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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Most populous City in Nigeria and Africa}} {{About|the city, officially known as Lagos Metropolis Area|other uses}} {{Redirect|Èkó|the song|Èkó (song)}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2014}} {{Use Nigerian English|date=August 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} <!-- Infobox starts !--> {{Infobox settlement | name = Lagos | native_name = <small><nowiki></nowiki>{{native name|yo|Èkó|}} </small> | settlement_type = [[Metropolis]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | caption_align = center | image1 = 2014 Victoria Island Lagos Nigeria 15006436297.jpg | caption1 = [[Lagos Island]] skyline from [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Victoria Island]] | image2 =Civic_Towers,_Victoria_Island._Lagos.jpg | caption2 = [[Civic Tower (Lagos)|Civic Tower]] | image3 = 2014 Tinubu Square Lagos Nigeria 14640600637.jpg | caption3 = [[Tinubu Square]] | image4 = Lekki-Epe Expressway Sandfill Bustop.jpg | caption4 = [[Lekki–Epe Expressway]] | image5 = National Theater in Lagos State-Nigeria.jpg | caption5 = [[National Arts Theatre]] | image6 = Lekki Link bridge-9374.jpg | caption6 = [[Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge]] | image7 = The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg | caption7 = [[Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos|Cathedral Church of Christ]] | color = white }} | image_flag = <!--flag of Lagos.svg--> | image_seal = | nickname = ''Eko akete'', ''Lasgidi''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html |title=18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website |date=18 June 2012 |work=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=2 October 2012 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |archive-date=27 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027230021/http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/ |title=Eko 2012: Building Branding through Sports, Articles |date=22 August 2012 |work=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=2 October 2012 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/ |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> | motto = <nowiki>"Èkó ò ní bàjẹ́ o!" in </nowiki>[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] | image_map = Location of Lagos.png | map_caption = Lagos shown within the [[Lagos State|State of Lagos]] | pushpin_map = Nigeria Lagos#Nigeria | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Lagos in Nigeria | coordinates = {{coord|6.455027|3.384082|region:NG-LA_type:city(8,100,000)|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Nigeria}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA(s)]]{{Refn|name=LGA|group=note|Metropolitan Lagos consists of 16 of Lagos State's 20 LGAs, which excludes [[Badagry]], [[Epe, Lagos State|Epe]], [[Ibeju-Lekki]] and [[Ikorodu]].<ref name="metrolagospop">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php |title=Metro Lagos (Nigeria): Local Government Areas |publisher=City Population |date=21 March 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507193524/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="metropolitan Lagos">{{cite web |url=https://ng.boell.org/2015/07/02/lagos-and-its-potentials-economic-growth |title=Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth |date=2 July 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009143404/http://ng.boell.org/2015/07/02/lagos-and-its-potentials-economic-growth |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | subdivision_name1 = [[Lagos State|Lagos]] | subdivision_name2 = {{collapsible list |title=List of LGAs |'''Island''' |[[Apapa]] |[[Eti-Osa]]{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Only Ikoyi-Obalande and Iru-Victoria Island LCDAs}} |[[Lagos Island]] |'''Mainland'''|[[Ajeromi-Ifelodun]]|[[Lagos Mainland]]|[[Surulere]] |'''Suburban''' |[[Agege]] | [[Alimosho]] |[[Ifako-Ijaiye]] | [[Ikeja]] |[[Kosofe]] |[[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]] |[[Ojo, Lagos State|Ojo]] |[[Oshodi-Isolo]] |[[Shomolu]] |[[Amuwo-Odofin]] }} | established_title = Settled | established_date = 15th century | founder = [[Awori tribe|Awori]] subgroup of the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]<ref name=urban>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKc5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA427 |page=427 |title=Encyclopedia of Urban Studies |first=Ray |last=Hutchison |publisher=SAGE |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-412-9143-21}}</ref> | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_title1 = Governor of Lagos | leader_name1 = [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] | leader_title2 = Deputy Governor | leader_name2 = [[Femi Hamzat]] | leader_title3 = Supreme Judge | leader_name3 = [[Kazeem Alogba]] | area_footnotes = <ref name="metrolagospop"/> | area_total_km2 = 1171.28 | area_land_km2 = 999.6 | area_water_km2 = 171.68 | area_urban_km2 = 907 | area_metro_km2 = 2706.7 | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 135 | population_total = 8,048,430 | population_as_of = 2006 census | population_footnotes = {{Refn|name=LGA|group=note}} | population_density_km2 = 6,871 | population_est = 16,437,435 | pop_est_as_of = 2018 by [[Lagos State Government|LASG]]<ref name="Lagos State Government">{{Cite web |url=http://mepb.lagosstate.gov.ng/storage/sites/29/2020/08/Abstract-of-Local-Government-Statistics-Y2019.pdf |title=2019 Abstract of Local Government Statistics |author=Lagos Bureau of Statistics |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816041718/http://mepb.lagosstate.gov.ng/storage/sites/29/2020/08/Abstract-of-Local-Government-Statistics-Y2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_urban = 16,637,000<ref name=Demographia>{{cite book |author1=Demographia |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |date=January 2015 |edition=11th |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030244/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = 14,469 | population_metro = 21,000,000 (estimated)<ref name="Lagos State Government"/> | population_density_metro_km2 = 7,759 | population_rank = [[List of Nigerian cities by population|1st]] | population_demonym = Lagosian | demographics_type1 = GDP | demographics1_footnotes =<ref name="C-GIDD GDP">{{cite web |date=2022-10-13 |editor-last=Okeowo |editor-first=Gabriel |editor2-last=Fatoba |editor2-first=Iyanuoluwa |title=State of States 2022 Edition |url=https://yourbudgit.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-State-of-states_Official.pdf |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Budgit.org |publisher=BudgIT |publication-date=2022-10-13}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = Metro | demographics1_info2 = US$ 114.5 billion | demographics1_title3 = Per capita | demographics1_info3 = US$ 6,100 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in Nigeria|010]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA87 |title=Bradt Travel Guides |edition=3rd |publisher=Paperback |isbn=978-1-8416-2397-9 |first=Lizzie |last=Williams |year=2008 |page=87 |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> | website = | footnotes = {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} | demographics1_info1 = | gini_year = | timezone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] (UTC+1) | utc_offset = +1 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] | leader_party = | leader_title = | timezone1 = | pushpin_image = }} '''Lagos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|eɪ|ɡ|ɒ|s}} {{respell|LAY|goss}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref name="m-w">{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Lagos|title=Lagos|website=[[merriam-webster.com]]}}</ref> also [[American English|US]]: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|g|oʊ|s}} {{respell|LAH|gohss}};<ref name="m-w"/><ref name="wells">{{cite book |last1=Wells |first1=John C. |last2=Davidson |first2=Lhinton |title=Sounds interesting: observations on English and general phonetics |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-07470-5 |page=21}}</ref> {{Lang-yo|Èkó}}) or '''Lagos City''' is the most populous [[city]] in [[Nigeria]], with an estimated population of 21 million<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-30 |title=Lagos now wears a new look |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2016/lagos-now-wears-new-look |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Renewal |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219011121/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2016/lagos-now-wears-new-look |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As world population tops 8 billion, Africa's most populated city keeps growing |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/lagos-nigeria-keeps-growing-as-world-population-passes-8-billion-153665093874 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogunbiyi |first=Tayo |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Lagos and the 2023 Census |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/lagos-and-the-2023-census/amp/ |access-date=January 22, 2024 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> in 2015. Lagos is the most populous urban area in Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bearak |first1=Max |last2=Moriarty |first2=Dylan |last3=Ledur |first3=Júlia |title=Africa's rising cities |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/africa-cities/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416001604/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/africa-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Lagos was the national capital of [[Nigeria]] until December 1991 following the [[Government of Nigeria|government]]'s decision to move their capital to [[Abuja]] in the centre of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abuja at 46: The Dreams, Strides, Challenges |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/509441-abuja-at-46-the-dreams-strides-challenges.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2021-12-12 |title=ABUJA: Capital relocation from Lagos 30 years ago |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/opinion/abuja-capital-relocation-from-lagos-30-years-ago/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Hamza |title=Nigeria: Clearing the locals to make Abuja the capital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/4/11/nigeria-clearing-the-locals-to-make-abuja-the-capital |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Lagos is a major African [[financial center|financial centre]] and is the economic hub of [[Lagos State]] and Nigeria at large. The city has a significant influence on [[commerce]], [[entertainment]], [[technology]], [[education]], [[politics]], [[tourism]], [[art]], and [[fashion]] in [[Africa]]. Lagos is also among the top ten of the world's fastest-growing cities and [[Urban area|urban]] areas.{{refn|Sources:<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5TP7bsXnkC&pg=PA202 |title=African Cities Driving the NEPAD Initiative |year=2006 |isbn= 978-9-211318159 |page=202|publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sMnj88kYVmcC&pg=PT60 |title=Key Concepts in Creative Industries |page=47 |first1= John |last1= Hartley |first2=Jason |last2=Potts |first3=Terry|last3=Flew|first4= Stuart |last4= Cunningham |first5= Michael|last5= Keane|first6= John |last6= Banks |publisher= SAGE |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-446-2028-90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJb1QpZz_4C&pg=PA118 |title=Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance |page=118 |author1=Helmut K Anheier |author2=Yudhishthir Raj Isar |publisher= SAGE |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-446-2585-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oy-de29AtvYC&pg=PA163 |title=Hidden Innovation: Policy, Industry and the Creative Sector (Creative Economy and Innovation Culture Se Series) |first=Stuart |last=Cunningham |publisher= Univ. of Queensland Press |page=163 |year=2013 |isbn= 978-0-702-2509-89}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ_ZLuqZT54C&pg=PA71 |title=Cities and Nature |page=7 |publisher=Routledge Critical Introductions to Urbanism and the City |first1= Lisa|last1= Benton-Short|author-link2=John Rennie Short |author2=John Rennie Short |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-134252749}}</ref><ref name=afropolis>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9lcn62brtGQC&pg=PA18|title=Afropolis: City Media Art |first1=Kerstin |last1=Pinther |first2=Larissa |last2=Förster |first3=Christian |last3=Hanussek |publisher=Jacana Media |year=2012 |page=18 |isbn=978-1-431-4032-57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JPIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |title=The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa Estuaries of the World |first1=Salif |last1=Diop |first2=Jean-Paul |last2=Barusseau |page=66 |first3=Cyr |last3=Descamps |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-319-0638-81}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Most Populated Cities of the World. World Megacities - Nations Online Project|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/bigcities.htm|access-date=2021-09-23|website=nationsonline.org|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005155316/https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/bigcities.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[megacity]] has the fourth-highest [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] in Africa<ref name="metropolitan Lagos" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/richest-cities-in-africa|title=These cities are the hubs of Africa's economic boom|date=2018-10-04|website=Big Think|access-date=2019-04-23|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423194527/https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/richest-cities-in-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> and houses one of the [[Apapa|largest and busiest seaport]]s on the [[continent]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/81995/africas-biggest-shipping-ports/ |title= Africa's biggest shipping ports |publisher= Businesstech |date= 8 March 2015 |access-date= 26 October 2015 |archive-date= 5 November 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151105121001/http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/81995/africas-biggest-shipping-ports/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E-VwMKQlGjIC |title=Africa, Volume 1 of Cities of the World: a compilation of current information on cultural, geographical, and political conditions in the countries and cities of six continents, based on the Department of State's "post reports" |first1=Brian |last1=Rajewski |publisher=Gale Research International, Limited |year=1998 |isbn= 978-0-810-3769-22}}</ref><ref name="global">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Lzt7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |page=315 |title= Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement |first1=Loretta |last1=Lees |author2= Hyun Bang Shin |author3= Ernesto López Morales |publisher=Policy Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-447-3134-89}}</ref> Due to the large urban population and port traffic volumes, Lagos is classified as a Medium-Port Megacity.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Toby | last1 = Roberts | first2 = Ian | last2 = Williams | first3 = John | last3 = Preston | title = The Southampton system: a new universal standard approach for port-city classification | journal = Maritime Policy & Management | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 530–542 | publisher = Taylor & Francis Group | location = London | date = 10 August 2020 | language = | jstor = | issn = | doi = 10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | s2cid = 225502755 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Lagos emerged as a home to the [[Awori tribe|Awori]] subgroup of the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] of [[West Africa]] islands, which are contained in the present day Local Government Areas ([[List of Lagos State local government areas by population|LGAs]]) of [[Lagos Island]], [[Eti-Osa]], [[Amuwo-Odofin]] and [[Apapa]]. The islands are separated by creeks, fringing the southwest mouth of [[Lagos Lagoon]], while being protected from the Atlantic Ocean by [[barrier island]]s and long sand spits such as [[Bar Beach, Lagos|Bar Beach]], which stretch up to {{cvt|100|km}} east and west of the mouth. Due to rapid urbanisation, the city expanded to the west of the lagoon to include areas in the present day [[Lagos Mainland]], [[Ajeromi-Ifelodun]], and [[Surulere]]. This led to the classification of Lagos into two main areas: the [[#Island|Island]], which was the original city of Lagos, and the [[#Mainland|Mainland]], which it has since expanded into.<ref name="Lagos Case Study">{{cite web |url=http://water.tkk.fi/wr/tutkimus/glob/publications/Haapala/pdf-files/CASE%20STUDY%20OF%20LAGOS.pdf |title=CASE STUDY OF LAGOS |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195932/http://water.tkk.fi/wr/tutkimus/glob/publications/Haapala/pdf-files/CASE%20STUDY%20OF%20LAGOS.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> This city area was governed directly by the Federal Government through the Lagos City Council, until the creation of Lagos State in 1967, which led to the splitting of Lagos city into the present-day seven [[List of Lagos State local government areas by population|Local Government Areas]] (LGAs), and an addition of other towns (which now make up 13 LGAs) from the then [[Western Region, Nigeria|Western Region]] to form the state.<ref name="Lagos State Information"/> However, the state capital was later moved to [[Ikeja]] in 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Lagos |url=https://onelagosfiesta.ng/history-of-lagos/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=One Lagos Fiesta |date=10 July 2016 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112914/https://onelagosfiesta.ng/history-of-lagos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the federal capital moved to [[Abuja]] in 1991. Even though Lagos is still widely referred to as a city, the present-day Lagos, also known as "Metropolitan Lagos", and officially as "Lagos Metropolitan Area"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ng.boell.org/2014/07/29/flood-free-lagos-regional-imperative |title=A Flood-Free Lagos: The Regional Imperative |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424012242/https://ng.boell.org/2014/07/29/flood-free-lagos-regional-imperative |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3828/lhr.61.1.49 |title=The Travails of Migrant and Wage Labour in the Lagos Metropolitan Area in the Inter-War Years |publisher=Liverpool University Press |access-date=27 November 2015 |author=Olukoju, Ayodeji |journal=Labour History Review |year=1996 |volume=61 |pages=49–70 |doi=10.3828/lhr.61.1.49}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.12&d=HASH2fc4be0b5391fe0cf5027a.5.fc |title=Lagos Metropolitan Area: Scope and scale of the shelter problem |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051506/http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.12&d=HASH2fc4be0b5391fe0cf5027a.5.fc |url-status=live }}</ref> is an [[urban agglomeration]] or [[conurbation]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://goarticles.com/article/Lagos-is-wonderful-and-charming-conurbation-of-Nigeria-to-visit/6185807/ | title=Lagos is wonderful and charming conurbation of Nigeria to visit | publisher=Go Articles | date=6 March 2012 | access-date=27 November 2015 | author=Caprio, Charles | archive-date=24 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224195724/http://goarticles.com/article/Lagos-is-wonderful-and-charming-conurbation-of-Nigeria-to-visit/6185807/ | url-status=live }}</ref> consisting of 16 LGAs including Ikeja, the state capital of Lagos State.<ref name="metropolitan Lagos"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=lagos | title=Administrative Levels - Lagos State | publisher=Nigeria Congress | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234623/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Lagos | archive-date=25 December 2005}}</ref> This conurbation makes up 37% of Lagos State total land area, but houses about 85% of the state's total population.<ref name="metropolitan Lagos"/><ref name="Lagos State Information">{{cite web | url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/information/details/Lagos | title=Lagos State Information | publisher=National Bureau of Statistics | access-date=25 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109140122/http://nigerianstat.gov.ng/information/details/Lagos | archive-date=9 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |title=Population - Lagos State |publisher=[[Lagos State Government]] |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |archive-date=18 October 2015 }}</ref> The population of Metropolitan Lagos is disputed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 World Population by Country |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=worldpopulationreview.com |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921032124/https://worldpopulationreview.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2006 federal census data, the conurbation had a population of about 8 million people.<ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population/> However, the figure was disputed by the [[Lagos State Government]], which later released its own population data, putting the population of [[Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority|Lagos Metropolitan Area]] at approximately 16 million.{{refn|name=LGA|group=note}} Daily, the Lagos area is growing by some 3,000 people or around 1.1 million annually, so the true population figure of the greater Lagos area in 2022 is roughly 28 million (up from some 23.5 million in 2018). Lagos may therefore have overtaken [[Kinshasa]] as Africa's most populous city. As of 2015, unofficial figures put the population of "Greater Metropolitan Lagos", which includes Lagos and its surrounding metro area, extending as far as into [[Ogun State]], at approximately 21 million.<ref name="metrolagospop"/><ref name="Lagos State Information"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |publisher=Lagos State Government |title=Population |year=2011 |access-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6 |archive-date=18 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="The sustainable city">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmk3mCrMDTQC&q=153%2C540+hectares&pg=PA160 |title=The Sustainable City VII: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84564-578-6 |last1=Pacetti |first1=M. |last2=Passerini |first2=G. |last3=Brebbia |first3=C.A. |last4=Latini |first4=G.|publisher=WIT Press }}</ref> The Lagos conurbation is part of an emerging transnational [[megalopolis]] on the coast of West Africa that includes areas in five [[Sovereign state|sovereign states]], the [[Abidjan–Lagos Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=French |first=Howard W. |date=2022-10-27 |title=Megalopolis: how coastal west Africa will shape the coming century |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/27/megalopolis-how-coastal-west-africa-will-shape-the-coming-century |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Choplin |first=Armelle |title=The West African corridor from Abidjan to Lagos: a megacity-region under construction |date=2020-09-04 |work=Handbook of Megacities and Megacity-Regions |pages=206–222 |url=https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788972697/9781788972697.00021.xml |access-date=2024-03-06 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |language=en-US |isbn=978-1-78897-270-3 |last2=Hertzog |first2=Alice}}</ref> The [[University of Lagos]] is one of the [[Education in Nigeria#First generation universities|first generation universities]] of Nigeria. The business district of Lagos is home to [[Tinubu Square]], named after the aristocratic slave trader [[Efunroye Tinubu]]. Lagos contains [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]], named after Nigerian president [[Murtala Muhammad]], and is one of the busiest African airports. [[National Stadium, Lagos|Lagos National Stadium]] has hosted various international sports events such as the [[1980 African Cup of Nations]]. == Name == ''Lagos'' is derived from the Portuguese word for "lakes". The pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|eɪ|ɡ|ɒ|s}} ({{respell|LAY|goss}}) is typically standard in [[British English|British]] and [[Nigerian English]].<ref name="wells">{{cite book |last1=Wells |first1=John C. |last2=Davidson |first2=Lhinton |title=Sounds interesting: observations on English and general phonetics |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-07470-5 |page=21}}</ref><ref name = "hd">{{cite web |title=Listen To An EXPERT Would Say Lagos? Find Out TODAY. Lagos Pronunciation |url=https://howdoyousaythatword.com/word/lagos/}}</ref> Speakers of [[American English]] often use the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|g|oʊ|s}} ({{respell|LAH|gohss}}), which sounds more similar to the original Portuguese pronunciation.<ref name="wells"/><ref name="hd"/> The native [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] name ''Èkó'' is also used by [[Yoruba people]]. == History == {{main|History of Lagos}} {{further|Lagos Colony}} {{For timeline}} == Administration == Lagos was formerly the capital city of [[Nigeria]], but it has since been replaced by [[Abuja]]. Abuja officially became the capital of [[Nigeria]] on 12 December 1991, although the decision to move the federal capital had been made in now Act no. 6 of 1976. Lagos is also home to the High Court of the [[Lagos State Judiciary]], housed in an old colonial building on Lagos Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/LagosStateJudiciaryInBrief.htm|title=Lagos State Judiciary|publisher=Nigeria Law Online|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-date=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Glkg1Lok?url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/LagosStateJudiciaryInBrief.htm}}</ref> [[File:Map of the Local Government Areas of Lagos.png|thumb|upright=2.5|A map showing the 16 [[Local Government Areas in Nigeria|LGAs]] making up Lagos Metropolitan Area]] In terms of administration, Lagos is not a single [[municipality]] and therefore has no overall city administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/9175_77451_Cities_and_CitizensSeries_Addis_casablanca_Lagos.pdf |title=Cities & Citizens Series:''Urban Iniquities in three Cities'' |publisher=Unhabit Online |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013154517/http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/9175_77451_Cities_and_CitizensSeries_Addis_casablanca_Lagos.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 }}</ref> The geographical city limits of Metropolitan Lagos comprise 16 of the 20 Local Government Areas of Lagos State. The latter entity provides overall government for the metropolitan region. The former Municipality of Lagos, which covered Lagos Island, Ikoyi, and Victoria Island as well as some mainland territory, was managed by the Lagos City Council (LCC), but it was disbanded in 1976 and divided into several [[Local Government Areas in Nigeria|Local Government Areas]] (most notably Lagos Island LGA, [[Lagos Mainland|Lagos Mainland LGA]] and [[Eti-Osa|Eti-Osa LGA]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Admin. Dev. Urban local government finance in Nigeria: ''The case of Lagos municipal area''|page=12: 19–38| doi= 10.1002/pad.4230120103 |author=Dr. Dele Olowu |year=1992}}</ref> The mainland beyond the Municipality of Lagos, on the other hand, included several separate towns and settlements such as [[Mushin, Nigeria|Mushin]], Ikeja and Agege. In the wake of the 1970s Nigerian oil boom, Lagos experienced a population explosion, untamed economic growth, and unmitigated rural migration. This caused the outlying towns and settlements to develop rapidly, thus forming the present-day "Lagos Metropolitan Area", also known as "Metropolitan Lagos". The history of Lagos is still evidenced in the layout of the LGAs that display the unique identities of the cultures that created them.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} By 2006, the metro area around Lagos had extended beyond Lagos State's boundaries and attained a [[megacity]] status. This much larger area is referred to as "Greater Metropolitan Lagos" or "Lagos Megacity Region", which is a continuously built-up land area of an additional {{convert|1535.4|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=off}}, in LGAs situated next to Lagos's eastern and western city limits in Lagos State, and also beyond its northern limits, spilling into some LGAs in adjoining [[Ogun State]]. Ogun State LGAs that have become part of Greater Metropolitan Lagos include [[Obafemi Owode]], [[Sagamu]], [[Ifo, Ogun State|Ifo]], [[Ado-Odo/Ota]] and part of [[Ewekoro]].<ref name="The sustainable city"/> Today, the word ''Lagos'' most often refers to the urban area, called "Metropolitan Lagos" in Nigeria, which includes both the islands of the former municipality of Lagos and the mainland suburbs. Lagos State government is responsible for some of the utilities including roads and transportation, power, water, health, and education. Metropolitan Lagos extends over 16 of the 20 LGAs of [[Lagos State]] and contains about 85% of the population of Lagos State, including some semi-rural areas.<ref name="METRO">{{cite web |url= http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf |title= Managing Metropolitan Lagos |publisher= R.Rasaki |access-date= 4 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120513124623/http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf |archive-date= 13 May 2012 }}</ref> Lagos has a considerable number of high-rise buildings that dominate its skyline. Most of the tall buildings are located in the downtown Central Business District.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} == Demography == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:650px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| The 16 LGAs of Metropolitan Lagos |- | style="width:37%; text-align:center; background:#ccf;"| '''[[Local Government Areas in Nigeria|Local Government Area]]''' || style="width:21%; text-align:center; background:#ccf;"| '''Land area'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php | title=Metro Lagos | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=7 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507193524/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php | url-status=live }}</ref><br />'''(in km<sup>2</sup>)''' || style="width:21%; text-align:center; background:#ccf;"| '''Population'''<ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population>The sixteen LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf |title=2006 Population Census |date=May 2007 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria]] |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626113456/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2011 }}</ref><br />'''(2006 Census)''' | style="width:30%; text-align:center; background:#ccf;"|'''Population'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts, and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><br />'''(2022 estimate)'''|| style="width:30%; text-align:center; background:#ccf;" | '''2006 Density <br />(inh. per km<sup>2</sup>)''' |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Agege]]|| 17 || 459,939 |683,600|| 41,071 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Ajeromi-Ifelodun]]|| 13.9 || 684,105 |1,017,500|| 55,474 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Alimosho]]|| 137.8 || 1,277,714 |1,953,500|| 6,899 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Amuwo-Odofin]]|| 179.1 || 318,166 |487,000|| 2,364 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Apapa]]|| 38.5 || 217,362 |330,100|| 8,153 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Eti-Osa]]|| 299.1 || 287,785 |420,100|| 1,496 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Ifako-Ijaiye]]|| 43 || 427,878 |633,200|| 16,078 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Ikeja]]|| 49.92 || 313,196 |470,200|| 6,785 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Kosofe]]|| 84.4 || 665,393 |1,010,800|| 8,174 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Lagos Island]]|| 9.26 || 209,437 |314,900|| 24,182 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Lagos Mainland]]|| 19.62 || 317,720 |483,600|| 16,322 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]]|| 14.05 || 633,009 |935,400|| 36,213 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Ojo, Lagos State|Ojo]]|| 182 || 598,071 |901,800|| 3,781 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Oshodi-Isolo]]|| 41.98 || 621,509 |931,300|| 13,886 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Somolu]]|| 14.6 || 402,673 |597,400|| 34,862 |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Surulere]]|| 27.05 || 503,975 |744,400|| 21,912 |- style="text-align:center;" | '''Metropolitan Lagos'''|| '''1,171.28''' || '''7,937,932''' |'''11,914,800'''|| '''7,941''' |} Although the 2006 National Population Census of [[Nigeria]] credited the metropolitan area with a population figure of 7,937,932, the figure is at variance with some projections by the United Nations and other population agencies and groups worldwide. The population figure of [[Lagos State]] given by the Lagos State Government is 17,553,924. That figure was based on claimed conducted enumeration for social planning by the Lagos State Government's "parallel census" and it believes that since the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of Lagos constitute 88% of the Lagos State population, the population of metropolitan Lagos is about 15.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20070207234037zg/important_documents/Lagos_Census_Affairs|title=Document|publisher=Nigerian Muse Online|date=7 February 2007|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208100555/http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20070207234037zg/important_documents/Lagos_Census_Affairs|archive-date=8 February 2010}}</ref> A rejoinder to Lagos State Government views<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.economicconfidential.com/repopulation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529025842/http://www.economicconfidential.com/repopulation.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |title=NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION – MISUNDERSTANDING, MISPERCEPTION AND MISREPRESENTATION OF CENSUS 2006 A REJOINDER TO THE PUBLICATION – "The Falsification of Lagos Census Figure" by Lagos State Government |publisher=Economicconfidential.com |access-date=2 June 2010 }}</ref> concluded that Lagos State concealed the fact that the population projection, for Lagos Urban Agglomeration by the UN agencies, had been revised downwards substantially as early as 2003. It failed to interpret the two most important and fairly representative and reliable secondary data sets already in the public domain, the National Identity Card Scheme and the 2003 Voters Registration figures from INEC. The figures for 2007 Voters Registration by INEC were an act subsequent to the release of the provisional census results and comprehensively corroborate, vindicate and validate the population figures. According to the official results of the 2006 census, there were 8,048,430 inhabitants in Metropolitan Lagos.<ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population/> This figure was lower than anticipated and has created controversy in Nigeria. Lagos Island, the central Local Government Area and historic center of Metropolitan Lagos, had a population of 212,700 at the 2006 Census.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf| title=Legal Notice on Publication of the Details of the Breakdown of the National and State Official Totals 2006 Census| journal=Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette |date=2 February 2009 |volume=96 |issue=2 |access-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070704042011/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 4 July 2007}}</ref> Authorities of Lagos State have disputed the results of the 2006 census, accusing the Nigerian National Population Commission of undercounting the population of the state. This accusation is denied by the National Population Commission.<ref>{{cite news |first= Kemi |last= Obasola |title= Lagos rejects population commission's figures |url= http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/punch/2007/02/05/lagos_rejects_population_commissionas_figures_announces_stateas_population_as_175m.php |work= The Punch |publisher= Punch Nigeria Limited, via Biafra Nigeria World News |date= 5 February 2007 |access-date= 11 December 2007 |archive-date= 31 December 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071231114023/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/punch/2007/02/05/lagos_rejects_population_commissionas_figures_announces_stateas_population_as_175m.php |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.population.gov.ng/press-02-07.pdf| title=Lagos State Claim on the Provisional Result of the 2006 Census is Unfounded| first=National Population Commission|last=[[Government of Nigeria]]|date=8 February 2007 |access-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070623051012/http://www.population.gov.ng/press-02-07.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 23 June 2007}}</ref> A study found that research carried out by Africapolis (the African subsidiary of e-Geopolis backed by the [[French Development Agency|Agence française de développement]]), in addition to the cross-referencing of official figures with more scientific independent research concluded that the 2006 census figures for Lagos State of about 9 million were valid and that the state's own assessments are inflated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/factsheets/factsheet-nigerias-population-figures/|title=FACTSHEET: Nigeria's population figures|publisher=Africa Check|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621060905/https://africacheck.org/factsheets/factsheet-nigerias-population-figures/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lagos is, by most estimates, one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.<ref name = africareport/> Lagos is experiencing a population increase of about 275,000 persons per annum. In 1999, the [[United Nations]] predicted that the city's metropolitan area, which had only about 290,000 inhabitants in 1950, would exceed 20 million by 2010 and thus become one of the ten most populated cities in the world.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} {{Historical populations|1950|325,218|1960|762,418|1970|1,413,528|1980|2,572,218|1990|4,764,093|2000|7,280,706|2010|10,441,182|2019|13,903,620|align=none|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wup/|title=World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations|website=Population.un.org|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=19 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119092357/https://population.un.org/wup/|url-status=live}}</ref> for Lagos Agglomeration}} == Geography == [[File:Lagos Map.PNG|thumb|Map of Lagos's initial city boundaries, showing its contemporary districts. This definition is rarely used in the present day; the expanded metropolitan area is now a more accepted definition of Lagos.]] [[File:Lagos, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Lagos]] Lagos is loosely classified into two main geographical areas—the "Island" and the "Mainland".{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} === Cityscape === {{Main|Architecture of Lagos}} The city of Lagos has the tallest skyline in Nigeria. The architectural styles in Lagos are diverse and range from tropical and vernacular to colonial European and ultramodern buildings or a mixture. Brazilian style architecture brought by the creoles is evident in buildings such as Water House and Shitta Bey Mosque.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KbT5AQAAQBAJ&q=Lagos+european+brazilian+colonial+architecture&pg=PA118|page=118|title=The Human Factor in Changing Africa|first=Melville J.|last=Herskovits|publisher=Routledge, 2013|isbn=978-1-136-5296-10|date=2013-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-09-06/news/8703080006_1_brazilian-nigeria-calabar|title=Brazilian Houses In Nigeria Are A Legacy Of Thousands Of Freed Slaves|location=New York|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|first=James|last=Brook|date=6 September 1987|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816232816/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-09-06/news/8703080006_1_brazilian-nigeria-calabar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://life.guardian.ng/2016/10/five-architectural-wonders-of-lagos/|title=Five Architectural Wonders of Lagos|website=The Guardian|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521055336/http://life.guardian.ng/2016/10/five-architectural-wonders-of-lagos/|url-status=live}}</ref> Skyscrapers and most high rise buildings are centered on the islands, while the mainland has some high rise buildings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/open-house-lagos-opens-a-new-vista-in-lagos-architecture/|first=Tonye|last=Bakare|date=15 May 2016|access-date=27 August 2017|title=Open House Lagos opens a new vista in Lagos architecture|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827090649/https://guardian.ng/art/open-house-lagos-opens-a-new-vista-in-lagos-architecture/|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years, the Lagos State government has renovated existing parks and green areas, with a long-term goal of expansion. Many good quality buildings are interspersed across the city.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhjXqHlEg8EC&q=independence+high+rise+lagos|title=Geography, Update: Realms, Regions, and Concepts|first1=Harm|last1=de Blij|first2= Peter O.|last2= Muller|publisher=Wiley, 1998|isbn=978-0-471-29112-1|page=349|date=1998-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|jstor=25473387|title=The Politics of Architecture and Urbanism in Postcolonial Lagos, 1960-1986|first=Daniel|last=Immerwahr|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|volume=19| number=2|page=165-186|publisher= Taylor & Francis, Ltd.}} {{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Google Arts and culture (The Centenary Project)|url=https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/exhibit/colonial-footprints-lagos-then-and-now/ARivCwds|title=A cursory look at the colonial roots of Lagos, Nigeria|date= 1 March 2014|access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityscape.org/the-rise-of-future-cities-in-sub-saharan-africa/|website=Cityscape|access-date=30 May 2017|title=THE RISE OF FUTURE CITIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193718/http://www.cityscape.org/the-rise-of-future-cities-in-sub-saharan-africa/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://independent.ng/rising-residential-towers-in-lagos-changing-the-megacity-skyline/|title=Rising Residential Towers In Lagos: Changing The Megacity Skyline|author=Akin George |date=29 November 2016|newspaper=Independent|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193205/http://independent.ng/rising-residential-towers-in-lagos-changing-the-megacity-skyline/|archive-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> ==== Island ==== The Island is a loose geographical term that is used to define the area of Lagos that is separated from the "Mainland" by the main channel draining the lagoon into the Atlantic Ocean, which forms Lagos Harbour. The Island is mainly a collection of islands that are separated from each other by creeks and are connected by bridges. The smaller sections of some creeks have been dredged and built over. This part of Lagos is the area where most business activities and entertainment events take place, as well as where most of the upscale residential areas are concentrated. The Local Government Areas (LGAs) that are considered to be on the Island include [[Lagos Island]] and [[Eti-Osa]]. The major upscale Island neighborhoods within these LGAs include [[Ikoyi]] and [[Victoria Island (Nigeria)|Victoria Island]]. Three major bridges join the Island to the Mainland. They are the [[Carter Bridge]], which starts from Iddo; the [[Eko Bridge]] (formerly called the Second Mainland Bridge); and the [[Third Mainland Bridge]], which passes through densely populated mainland suburbs to the Lagos Lagoon. The Ikoyi link bridge links Ikoyi and Lekki Phase 1, both of which are part of the Island.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge in Lagos, Nigeria|url=https://www.julius-berger-int.com/en/references/lekki-ikoyi-link-bridge-in-lagos-Nigeria|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Julius Berger International|language=en|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911175256/https://www.julius-berger-int.com/en/references/lekki-ikoyi-link-bridge-in-lagos-Nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction on the [[Fourth Mainland Bridge]] will commence in 2022, according to Lagos State Governor, Babajide Sanwo-Olu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=Sanwo-Olu says Opebi-Mende link bridge, 4th mainland bridge projects to commence 2022 - Naira metrics|url=https://nairametrics.com/2022/01/03/sanwo-olu-says-opebi-mende-link-bridge-4th-mainland-bridge-projects-to-commence-2022/|access-date=2022-01-15|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115223914/https://nairametrics.com/2022/01/03/sanwo-olu-says-opebi-mende-link-bridge-4th-mainland-bridge-projects-to-commence-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lagos to begin construction of 4th Mainland Bridge 2022 - Sanwo-Olu - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/01/03/lagos-to-begin-construction-of-4th-mainland-bridge-2022-sanwo-olu/|access-date=2022-01-15|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115215745/https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/01/03/lagos-to-begin-construction-of-4th-mainland-bridge-2022-sanwo-olu/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===== Lagos Island ===== {{Main|Lagos Island}} [[File:2010 Lagos Nigeria 5284107494.jpg|thumb|upright|Lagos Marina]] Lagos Island contains a [[central business district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://limge.org/editorials.html|title=The lagos pressure group on the environment|publisher=Limge Online|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510195227/http://limge.org/editorials.html|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> This district is characterized by high-rise buildings. The Island also contains many of the city's largest wholesale marketplaces (such as the popular [[Idumota Market|Idumota]] and [[Balogun Market]]s).<ref>{{cite book|title=2008 All Africa Media Research Conference|page=34 |publisher=Nigeria Tribune |date=26 April 2007}}</ref> It also has the National Museum of Nigeria, the Central Mosque, the Glover Memorial Hall, [[Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos|Christ's Church Cathedral (CMS)]] and the [[Oba of Lagos|Oba]]'s Palace ([[Iga Idunganran]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetransmittergroup.com/index.php?p=blog&w=a&id=1532|title=Simply Lagos|publisher=The Transmitter|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063913/http://thetransmittergroup.com/index.php?id=1532&p=blog&w=a|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Another major part of Lagos Island is Marina. It borders the idumota and Balogun markets and houses major Banking institutions. Though formerly in a derelict condition, Lagos Island's [[Tinubu Square]] is a site of historical importance; it was here that the Amalgamation Ceremony that unified the North and South [[protectorate]] to form Nigeria took place in 1914.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} =====Ikoyi===== {{Main|Ikoyi}} [[File:Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Ikoyi]] [[Ikoyi]] is situated on the eastern half of Lagos Island and joined to it by a [[landfill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edo-nation.net/eko.htm|title=Journal of the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers: ''An empirical study of the Lagos state rent edict of 1997''|author=Oni, A. O|year=2008|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-date=2 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002215402/http://www.edo-nation.net/eko.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos {{!}} City, Population, & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lagos-Nigeria |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605155431/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lagos-Nigeria |url-status=live }}</ref> Ikoyi is also connected to Victoria Island by Falomo bridge, which carries the main road over Five Cowrie creek.<ref>{{cite book|title=Branch of the Nigerian Institution of estate surveyors & Valuers|publisher=Lagos state|date=30 August 2006}}</ref> Falomo garden, a green public space which was developed by the state government in conjunction with Fidelity Bank in 2017, is located under the bridge.<ref>{{cite web |title='We spent between N40m and N200m to construct a park' |url=https://businessday.ng/news/news-features/article/we-spent-between-n40m-and-n200m-to-construct-a-park/ |website=Business day NG |date=12 October 2014 |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904221428/https://businessday.ng/news/news-features/article/we-spent-between-n40m-and-n200m-to-construct-a-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ikoyi housed the headquarters of the federal government of Nigeria and other buildings owned by the government, including the old federal secretariat complex. The complex today is on reestablishment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ikoyi Federal secretariat … Disused monument rotting away |url=https://m.guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ikoyi-federal-secretariat-disused-monument-rotting-away/ |last=Awa |first=Omiko |work=The Guardian (Nigeria) |date=3 November 2019 |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814055056/https://m.guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ikoyi-federal-secretariat-disused-monument-rotting-away/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Ikoyi there are military and police barracks, a top-security prison, and a federal high court of Nigeria. Ikoyi also has [[Hotel|hotels]], [[Nightclub|nightclubs]], a recreational park, and one of Africa's largest golf courses. Originally a [[middle class]] neighborhood, in recent years it has become a fashionable residential enclave for the [[upper middle class]] to the [[upper class]]. There are also commercial activities in Ikoyi, which are spotted in an increasing number of offices, banks, and shopping complexes. The commercial section is concentrated in the South-West.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} ===== Victoria Island ===== {{Main|Victoria Island (Nigeria)}} [[File:Eko Atlantic (Lagos) Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Eko Atlantic]], a project at the mouth of [[Lagos Lagoon]] under construction, extending and further developing Victoria Island (imaged from [[Tarkwa Bay Beach]])]] Victoria Island with its annex is situated to the south of Lagos Island and known with a zip code of 101241<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Victoria Island Postal Code / Zip Code – Lagos City {{!}} Lagos State {{!}} Nigerian Postal Code {{!}} NairaPostCode |url=https://nairapostalcode.com.ng/lagos/victoria-island-postal-code-zip-code-lagos-city/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511111058/https://nairapostalcode.com.ng/lagos/victoria-island-postal-code-zip-code-lagos-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as assigned by NIPOST.<ref name="Conference">{{cite web |title=2008 All Africa Media Research Conference |url=http://www.pamro.org/pamro/2008/PAMRO%20LOC%20Welcome%2014Aug08.PPT |access-date=4 April 2012 |publisher=Pan African Media Research Organisation |page=8 |format=PPT}} {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> It has expensive real estate properties and for that reason, many new luxury condos and apartments are blooming up everywhere. Along with Ikoyi, Victoria Island occupies a major area in Lagos that boasts several shopping districts. On its seashore along the Atlantic front, there is an environmentally reconstructed [[Bar Beach, Lagos|Bar Beach]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Best Lagos |date=2023-09-16 |title= Best Beaches in Victoria Island |url=https://bestlagos.ng/best-beaches-victoria-island-lagos/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=BestLagos.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Ajah/Lekki''' The Lekki Peninsula shares some prestige with its Ikoyi and Victoria Island neighbors. Development has stretched the piece of land further such that the Ibeju axis, though closer to Epe (which is on the outskirts of Lagos) is almost always described as part of Lekki. The expanse of land starts from the Lekki toll gate, which was the focal stage of the famous #EndSars protest in October 2020, and ends in Ibeju-Lekki and boasts of communities slowly inching their way to suburb status such as [[Ajah, Lagos|Ajah]], Awoyaya, Sangotedo, Abijo, and Eputu. There is quite a bit of places to see – the [[Lekki Conservation Centre]]; The Novare Mall; The [[Lekki Free Trade Zone]] – Dangote, Africa's richest man is building his refinery in this FTZ; [[Lagos Business School]]; [[Eleko Beach]]; [[Elegushi Beach]]; La Camaigne Tropicana – a beach/tourist getaway, [[Pan-Atlantic University]]. The area has a Catholic monastery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Best Lagos |date=2023-09-03 |title=Fun Places in Lekki |url=https://bestlagos.ng/fun-places-in-lekki/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=BestLagos.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===== Iddo ===== Across the main channel of the lagoon from Lagos Island, there is a smaller settlement called [[Iddo Island|Iddo]]. Iddo is also [[Lagos Terminus railway station|a railroad terminus]] and it is now situated in the Lagos Mainland Local Government Area after it was connected to the Mainland like a peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laurapodolnick.com/lagosny.pdf |title=Giant Cities of Tiny Islands |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66gvsx099?url=http://laurapodolnick.com/lagosny.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref> ==== Mainland ==== A huge population of Lagosians also live on the Lagos Mainland, and most industries are located there. The Mainland is known for its music and nightlife, which used to be located in areas around [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]], Ikeja, and [[Surulere]]. However, in recent years more nightclubs have sprung up on the Island, making the Island (particularly Victoria Island, Ikate, and Lekki Phase 1) the main nightlife attraction. Mainland LGAs include [[Surulere]], [[Apapa]], and [[Lagos Mainland]]. Metropolitan Lagos suburban LGAs include: [[Agege]], [[Amuwo Odofin]], [[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]], [[Oshodi-Isolo]] and Ikeja (site of [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]] and the capital of Lagos State).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Best Lagos |date=2023-09-16 |title=Best Clubs in Lagos |url=https://bestlagos.ng/best-clubs-lagos/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=BestLagos.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> Major areas on the Mainland include [[Ebute Metta]], [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]] and [[Ejigbo, Lagos|Ejigbo]]. Some rivers, like [[Badagry]] Creek, flow parallel to the coast for some distance before exiting through the sand bars to the sea.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} == Climate == Lagos experiences a [[tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]], as there are three months under {{convert|60|mm|in|1|disp=or|abbr=on}} of rain, and annual rainfall is not nearly high enough for [[tropical monsoon climate|tropical monsoon]] classification. The wet season starts in March and ends in October, while the dry season starts in November and ends in February. The wettest month is June with precipitation total {{convert|315.5|mm|in|2|disp=or|abbr=on}}, while the driest month is January with precipitation total {{convert|13.2|mm|in|2|disp=or|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Located near the equator, Lagos has only a slight seasonal temperature variation, with mean high temperatures ranging from {{cvt|28.3|to|32.9|C|F}}. Lagos shares the seasons of the Southern Hemisphere, with the highest temperatures in March with a daily range from {{cvt|32.9|to|24.1|C|F}}, and least hot temperatures in August ranging from {{cvt|28.3|to|21.8|C|F}}. {{Weather Box |location = Lagos ([[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes: 1886–present |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 40.0 |Feb record high C = 37.1 |Mar record high C = 37.0 |Apr record high C = 39.6 |May record high C = 37.0 |Jun record high C = 37.6 |Jul record high C = 33.2 |Aug record high C = 33.0 |Sep record high C = 33.2 |Oct record high C = 33.7 |Nov record high C = 39.9 |Dec record high C = 36.4 |year record high C = 40.0 |Jan high C = 33.2 |Feb high C = 34.0 |Mar high C = 33.7 |Apr high C = 33.0 |May high C = 31.9 |Jun high C = 30.1 |Jul high C = 28.8 |Aug high C = 28.7 |Sep high C = 29.3 |Oct high C = 30.6 |Nov high C = 32.3 |Dec high C = 33.2 |year high C = 31.6 |Jan mean C = 28.3 |Feb mean C = 29.4 |Mar mean C = 29.5 |Apr mean C = 29.0 |May mean C = 28.1 |Jun mean C = 26.8 |Jul mean C = 26.0 |Aug mean C = 25.9 |Sep mean C = 26.3 |Oct mean C = 27.0 |Nov mean C = 28.1 |Dec mean C = 28.3 |year mean C = 27.7 |Jan low C = 23.5 |Feb low C = 24.8 |Mar low C = 25.3 |Apr low C = 25.0 |May low C = 24.4 |Jun low C = 22.8 |Jul low C = 22.7 |Aug low C = 22.6 |Sep low C = 22.5 |Oct low C = 22.5 |Nov low C = 22.2 |Dec low C = 23.4 |year low C = 23.5 |Jan record low C = 12.6 |Feb record low C = 16.1 |Mar record low C = 14.0 |Apr record low C = 14.9 |May record low C = 20.0 |Jun record low C = 21.2 |Jul record low C = 15.0 |Aug record low C = 19.0 |Sep record low C = 13.0 |Oct record low C = 17.9 |Nov record low C = 11.1 |Dec record low C = 11.6 |year record low C = 11.1 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 23.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 43.6 |Mar precipitation mm = 71.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 141.6 |May precipitation mm = 205.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 291.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 195.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 72.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 205.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 183.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 93.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 22.6 |year precipitation mm = 1549.3 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1.3 |Feb precipitation days = 2.5 |Mar precipitation days = 5.1 |Apr precipitation days = 7.4 |May precipitation days = 10.6 |Jun precipitation days = 15.1 |Jul precipitation days = 11.3 |Aug precipitation days = 7.3 |Sep precipitation days = 12.8 |Oct precipitation days = 11.5 |Nov precipitation days = 5.7 |Dec precipitation days = 1.7 |year precipitation days = 92.3 |Jan humidity = 77.7 |Feb humidity = 81.3 |Mar humidity = 84.2 |Apr humidity = 86.0 |May humidity = 86.7 |Jun humidity = 88.2 |Jul humidity = 88.5 |Aug humidity = 88.0 |Sep humidity = 89.0 |Oct humidity = 88.2 |Nov humidity = 84.3 |Dec humidity = 78.8 |year humidity = 85.1 | Jan dew point C =21 | Feb dew point C =24 | Mar dew point C =25 | Apr dew point C =25 | May dew point C =24 | Jun dew point C =24 | Jul dew point C =23 | Aug dew point C =23 | Sep dew point C =24 | Oct dew point C =24 | Nov dew point C =24 | Dec dew point C =23 | Jand sun =5.3 | Febd sun =6.1 | Mard sun =5.6 | Aprd sun =6.0 | Mayd sun =5.7 | Jund sun =3.8 | Juld sun =3.2 | Augd sun =3.5 | Sepd sun =3.8 | Octd sun =5.4 | Novd sun =6.2 | Decd sun =6.2 |Jan sun = 164.3 |Feb sun = 168.0 |Mar sun = 173.6 |Apr sun = 180.0 |May sun = 176.7 |Jun sun = 114.0 |Jul sun = 99.2 |Aug sun = 108.5 |Sep sun = 114.0 |Oct sun = 167.4 |Nov sun = 186.0 |Dec sun = 192.2 |year sun = 1843.9 | source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (monthly sun hours 1961–1990)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230826203502/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Nigeria/CSV/Ikeja_65201.csv | archive-date = 26 August 2023 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Nigeria/CSV/Ikeja_65201.csv | title = Ikeja Climate Normals 1991–2020 | work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = 26 August 2023}}</ref><ref name = NOAASun> {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65201.TXT | title = Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = 7 July 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1769 | title = Station Murtala | publisher = Meteo Climat | language = fr | access-date = 7 July 2016 | archive-date = 25 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061425/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1769 | url-status = live }}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/lagos/climate |title = Climate & Weather Averages in Lagos, Nigeria |publisher = Time and Date |access-date = 10 January 2022 |archive-date = 10 January 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220110110911/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/lagos/climate |url-status = live }}</ref> Weather Atlas (daily sun hours)<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/lagos-climate#daylight_sunshine |title = Monthly weather forecast and climate in Lagos, Nigeria |publisher = Weather Atlas |access-date = 10 January 2022 |archive-date = 10 January 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220110110911/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/lagos-climate#daylight_sunshine |url-status = live }}</ref> }} === Climate change === A 2019 paper published in [[PLOS One]] estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway#4.5|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Lagos in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Panama City]]. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|1.6|C-change|F-change}} and the temperature of the warmest month by {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}}, while the temperature of the coldest month would be {{convert|2.9|C-change|F-change}} higher.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414131223/https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, according to the 2022 [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]], Lagos is one of 12 major African cities ([[Abidjan]], [[Alexandria]], [[Algiers]], [[Cape Town]], [[Casablanca]], [[Dakar]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Durban]], Lagos, [[Lomé]], [[Luanda]] and [[Maputo]]) that would be the most severely affected by [[sea level rise]]. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damage of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion in the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [[marine ice sheet instability]] at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damage, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206082533/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf |date=6 December 2022 }}. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |date=28 February 2022 }} [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201719/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> == Economy == The city of Lagos is a major economic focal point in Nigeria, generating around 10% of the country's GDP. Most commercial and financial business is carried out in the [[central business district]] situated on the island. This is also where most of the country's commercial banks, financial institutions, and major corporations are headquartered. Lagos is also the major information communications and telecommunications (ICT) hub of West Africa.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-Gj-fyEHqMC&pg=PA66|page=66|title=Knowledge, Technology, and Cluster-based Growth in Africa (WBI development studies)|author=Douglas Zhihua Zeng|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8213-7307-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ICT Development: Nigeria Seeks Increased Regional Collaboration among West African States |url=https://www.ncc.gov.ng/media-centre/news-headlines/965-ict-development-nigeria-seeks-increased-regional-collaboration-among-west-african-states |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.ncc.gov.ng |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707012518/https://www.ncc.gov.ng/media-centre/news-headlines/965-ict-development-nigeria-seeks-increased-regional-collaboration-among-west-african-states |url-status=live }}</ref> Lagos is developing a [[24/7 service|24-hour economy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/08/27/ambode-security-and-lagos-quest-for-247-economy/|title=Ambode, Security And Lagos Quest For 24/7 Economy|date=27 August 2015|access-date=1 October 2016|publisher=PM News|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127011554/https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/08/27/ambode-security-and-lagos-quest-for-247-economy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nightlife">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/04/20/lagos.visit/index.html?iref=24hours|title=24 hours in Lagos: The city that never sleeps|first=Stephanie|last=Busari|date=1 April 2009|work=CNN|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409140437/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/04/20/lagos.visit/index.html?iref=24hours|url-status=live}}</ref> The globalisation of Lagos' economy is rated "beta minus" by the GaWC.<ref>[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]</ref> This is equivalent to [[Manchester]] or [[Edinburgh]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] . Lagos is thus the most "globalised" city in West and Central Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |archive-date=24 August 2020 |access-date=31 August 2020 |website=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities}}</ref> 5 out of 7 African tech "unicorns" operate out of Lagos (see below).<ref name=":1" /> Lagos is home to more tech centres than any other city in Africa.<ref name=":0" /> === Financial institutions === [[File:An array of iconic buildings in Lagos Nigeria starting with United Bank of Africa.jpg|thumb|Financial district of Lagos]] Lagos is a major financial and banking centre. The four largest banks in West and Central Africa are headquartered in Lagos,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Neil |date=2022-09-28 |title=West Africa's Top Banks in 2022 |url=https://african.business/2022/09/finance-services/west-africas-top-banks |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=African Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> and another nine banks in Lagos are among the 20 largest banks in the region. [[Zenith Bank]], [[Access Bank plc|Access Bank]], [[Guaranty Trust Holding Company PLC|Guaranty Trust Bank]] and [[First Bank of Nigeria|First Bank]] have capital of more than US$2 billion each.<ref name=":5" /> Banking headquarters are located on Victoria Island and Lagos Island. The insurance industry in Nigeria is comparatively modestly developed, with an industry turnover of around US$1 billion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insurance companies in Nigeria: ranking 2022 |url=https://www.atlas-mag.net/en/article/top-5-nigerian-insurers-according-to-turnover-in-2019 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.atlas-mag.net |language=en}}</ref> As with the banks, the headquarters of the insurance companies are predominantly located in Lagos. === Ports === {{Main|Apapa Port Complex|Tin Can Island Port|Lekki Port}} [[File:Lekki-Deep-Sea-Port-2023.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of Lekki deep sea port 2023]] The Port of Lagos, formally known as the Lagos-Elbert Mathews Memorial Port, is Nigeria's leading [[port]] and one of the largest and busiest in Africa. Due to the large urban population, Lagos is categorized as a medium-port megacity using the Southampton System for port-city classification.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785|title=The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification|year=2021|last1=Roberts|first1=Toby|last2=Williams|first2=Ian|last3=Preston|first3=John|journal=Maritime Policy & Management|volume=48|issue=4|pages=530–542|s2cid=225502755|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is administered by the [[Nigerian Ports Authority]]. [[File:Free-Trade-Zone-Lekki-English2.jpg|thumb|Lagos, its ports, airports, free trade zone and light rail system]]The ''Port of Lagos / Apapa'' is the oldest and largest port in the country, both in terms of land area and cargo volume handled. More than half of Nigeria's maritime trade is handled here, and the port also acts as a transshipment point for landlocked countries such as Chad and Niger. Around 1,000 ships with 5,700,000 tonnes of cargo call at the Lagos port complex annually.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Shilavadra |date=2022-05-30 |title=6 Major Ports in Nigeria |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/ports-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Marine Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Tin Can Island Port'' is located west of Apapa near the Lagos Port Complex. It was established in 1975. In early 2023, the [[Lekki Port|''deep sea port of Lekki'']] was commissioned 50 km east of Lagos. This thus does not belong to the urban area of Lagos, but to the [[Lagos State|state of the same name]]. === Entertainment industry and media === ==== Nollywood ==== {{Main|Cinema of Nigeria}} [[File:Clapper Lady.jpg|thumb|Filming set in Lagos]] Lagos is the center of the West African film, music, and TV industries. The film industry in the Surulere locality ranks second or third in the world, ahead of or behind Hollywood, depending on the survey.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood | title=Hello Nollywood: how Nigeria became Africa's biggest economy overnight | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=10 April 2014 | access-date=12 April 2014 | author=Liston, Enjoli | archive-date=12 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412020045/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood | url-status=live }}</ref> PricewaterhouseCoopers Int. forecasts that the Nigerian entertainment industry will grow 85% to $15 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/126644/nigeria-media-players-are-creative-and-cash-rich/|title=Nigeria: Media and Entertainment to hit $15bn by 2025|website=Theafricareport.com|date=October 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527133119/https://www.theafricareport.com/126644/nigeria-media-players-are-creative-and-cash-rich/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the success of the Nigerian thriller "The Figurine", Nigerian film has increasingly turned to high-quality productions that are also commercially successful. This, in turn, has led to consistently new box office revenue records in Nigeria (2009's "The Figurine," 2013's "Half of a Yellow Sun," 2016's "The Wedding Party", 2023's "Battle on Buka Street").<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/toronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood/ | title=Toronto: Nigerians disagree over new Nollywood | publisher=The Nation Online | work=The Nation Newspaper | date=14 September 2014 | access-date=24 March 2015 | author=Akande, Victor | archive-date=22 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922123311/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/toronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Newspapers ==== In Nigeria, newspapers are available in digital format and are predominantly produced in Lagos. The most widely read newspaper in Lagos, by its own account, is [[The Punch|Punch]]. The [[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] newspaper is one of the few dailies that is not only available online but also in print. Other publications include [[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]], [[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]], [[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] and the [[Nigerian Tribune]]. The latter was founded in colonial times, in 1949. ==== Television ==== The most watched television station in Lagos (and in Nigeria) is the 24-hour news channel [[Channels TV]], based in Lagos. Some of its presenters use an overly correct standard British English that compatriots like to mock. The same can be said of [[Arise News|Arise TV]] and the state broadcaster [[Nigerian Television Authority|NTA]]. The private [[Africa Independent Television|African Independent Television]] focuses on entertainment and infotainment. Programmes in [[pidgin English]] or in [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] have moved to digital streaming services and offer [[action film]]s, [[Comedy|comedies]] and [[Romance film|heartbreak productions]]. === "Africa's Silicon Valley" === [[File:Kamdi Uko - Andela Lagos.jpg|thumb|IT trainer and recruiter Andela, Lagos]] There are seven tech start-ups in Africa that are said to have "[[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]]" status (worth over 1 billion euros). Five of them are based in Lagos:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Eleanya |first=Frank |date=2023-02-09 |title=Nigerian government targets three new tech unicorns in 2023 - |url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/nigerian-government-targets-three-new-tech-unicorns-in-2023/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Flutterwave]]'' is in the virtual bank card business. ''Opay'' and ''[[Interswitch]]'' are platforms for online bookings. ''[[Andela]]'' trains software engineers and places them in the Nigerian labour market. ''[[Jumia]]'' is an online retail company that offers a wide range of products such as electronic devices and fashion. Lagos is home to more tech hubs than any other city in Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-12-08 |title=Africa's Top 10 Digital Hubs |url=https://africancube.com/africas-top-10-digital-hubs/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Africancube |language=en-US}}</ref> With more than 90 million internet users, Lagos is attracting investors who want to capitalise on this expanding technology hotspot.<ref name=":0" /> Startupgrind.com refers to Lagos as "Africa's Silicon Valley".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Lagos (in Nigeria) is Africa's Silicon Valley |url=https://www.startupgrind.com/blog/why-lagos-in-nigeria-is-africas-silicon-valley/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Startup Grind |language=en}}</ref> [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] highlights "Nigeria's Chaotic Rise as the Tech Heart of Africa" and means ''Lagos'', specifically the [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]] district.<ref>{{Citation |title=Nigeria's Chaotic Rise as the Tech Heart of Africa {{!}} Hello World with Ashlee Vance |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EL4ZKLvulIU |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Falomo view from the bridgeto MTN PLaza.jpg|thumb|MTN in Lagos]]Lagos is the only African city to have both a ''Google'' and a ''Microsoft'' office. [[MTN Group|''MTN'']] maintains the first and still predominant 4G network in Nigeria. [[Airtel Africa|Airtel]] is another 4G provider. 9Mobile and Dataflex are Internet providers. [[Paystack]] is used by Nigerians who regularly receive payments from abroad. [[ULesson]] maintains a platform on which secondary school learning content is presented. Hotels.ng and allows hotel bookings to be made throughout Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Computer Software Solution in Lagos, Nigeria - List of Computer Software Solution Companies Nigeria |url=https://www.businesslist.com.ng/category/computer-software/city:lagos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505101644/https://www.businesslist.com.ng/category/computer-software/city:lagos |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=Businesslist.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Top 10 Software Companies in Lagos |url=https://mitrobe.com/top-10-software-companies-in-lagos/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406223814/https://mitrobe.com/top-10-software-companies-in-lagos/ |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=Mitrobe.com}}</ref> === Oil refinery === {{Main|Dangote Refinery}} [[File:Dangote oct-2022.jpg|thumb|Dangote refinery as of October 2022]] For decades, there was no oil processing industry in Nigeria, apart from illegal refineries in the Niger Delta (which are very polluting due to the lack of [[Cracking (chemistry)|cracking]]). Nigeria therefore had to have the end products of domestic crude oil such as [[fuel]]s, [[bitumen]], [[Paraffin (fuel)|paraffin]], [[motor oil]], [[polypropylene]] etc. produced in US or European refineries, with transport costs over thousands of nautical miles and margins for middlemen. The oil refinery in Lekki went into operation in December 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=AriseNews |date=2023-12-28 |title=Dangote Refinery Receives Third Crude Shipment Of 1 Million Barrels, To Start Diesel and Aviation Fuel Production Mid-January 2024 |url=https://www.arise.tv/dangote-refinery-22receives-third-crude-shipment-of-1-million-barrels-to-start-diesel-and-aviation-fuel-production-mid-january-2024/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Arise News |language=en-US}}</ref> and is expected to process 650,000 barrels of oil per day when fully operational, making it the seventh largest oil refinery in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=oilandgasclub |url=https://www.oilandgasclub.com/worlds-largest-refineries |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.oilandgasclub.com}}</ref> By comparison, the largest refinery in the United Kingdom in [[Fawley Refinery|Fawley]] processes 270,000 barrels a day, while the biggest US refinery in Port Arthur, Texas, processes 607,000 barrels a day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villanueva |first=Laurie |date=2022-01-04 |title=4 of Nation's 10 Largest Oil Refineries Located Along Texas Gulf Coast |url=https://www.zehllaw.com/4-of-10-largest-us-oil-chemical-refineries-located-in-houston-beaumont-port-arthur/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Zehl & Associates |language=en-US}}</ref> 57,000 people have been hired.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adenuga |first=Adepeju |date=2021-09-06 |title=Dangote refinery to increase workforce to 57,000 |url=https://punchng.com/dangote-refinery-to-increase-workforce-to-57000/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> === Fertiliser plant === Since 2022, a new fertiliser production plant has been producing 3 million tonnes of fertiliser a year (roughly equivalent to Germany's fertiliser consumption).<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Sanni |first=Seun |date=2022-03-22 |title=Nigerian billionaire Dangote launches $2.5 billion fertilizer plant as prices soar |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerian-billionaire-dangote-launches-25-bln-fertilizer-plant-prices-soar-2022-03-22/ |access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref> With no more Russian fertiliser coming onto the world market in 2022 due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Ukraine war]], Nigeria is stepping into a gap in the market. "The fertiliser market is a seller's market," company owner [[Aliko Dangote|Dangote]] raves. "People are begging for us to sell and we are choosy about who we sell to."<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbachu |first=Dulue |date=2022-05-05 |title=Dangote's timely fertiliser plant pays off as prices soar |url=https://african.business/2022/05/energy-resources/dangotes-timely-fertiliser-plant-pays-off-as-prices-soar |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=African Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Pharmaceutical industry === [[File:Pharmacy ikeja lagos.jpg|thumb|Pharmacy in [[Ikeja]]]] Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the pharmaceutical production capacity in Africa (status 2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onyesi |first=Chika |date=2021-10-06 |title='Nigeria's pharmaceutical sector dwindling despite 60 percent production capacity' |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605182803/https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/ |archive-date=5 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> The larger pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria are located in the North of Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yahaya |first=Abdulwali |date=2019-09-19 |title=Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria & Their Products |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517172640/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/ |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd'' appears to be the pharmaceutical producer with the most employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited |url=https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801201737/https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/ |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Emzor |language=en-GB}}</ref> Next in line are ''Fidson Healthcare Plc'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fidson |title=Our Company |url=https://fidson.com/our-company/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626014922/https://fidson.com/our-company/ |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> ''May & Baker Nig. Plc''<ref>{{Cite web |title=May and Baker Plc. – Supporting your Health for Life |url=https://may-baker.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625163357/https://may-baker.com/ |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> and ''Swiss Pharma Nigeria''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to swiss pharma Nigeria limited |url=https://www.swiphanigeria.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704022536/https://swiphanigeria.com/ |archive-date=4 July 2022 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.swiphanigeria.com}}</ref> === Automotive industry === {{Main|Automotive industry in Nigeria}} "Nord Automobiles Ltd" has two assembly plants in Lagos: in Sangotedo and in Epe. The company manufactures its own plastic parts and plans to take on steel pressing in the future. The company offers eight different models.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Jeanette |date=2021-03-07 |title=How this entrepreneur started a Nigerian car brand |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-this-entrepreneur-started-a-nigerian-car-brand/99391/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> However, company founder and CEO Oluwatobi Ajayi is struggling with insufficient demand and the increase in the price of imported components due to the devaluation of the local currency, the naira, in 2023. He is looking for solutions with a German partner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Precious |first=Amaefule |date=2023-06-16 |title=Nigerian Automobile Industry: " We Produce Fewer Cars in Nigeria Because Demand Isn't Encouraging," Nord CEO Reveals |url=https://www.carmart.ng/blog/nigerian-automobile-industry-we-produce-fewer-cars-in-nigeria-because-demand-isnt-encouraging-nord-ceo-reveals/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Car blog |language=en-US}}</ref> === Lekki Free Trade Zone === [[File:Lekki free trade zone.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the Lekki Free Trade Zone]] The [[Lekki Free Trade Zone]] is a free trade zone in the eastern part of Lekki, covering a total area of about 155 square kilometres. It has an area of 30 square kilometres and is to be developed into a multifunctional district integrating industry, trade and commerce, real estate development, warehousing and logistics, tourism and entertainment. === Trade fairs and exhibitions === Lagos has two major congress halls, the Eko Convention Center and the Landmark Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landmark Africa {{!}} Business.Leisure.Lifestyle |url=https://www.landmarkafrica.com/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=www.landmarkafrica.com}}</ref> The [https://www.ekohotels.com/eko-convention-center.php Eko Convention Center] has 5,151 m<sup>2</sup> and 13 meeting rooms. It hosts for example the Lagos Fashion Fair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos Fashion Fair Exhibition – International Ready-to-Wear Fashion Exhibition |url=https://lagosfashionfair.com/home/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Landmark Centre has 1,004 m<sup>2</sup> and 8 meeting rooms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landmark Centre |url=https://10times.com/venues/landmark-events-centre |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=10times |language=en}}</ref> The Landmark Centre hosts annual meetings like "Medic/Medlab West Africa", "Beauty West Africa" or "agrofood".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trade Fairs in Lagos (2023 -2024), Exhibitions, Expos, Trade Shows, Events in Lagos |url=https://www.tradeindia.com/tradeshows/city/lagos/201791/#:~:text=9%20Trade%20Fairs%20in%20Lagos |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=www.tradeindia.com}}</ref> === Food processing and distribution === Nigeria's largest ''brewery'', fancily named Nigerian Breweries and a Heineken subsidiary, is located in the Lagos-Surulere district. The Guinness brewery produces its famous strong beer in the Ikeja district. Apparently, the average Nigerian drinks larger quantities of this beverage than the average Irishman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Which African Nation Consumes more Guinness than Ireland? - livingireland.com |url=https://livingireland.com/which-african-nation-consumes-more-guinness-than-ireland/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=livingireland.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Both breweries also produce non-alcoholic (Guinness also halal) malt beer, which is part of the "Lagos' way of life".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adoga |first=Stephen |date=2023-03-06 |title=Most Popular Malt Brands And Their Manufacturers In Nigeria |url=https://nyscinfo.com/most-popular-malt-brands-and-their-manufacturers-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Nyscinfo |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Ketu-Ereyun logistics park.png|thumb|Logistics hub, close to Epe]] In Ketu-Ereyun, between [[Epe, Lagos State|Epe]] and [[Ikorodu]], Lagos State builds a ''"[[Food Logistics Park Lagos|Food Logistics Park]]"'' - the biggest logistics hub for food in Sub-Saharan Africa. The site is 1.2 million square meters big and the construction is expected to be finished in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=How Construction of Biggest Logistics Hub Will Affect Lagosians - |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2022/08/25/how-construction-of-biggest-logistics-hub-will-affect-lagosians/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos begins work at Africa's Largest Food and Logistics Hub |url=https://radionigerialagos.gov.ng/lagos-begins-work-at-africas-largest-food-and-logistics-hub/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Radio Nigeria Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref> Until now, Nigeria paradoxically exported unhusked rice but had to import husked rice, the country's staple food. - The [[Imota rice mill|''hulling mill in Imota'']], just outside Lagos, processes the rice domestically. When fully operational, the plant, the largest south of the Sahara, is expected to employ 250,000 people and produce 2.5 million 50-kg bags of rice annually.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Lagos today: Like Tinubu like Sanwo-Olu |url=https://www.thecable.ng/lagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> The ''Apapa sugar refinery'',<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Dangote Sugar Refinery Plc (DSR) - AGE (African Growing Enterprises) File |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/nigeria04.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Institute of Developing Economies |language=en}}</ref> part of the Dangote Group, increased its turnover to 288.3 billion naira (€590 million) in the third quarter of 2022 - a 47% increase from the third quarter of 2021. The sugar refinery has a capacity of 1.44 million metric tonnes per annum and supplies end users as well as bulk buyers such as [[Nestle Nigeria|Nestlé Nigeria Plc]], [[Cadbury Nigeria Plc]], [[Seven-Up Bottling Company|Seven-Up Bottling Company Plc]] and the [[Nigerian Bottling Company]].<ref name=":8" /> Lagos State Governor [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] opened the new Ikosi International ''Fruits Market in the Ketu'' district on 25 May 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Adesanya |first=Adedapo |date=2023-05-26 |title=Lagos Targets Economic Growth with New Ikosi-Ketu Markets |url=https://businesspost.ng/economy/lagos-targets-economic-growth-with-new-ikosi-ketu-markets/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Business Post Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> The new fruit market comprises 1,004 shop units.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=The New Ikosi (Babajide Sanwoolu) International Model Market Phase 3 In Ikosi-Isheri LCDA, Lagos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYGptLSQlpA |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> It has its own water and electricity supply, canteen and parking facilities. The facility is monitored by security personnel.<ref name=":3" /> On December 18, 2023, Sanwo-Olu opened a similar "Fresh Food Hub" in Idi-Oro, [[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=|date=2023-12-18 |title=Sanwo-Olu Inaugurates Fresh Food Hub, To Mitigate 50% Produce Loss |work=News Agency of Nigeria |url=https://nannews.ng/2023/12/18/sanwo-olu-inaugurates-fresh-food-hub-to-mitigate-50-produce-loss/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media |title=The New Ultra Model Fresh Food Market In Lagos {{!}}{{!}}The Newly Commissioned Middle Level Food Agro Hub |publisher=Iamgbolahan |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCV2aJqUdhE |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en}}</ref> Both hubs are aiming to increase the speed of food supply and reduce the percentage of food going to waste before it reaches the customer. === Timber, sawmill === The Lagos sawmill moved from its old but bursting-at-the-seams location in Oko Baba to [[Timberville (Lagos)|Timberville]], just outside Lagos, in 2022, where modern facilities are available. == Tourism == [[File:Sunset at Landmark Beach.jpg|thumb|The Landmark Beach with the urban development [[Eko Atlantic]] in the background]] Following the remodernization project achieved by the previous administration of Governor [[Babatunde Fashola|Raji Babatunde Fashola]], Lagos is gradually becoming a major tourist destination, being one of the largest cities in Africa and in the world. Diasporan Africans and others, especially from East and Southern Africa, are increasingly visiting Lagos mostly to understand and experience the Nigeria that has been presented to them by Nollywood. [[File:The-elegushi-beach-lagos.jpg|thumb|[[Elegushi Beach]]]] === Beaches, water sports === Lagos has sandy beaches by the Atlantic Ocean, including [[Elegushi Beach]]<ref>{{Citation |title=My Day and Night Experience at Elegushi Beach, Lagos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5WL1_92Piw |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> and Alpha Beach. Lagos also has a number of private beach resorts, including the Landmark Beach<ref>{{Citation |title=LANDMARK BEACH IN LAGOS, NIGERIA {{!}} A QUICK TOUR OF MY FAVORITE BEACH IN NIGERIA |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjO4LCWM1Wo |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> and the Inagbe Grand Beach Resort.<ref>{{Citation |title=What Can $100 Get in LAGOS, NIGERIA? (Africa's Craziest City) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXIrIjQMB5c |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}, starting at 7:40</ref> On Wole Olateju Crescent, in the immediate vicinity of Lekki Bridge,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge - Julius Berger International |url=https://www.julius-berger-int.com/referenzen/lekki-ikoyi-link-bridge-in-lagos-nigeria |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Julius Berger International |language=de}}</ref> there are several companies that offer boat tours and rent kayaks or jet skis. === Dancing, shopping, dining === Nightclubs are mainly found on [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Victoria Island]], where the well-to-do and foreign guests hang out, and around [[Adeniran Ogunsanya Street, Lagos|Adeniran Ogunsanya Street]] in [[Surulere]]. Rooftop restaurants on the Atlantic beach or on the lagoon offer not only culinary delights and a view, but also a welcome breeze from the sea for the heat-stricken visitor.<ref>{{Citation |title=I Tried Every Rooftop Restaurant In Lagos So You Don't Have To! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wYhKrnQFeU |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> Even before the devaluation of the local currency, the naira, in June 2023, Lagos was a place where US$10 (9.10 euros) could keep you full for a day and buy souvenirs to boot.<ref>{{Citation |title=What Can $100 Get in LAGOS, NIGERIA? (Africa's Craziest City) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXIrIjQMB5c |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=What Can $10 Get in LAGOS, NIGERIA? (Craziest City) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrRLCoKmLLA |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> The stress-resistant and experienced bargain-hunter buys brand-name clothes for a knockdown price at the ecomarket and the adjoining Martin Street.<ref>{{Citation |title=Lagos, Nigeria is CRAZY 🇳🇬 (25 million people, Largest English Speaking City) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO2oMLKiMsQ |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> The Lekki Arts and Crafts Market (known to Lagosians as Oba Elegushi Market) is a large market that displays a wide variety of African arts and crafts. It is considered the largest art market in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Community |first=Craftsvillage |date=2022-06-08 |title=A Visit To The Lekki Arts and Crafts Market |url=https://craftsvillage.com.ng/town-crier/a-visit-to-the-lekki-arts-and-crafts-market/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=CraftsVillage™ MarketHUB |language=en-US}}</ref> === Parks and gardens === [[File:Images of Freedom Park 28.jpg|thumb|Freedom Park]] ''[[Freedom Park (Lagos)|Freedom Park]]'' is a memorial and recreational park in the middle of Lagos city centre on Lagos Island, Nigeria, which used to be Her Majesty's Broad Street Prison. It was designed by architect Theo Lawson. The park was built to preserve the history and cultural heritage of Nigerians. The monuments in the park commemorate the colonial heritage of Lagos and the history of Her Majesty's Broad Street Prison. It was erected to mark the 50th Independence Anniversary celebrations in October 2010. The park is a national memorial, a historical landmark, a cultural site and an arts and recreation centre. Now a tranquil place for individuals, visitors and collective contemplation, the park is open to the public daily. Today, Freedom Park has become a gathering place for various social events and recreational entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Top 10 Fascinating Facts about Freedom Park, Lagos |url=https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/nigeria/top-10-fascinating-facts-about-freedom-park-lagos/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Discover Walks Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Tinubu Square]]'' (formerly Independence Square) is an open space on Broad Street, Lagos Island, Lagos State, Nigeria, named after slave trader, merchant and aristocrat [[Efunroye Tinubu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-02-05 |title=New face of Tinubu Square: A boost to tourism in Lagos mega city |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/new-face-tinubu-square-boost-tourism-lagos-mega-city/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=EnviroNews Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> It used to be called Ita Tinubu before it was renamed Independence Square and later Tinubu Square by the leaders of the First Nigerian Republic after Nigerian independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinubu Square: A befitting memorial to an Amazon |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tinubu-square-befitting-memorial-amazon/ |access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref> Tinubu Square is the most popular square in Nigeria. ''[[Tafawa Balewa Square]]'' is a 50,000-capacity stadium that was a racecourse under the British and where independence was proclaimed in 1960.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whiteman |first=Kaye |title=Lagos: A Cultural and Literary History (Landscapes of the Imagination) |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-908493-89-7 |edition=5th |location=Luton, UK |language=en}}</ref> At the entrance to the square are sculptures of four white horses and seven red eagles. After Abuja replaced Lagos as the capital, the "TBS" fell into disrepair. Attempts by Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu to renovate the stadium have not yielded results (as of 2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogundeji |first=Josephine |date=2023-03-22 |title=Tafawa Balewa Square: Years after concession, world-class tourist site dream fades |url=https://punchng.com/tafawa-balewa-square-years-after-concession-world-class-tourist-site-dream-fades/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Ndubuisi Kanu Park]]'' is a public green space much loved by all for relaxation. === Zoos === [[File:LEKKI CONSERVATION CENTRE (LCC) 10.jpg|thumb|Canope walkway at the Lekki Conservation Centre]] The ''Lekki Conservation Centre'' is essentially the Lagos [[Zoo]]. It consists of a fenced-off strip of vegetation that attempts to replicate rainforest, mangroves and savannah. There are monkeys, numerous birds, snakes and crocodiles. There is a small museum with stuffed animals. On Sundays however it is used for lengthy religious service. According to a tourism website, the LCC is the second-most popular site<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIE 10 BESTEN Sehenswürdigkeiten in Lagos 2023 (mit fotos) |url=https://www.tripadvisor.de/Attractions-g304026-Activities-Lagos_Lagos_State.html |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Tripadvisor |language=de}}</ref> in Lagos to see (after the Nike Gallery, see [[#Art|chapter "Art"]]). ''Lufasi Nature Park'' is the Lekki Urban Forestry and Animal Shelter Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=travelwaka |date=2021-06-01 |title=Lufasi Nature Park - A Nature Reserve in Lagos |url=https://www.travelwaka.com/lufasi-nature-park-a-nature-reserve-in-lagos/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=TravelWaka |language=en-GB}}</ref> It preserves nature and protects wildlife and endangered species. Nollywood film crews often use this park as a set. === Buildings === [[File:(Photo-walk Nigeria) palace of oba of egbeda, Lagos State.jpg|thumb|The Oba's Palace in Iga Idungaran, Lagos]] [[File:Lekki-link-bridge--full-view2.jpg|thumb|Lekki bridge]] * [[National Theatre, Nigeria|National Theatre, Iganmu]] (see chapter "[[#Monumental buildings|Monumental buildings]]"). * [[Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge]], the first cable-stayed bridge built in Nigeria. * The Oba's (Kings) Palace at Iga Idunganran - This is an ancestral palace for the [[Oba of Lagos]] - the custodian on the traditions and customs of the people of Eko. * [[Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos]] === Statues === *[[Herbert Macaulay]] memorial statue, * [[Welcome to Lagos]] statue showing three Lagos white cap chiefs. In local parlance, they are noted as warning you not to "suegbe, didinrin nor ya mugun" while in Lagos, === Other tourist attractions === * [[Tarkwa Bay Beach|Takwa Bay]] - A popular bay from where you can observe shipping traffic in and out of the Lagos port as well as enjoy some water sports. If you have a personal yacht this is where to go. * [[Festac Town|Festac town]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=nevada |date=2021-02-27 |title=10 Best and Unique Tourist Attractions in Lagos Nigeria |url=https://nevadahotelsandsuites.com/10-best-and-unique-tourist-attractions-in-lagos-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Nevada Hotels and Suites |language=en-US |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629080539/https://nevadahotelsandsuites.com/10-best-and-unique-tourist-attractions-in-lagos-nigeria/ }}</ref> === Not LGBT-friendly, but no convictions === Despite its active nightlife and prevailing [[joie de vivre]], Lagos, like all cities in Nigeria, is "not LGBT-friendly". [[Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013|Nigeria's 2014 legislation]] in this regard is among the most draconian systems of repression<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Isaack |first=Wendy |date=2016-10-20 |title="Tell Me Where I Can Be Safe" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> against queer people in the world. Homosexuals, but also their "supporters" such as people who have attended a same-sex wedding in another country, or hotel staff who have provided a room for a queer couple, theoretically can be sentenced to up to 15 years in prison. In Lagos, however, internet searches reveal only ''one'' case of persons being prosecuted under the 2014 laws (as of 2023). The 47 men were arrested in December 2019 after a raid on a bar frequented by local men.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2019-12-11 |title=First men go on trial under Nigeria's anti-homosexuality laws |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/11/first-men-go-on-trial-under-nigerias-anti-homosexuality-laws |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Over 40 Men Have Been Arrested in Nigeria for Homosexual Acts |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/fr/content/nigeria-police-arrest-men-for-homosexuality/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Global Citizen |language=fr}}</ref> The Federal High Court in Lagos acquitted all the accused in October the next year. The case was considered a "test case" for the application of anti-LGBT laws in Nigeria, but was dismissed because prosecutors failed to appear at trial and no incriminating witnesses could be found.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian judge throws out homosexuality case against 47 men |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/27/nigerian-judge-throws-out-case-against-47-men-over-homosexuality |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-27 |title=Nigerian judge throws out case against 47 men facing homosexuality charge |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-lgbt-idUSKBN27C1TZ |access-date=2023-07-02}}</ref> No other arrests or convictions are known from Lagos. However, three men were convicted and subsequently stoned to death by an Islamic court in [[Kano (city)|Kano]], northern Nigeria. Tourists should definitely take the legal situation in Nigeria very seriously. == Culture == Lagos is a cultural centre of Nigeria. As a [[Port|port city]] and the starting point of [[British Empire|British colonisation]], the Western influence is stronger here than in probably any other Nigerian city. All Nigerian ethnic groups can be found in the [[melting pot]] of this [[metropolis]], with the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] predominating. The [[Music of Nigeria|music]] and [[Cinema of Nigeria|film]] industries in the city are dynamic centres of the country with international acclaim. === Monumental buildings === [[File:National arts theatre (14981772010).jpg|thumb|[[National Arts Theatre]], Iganmu, Lagos]] [[File:The cathedral (16878409017).jpg|thumb|The [[Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos|Cathedral Church of Christ]] at the central Marina on Lagos Island|left]] A very striking building in Lagos is the National Arts Theatre with its oval base. The renovation of the National Arts Theatre was completed in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moses-Ashike |first=Hope |date=2022-11-14 |title=First phase of National Theatre rehabilitation project completed |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/first-phase-of-national-theatre-rehabilitation-project-completed/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> With the new "blue line" of the [[Lagos Rail Mass Transit|Lagos light rail]], the National Theatre is recently easily accessible - the station "National theatre" is at a stone's throw distance from the theatre building. Another frequently photographed structure in Lagos is the [[Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge]] - or more simply: Lekki bridge. The [[Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos|Cathedral Church of Christ]] is at the centre of the oldest part of Lagos. The Anglican church was built between 1867 and 1869, shortly after the establishment of British colonial rule. The [[Synagogue Church of All Nations|Synagogue Church of all Nations]] was built in 2004. === Art === [[File:Outside Nike Art Gallery (4202980259).jpg|thumb|The Nike Art Gallery]] The ''[[Nike Art Gallery]]'' is an [[art gallery]] in Lagos owned by [[Nike Davies-Okundaye]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-15 |title=Lagos' Best Kept Secret |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/nike-art-gallery-lagos-best-kept-secret/4etmpel |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> The gallery is probably the largest of its kind in West Africa. It is housed in a five-storey building and has a collection of about 8,000 different works of art by various Nigerian artists such as Chief Josephine Oboh Macleod.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Chief Josephine Oboh-Macleod: Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/chief-josephine-oboh-macleod-art-creator-connoisseur-politician-activist/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |publisher=Vanguard newspapers}}</ref> [https://www.reddoorgallery.co/ ''Red Door Gallery''] specializes in African contemporary art. The ''Ovuomaroro Studio and Gallery'' is one of the oldest art galleries in Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ovuomaroro Studio and Gallery |url=https://www.businesslist.com.ng/company/100229/ovuomaroro-studio-and-gallery |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=BusinessList.com.ng |language=en}}</ref> The ''Alexis Galleries'', owned by Patty Chidiac-Mastrogiannis, are located on Victoria Island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us – Alexis Galleries |url=https://alexisgalleries.com/about-us/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Since its foundation in 2011, Alexis Galleries have been engaged in the presentation and dissemination of Nigerian contemporary styles including; painting, drawing, mixed media, and sculpture. It aims to strengthen and support the Nigerian Art Circle. In 2002, Lagos was one of the African platform cities for the art exhibition ''[[Documenta11|Documenta 11]]''. === Musea === [[File:Onikan's Archives & Galleries 3.jpg|thumb|Interactive exhibition of Yoruba art at the Randle centre]] The [[Nigerian National Museum|''National Museum'']] in Onikan on Lagos Island houses archaeological and ethnographic collections as well as traditional art. There is an opportunity to purchase Nigerian arts and crafts at the adjoining craft centre. Haggling is allowed at the island's Jankara market. Spices, printed cotton and hand-woven fabrics as well as leather articles are offered here. The [https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/research/projects/the-john-k-randle-yoruba-heritage-centre/ ''John K. Randle Centre''] houses an exhibition on Yoruba culture inaugurated in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obinna |first=Emelike |date=2023-01-29 |title=John Randle Centre for Yoruba Culture & History: A global spotlight on Lagos |url=https://businessday.ng/arts-and-life/article/john-randle-centre-for-yoruba-culture-history-a-global-spotlight-on-lagos/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title=A Bold New Complex Celebrates Yoruba Culture |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/a-bold-new-complex-celebrates-yoruba-culture |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en-US}}</ref> The curators actively work with artists, writers, craftspeople, historians and storytellers to share the rich Yoruba culture. The John K. Randle Centre is a new, partly interactive kind of museum. It adapts modern Western museum practices to present new forms of storytelling inspired by Yoruba traditions.<ref>{{Citation |title=Lagos Reconstructs {{as written|it's [sic]}} cultural mystery Center. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOL5FGpfGA4 |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630055423/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOL5FGpfGA4 |archive-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> It celebrates tangible and intangible culture by preserving, enhancing and promoting the cultural heritage of the Yoruba people. The centre actively collects a wide range of items that distinguish it from a traditional museum. The John K. Randle Centre plays a leading role in the repatriation of Yoruba artefacts from European institutions. The ''[[Kalakuta Republic]]'' is a museum honouring late musician [[Fela Kuti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalakuta Museum |url=https://felakuti.com/legacy/kalakuta-museum |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Fela Kuti |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, the ''[https://mindscapesmuseums.org/ Mindscape Childrens Museum]'' deserves mentioning. Since 2015 it is notable as Nigeria's premiere Children's museum. It aims at social interaction and improve their natural curiosity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindscapes Children's Museum, Lagos - Photos & Reviews |url=https://hotels.ng/places/museum/816-mindscapes-childrens-museum |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Hotels.ng Places}}</ref> === Performance === The [[Muson Centre|MUSON Centre]] (Musical Society of Nigeria) is a theatre / performance hall. MUSON regularly organizes concerts of both Nigerian and Western genres. Its choir performs since 1995, the symphony orchestra, Nigeria's only professional symphony orchestra at the time, since 2005. Both perform regularly at the annual MUSON Festival and during the Society's concert season.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duro |first=Oni |title=Stage Lighting Design: The Nigerian Perspective |publisher=Society of Nigerian Theatre Artistes, Indiana University |year=2010 |isbn=978-978-8065-01-2 |location=Indiana, USA |language=en}}</ref> === Festivals === [[File:Lagos Black Heritage Festival Parade.JPG|thumb|The Lagos Black Heritage Festival Parade]] In Lagos, festivals take place in different months. These are the ''Lagos Carnival'' in January,<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-01-02 |title=Nigerians kick off the year with the Fanti Carnival celebrations in Lagos |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/02/nigerians-kick-off-the-year-with-the-fanti-carnival-celebrations-in-lagos/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> the ''Eko International Film Festival''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=EKOIFF – An international film festival site |url=https://www.ekoiff.org/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> in March, the ''Lagos Black Heritage Carnival'' in April,<ref>{{Citation |title=Eko Brass Band at the Freedom Park Lagos at 2015 Lagos Black Heritage Festival opening parade |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fy2QbfMHZS4 |access-date=2023-08-21 |language=en}}</ref> the ''Lagos Photo Festival''<ref>{{Cite web |title=LagosPhoto {{!}} International art festival of photography in Nigeria. |url=https://www.lagosphotofestival.com/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=www.lagosphotofestival.com}}</ref> in November, the ''Book & Art Festival''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos Book & Art Festival {{!}} LABAF {{!}} .....Dubbed Africa' Largest Culture Picnic. |url=https://www.lagosbookartfestival.org/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> in November and the ''Lagos Food Festival''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival |url=https://www.eatdrinklagos.com/festival |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Eat.Drink.Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref> in December. The ''Lagos Jazz Festival'' features music of all genres with a focus on jazz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos International Jazz Festival Returns - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/03/22/lagos-international-jazz-festival-returns |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> ''The Experience'' is a decibel-rich gospel concert hosted by the [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] House of the Rock Church in packed [[#Parks and gardens|Talewa Balewa Square]] on the first Friday in December.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Experience 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqeEmsB60pk |access-date=2023-08-21 |language=en}}</ref> [[Hearing protection device|Ear protection]] and a certain tolerance for overly dedicated worshippers are recommended. The ''Eyo Carnival'' is an irregular festival that originated in Iperu Remo, Ogun State.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hotels.ng |title=Eyo Festival: 10 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/eyo-festival/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en}}</ref> === Cuisine === {{Main|Nigerian cuisine|African cuisine}} [[File:Arewa Traditional Kitchen.jpg|thumb|Arewa Traditional Kitchen]] Some of the famous dishes in Lagos include indigenous delicacies such as eba and egusi; [[Amala (food)|amala]] and [[Ewedu soup|ewedu]]; [[Jollof rice|jollof]] (the go-to party dish); [[ofada rice]]; plantains (locally called dodo); beans; [[suya]] (spicy [[shish kebab]] or spiced roasted beef), which is consumed in local clubs and bars with a bottle of cold beer; and [[eba]], made from [[cassava]] and eaten with soups prepared with vegetables and mixture of spices and herbs. Other dishes range from local ones like ''Iyan'' (pounded yam) made from yam flour, amala; [[Asaro (food)|asaro]], which is usually eaten with various kinds of vegetables; and [[Egusi]] (melon soup) to European, Middle-Eastern, and Asian cuisine.<ref name="post" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Whiteman |first=Kaye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcS_BAAAQBAJ&q=Lagos+food+and+cuisine+in+Nigeria&pg=PT119 |title=Lagos: A Cultural and Literary History Volume 5 of Landscapes of the Imagination |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-908493-89-7}}</ref> === Music === Lagos is famous throughout Africa for its music scene. Lagos has a vibrant nightlife<ref name="nightlife" /><ref name="post">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxfu5WGlJ7kC|page = 16|title=Post Report|publisher =United States Department of State|year=1992|author=The University of Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper = The Guardian|title = A Peep into The Glamour, Glitz of Lagos Nightlife|first = Omiko|last = Awa|date = 21 June 2015|access-date = 26 March 2016|url = http://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/newsfeature/a-peep-into-the-glamour-glitz-of-lagos-nightlife/|archive-date = 9 April 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409215101/http://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/newsfeature/a-peep-into-the-glamour-glitz-of-lagos-nightlife/|url-status = live}}</ref> and has given birth to a variety of styles such as [[Sakara music]], [[Nigerian hip hop]], [[highlife]], [[jùjú music|juju]], [[fuji music|fuji]] and [[Afrobeats]].<ref name="MUSIC">{{cite web |url=http://www.arterialnetwork.org/uploads/2011/12/Ayodeles_Presentation.pdf |title=The contribution of the Creative Economy to African Cities: ''A Case Study of Lagos Creative Sector & Its Potential'' |first=Ayodele |last=Ganiu |year=2011 |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509091659/http://www.arterialnetwork.org/uploads/2011/12/Ayodeles_Presentation.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref> [[James Brown]] performed in Lagos in 1970.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57|page=57|date=1 October 1970|volume=38|number=26|issn=0021-5996|magazine=Jet|title=James Brown tours Africa for U.S. State Department Company}}</ref> With his band ''[[Paul McCartney and Wings|Wings]]'', [[Paul McCartney]] recorded his fifth post-[[Beatles]] album, ''[[Band on the Run]]'', in an [[EMI]] studio in Lagos in August and September 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpgr.co.uk/pas10007.html|title=Band on the Run: ''Paul McCartney and Wings''|first=Mark|last=Lewisohn|year=2001|access-date=8 April 2012|archive-date=28 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328131901/http://www.jpgr.co.uk/pas10007.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other foreign musicians who have also performed in the city include [[Sean Paul]], [[Snoop Dogg]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omL5460steUC&pg=PA51|title=Nigeria|first1=Lizzie | last1=Williams|first2=Mark | last2=Shenley|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2012|isbn=978-1-841-6239-79|page=51}}</ref> [[50 Cent]], [[Akon]], [[Jarule]], [[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]], [[Usher (singer)|Usher]], [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200201020296.html|title=Nigeria: The Shaggy Thriller in Lagos|website=All Africa|date=2 January 2002|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=31 January 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020131044739/http://allafrica.com/stories/200201020296.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R Kelly]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/11/r-kelly-storms-nigeria/|title=R Kelly storms Nigeria|access-date=25 April 2017|date=11 November 2010|publisher=The Vanguard|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426061959/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/11/r-kelly-storms-nigeria/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cardi B]], [[Migos]] especially during the [[Star Mega Jam]]; [[Shakira]], [[John Legend]], [[Ludacris]], [[Busta Rhymes]], [[Boyz II Men]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200706110591.html|title=Nigeria: Shakira, Legend, UB40 to Star at Thisday Festival|website=All Africa|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=27 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827072724/http://allafrica.com/stories/200706110591.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[T-Pain]], [[Brian McKnight]], [[JayZ]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/jay-z-coming-to-nigeria/|title=Jay-Z coming to Nigeria|publisher=The Vanguard|first=Opeoluwa|last=Ogunjimi|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426150927/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/jay-z-coming-to-nigeria/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mary J. Blige]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/10/mary-j-blige-rocked-lagos/|title=How Mary J. Blige rocked Lagos|publisher=The Vanguard|first=Anozie|last=Egole|date=5 October 2013|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418191954/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/10/mary-j-blige-rocked-lagos/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Beyoncé]], [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]], [[Ciara]], [[Keri Hilson]] and [[Lauryn Hill]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/2016/06/how-7-us-celebs-have-visited-nigeria-in-six-months/|title=How 7 US celebs have visited Nigeria in six months|date=15 June 2016|publisher=Nigerian Entertainment Today|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426060521/http://thenet.ng/2016/06/how-7-us-celebs-have-visited-nigeria-in-six-months/|archive-date=26 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200211010070.html|title=Nigeria: Usher Raymond is Star of the Mega Jam|website=All Africa|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=22 December 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021222195213/http://allafrica.com/stories/200211010070.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Film === [[File:Silverbird Galleria Cinemas.jpg|thumb|[[Silverbird Galleria]] cinema in Lagos]] The Surulere district is the centre of the Nigerian film industry, commonly referred to as Nollywood. Lagos itself is the location and setting for many films. The city is featured in domestic and foreign feature film productions. Many films are shot in the Festac area of Lagos, which also hosted the World Festival of Black Arts.<ref name="NOLLYWOOD">{{cite web |title=Yoruba Travelling Theatre & Video Film |url=http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol4no5/4.5Nollywood.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513083137/http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol4no5/4.5Nollywood.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> The 2016 film "[[Captain America: Civil War]]" contains a scene set in Lagos.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Du |first=Katherine |date=2016-05-05 |title='Captain America' Is Trending In Nigeria, But You Might Be Surprised Why |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/05/05/476889176/captain-america-is-trending-in-nigeria-but-you-might-be-surprised-why |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226220437/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/05/05/476889176/captain-america-is-trending-in-nigeria-but-you-might-be-surprised-why |archive-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> The Spanish police series "La unidad" (2020 - 2023), the British drama "The last tree" (2019) and the US-Spanish drama "The Way, Chapter 2" with [[Martin Sheen]] (2023 still in development) also use Lagos as a filming location. The film "[[93 Days|93 days]]" with [[Danny Glover]] is a somewhat melodramatic but fact-based account of the [[Ebola in Nigeria|Ebola outbreak in Lagos in 2014]] and was filmed at original locations. Since the success of the Nigerian thriller "The Figurine", Nigerian film has increasingly focused on high-quality productions that are also commercially successful. This in turn has led to ever new records in box office takings in Nigeria (2009: "The Figurine", 2013: "Half of a Yellow Sun", 2016: "The Wedding Party").<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ademola |first=Bisi |date=2023-06-20 |title=Nollywood: Blockbusters To Streaming Success {{!}} African Folder |url=https://africanfolder.com/nollywood-streaming-success/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> . == Sports == [[File:Main-bowl-national-stadium-surulere-lagos.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Stadium, Lagos|National Stadium]].]] [[Association football]] is Lagos's most popular sport. Prominent Lagos football clubs include [[Bridge Boys F.C.]], [[MFM F.C.]], and [[First Bank F.C.|First Bank]]: both play in [[Nigeria National League]], the second tier of Nigerian football.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Best Lagos |date=2023-09-28 |title=7 Best Football Clubs in Lagos, Nigeria |url=https://bestlagos.ng/best-football-clubs-lagos/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=BestLagos.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> The [[Nigeria national football team]], also known as the Super Eagles, used to play almost all of their home games in Lagos at the [[Lagos National Stadium|National Stadium]] in Surulere; much later, games were played at the then New [[Abuja National Stadium]] in Abuja for sometime; however, games are now mostly played at the newer [[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] in Uyo, which is the default home of the Super Eagles. Lagos also hosted the 2nd All-African games in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml |title=Nigeria |publisher=World Stadiums |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418021639/http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig-intres.html |title=Nigeria International Matches 1955–2007 |first=Chuka |last=Onwumechili |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation Online |date=3 July 2008 |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822172745/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig-intres.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlinenigeria.com/sports|title=OnlineNigeria.com|website=Onlinenigeria.com|date=29 January 2022|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131154021/https://onlinenigeria.com/sports|url-status=live}}</ref> == Quality of life == In a 2018 ranking of cities by quality of life, Lagos ranked 212th among 231 cities surveyed worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mercer's 2018 Quality of Living Rankings |url=https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Portals/0/Content/Rankings/rankings/qol2018k852147/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404081202/https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Portals/0/Content/Rankings/rankings/qol2018k852147/index.html |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=2018-07-30 |website=Mobilityexchange.mercer.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Lagos ranked second only to Manila in a global survey by the Statista Research Department of cities with the lowest quality of life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Höchel |first=Sarah |date=2023-06-07 |title=Die 10 Städte mit der niedrigsten Lebensqualität weltweit |url=https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/rundblick/die-10-staedte-mit-der-niedrigsten-lebensqualitaet-weltweit;art1373253,11597338 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=SÜDKURIER Online |language=de}}</ref> The quality of life index value determined is made up of eight sub-indices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Städte mit schlechtester Lebensqualität 2023 |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/37152/umfrage/the-economist-ranking-der-10-staedte-mit-der-niedrigsten-lebensqualitaet-weltweit/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Statista |language=de}}</ref> By way of qualification, it must be made clear that index lists of countries or cities are usually not based on verifiable or locally collected data,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Bernoff |first=Josh |date=2020-12-07 |title=My big problem with Statista |url=https://bernoff.com/blog/my-big-problem-with-statista |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Josh Bernoff |language=en-US}}</ref> but often on subjective assessments by Europeans or North Americans. The [[Corruption Perceptions Index|CPI]] of [[Transparency International]], for example, is, according to its own definition, ''"based on the perceived assessment of lay people and experts and is not reduced to actual experience and its analysis"''. There is criticism that the indices determined simply reflect the prejudices of Western countries<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title=Thilo Mischke: Womit haben die Menschen in Nigeria diesen Hass verdient? |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/politik-gesellschaft/thilo-mischke-womit-haben-die-menschen-in-nigeria-diesen-hass-verdient-li.357138 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Berliner Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> numerically.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Søreide |first=Tina |title=Is it wrong to rank? A critical assessment of corruption indices |publisher=Chr. Michelsen Institute |year=2006 |isbn=82-8062-134-2 |location=Bergen, Norway}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budsaratragoon |first=Pornanong |title=A critique on the Corruption Perceptions Index |journal=Socio-Economic Planning Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |publication-date=2019 |volume=70}}</ref> == Social situation, informal economy == There is a huge spectrum of wealth distribution among the people that reside in Lagos. It ranges from the very wealthy to the very poor. Lagos has attracted many young people and families seeking a better life from all other parts of Nigeria and beyond.<ref name="first">{{cite magazine |last1=Draper |first1=Robert |last2=Hammond |first2=Robin |date=1 January 2015 |title=Lagos Nigeria: Africa's First city |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/lagos/draper-text |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223053916/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/lagos/draper-text |archive-date=23 December 2014 |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://www.cicred.org/pripode/CONF/NAIROBI/pdf/Okuneye.pdf |access-date=11 July 2016 |title=ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPLAY OF MIGRATION AND URBAN EXPANSION, ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF LAGOS, NIGERIA |author1=Okuneye P. A. |author2=Adebayo, K. |author3=Opeolu B.T. |author4=Baddru F.I. |publisher=Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED) |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827205849/http://www.cicred.org/pripode/CONF/NAIROBI/pdf/Okuneye.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In some parts of Lagos, residents have one of the highest standards of living in Nigeria and in Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ogunlesi |first=Tolu |date=4 May 2014 |title=Commercial hub status of Lagos sparks a chain reaction |newspaper=Financial Times |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/66249de4-bb16-11e3-948c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz439BBFQBZ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221254/https://www.ft.com/content/66249de4-bb16-11e3-948c-00144feabdc0#axzz439BBFQBZ |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 October 2013 |title=Luxury living in Lagos |publisher=CNBC Africa |url=http://www.cnbcafrica.com/insights/special-reports/real-estate/the-rise-of-luxury-living-in-lagos/ |access-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319211227/http://www.cnbcafrica.com/insights/special-reports/real-estate/the-rise-of-luxury-living-in-lagos |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> Reliable data on [[unemployment]], [[Poverty threshold|income below the subsistence level]], etc. are hardly available for Lagos - as for the whole region - and must be taken with scepticism where they are provided, e.g. in other articles (see also the previous chapter). The reason for this is the widespread "''[[informal economy]]''" (not to be confused with "[[Black market|shadow economy]]") in West Africa. Insufficient jobs in traditional wage labour force people to look for work elsewhere. This benefits the informal sector of the economy, where there is no minimum wage and workers pay no taxes, have no holiday or labour rights and often work in unsafe conditions.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Onigbinde |first=Oluseun |title=LAGOS' INFORMAL SECTOR Taxation & Contribution to the Economy |url=https://ng.boell.org/sites/default/files/uploads/2017/02/budgit_final_report_30.1.17.pdf |access-date=2017-02-01 |publisher=Heinrich Böll Foundation (Nigeria)}}</ref> According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], about 5.5 million people are employed in the informal economy in Lagos State alone - about three quarters of Lagos' workforce.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=THE INFORMAL ECONOMY IN NIGERIA - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/11/the-informal-economy-in-nigeria |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |language=en}}</ref> Throughout Lagos, one can observe street vendors, artisans, sellers, small and micro enterprises, shared taxis, tricycles and motorbikes (okada drivers), domestic workers, market traders<ref name=":11" /> and others engaged in the informal sector. Activities in the informal economy are not included in economic statistics. As a result, the wealth of the population, but also e.g. unemployment, is significantly underestimated if the massive informal economy is not taken into account.<ref name=":12" /> == Crime == The [[Council on Foreign Relations]]' Nigeria Security Tracker<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Security Tracker |url=https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> continuously records [[homicide]]s ([[murder]], [[manslaughter]], etc.) by criminals, religious zealots (such as Boko Haram) and police attacks in Nigeria for each state.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Hernando Gómez Buendía |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AU46AAAAMAAJ |title=Urban crime: global trends and policies |date=13 July 2007 |publisher=United Nations University, 1989 (University of Michigan) |isbn=978-9-280-8067-93 |page=141}}</ref> Strikingly, according to the NST, Nigeria's two largest cities, Lagos and [[Kano (city)|Kano]], are significantly ''safer'' than rural areas when it comes to homicides. For Lagos State, the NST shows 135 such violent deaths in the past 24 months (as of July 2023), or 5.6 annually for every million inhabitants (for comparison, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdoms]]' crime statistics in 2022 counted 10 homicides per million inhabitants<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK homicide rate 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/288195/homicide-rate-uk/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> or [[Turkey|Turkey's]] 24<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkei - Mordrate |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/693588/umfrage/mordrate-in-der-tuerkei/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Statista |language=de}}</ref>). For Nigeria as a whole, this figure is 93, with 62% of these cases attributable to [[Police brutality|police violence]] (mainly [[Vigilantism|vigilante justice]]). [[Boko Haram]] plays a negligible role (as of 2023) in Lagos.<ref name=":13" /> == Education == {{See also|List of schools in Lagos}} [[File:Lagos Business School's Foyer.jpg|thumb|Lagos Business School]] [[File:Lagos Business School's Cafeteria.jpg|thumb|Lagos Business School's Cafeteria]] The Lagos State Government operates state schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/Agenda/Education.htm|title=Education|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714215938/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/Agenda/Education.htm|archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> The education system is the 6-3-3-4 system, which is practiced throughout the country (as well as by many other members of the [[Economic Community of West African States]]). The levels are Primary, Junior Secondary School (JSS), Senior Secondary School (SSS), and university. All children are offered basic education, with a special focus now on the first nine years. Many of the schools in Nigeria are federally funded and usually are boarding schools. A few examples are the Federal government college Odogbolu (FGCOdogbolu), the Federal government girls' college Sagamu (FGGCSagamu), and the Federal government college Kano (FGCKano). The state of Lagos has its own federally funded high schools namely Federal government college Ijanikin also known as FGC Lagos, King's College Lagos, and Queen's College Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Best Lagos |date=2023-10-02 |title=Best State Schools in Lagos (Ranked) |url=https://bestlagos.ng/best-state-schools-lagos/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=BestLagos.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> Lagos is home to postsecondary schools, universities, and other vocational institutions that are either operated by the government or private entities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nou.edu.ng/noun/NOUN_OCL/pdf/pdf2/EDA%20756.pdf |title=Issue And Problems in Higher Education |publisher=National Open University, Nigeria |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522155353/http://www.nou.edu.ng/noun/NOUN_OCL/pdf/pdf2/EDA%20756.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref> === Vocational schools === * [[Institute for Industrial Technology (IIT)]] : founded in 2000, IIT is a technical [[vocational school]] for male youth from families with limited resources. Its educational model is based on the [[Dual education system|Dual Training System]]. === Polytechnics === * [[Yaba College of Technology]] (YABATECH): founded in 1934, the college is Nigeria's first higher educational institution and the third in Africa. The college is a center of culture and heritage. It has student enrolments of over 16,000. * [[Lagos State Polytechnic]] is a [[institute of technology|polytechnic]] comprising more than six schools including private polytechnics and was founded 25 years ago. Its main campus resides at Ikorodu, along Shagamu road. * [[Lagos City Polytechnic]], located at 6/8, Bashiru Oweh Street, Off Simbiat Abiola Road (formerly Medical Road), Ikeja – This is the first private Polytechnic in Nigeria. It was established in 1990 by Engr. Babatunde Odufuwa. Engr. Odufuwa hails from Oke-Aye in Ijebu North East Local Government Area (I.N.E.L.G) of Ogun State. * Grace Polytechnic * Wolex Polytechnic * [[Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology]] is a monotechnic that offers courses in fisheries technology, general science, marine engineering and nautical science. * Federal College of Education (tech) Akoka * Ronik Polytechnic<ref name="Ronik Polytechnic Ejigbo">{{cite web | title=Technology for Self Reliance – Official Website | website=Ronik Polytechnic Ejigbo | url=https://www.ronikpolytechnic.edu.ng/ | access-date=2021-09-24 | archive-date=19 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519065338/https://ronikpolytechnic.edu.ng/ | url-status=live }}</ref> === Universities === [[File:Lagoon Front Park from the Lagos Lagoon.jpg|thumb|University of Lagos central buildings and Lagoon Front Park]] * The [[University of Lagos]] (UNILAG) Akoka, is a large institution dating from 1962, with over 55,000 students. It comprises 13 faculties, run by over 4,000 staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unilag.edu.ng/|title=Homepage|publisher=University of Lagos official website|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406133421/http://www.unilag.edu.ng/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Lagos State University]] (LASU) is a multi-campus university established in the year 1983 and owned by the Lagos State government. The main campus is located at Ojo, along the Lagos-Badagry Expressway. * [[Pan-Atlantic University]] formerly known as Pan-African University has a business school ([[Lagos Business School|LBS]]), a school of Media and Communication (SMC), and an entrepreneurial development center (EDC), specialized in providing short courses for SMEs. The School of Media and Communication is also known for its pragmatic communication courses in the field of journalism, media, and marketing. SMC awards BSc., MSc., and Ph.D. in social science courses. Founded in 1996 and awarded university status in 2002. The university also places some emphasis on the study of [[art]], running the [[Virtual Museum of Modern Nigerian Art]]. * [[National Open University of Nigeria]] is the first Open university in Nigeria; it is located on Ahmadu Bello Way, Victoria Island, Lagos. * [[Caleb University]] is a private university located at Imota, Lagos. * Lagos State College of Health Technology (LASCOHET) is an institution that runs health courses such as Health Information Management, Pharmacist Tech, Medical Laboratory Tech, Community Health Extension, and Environmental Health Technology; it is located in Yaba. * [[College of Medicine, Lagos State University|Lagos State University College of Medicine]] (LASUCOM), Ikeja * [[College of Medicine, University of Lagos]] (CMUL) == Healthcare == {{further|List of hospitals in Lagos}} Lagos has many hospitals and medical facilities. The [[Lagos Island General Hospital|oldest Nigerian hospital]] is located in the city as well as [[Flying Doctors Nigeria|West Africa's first air-operated emergency medical service]], which commenced in the city. The Lagos healthcare system is divided into public and private sectors that provide medical services at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d3o1uKA2sPQC&pg=PA31|title=Markets of Well-being: Navigating Health and Healing in Africa|volume=9|page=31|publisher=BRILL, African Dynamics|first1=Marleen|last1=Dekker|first2=Rijk|last2=van Dijk|year=2010|isbn=978-90-04-20110-1}}</ref> == Transportation == {{Main|Transport in Lagos}} Lagos has one of the largest and most extensive road networks in West Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/statistics/DS.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814215157/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/statistics/DS.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2021 |title=Digest of Statistics 2010 |publisher=Lagos State |access-date=4 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="BRT">{{cite web |url=https://nigerianewsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BRT-Lite-Summary-Report-FINAL.pdf |title=BRT-Lite-Final Report |publisher=Nigerianewsworld |access-date=14 September 2020 }} {{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It also has suburban trains and some ferry services. Highways are usually [[traffic congestion|congested]] in peak hours owing to the geography of the city and to its explosive population growth.<ref name=africareport>{{cite news|url=http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/nigeria-lagos-maximum-city.html|date=5 April 2016|publisher=The Africa Report|access-date=18 April 2016|title=Nigeria: Lagos, Maximum City|first1=Leonard|last1=Lawal|first2=Eromo|last2=Egbejule|first3=Nicholas|last3=Norbrook|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415103713/http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/nigeria-lagos-maximum-city.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sparc-nigeria.com/RC/files/1.1.16_Socioeconomic_Traffic_Lagos.pdf|title=The Socio-economic Costs of Traffic Congestion in Lagos|publisher=Economic Intelligence Unit (Working paper series No.2)|date=2 July 2013|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604213124/http://www.sparc-nigeria.com/RC/files/1.1.16_Socioeconomic_Traffic_Lagos.pdf}}</ref> Lagos is also linked by many highways and bridges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Best Lagos |date=2023-10-01 |title=Best Bridges in Lagos, Nigeria |url=https://bestlagos.ng/best-bridges-lagos/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=BestLagos.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Highways === [[File:Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-3-third-mainland-bridge-aview2.jpg|thumb|[[Third Mainland Bridge]] across the [[Lagos Lagoon]]]] The Lagos–[[Ibadan]] Expressway and the Lagos–[[Abeokuta]] Expressway are the major [[controlled-access highways]] in the north of the city and serve as inter-state highways to [[Oyo State]] and [[Ogun State]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=Ogun, Oyo move to deploy CCTV, drones to tackle insecurity on highways, borderlines |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/ogun-oyo-move-to-deploy-cctv-drones-to-tackle-insecurity-on-highways-borderlines/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312184017/https://businessday.ng/news/article/ogun-oyo-move-to-deploy-cctv-drones-to-tackle-insecurity-on-highways-borderlines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To the west the congested Lagos–Badagry Expressway serves outlying towns such as [[Festac Town|''Festival Town'']], which was the location for the 1977 [[FESTAC 77|Festival of Black Arts and Culture 77]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Strategic Plan |publisher=[[University of Lagos]], Lagos |date=2003–2008}}</ref> Lagos's importance as a commercial center and port and its strategic location have led to it being the end-point of three [[Trans-African Highway]] routes using Nigeria's national roads.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/00473227-EN-TAH-FINAL-VOL2.PDF |title=African Development Bank/United Nations Economic Commission For Africa: "Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans African Highways and the Missing Links |volume=2 Description of Corridors |publisher=African Development Bank |date=14 August 2003 |access-date=14 July 2007 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116225759/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/00473227-EN-TAH-FINAL-VOL2.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Trans–West African Coastal Highway]] leaves the city as the Badagry Expressway to [[Benin]] and beyond as far as [[Dakar]] and [[Nouakchott]]; the [[Trans-Sahara Highway]] to [[Algiers]], which is close to completion, leaves the city as the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Highways link 15 West African countries |url= https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol20no3/203-highways.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225095527/https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol20no3/203-highways.html |archive-date=25 February 2007 |journal=Africa Renewal|volume=20| issue = 3|page=14 |publisher=Itai Madamombe : "NEPAD promotes better transport networks" |date=October 2006|doi= 10.18356/4def088a-en |access-date=4 April 2012|last1= Madamombe |first1= Itai }}</ref> === Local public transport === The Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA) is responsible for public transport.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Since 2021 using a bus or the light rail system is paid for with a public transport card without cash.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.banknaija.com/how-to-get-and-use-the-lagos-brt-bus-cowry-card-all-you-need-to-know-faqs/ |title=How to Get and Use the Lagos BRT Bus Cowry Card; All You Need to Know; FAQs |work=Bank Naija |date=2021-08-02 |language=en-GB |access-date=2021-12-18 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218131716/https://www.banknaija.com/how-to-get-and-use-the-lagos-brt-bus-cowry-card-all-you-need-to-know-faqs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Chike |last=Olisah |url=https://nairametrics.com/2021/03/23/lagos-bus-services-commence-deployment-of-contactless-payment-card-to-commuters/ |title=Lagos Bus Services commence deployment of a contactless payment card to commuters |work=Nairametrics |editor=Nairametrics |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025014420/https://nairametrics.com/2021/03/23/lagos-bus-services-commence-deployment-of-contactless-payment-card-to-commuters/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This card can be used equally on BRT and LBSL buses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/features/cowrys-tap-to-ride-contactless-payment-is-making-transit-easier-for-lagosians-to-commute-during-the-pandemic/ |title=Cowry's 'tap to ride' contactless payment is making transit easier for Lagosians to commute during the pandemic |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=1 October 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519065526/https://guardian.ng/features/cowrys-tap-to-ride-contactless-payment-is-making-transit-easier-for-lagosians-to-commute-during-the-pandemic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One can purchase a public transportation card at any of the ticketing booths at the bus terminals scattered across Lagos State.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} ==== City buses ==== [[File:BRT Bus.jpg|thumb|BRT bus in Lagos]] There are two city bus companies in Lagos: BRT ([[Lagos Bus Rapid Transit System]]) and LBSL (Lagos Bus Services).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lbsl.ng/ |title=Home |language=en-US |date=2021-12-18 |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218112551/https://lbsl.ng/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-28 |title=Lagos Bus Services: New face of Smart City Transportation in Nigeria |url=https://businessday.ng/transport/article/lagos-bus-services-new-face-of-smart-city-transportation-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312184745/https://businessday.ng/transport/article/lagos-bus-services-new-face-of-smart-city-transportation-in-nigeria/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city buses are air-conditioned. (However, during the Covid epidemic, the AC had to be switched off at all times.)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-01 |title=Coronavirus: Sanwo-Olu reduces bus capacity to 60%, stops use of AC in BRT |url=https://dailytrust.com/coronavirus-sanwo-olu-reduces-bus-capacity-to-60-stops-use-of-ac-in-brt/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olowolagba |first=Fikayo |date=2020-05-04 |title=Lagos residents fear COVID-19 escalation as buses flout transportation guidelines [PHOTOS] |url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/05/04/lagos-residents-fear-covid-19-escalation-as-buses-flout-transportation-guidelines-photos/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> BRT was inaugurated in 2008. BRT offers e-payment with bank cards.<ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/primerotsl/status/1372191631072501761 |title=Dear valued customers |user=PrimeroTSL |author=Blue BRT Bus, Lagos |number=1372191631072501761 |date=17 March 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref> On two arterial roads (Ikorodu Road and Funsho Williams Avenue), a dedicated bus lane has been established for BRT buses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-08 |title=Lagos' Bus Rapid Transit System: Decongesting and Depolluting Mega-Cities |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/lagos-bus-rapid-transit-system-decongesting-and-depolluting-mega-cities-0 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=blogs.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> BRT uses diverse brands of buses, like Ashok Leyland and Yutong. Primero Transport Services (PTS) Ltd. is the sole operator of the BRT buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://autojosh.com/the-difference-between-lagos-brt-and-lbsl-buses/|title=The Difference Between Lagos BRT And LBSL Buses|website=Autojosh.com|date=23 October 2019 |access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119114342/https://autojosh.com/the-difference-between-lagos-brt-and-lbsl-buses/|url-status=live}}</ref> LBSL was inaugurated in 2019. LBSL uses Brazilian-built Marcopolo buses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Transportday |date=2022-11-10 |title=Lagos BRT, LBSL Buses and LAGBUS: Check out their differences |url=https://transportday.com.ng/lagos-brt-lbsl-buses-and-lagbus-check-out-their-differences/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Transport Day Newspaper |language=en-GB}}</ref> The central hub for city buses and long-distance buses is the [[Oshodi Bus Terminal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oshodi Transport Interchange – Planet Projects |url=https://planetprojectsltd.com/projects/oshodi-transport-interchange/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> which is visible from afar. It is the largest bus station in West Africa and commenced operation in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=travelwaka |date=2021-03-31 |title=Oshodi Transport Interchange, A World Class Terminal In Lagos |url=https://www.travelwaka.com/oshodi-bus-terminal-is-the-biggest-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=TravelWaka |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Lagos Transportation department, LAMATA, introduced electric busses in Lagos in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuaka |first=Mary |date=2023-05-24 |title=Oando, LAMATA launch electric mass transit buses in Lagos |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/600202-oando-lamata-launch-electric-mass-transit-buses-in-lagos.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Lagos Inaugurates Electric Buses For Public Transport |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Socemdz3do |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Metro rail ==== [[File:Mile2station-best.jpg|thumb|Station "Mile 2", current terminus station of the blue line, phase 1]] The first section, or phase, of the rapid transit system, the [[Lagos Light Rail]], has been operational since February 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=WATCH: Exclusive Clips From The Lagos Blue Rail Line 😍 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHfu-7-YF-c |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Train Trip On The New Lagos Metro {{!}}{{!}} My Blue Line Rail Experience {{!}}{{!}} Test-Ride On The Lagos Metro |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hqr9YqrBGBA |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en}}</ref> The "Blue Line" runs between Mile 2 and Marina (East–west axis). The extension towards Okokomaiko and the "Red Line" are under construction,<ref>{{Citation |title=Oyingbo Train Station & Overpass Construction Progress {{!}}{{!}} Lagos Redline Rail Project |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA4NrnbFdL0 |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en}}</ref> The red line will run between [[Ifako-Ijaiye|Agbado]] and Marina (North–south axis). There are plans for more light rail lines:{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} * The green line (Marina to Lekki),<ref>{{Citation |title=The $400m Lagos Rail Mass Transit Green Line {{!}} All Info About The Upcoming Project |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4L2mlH3G7g |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en}}</ref> * the yellow line (Otta/airport to Iddo), * the purple line (Redeem to Ojo), * The brown line (Mile 12 to Marina) and * the orange line (Redeem to Marina).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blackborderbuild.weebly.com/4/post/2015/06/lagos-ogun-state-rail-lines-update-map.html|title=Lagos & Ogun State Rail Lines (Update & Map)|website=Blackborderbuild.weebly.com|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> At the beginning of 2024, it was announced that the Lagos suburban railway had transported 583,000 passengers in its first four months. This would make it the largest inner-city rail service provider in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iamgbolahan - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/post/Ugkxcv5D2bksVIdZo87gpXJOmdcoAdqtlP5t |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohde |first=Michael |title=World Metro Database - metrobits.org |url=https://mic-ro.com/metro/table.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=mic-ro.com |language=en}}</ref> On 14 February 2024, Governor [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu|Sanwo-Olu]] announced that the Red Line between [[Ifako-Ijaiye|Agbado]] and Oyingbo would be inaugurated on 29 February 2024 in the presence of Nigerian President [[Bola Tinubu|Tinubu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akoni |first=Olasunkanmi |date=2024-02-14 |title=Lagos: Tinubu to inaugurate Red Line Rail project Feb 29 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/02/lagos-tinubu-to-inaugurate-red-line-rail-project-feb-29/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> ==== Rail transport ==== [[File:Mobolaji Johnson Station A.jpg|thumb|Station Mobolaji Johnson in Lagos, 2021]] As of June 2021, Lagos has a double-track standard gauge line to Ibadan and a modern main station, Mobolaji Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOBOLAJI JOHNSON TRAIN STATION, EBUTE META, LAGOS |url=https://www.360human.com.ng/tour/mobolaji-johnson-train-station-ebute-meta-lagos/skinned/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Virtual Tour |language=en-US}}</ref> The Lagos-Ibadan train service runs three trips every Friday and Saturday with the point of departure at the Mobaji Johnson train station. Passengers can travel to Ibadan on Friday at the train station by 8 pm, 12 pm, and 4 pm, while on Saturday, the train movement will depart at 8 am, 1 pm and 6 pm. The Lagos-Ibadan train schedule for Monday to Thursday, and Sunday, remains 8 am and 4 pm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=NRC increases frequency of Lagos-Ibadan train service |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nrc-increases-frequency-of-lagos-ibadan-train-service |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> Ticket sales are over the counter and cash only (as of 2023), but e-ticketing will be introduced "soon".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-06-16 |title=NRC to begin e-ticketing system for Lagos-Ibadan, Warri-Itakpe train routes |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/nrc-to-begin-e-ticketing-system-for-lagos-ibadan-warri-itakpe-train-routes/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> The operator is the [[Nigerian Railway Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/mobolaji-johnson-railway-station/ |title=Mobolaji Johnson railway station – Channels Television |access-date=2021-12-16 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407072611/https://www.channelstv.com/tag/mobolaji-johnson-railway-station/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-inaugurates-lagos-ibadan-railway-project/ |title=Buhari inaugurates Lagos-Ibadan Railway project |date=2021-06-10 |language=en-US |access-date=2021-12-16 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711032119/https://punchng.com/buhari-inaugurates-lagos-ibadan-railway-project/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="yt">{{YouTube |id=8jKx8oj2_K0 |title=New Ultra Modern Train Ride, Lagos to Abeokuta, Nigeria. #LagosTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/lagos/railway-services/mobolajijohnsontrainstation |title=Mobolaji Johnson Train Station in the city Lagos |access-date=2021-12-16 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407072612/https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/lagos/railway-services/mobolajijohnsontrainstation |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Shared cabs ==== A popular means of transportation are yellow minibuses called danfo. The yellow buses, most of the VW T3 or LT type, characterize the appearance of the city. They run on fixed routes but without a timetable, according to the principle of shared cabs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hintng.com/danfo-yellow-of-lagos/ |title=Danfo: Yellow of Lagos |date=2018-09-13 |language=en-US |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221181949/https://hintng.com/danfo-yellow-of-lagos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ferries ==== [[File:Ferry-terminal-five-cowries-lagos.jpg|thumb|Central ferry terminal Five Cowries]] According to residents, getting to work by car in Lagos can take six times longer than by ferry. About two million passengers were recorded by the Ferry Authority per month in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Heiner |last2=Akinleye (Fotos) |first2=Akintunde |date=2021-09-12 |title=Lagos in Nigeria: Eine Woche in der chaotischsten Stadt der Welt |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/lagos-in-nigeria-eine-woche-in-der-chaotischsten-stadt-der-welt-a-69e5f262-a163-45d8-8cf6-15ff7349638b |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> Five Cowries Terminal is the central terminal for ferry operations in Lagos.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=travelwaka |date=2019-09-02 |title=Five Cowries Terminal - An Ultra Modern Boat Terminal In Lagos, Nigeria |url=https://www.travelwaka.com/five-cowries-terminal/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=TravelWaka |language=en-GB}}</ref> The terminal is located on the lagoon between Lagos Island and Victoria Island and was commissioned on 30 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2018 |title=Ambode commissions 'ultra-modern' ferry terminal in Lagos |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/281900-ambode-commissions-ultra-modern-ferry-terminal-in-lagos.html?tztc=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722124900/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/281900-ambode-commissions-ultra-modern-ferry-terminal-in-lagos.html?tztc=1 |archive-date=Jul 22, 2023 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Premium Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanafi |first=Afeez |date=2021-10-22 |title=Badagry: Underused waterways offer escape from deplorable highway to Nigeria's multi-billion naira tourism hub |url=https://punchng.com/badagry-underused-waterways-offer-escape-from-deplorable-highway-to-nigerias-multi-billion-naira-tourism-hub/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Five Cowries also serves as the headquarters of the Lagos State Waterways Authority (LASWA). It has a jetty, restaurant, bar, administrative offices, ticket offices, waiting area, toilets, lift, conference room, and ATMs. Boats from private individuals and from other operators also dock at the pier. The terminal also has a multi-storey car park with space for over 800 vehicles. The multi-storey car park is located behind the terminal (as seen from the lagoon) and is directly connected to the terminal. The terminal was built without thresholds and there is a toilet for wheelchair users.<ref name=":7" /> Five Cowries is open seven days a week, from 8.00 am to 5.00 pm. The terminal is located next to the Falomo Bridge. The destinations of LASWA ferries are Marina, [[Ikoyi]], [[Victoria Island]], Lekki, [[Apapa]], [[Ikorodu]] and [[Badagry]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://laswa.lagosstate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/sites/189/2018/04/Final-Tarif-Laswa-Jan-2018.docx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |access-date=2023-07-22 |title=Tariff Booklet |website=view.officeapps.live.com}}</ref> === Air traffic === [[File:MMIA_Intl_Terminal_2019.jpg|thumb|[[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]]]] Lagos is served by [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]], one of the largest and [[List of the busiest airports in Africa|busiest airports in Africa]]. The MMIA is Nigeria's premier international air gateway. The airport's history dates back to colonial times, around the time of the Second World War. The international airport terminal was built and commissioned over 40 years ago, in 1978. The terminal opened officially on 15 March 1979. The airport had been known simply as the Lagos International Airport. It was, however, renamed for the late Nigerian Head of State, General Murtala Muhammed, who died in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murtala Ramat Mohammed {{!}} head of state of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murtala-Ramat-Mohammed |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312185339/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murtala-Ramat-Mohammed |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport terminal has been renovated several times since the 1970s but its most radical makeover began in 2013, following the launch of the Federal government's multi-billion naira Remodelling/ Rehabilitation Programme for its airports nationwide. Under the re-modeling work there, by late in 2014, the MMA lounge area had been expanded to four times its previous size and new passenger handling conveyor systems were installed which can handle over 1,000 passengers per hour.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} A second airport, [[Lekki-Epe International Airport]] has been approved by the Federal Government in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FG approves the Lekki-Epe International Airport. Here is what to expect along the Lekki-Epe Corridor |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/fg-approves-lekki-epe-international-airport-here-what-expect |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> == Recycling, sewage and water supply == === Recycling / waste management === In Lagos, only 40 percent of waste is collected and only 13 percent is recycled.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Lagos, Nigeria - Copenhagenize |url=https://copenhagenizeindex.eu/success-stories/community-cargo-bike-solution-lagos-garbage-crisis |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=copenhagenizeindex.eu}}</ref> 13,000 tonnes of waste are generated daily in the metropolis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The current state of waste management in Nigeria and the challenges of transitioning to a circular economy. |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/current-state-waste-management-nigeria-challenges-circular-braimah |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> Some residents burn their own waste, which does not improve air pollution.<ref name=":9" /> === Water supply === Tap water in Lagos is not suitable for drinking, but can be used for other purposes such as cooking and showering.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winfield |first=Scott |date=2022-07-14 |title=Nigeria Tap Water Quality Report: Is It Drinkable? |url=https://waterdefense.org/water/tap/nigeria/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Water Defense |language=en-US}}</ref> The water in the distribution network is often contaminated. Since the raw water in the lagoon is too polluted, the city draws its water from the Ogun and Owo rivers. There has been debate about the poor water quality in Lagos for years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngoni |first=Simon |date=2020-11-09 |title=Can I drink the tap water in Nigeria (incl Lagos and Abuja)? - EN |url=https://tappwater.co/en/tap-water-nigeria-safe-drink-water-filter/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Challenges in Lagos - clean water, sanitation and energy |url=https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/urban-challenges-in-lagos-clean-water-sanitation-and-energy/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Internet Geography |language=en-GB}}</ref> At the same time, a sizable proportion of the residents live in slums without access to piped water and sanitation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Roland K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYPNHUdJvGkC&pg=PA492 |title=Urban Hydroinformatics: Data, Models, and Decision Support for Integrated Urban Water Management |author2=Zoran Vojinovi? |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-843-3927-43 |page=492}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NIGERIAEXTN/Resources/wss_1100.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222191013/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NIGERIAEXTN/Resources/wss_1100.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=WorldBank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2006 |title=Lagos, the mega-city of slums |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/09/05/lagos-mega-city-slums |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131155532/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/09/05/lagos-mega-city-slums |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=The New Humanitarian}}</ref><ref>In 1995, the [[World Bank]] stated that "70 percent of Lagos' population lived in [[Squatting in Nigeria|squatted]] settlements in extremely poor environmental surroundings. Knee-deep floods sweeping raw sewage and refuse inside densely packed homes were frequent in neighborhoods where overcrowding was the norm. While the average residential density for Lagos was about 260 people per hectare, the population density in slums was between 790 and 1240 people per hectare." [http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/872021468290442515/pdf/ICR29680P071340IC0disclosed04040140.pdf Nigeria - Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510104519/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/872021468290442515/pdf/ICR29680P071340IC0disclosed04040140.pdf|date=10 May 2017}}, report of World Bank, 2006 (lookup on 2016-11-23)</ref> === Sewage === An efficient sewage system is lacking. Sewage is flushed into the open sewerage system by rainwater. This water then carries pollutants into rivers and the lagoon. Sewage also enters groundwater through leaking septic tanks and latrines. The contaminants can then contaminate the water in wells and boreholes. Water sold by street vendors can also be affected, as it comes from the same sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos Water Supply and Pollution |url=https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/lagos-water-supply-and-pollution/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Internet Geography |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Notable people == {{main|List of people from Lagos}} {{main category|People from Lagos}} == Twin towns – sister cities == {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa#Nigeria|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Nigeria}} Lagos is [[Sister city|twinned]] with: * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Atlanta's 17 Sister Cities|url=https://www.atlantaga.gov/government/mayor-s-office/executive-offices/office-of-international-affairs/atlanta-sister-cities-commission/list-of-atlanta-s-18-sister-cities|website=atlantaga.gov|publisher=City of Atlanta|access-date=2020-10-22|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813171542/https://www.atlantaga.gov/government/mayor-s-office/executive-offices/office-of-international-affairs/atlanta-sister-cities-commission/list-of-atlanta-s-18-sister-cities|url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Gary, Indiana]], United States * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil<ref>{{cite web|title=Cidades Irmãs de Belo Horizonte|url=http://portalbelohorizonte.com.br/negocios/cidades-irmas-de-belo-horizonte|website=portalbelohorizonte.com.br|publisher=Belo Horizonte|language=pt|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815162312/http://portalbelohorizonte.com.br/negocios/cidades-irmas-de-belo-horizonte|url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bucharest]], Romania<ref>{{cite web|title=Care-i cel mai… înfrățit oraș din România? Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu rușii? Și care-i înfrățit cu Timișoara…|url=https://www.banatulazi.ro/care-i-cel-mai-infratit-oras-din-romania-care-i-cu-americanii-care-i-cu-rusii-si-care-i-infratit-cu-timisoara/|website=banatulazi.ro|publisher=Banatul Azi|language=ro|date=2016-08-06|access-date=2020-10-22|archive-date=21 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221034421/https://www.banatulazi.ro/care-i-cel-mai-infratit-oras-din-romania-care-i-cu-americanii-care-i-cu-rusii-si-care-i-infratit-cu-timisoara/|url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon|TTO}} [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad and Tobago<ref>{{cite web|title=Listing of Twinning Cities|url=http://cityofportofspain.gov.tt/international/sister-cities/listings-of-twinning-cities/|website=cityofportofspain.gov.tt|publisher=City of Port of Spain|access-date=2020-10-22|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022085855/http://cityofportofspain.gov.tt/international/sister-cities/listings-of-twinning-cities/}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of largest cities]] * [[List of governors of Lagos State]] * [[Benin City]] {{Portal bar|Nigeria|Africa|Geography|Cities}} == Explanatory notes == {{Reflist|group=note}} {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{Cite web |last=Leithead |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Leithead |date=21 August 2017 |title=The city that won't stop growing: How can Lagos cope with its spiralling population? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/lagos |publisher=[[BBC News]]}} == External links == {{Sister project links | commons=Lagos, Nigeria | voy=Lagos}} * {{Official website}} * [http://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ State Judiciary of Lagos] {{Navboxes | title = Articles Related to Lagos | list = {{Yoruba topics}} {{Lagos}} {{Lagos State}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{All-Africa Games Host Cities}} {{Cities in Nigeria}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Lagos| ]]<!-- Please leave the empty space as per [[WP:EPONYMOUS]]. --> [[Category:15th-century establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Cities in Nigeria]] [[Category:Cities in Yorubaland]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]] [[Category:Former national capitals]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Lagos State]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 15th century]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Nigeria]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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