Liturgy

{{short description|Customary public worship performed by a religious group}}
{{redirect|Liturgist|the academic discipline|Liturgics}}
{{Other uses}}
'''Liturgy''' is the customary public ritual of [[worship]] performed by a religious group. ''Liturgy'' can also be used to refer specifically to public worship by [[Christian|Christians]].<ref>{{Cite OED| liturgy}} - "2.a. A form of public worship, esp. in the Christian Church; a collection of formularies for the conduct of Divine service."
</ref> As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a [[community|communal]] response to and participation in the [[sacred]] through activities reflecting [[praise]], thanksgiving, remembrance, [[supplication]], or [[repentance]]. It forms a basis for establishing a relationship with [[God]].

Technically speaking, liturgy forms a subset of [[ritual]]. The word ''liturgy'', sometimes equated in English as "[[wikt:service|service]]", refers to a formal ritual enacted by those who understand themselves to be participating in an action with the divine.[[File:BenedictineVespers.jpg|thumb|Benedictine Monks praying the [[Liturgy of the Hours]]]]

==Etymology==
The word ''liturgy'' ({{IPAc-en|l|ɪ|t|ə|r|dʒ|i}}), derived from the technical term in [[ancient Greek]] ({{lang-el|λειτουργία}}), [[Liturgy (ancient Greece)|''leitourgia'']], which means "work or service for the people" is a literal translation of the two [[Affix|affixes]] λήϊτος, "leitos", derived from the [[Attic_Greek|Attic]] form of λαός ("people, public"), and ἔργον, "ergon", meaning "work, service". 

In origin, it signified the often expensive offerings wealthy Greeks made in service to the people, and thus to the ''[[polis]]'' and the state.<ref>N. Lewis, "''Leitourgia'' and related terms", ''Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies'' '''3''' (1960:175–84) and '''6''' (1965:226–30).</ref> Through the ''leitourgia'', the rich carried a financial burden and were correspondingly rewarded with honours and prestige. Specific ''leitourgia'' were assigned by the ''polis'', the State, and during Rome's domination, the Roman Imperial authorities as "gifts" to the state and the people. Their performance became obligatory in the course of the 3rd century AD, as a form of taxation. The holder of a Hellenic ''leitourgia'' was not taxed a specific sum, but was assigned to subsidise a particular ritual, which could be performed with greater or lesser generosity or magnificence. The chief sphere remained that of civic religion, embodied in the festivals: [[Moses Finley|M.I. Finley]] notes "in [[Demosthenes]]' day there were at least 97 liturgical appointments in Athens for the festivals, rising to 118 in a (quadrennial) [[Panathenaic festival|Panathenaic year]]."<ref>Finley, ''The Ancient Economy'' 2nd ed., 1985:151.</ref> Groups of rich citizens were assigned to subsidise civic amenities and even warships. Eventually, under the [[Roman Empire]], such obligations, known to Romans as ''[[Munera (ancient_Rome)|munera]]'', devolved into a competitive and ruinously expensive burden that was avoided when possible. ''Munera'' included a wide range of expenses having to do with civic infrastructure and amenities; festivals and games (''ludi'') and imperial obligations such as highway, bridge and aqueduct repair, supply of various raw materials, and feeding troops in transit.

==Buddhism==
{{main|Buddhist liturgy}}
[[File:Bhikku Upasampata.JPG|alt=Buddhist Liturgy|thumb|Buddhist liturgy]]
Buddhist liturgy is a formalized service of veneration and worship performed within a [[Buddhist]] [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] in nearly every traditional denomination and sect in the Buddhist world. It is often done one or more times a day and can vary among the [[Theravada]], [[Mahayana]], and [[Vajrayana]] sects.

The liturgy mainly consists of [[Buddhist chant|chanting]] or reciting a ''[[sutra]]'' or passages from a ''sutras'', a ''[[mantra]]'' (especially in Vajrayana), and several ''[[gatha]]s''. Depending on what practice the practitioner wishes to undertake, it can be done at a temple or at home. The liturgy is almost always performed in front of an [[Buddharupa|object or objects of veneration]] and accompanied by offerings of light, incense, water, and food.

==Christianity==
{{main|Christian liturgy}}
[[File:Jan Babjak SJ.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.9|A [[bishop]] celebrating the [[Divine Liturgy]] in an [[Eastern Catholic Church]] in [[Prešov]], [[Slovakia]]]]
[[File:Vihkimistilaisuus Kiuruveden kirkossa.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|Wedding ceremony inside the [[Kiuruvesi Church]] in [[Kiuruvesi]], [[Finland]]]]
Frequently in [[Christianity]], a distinction is made between "liturgical" and "non-liturgical" churches based on how elaborate or formal the worship; in this usage, churches whose services are unscripted or improvised are called "non-liturgical".  Others object to this distinction, arguing that this terminology obscures the universality of public worship as a religious phenomenon.<ref>Underhill, E., ''Worship'' (London:  Bradford and Dickens, 1938), pp. 3&ndash;19.</ref> Thus, even the ''open'' or ''waiting'' worship of [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]] is liturgical, since the waiting itself until the Holy Spirit moves individuals to speak is a prescribed form of Quaker worship, sometimes referred to as "the liturgy of silence".<ref>Dandelion, P., ''The Liturgies of Quakerism'', Liturgy, Worship and Society Series (Aldershot, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005).</ref>  Typically in Christianity, however, the term "the liturgy" normally refers to a standardised order of events observed during a religious service, be it a [[sacrament|sacramental]] service or a service of public [[Christian prayer|prayer]]; usually the former is the referent. In the ancient tradition, sacramental liturgy especially is the participation of the people in the work of God, which is primarily the saving work of Jesus Christ; in this liturgy, Christ continues the work of redemption.<ref>Catechism of the Catholic Church 1069 (London: Chapman, 1994).</ref>

The term "liturgy" in Greek literally means to "work for the people", but a better translation is "public service" or "public work", as made clear from the origin of the term as described above. The early Christians adopted the word to describe their principal act of worship, the Sunday service (referred to by various terms, including Holy Eucharist, Holy Communion, Mass or Divine Liturgy), which they considered to be a [[Sacrifice#By_religion|sacrifice]]. This service, liturgy, or ministry (from the Latin "ministerium") is a duty for Christians as a priestly people by their baptism into Christ and participation in His high priestly ministry. It is also God's ministry or service to the worshippers. It is a reciprocal service. As such, many Christian churches designate one person who participates in the worship service as the liturgist. The liturgist may read announcements, scriptures, and calls to worship, while the minister preaches the sermon, offers prayers, and blesses sacraments.  The liturgist may be either an ordained minister or a lay person. The entire congregation participates in and offers the liturgy to God.

[[File:Prayer in Holy house of The God.webp|thumb]]
==Islam==
{{main|Salat|ṣalawāt|mawlid|dhikr}}
''Salāt'' ("prayer", {{lang-ar|[[Wikt:صلاة|صلاة]]}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ṣalāh}}'' or {{smallcaps|[[genitive case#Arabic|''gen'']]}}: ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ṣalāt}}''; pl. {{lang|ar|صلوات}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ṣalawāt}}'') is the practice of physical and compulsory prayer in [[Islam]] as opposed to [[dua]], which is the Arabic word for [[supplication]]. Its importance for [[Muslims]] is indicated by its status as one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]].

Salat is preceded by [[Wudu|ritual ablution]] and usually performed five times a day. It consists of the repetition of a unit called a ''[[rakat|rakʿah]]'' (pl. ''rakaʿāt'') consisting of prescribed actions and words. The number of obligatory (''[[fard]]'') ''rakaʿāt'' varies from two to four according to the time of day or other circumstances (such as Friday congregational worship, which has two rakats). Prayer is obligatory for all Muslims except those who are [[Preadolescence|prepubescent]], [[menstruation|menstruating]], or in [[puerperium]] stage after childbirth.<ref>''Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics'', p. 43, Aruna Thaker, Arlene Barton, 2012</ref>

==Judaism==
{{main|Jewish liturgy}}
Jewish liturgy is the [[prayer]] recitations that form part of the observance of Rabbinic [[Judaism]]. These prayers, often with instructions and commentary, are found in the ''[[siddur]]'', the traditional Jewish prayer book. In general, Jewish men are obligated to pray three times a day [[Zmanim|within specific time ranges (''zmanim'')]]. while, according most modern Orthodox authorities, women are only ''required'' to pray once daily, as they are generally exempted from obligations that are time dependent. All public prayer requires a [[minyan]], a quorum of 10 adults, to be present. 

Traditionally, three prayer services are recited daily:
# ''[[Shacharit]]'' or ''Shaharit'' (שַחֲרִת), from the [[Hebrew (language)|Hebrew]] ''shachar'' or ''shahar'' (שַחָר) "morning light",
# ''[[Mincha]]'' or ''Minha'' (מִנְחָה), the afternoon prayers named for the flour offering that accompanied sacrifices at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]],
# ''Arvit'' (עַרְבִית) or ''[[Maariv]]'' (מַעֲרִיב), from "nightfall".
Additional prayers:
* ''[[Musaf]]'' (מוּסָף, "additional") is traditionally recited on [[Shabbat]], major [[Jewish holiday]]s (including [[Chol HaMoed]]), and [[Rosh Chodesh]].
* A fifth prayer service, ''[[Ne'ila]]'' (נְעִילָה, "closing"), is recited only on [[Yom Kippur]], the Day of Atonement.

==See also==
*''[[Book of Common Prayer]]''
*''[[The Book of Common Worship of 1993]]''
*[[Liturgical book]]
*[[Catholic liturgy]]
*[[Divine Liturgy]]
*[[Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)]]
*[[Divine Service (Lutheran)]]
*[[Eastern Catholic liturgy]]
*[[Kesh temple hymn]] (Liturgy to Nintud) — Sumerian clay tablet written as early as 2600 BC
*[[Liturgical year]]
*[[Protestant liturgy]]
*[[Sacrament]]
*[[Seokjeon Daeje]]
*[[Siddur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Baldovin, John F., SJ (2008) ''Reforming the Liturgy: a Response to the Critics''. The Liturgical Press
*Bowker, John, ed. (1997) ''Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-213965-7}}.
*Bugnini, Annibale, (1990) ''The Reform of the Liturgy 1948&ndash;1975''. The Liturgical Press
*Dix, Dom Gregory (1945) ''The Shape of the Liturgy''
*Donghi, Antonio, (2009) ''Words and Gestures in the Liturgy''. The Liturgical Press
*Johnson, Lawrence J., (2009) ''Worship in the Early Church: an Anthology of Historical Sources''. The Liturgical Press
*Jones, Cheslyn, Geoffrey Wainwright, and Edward Yarnold, eds. (1978) ''The Study of Liturgy''.  London: SPCK.
*Marini, Piero, (2007) ''A Challenging Reform: Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal''. The Liturgical Press
*Scotland, N. A. D. (1989). ''Eucharistic Consecration in the First Four Centuries and Its Implications for Liturgical Reform'', in series, ''Latimer Studies'', 31. Latimer House. {{ISBN|0-946307-30-X}}
*[http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/beliefs.html "What Do Quakers Believe?"]. Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=liturgy}}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09306a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110119105305/http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy]
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=475&letter=L&search=Liturgy Jewish Encyclopedia: Liturgy]
*[http://www.liturgy.co.nz Contemporary Christian Liturgy Website] History, theory, practice
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070519064906/http://www.confiteordeo.info/latin_masses.htm The Indult Tridentine Rite of Mass]
*[http://dsjliturgy.blogspot.com Work of the People]
*[http://www.liturgix.com Eastern Orthodox Christian Liturgy Website] Liturgy
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160310205704/http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage%3Dpage%26mode%3Ddisplay%26gid%3D20052995655655607101111555%26pg%3D20053264518475013601111555 A Brief Exposition of the Divine Service]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Christian worship and liturgy| Liturgy]]
[[Category:Religious rituals]]