc|phileo}} is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love." Two other [[#Ancient Greek|words for love in the Greek language]], {{transliteration|grc|[[Eros (love)|eros]]}} (sexual love) and {{transliteration|grc|[[storge]]}} (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.{{r|Nygren}} [[Christianity|Christians]] believe that to ''love God with all your heart, mind, and strength'' and ''love your [[neighbourhood|neighbor]] as yourself'' are the two most important things in life (the [[Great Commandment|greatest commandment]] of the Jewish [[Torah]], according to [[Jesus]]; cf. [[Gospel of Mark]] {{Bibleverse|Mark|12:28–34|nobook=yes}}). [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]] summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt."<ref>{{citation|author=[[Augustine of Hippo]]|chapter=Homily 7 on the First Epistle of John|title=Homilies on First John|chapter-url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/170207.htm|publisher=New Advent|at=8|translator-first=H.|translator-last=Browne}}</ref> [[The Apostle Paul]] glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poetic interpretation in [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]], he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres." ({{bibleverse|1 Corinthians|13:4–7|NIV}}) [[John the Apostle|The Apostle John]] wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him." ([[Gospel of John|John]] {{bibleverse|John|3:16–17|niv|nobook=yes}}) John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love." ({{bibleverse|1 John|4:7–8|NIV}}) [[Saint Augustine]] wrote that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, "I was in love with love."{{cn|date=August 2023}} Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as "jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention."<ref name=Confessions>{{cite book|author=[[Augustine of Hippo]]|title=[[Confessions (Augustine)|Confessions]]}}</ref>{{rp|at=III.1}} According to Saint Augustine, to love God is "to attain the peace which is yours."{{r|Confessions|at=X.27}} Augustine regards the duplex commandment of love in {{Bibleverse|Matthew|22}} as the heart of Christian faith and the interpretation of the Bible. After the review of Christian doctrine, Augustine treats the problem of love in terms of use and enjoyment until the end of Book I of ''[[De Doctrina Christiana]]'' (1.22.21–1.40.44).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Woo | first=B. Hoon | title=Augustine's Hermeneutics and Homiletics in ''De doctrina christiana'' | journal=Journal of Christian Philosophy | year=2013 | volume=17 | url=https://www.academia.edu/5228314 | pages=97–117 | access-date=24 March 2014 | archive-date=26 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032901/https://www.academia.edu/5228314 | url-status=live }}</ref> Christian [[Theology|theologians]] see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian [[C. S. Lewis]] wrote a book called ''[[The Four Loves]]''. [[Benedict XVI]] named his first [[encyclical]] ''[[Deus caritas est|God is love]]''. He said that a human being, created in the image of God, who is love, is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others ({{transliteration|grc|[[agape]]}}) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation ({{transliteration|grc|eros}}). This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as [[Teresa of Calcutta]] and [[Mary, the mother of Jesus]] and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them.<ref name="vatican1"/> [[File:Cristo crucificado.jpg|thumb|upright|Pope Francis: the "Cross ([[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus crucified]]) is the greatest meaning of the greatest love".<ref name=McLellan>{{cite web|last=McLellan|first=Justin|url=https://www.usccb.org/news/2023/do-you-cry-pope-asks-800000-young-people-wyd-so-does-jesus-he-says|title='Do you cry?' pope asks 800,000 young people at WYD; so does Jesus, he says|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-url=}}</ref>]] [[Pope Francis]] asserts that the "Cross ([[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus crucified]]) is the greatest meaning of the greatest love,"{{r|McLellan}} and in the crucifixion is found everything, all knowledge and the entirety of God's love.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hannah|last=Brockhaus|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/44277/pope-francis-the-entirety-of-gods-love-is-found-in-the-crucifix|date=22 April 2020|title=Pope Francis: The entirety of God's love is found in the crucifix|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-url=}}</ref> Pope Francis taught that "True love is both loving and letting oneself be loved... what is important in love is not our loving, but allowing ourselves to be loved by God."<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Pope Francis]]|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/january/documents/papa-francesco_20150118_srilanka-filippine-incontro-giovani.html|location=Manila|title=Meeting with the young people in the sports field of Santo Tomas University|date=18 January 2015|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223111444/http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/january/documents/papa-francesco_20150118_srilanka-filippine-incontro-giovani.html|archive-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> And so, in the analysis of a Catholic theologian, for Pope Francis, "the key to love... is not our activity. It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe: God's."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/82535/the-key-to-love-according-to-pope-francis|title=The key to love according to Pope Francis|first=Raul|last=Nidoy|date=13 February 2015|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224115656/http://opinion.inquirer.net/82535/the-key-to-love-according-to-pope-francis|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In Christianity the practical definition of love is summarized by [[Thomas Aquinas]], who defined love as "to will the good of another," or to desire for another to succeed.{{r|newadvent.org}} This is an explanation of the Christian need to love others, including their enemies. Thomas Aquinas explains that Christian love is motivated by the need to see others succeed in life, to be good people. Regarding love for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew: {{quote|You have heard that it was said, "Love your neighbor and hate your enemy." But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect.|{{bibleverse|Matthew|5:43–48}} }} [[Tertullian]] wrote regarding love for enemies: "Our individual, extraordinary, and perfect goodness consists in loving our enemies. To love one's friends is common practice, to love one's enemies only among Christians."<ref>{{citation|author=Tertulliam|title=Ad Scapulam|url=https://www.tertullian.org/works/ad_scapulam.htm|volume=I}}</ref> ====Islam==== [[File:الودود.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Al-Wadūd or The Loving is a name of God in Islam.|In Islam, one of the 99 names of God is {{Nowrap|''Al-Wadūd''}}, which means "The Loving".]] Love encompasses the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold faith. Among the 99 names of God ([[Allah]]) is the name ''Al-Wadud'', or "the Loving One," which is found in [[Surah]] {{qref|11|90|pl=y}} and {{qref|85|14|pl=y}}. God is also referenced at the beginning of every chapter in the Qur'an as ''Ar-Rahman'' and ''Ar-Rahim'', or the "Most Compassionate" and the "Most Merciful", indicating that nobody is more loving, compassionate, and benevolent than God. The [[Qur'an]] refers to God as being "full of loving kindness." The Qur'an exhorts Muslim believers to treat {{clarify|text=all people, those who have not persecuted them|reason=which is it?|date=August 2023}}, with {{transliteration|ar|birr}} or "deep kindness" as stated in Surah {{qref|6|8-9|pl=y}}. {{transliteration|ar|Birr}} is also used by the Qur'an to describe the love and kindness that children must show to their parents. {{transliteration|ar|[[Ishq]]}}, or divine love, is emphasized by [[Sufism]] in the Islamic tradition. Practitioners of Sufism believe that love is a projection of the essence of God into the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at himself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices seeing the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewisohn|first=Leonard|title=Cambridge Companions to Religion|year=2014|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=150–180}}</ref> God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms—Lover, Loved, and Beloved—with the last of these terms often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love, humankind can return to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their [[love of God]]; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music. ====Bahá'í Faith==== In his [[Paris Talks]], [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] described four types of love: the love that flows from God to human beings; the love that flows from human beings to God; the love of God towards the Self or Identity of God; and the love of human beings for human beings.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PT/pt-59.html|publisher=Bahá'í Reference Library|title=Paris Talks|chapter=The Four Kinds of Love|pages=179–181|date=4 January 1913|publication-date=1972|edition=11th|access-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820183227/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PT/pt-59.html|archive-date=20 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Dharmic=== ====Buddhism==== {{citation needed section|date=August 2023}} In [[Buddhism]], {{transliteration|sa|[[kāma]]}} is sensuous, sexual love. It is an obstacle on the path to [[enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]], since it is selfish. {{transliteration|sa|[[Karuṇā]]}} is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment. {{transliteration|sa|[[Adveṣa]]}} and {{transliteration|pi|[[mettā]]}} are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism love refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare. The [[Bodhisattva]] ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. ====Hinduism==== {{Main|Kama|Kama Sutra}} <!-- Prem (Hinduism) redirects here --> [[File:Kama Rati.jpg|thumb|upright|Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]]] In [[Hinduism]], {{transliteration|sa|[[kāma]]}} is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god [[Kamadeva]]. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end ({{transliteration|sa|Kama}}) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of [[sugar cane]] and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot.{{relevance inline|date=August 2023}} He is usually accompanied by his consort [[Rati]] and his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season.{{relevance inline|date=August 2023}} Stone images of [[Kamadeva]] and Rati can be seen on the door of the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]], in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].{{relevance inline|date=August 2023}} ''Maara'' is another name for {{transliteration|sa|kāma}}.{{cn|date=August 2023}} In contrast to {{transliteration|sa|kāma}}, {{transliteration|sa|prema}}—or {{transliteration|sa|prem}}efers to elevated love. {{transliteration|sa|[[Karuṇā]]}} is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. {{transliteration|sa|[[Bhakti]]}} is a [[Sanskrit]] term meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices {{transliteration|sa|bhakti}} is called a {{transliteration|sa|bhakta}}. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of {{transliteration|sa|bhakti}}, which can be found in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and works by [[Tulsidas]]. The philosophical work ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]'', written by an unknown author (presumed to be [[Narada]]), distinguishes eleven forms of love. In certain [[Vaishnava]] sects within [[Hinduism]], attaining unadulterated, unconditional, and incessant love for the Godhead is considered the foremost goal of life. Gaudiya Vaishnavas who worship Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the cause of all causes consider Love for Godhead ({{transliteration|sa|Prema}}) to act in two ways: {{transliteration|sa|sambhoga}} and {{transliteration|sa|vipralambha}} (union and separation)—two opposites.<ref name="Krishna Prema">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168632408280|author=Gour Govinda Swami|title=The Wonderful Characteristic of Krishna Prema|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129064142/https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168632408280|archive-date=29 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In the condition of separation, there is an acute yearning for being with the beloved and in the condition of union, there is supreme happiness and {{clarify|text=nectarean|reason=nectarean what? (it's an adjective)|date=August 2023}}. Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider that Krishna-prema (Love for Godhead) burns away one's material desires, pierces the heart, and washes away everything—one's pride, one's religious rules, and one's shyness. Krishna-prema is considered to make one drown in the ocean of transcendental ecstasy and pleasure. The love of Radha, a cowherd girl, for Krishna is often cited as the supreme example of love for Godhead by Gaudiya Vaishnavas. [[Radha]] is considered to be the internal potency of [[Krishna]], and is the supreme lover of Godhead. Her example of love is considered to be beyond the understanding of material realm as it surpasses any form of selfish love or lust that is visible in the material world. The reciprocal love between [[Radha]] (the supreme lover) and [[Krishna]] (God as the Supremely Loved) is the subject of many poetic compositions in [[India]] such as the ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' of [[Jayadeva]] and ''Hari Bhakti Shuddhodhaya.'' In the {{transliteration|sa|Bhakti}} tradition within [[Hinduism]], it is believed that execution of devotional service to God leads to the development of Love for God ({{transliteration|bn|taiche bhakti-phale krsne prema upajaya}}), and as love for God increases in the heart, the more one becomes free from material contamination ({{transliteration|bn|krishna-prema asvada haile, bhava nasa paya}}). Being perfectly in love with God or Krishna makes one perfectly free from material contamination, and this is the ultimate way of salvation or liberation. In this tradition, salvation or liberation is considered inferior to love, and just an incidental by-product. Being absorbed in Love for God is considered to be the perfection of life.<ref name="Perfect Love">{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhupadanugas.eu/news/?p=23368|author=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|title=Perfectly in Krishna Love|date=29 November 1966|access-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141123025652/http%3A//www.prabhupadanugas.eu/?p%3D23368|archive-date=23 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Political views== ===Free love=== {{Main|Free love}} The term "free love" has been used<ref>{{cite book|title=Hand-book of the Oneida Community|url=https://library.syracuse.edu/digital/collections/h/Hand-bookOfTheOneidaCommunity/|year=1867|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152552/http://library.syr.edu/digital/collections/h/Hand-bookOfTheOneidaCommunity/ |archive-date=13 June 2010 }} Claims to have coined the term around 1850, and laments that its use was appropriated by [[socialist]]s to attack marriage, an institution that they felt protected women and children from abandonment.{{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> to describe a [[social movement]] that rejects [[marriage]], which is seen as a form of social bondage. The free love movement's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, [[birth control]], and [[adultery]]. It claimed that such issues were the concern of the people involved, and no one else.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McElroy | first1 = Wendy | year = 1996 | title = The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism | journal = Libertarian Enterprise | volume = 19 | page = 1 }}</ref> Many people in the early 19th century believed that marriage was an important aspect of life to "fulfill earthly human happiness."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free love - Connexipedia article |url=https://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Free_Love.htm |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.connexions.org}}</ref> Middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. This mentality created a vision of strongly defined gender roles, which provoked the advancement of the free love movement as a contrast.<ref name="Spurlock, John C 1988">{{cite book|last=Spurlock|first=John C.|title=Free Love, Marriage, and Middle-Class Radicalism in America|location=New York|publisher=New York University Press|year=1988}}</ref> Advocates of free love had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.<ref name="Passet, Joanne E 2003">{{cite book|last=Passet|first=Joanne E.|title=Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2003}}</ref> These are also beliefs of [[feminism]].<ref name="auto">{{Citation | title= Love's Lessons: Intimacy, Pedagogy and Political Community | first1= Timothy | last1= Laurie | first2= Hannah | last2= Stark | journal= Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 69–79 | year= 2017 | url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2017.1406048 | doi= 10.1080/0969725x.2017.1406048 | s2cid= 149182610 | access-date= 3 January 2018 | archive-date= 21 February 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230221024035/https://www.academia.edu/35349930 | url-status= live }}</ref> ==Philosophical views== {{Main|Philosophy of love}} The philosophy of love is a field of [[social philosophy]] and [[ethics]] that attempts to explain the nature of love.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Søren Kierkegaard|first=Søren|last=Kierkegaard|title=[[Works of Love]]|year=1847}}</ref> The philosophical investigation of love includes the tasks of distinguishing between the various kinds of personal love, asking if and how love is or can be justified, asking what the [[value (ethics)|value]] of love is, and what impact love has on the [[autonomy]] of both the lover and the beloved.<ref name="auto"/> == Literature depictions == [[File:Romeo_and_Juliet_(watercolour)_by_Ford_Maddox_Brown.jpg|thumb|292x292px|''Romeo and Juliet'', depicted as they part on the balcony in Act III, 1867 by [[Ford Madox Brown]]]] {{Empty section|date=May 2023}} ==See also== * {{annotated link|[[Color wheel theory of love]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Finger heart]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Hand heart]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Heart in hand]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Human bonding]]}} * {{annotated link|[[ILY sign]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Love at first sight]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Love-in]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Pair bond]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Polyamory]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Relationship science]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Romance (love)]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Self-love]]}} * {{annotated link|[[Social connection]]}} * Traditional forms, [[Agape]], [[Philia]], [[Philautia]], [[Storge (familial love)|Storge]], [[Eros (concept)|Eros]]: Greek terms for [[Greek words for love|love]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Saint Augustine Confessions|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-283372-3}} * {{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Helen|title=Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love|isbn=978-0-8050-6913-6|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/whywelove00hele|publisher=New York : H. Holt}} * {{cite journal |author=Giles, James|title=A theory of love and sexual desire|year=1994|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=24|pages=339–357|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x|issue=4}} * {{cite book |last=Kierkegaard|first=Søren|title=Works of Love|location=New York|publisher=Harper Perennial Modern Classics|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-171327-9}} * {{cite book |last=Oord|first=Thomas Jay|title=Defining Love: A Philosophical, Scientific, and Theological Engagement|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Brazos|year=2010|isbn=978-1-58743-257-6}} * {{cite book|last=Singer|first=Irving|title=The Nature of Love|volume=(in three volumes)|publisher=Random House|year=1966|edition=v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984|isbn=978-0-226-76094-0|url=https://archive.org/details/natureoflove0000sing}} * {{cite journal |author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=A triangular theory of love|year=1986|journal=Psychological Review|volume=93|pages=119–135|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119|issue=2}} * {{cite journal |author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories|year=1987|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=102|pages=331–345|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331|issue=3}} * {{cite book|last=Tennov|first=Dorothy|title=Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love|location=New York|publisher=Stein and Day|year=1979|isbn=978-0-8128-6134-1|url=https://archive.org/details/lovelimerenceexp00tenn}} * {{cite book|author=Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd|title=The World of Psychology|edition=5th|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|pages=[https://archive.org/details/masteringworldof00wood/page/402 402–403]|isbn=978-0-205-35868-7|url=https://archive.org/details/masteringworldof00wood/page/402}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |editor=Bayer, A| title= Art and love in Renaissance Italy | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2008 | url= http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/53033}} ==External links== {{sister project links|d=Q316|v=Have a Happy Relationship|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no|b=no|c=Category:Love}} * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/love-his/ History of Love], ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' * {{Curlie|Society/Relationships/Friendship/|Friendship}} * {{Curlie|Society/Philanthropy/|Philanthropy}} * {{Curlie|Society/Relationships/Romance/|Romance}} {{emotion-footer}} {{Interpersonal relationships footer}} {{Virtues}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Love| ]] [[Category:Emotions]] [[Category:Concepts in ethics]] [[Category:Fruit of the Holy Spirit]] [[Category:Personal life]] [[Category:Virtue]] [[Category:Mental states]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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