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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Largest city in South Africa}} {{About|the city in South Africa}} {{redirect|eGoli|other uses|Goli (disambiguation)|and|Egoli (disambiguation)}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use South African English|date=September 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Johannesburg | official_name = City of Johannesburg | settlement_type = [[City]] | native_name = {{Unbulleted list |{{small|{{lang-zu|eGoli}}}} |{{small|{{lang-naq|!Huni //hÄb}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://humanities.uct.ac.za/apc/place-names-pre-colonial-origin-and-their-use-today |title=Place Names of Pre-colonial Origin and their Use Today |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231007071041/https://humanities.uct.ac.za/apc/place-names-pre-colonial-origin-and-their-use-today }}</ref> }} }} | image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 290 |caption_align = center |image1 = Johannesburg CBD (cropped).jpg |caption1 = [[Johannesburg CBD]] |image2 = 9 2 228 0069-Art Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg |caption2 = [[Johannesburg Art Gallery]] |image3 = Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg |caption3 = [[Hillbrow Tower]] and [[Ponte City]] |image4 = Mandela_Bridge,_Johannesburg,_Gauteng,_South_Africa.jpg |caption4 = [[Nelson Mandela Bridge]] |image5 = FIFA World Cup 2010 Uruguay Ghana.jpg |caption5 = [[FNB Stadium]] |image6 = The_Wits_University_East_Campus_(archived).jpg |caption6 = [[University of the Witwatersrand]] |image7 = SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg |caption7 = [[Brixton Tower]] |color = white }} | image_flag = Flag of Johannesburg, South Africa.svg | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Johannesburg.svg | nickname = Jo'burg; Jozi; {{lang|ve|Muḓi Mulila Ngoma|italics=no}} ([[Venda language|Venda]] version), {{lang|ts|Joni|italics=no}} ([[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] version); {{lang|bho|Jobhag|italics=no}} ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] version);<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/witness/archive/chilli-city-20150430/ |title=Chilli city |date=14 November 2010 |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127071622/https://www.citizen.co.za/witness/archive/chilli-city-20150430/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Egoli ("Place of Gold");<ref name="eGoli">{{cite web |title=Egoli definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/egoli |website=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080321/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/egoli |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gauteng]] ("Place of Gold") | motto = "Service with Pride"<ref>{{cite web |title=Johannesburg (South Africa) |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/government/Pages/Senior%20Management/Vision,-Mission-and-Objectives.aspx|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> | pushpin_map = South Africa Gauteng#South Africa#Africa | coordinates = {{Coord|26|12|16|S|28|2|44|E|region:ZA-GT|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = South Africa | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Gauteng]] | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_type3 = [[List of municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]] | subdivision_name3 = [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|City of Johannesburg]] | subdivision_type4 = Main Place | established_title = Established | established_date = {{Start date and age|1886}}<ref name=established>{{cite thesis |last=Robson |first=Linda Gillian |title=The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact |date=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Pretoria |chapter=Annexure A |chapter-url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/26503/05back.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y#page=31 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |hdl=2263/26503 |pages=xlv–lii |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030353/https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |url-status=live }}</ref> | government_type = [[Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)|Metropolitan municipality]] | leader_party = [[Al Jama-ah]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Johannesburg|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Kabelo Gwamanda]] | area_total_km2 = 334.81 | area_urban_km2 = 3357 | area_metro_km2 = 1642.6 | area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /><ref name="provinces" /> | area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="citypop"/> | elevation_m = 1753 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /><ref name="provinces">{{cite report |url=https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/Provinces_at_a_Glance.pdf |title=Census 2022: Provinces at a Glance |publisher=[[Statistics South Africa]] |date=2023 |number=3–01–43 |pages=36,73 |isbn= 978-0-621-51559-6}}</ref> | population_total = 957441 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = 4803262 | population_urban = 7860781{{efn|this figure represents the urban population for the [[City of Johannesburg]], [[City of Ekurhuleni]], [[Mogale City]] and [[Rand West City]] municipalities combined.}} | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="citypop"/> | population_metro_footnotes = (2022) | demographics_type1 = Racial makeup (2019) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{Cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/johannesburg-population |title=Population of Johannesburg |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920153100/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/johannesburg-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]] | demographics1_info1 = 76.4% | demographics1_title2 = [[White South African|White]] | demographics1_info2 = 12.3% | demographics1_title3 = [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | demographics1_info3 = 5.6% | demographics1_title4 = [[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]] | demographics1_info4 = 4.9% | demographics1_title5 = Other | demographics1_info5 = 0.8% | demographics_type2 = [[First language]]s (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798 |title=Johannesburg |work=Census 2011 |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907192944/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798 |url-status=live }}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]] | demographics2_info1 = 23.41% | demographics2_title2 = [[South African English|English]] | demographics2_info2 = 20.10% | demographics2_title3 = [[Sesotho]] | demographics2_info3 = 9.61% | demographics2_title4 = [[Setswana]] | demographics2_info4 = 7.68% | demographics2_title5 = [[Afrikaans]] | demographics2_info5 = 7.28% | demographics2_title6 = Other | demographics2_info6 = 18.10% | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.75 <span style="color:#1fca23">'''High'''</span> <small>(2012)</small><ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://www.gcro.ac.za/sites/default/files/maps/pdfs/gcro_map_of_the_month_hdi_1996_to_2012_april_2014.pdf |title=Gauteng's Human Development Index |publisher=Gauteng City-Region Observatory |date=2013 |access-date=1 January 2015 |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111013905/http://www.gcro.ac.za/sites/default/files/maps/pdfs/gcro_map_of_the_month_hdi_1996_to_2012_april_2014.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = GDP | blank_info_sec2 = {{US$|link=yes}}131 billion <small>(2020)</small><ref name="btjbvsct">{{cite report |last= |first= |title=Top 150 richest cities in the world |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |date=11 March 2020 |access-date=19 February 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209143848/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (PPP) | blank1_info_sec2 = {{US$}}16{{thin space}}370 <small>(2014)</small><ref name="btjbvsct" /> | timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street) | postal_code = 2001 | postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]] | postal2_code = 2000 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]] | area_code = 010 and 011 | website = {{URL|http://www.joburg.org.za}} | image_map = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250}}{{hidden end}} | population_rank = [[List of cities in Africa by population|8th]] in Africa <br> [[List of populated places in South Africa|1st]] in South Africa }} '''Johannesburg''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|oʊ|ˈ|h|æ|n|ᵻ|s|b|ɜːr|ɡ}} {{respell|joh|HAN|iss|burg}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|ˈ|h|ɑː|n|-|}} {{respell|-|HAHN|-}}, {{IPA|af|jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ|lang}}; [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: '''eGoli''' {{IPA-zu|ɛˈɡɔːli|}}) (colloquially known as '''Jozi''', '''Joburg''', '''Jo'burg''' or "'''The City of Gold'''")<ref name="Mango">{{cite web |title=Johannesburg: The City of Gold |website=Johannesburg: The City of Gold |url=https://www.flymango.com/en/explore/johannesburg-the-city-of-gold |date=22 October 2019 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118162157/https://www.flymango.com/en/explore/johannesburg-the-city-of-gold |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SA.net">{{cite web |title=The history of Joburg, City of Gold |url=https://www.southafrica.net/za/en/travel/article/the-history-of-joburg-city-of-gold |work=SouthAfrica.net |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127030548/https://www.southafrica.net/za/en/travel/article/the-history-of-joburg-city-of-gold |url-status=live }}</ref> is the most populous city in [[South Africa]] with 4,803,262 people,<ref name="provinces"/> and is classified as a [[Megacity#List of megacities|megacity]];<ref name="citypopulation">{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |title=Major Agglomerations of the World |website=CityPopulation.de |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140057/https://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it is [[List of urban areas by population|one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Th. Brinkhoff |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |title=Principal Agglomerations of the World |publisher=Citypopulation.de |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the [[provinces of South Africa|provincial]] capital and largest city of [[Gauteng]], which is the wealthiest province in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fasken.com/johannesburg/ |title=Johannesburg |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426213642/http://www.fasken.com/johannesburg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Johannesburg is the seat of the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]], the highest court in South Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhana |first=Deeksha |title=The Constitutional Court as the apex court for the common law of contract: Middle ground between the approaches of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Appeal |journal=South African Journal on Human Rights |volume=34 |pages=8–32 |year=2018 |s2cid=149346012 |doi=10.1080/02587203.2018.1432100}}</ref> Most of the major South African companies and banks have their head offices in Johannesburg. The city is located within the mineral-rich [[Witwatersrand]] hills, the epicentre of the international-scale mineral, gold and (specifically) diamond trade. Johannesburg was established in 1886,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Johannesburg {{!}} City, History, Map, & Points of Interest {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> following the discovery of gold, on what had been a farm. Due to the extremely large gold deposits found along the [[Witwatersrand]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Ritchie |first=Kevin |title=A jubilee that truly sparkles |url=https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-Africa/northern-cape/a-jubilee-that-truly-sparkles-1332007 |publisher=IOL |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308091514/https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/northern-cape/a-jubilee-that-truly-sparkles-1332007 |url-status=live }}</ref> within ten years, the population had grown to over 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994, [[Soweto]] is now part of the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area. An acronym for "South-Western Townships", Soweto was organised initially as a collection of nondescript settlements on the outskirts of the city, populated mostly by African labourers working in the gold mining industry. Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been explicitly separated as a residential area for blacks only—no whites allowed—who were not permitted to live in other "white-designated" areas of Johannesburg. Another region, [[Lenasia]], is predominantly populated by English-speaking Indo-South Africans (people of [[Indian people|Indian]] and [[South Asian]] descent). These areas were, in previous decades, designated as non-white areas, in accordance with the segregationist policies of the time—known as [[apartheid]]. Johannesburg would go on to be one of the host cities of the official tournament of the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]—and it hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup Final|final]]. The [[metropolis]] is an [[global city|alpha global city]], as listed by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]. In 2019, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5{{thin space}}635{{thin space}}127, making it the [[List of municipalities in South Africa|most populous city]] in South Africa.<ref name=population/> In the same year, the population of metro Johannesburg's [[urban agglomeration]] was put at 8{{thin space}}000{{thin space}}000.<ref name=population/> Land area of the municipal city ({{cvt|1645|km2|disp=or}}) is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of {{convert|2364|/km2|abbr=out}}. == Etymology == Controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name "Johannes" who were involved in the early history of the city. Among them is the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Hendrik Dercksen, [[Christiaan Johannes Joubert]], who was a member of the [[Volksraad of the South African Republic|Volksraad]] and was the Republic's chief of mining. Another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (better known as [[Paul Kruger]]), president of the [[South African Republic]] (ZAR) from 1883 to 1900. [[Jan Meyer|Johannes Meyer]], the first government official in the area is another possibility.<ref name="Jo01">{{cite web |title=How was Johannesburg named? |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/play_/Pages/Play%20in%20Joburg/Culture%20and%20Heritage/Links/How-was-Johannesburg-named.aspx |website=www.joburg.org.za |language=en-ZA |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308184520/https://www.joburg.org.za/play_/Pages/Play%20in%20Joburg/Culture%20and%20Heritage/Links/How-was-Johannesburg-named.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Precise records for the choice of name were lost. Johannes Rissik and Johannes Joubert were members of a delegation sent to [[England]] to obtain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him, and Rissik has his name for one of the main streets in the city where the historically important albeit dilapidated [[Rissik Street Post Office]] is located.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rissik Street Post Office Johannesburg – The Heritage Portal |url=http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/thread/rissik-street-post-office-johannesburg |website=www.theheritageportal.co.za |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018195115/http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/thread/rissik-street-post-office-johannesburg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=295:rissik-street-post-office&catid=38:heritage&Itemid=51 |title=City of Johannesburg – Rissik Street Post Office |access-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111105718/http://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=295:rissik-street-post-office&catid=38:heritage&Itemid=51 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Johannesburg City Hall|City Hall]] is also located on Rissik Street. ==History== {{main|History of Johannesburg|Timeline of Johannesburg}} The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by [[San people|San]] hunter-gatherers who used stone tools. There is evidence that they lived there up to ten centuries ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Melville Koppies: Ancient History |url=http://mk.org.za/mkhist1.htm |website=mk.org.za |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315061153/http://www.mk.org.za/mkhist1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Stone-walled ruins of Sotho–Tswana towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] in which Johannesburg is situated.<ref>{{citation |last=Mason |first=Revil |title=Origins of Black People of Johannesburg and the Southern Western Central Transvaal, AD 300-1880 |number=Occasional Paper No. 16 |publisher=Archeological Research Unit (University of the Witwatersrand) |date=1986}}</ref> By the mid-18th century, the broader region was largely settled by various [[Sotho–Tswana]] communities (one linguistic branch of Bantu-speakers), whose villages, towns, chiefdoms and kingdoms stretched from the [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (what is now [[Botswana]]) in the west,<ref>{{cite news |title=Botswana profile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13041658 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211052647/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13041658 |url-status=live }}</ref> to present day [[Lesotho]] in the south,<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire |editor-first1=James S. |editor-last1=Olson |editor-first2=Robert S. |editor-last2=Shadle |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1996 |page=118 |isbn=0-313-27917-9}}</ref> to the present day [[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]] areas of the [[Limpopo|Limpopo Province]]. More specifically, the stone-walled ruins of [[Sotho–Tswana]] towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former Transvaal province in which Johannesburg is situated. Many Sotho–Tswana towns and villages in the areas around Johannesburg were destroyed and their people driven away during the wars emanating from [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]] during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (the [[mfecane]] or difaqane wars),{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} and as a result, an offshoot of the Zulu kingdom, the [[Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)|Ndebele]] (often referred to as the Matabele, the name given them by the local Sotho–Tswana), set up a kingdom to the northwest of Johannesburg around modern-day Rustenburg. === Gold rush and naming of the city === {{main|Witwatersrand Gold Rush}} [[File:langlaagte.jpg|thumb|left|The Langlaagte farm near [[Paarlshoop]], on the [[Witwatersrand]] – site of the first discovery of gold in 1886.]] [[File:Ferreira's Gold Mine in 1886.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ferreirasdorp]] gold mine in 1886, the oldest part of Johannesburg<ref name="Yap1996">{{cite book |author=Melanie Yap |title=Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ca9nqe6PRoC&pg=PA84 |access-date=2013-05-07 |year=1996 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-424-6 |page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chinatown Precinct Plan |url=http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/chinatown_precinct_plan2009.pdf |publisher=City of Johannesburg |access-date=10 May 2013 |quote=The oldest part of Johannesburg was first known as Ferreira's Camp and later Ferreiradorp. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063523/http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/chinatown_precinct_plan2009.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and where the first gold diggers initially settled.<ref name=westgate>{{cite web |title=Westgate Station Precinct Spatial Development Framework and Implementation Plan |url=http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/westgate/sdf_plan_analysis_heritage_assets.pdf |publisher=City of Johannesburg (Archive) |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185711/http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/westgate/sdf_plan_analysis_heritage_assets.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] The main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by [[Jan Gerritse Bantjes (son)|Jan Gerritse Bantjes]], son of [[Jan Bantjes]], this triggered the [[Witwatersrand Gold Rush]] and the founding of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name and governmental organisation for the area. Jan, Johan and Johannes were common male names among the Dutch of that time; two men involved in surveying the area for the best location of the city, Christian Johannes Joubert and Johann Rissik, are considered the source of the name by some. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility. Precise records for the choice of name were lost.<ref name=Joburg>{{cite web |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=275&Itemid=51 |title=How was Johannesburg named? |publisher=Official Website of the City of Johannesburg |year=2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417124059/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=275&Itemid=51 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Within ten years, the city of Johannesburg included 100,000 people.<ref name="ReidLane2004"/> In September 1884, the Struben brothers discovered the Confidence Reef on the farm Wilgespruit near present-day Roodepoort, which further boosted excitement over gold prospects.<ref name="DGJ01">{{Cite book |title=A Concise Historical Dictionary of Greater Johannesburg |last1=Musiker |first1=Naomi |last2=Musiker |first2=Reuben |publisher=Francolin |year=2000 |isbn=978-1868590711 |location=Cape Town}}</ref>{{rp|254}} The first gold to be crushed on the Witwatersrand was the gold-bearing rock from the Bantjes mine crushed using the Struben brothers stamp machine. News of the discovery soon reached Kimberley and directors Cecil Rhodes and Sir Joseph Robinson rode up to investigate the rumours for themselves. They were guided to the Bantjes camp with its tents strung out over several kilometres and stayed with Bantjes for two nights.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} In 1884, they purchased the first pure refined gold from Bantjes for £3,000. Incidentally, Bantjes had from 1881 been operating the Kromdraai Gold Mine in the Cradle of Humankind together with his partner Johannes Stephanus Minnaar where they first discovered gold in 1881, and which also offered another kind of discovery—the early ancestors of all mankind.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Some report Australian George Harrison as the first to make a claim for gold in the area that became Johannesburg, as he found gold on a farm in July 1886. He did not remain in the area.<ref name="George Harrison">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelhouseuk.co.uk/news/travel-insight/johannesburg-the-city-built-on-gold.htm |title=Johannesburg: The City Built on Gold |author=Victor Hunt |publisher=Travelhouse UK |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914050649/http://www.travelhouseuk.co.uk/news/travel-insight/johannesburg-the-city-built-on-gold.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Gold was earlier discovered some {{convert|400|km|0|abbr=off}} to the east of present-day Johannesburg in [[Barberton, South Africa|Barberton]]. [[Prospecting|Gold prospectors]] soon discovered the richer gold reefs of the [[Witwatersrand]] offered by Bantjes. The original miners' camp, under the informal leadership of Col [[Ignatius Ferreira]], was located in the Fordsburg dip, possibly because water was available there, and because of the site's proximity to the diggings. Following the establishment of Johannesburg, the area was taken over by the Transvaal government who had it surveyed and named it Ferreira's Township, today the suburb of [[Ferreirasdorp]]. The first settlement at Ferreira's Camp was established as a tented camp and which soon reached a population of 3,000 by 1887.<ref name="ReidLane2004">{{cite book |author1=Andrew M. Reid |author2=Paul J. Lane |title=African Historical Archaeologies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&pg=PA347 |access-date=7 May 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |page=347 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&pg=PA347 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government took over the camp, surveyed it and named it Ferreira's Township.<ref name="Leyds1964">{{cite book |author=Gerald Anton Leyds |title=A History of Johannesburg: The Early Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mukQAQAAIAAJ |access-date=7 May 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=Nasionale Boekhandel Beperk |pages=(from snippet view) |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010207/https://books.google.com/books?id=mukQAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1896, Johannesburg was established as a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, one of the fastest growth cities ever.<ref name="ReidLane2004"/> Mines near Johannesburg are among the deepest in the world, with some as deep as {{Convert|4000|m}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Geological Society of London |title=Mineral Deposits and Earth Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wW-y9jT3NMC&q=golden+arc+welkom&pg=PA31 |year=2005 |publisher=Geological Society of London |page=31 |isbn=9781862391826 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010209/https://books.google.com/books?id=7wW-y9jT3NMC&q=golden+arc+welkom&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Rapid growth, Jameson Raid and the Second Boer War === [[File:SA1899 pg038 Johannesburg in 1889.jpg|thumb|Johannesburg in 1889]] [[File:SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street,_Johannesburg.jpg|thumb|[[Commissioner Street (Johannesburg)|Commissioner Street]] in 1895]] Like many late 19th-century mining towns, Johannesburg was a rough and disorganised place, populated by white miners from all continents, African tribesmen were recruited to perform unskilled mine work, African women beer brewers cooked for and sold beer to the black migrant workers, a very large number of European prostitutes, gangsters, impoverished Afrikaners, tradesmen, and the "[[Laundry#South Africa|AmaWasha]]", Zulu men who surprisingly dominated laundry work.<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles |last=van Onselen |title=New Nineveh and New Babylon}}</ref> As the value of control of the land increased, tensions developed between the [[Boer]]–dominated Transvaal government in Pretoria and the British, culminating in the [[Jameson Raid]] that ended in fiasco at [[Doornkop]] in January 1896. The [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902) saw British forces under Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, occupy the city on 30 May 1900 after a series of battles to the south-west of its then-limits, near present-day Krugersdorp.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} Fighting took place at the Gatsrand Pass (near Zakariyya Park) on 27 May, north of Vanwyksrust—today's Nancefield, [[Eldorado Park, Gauteng|Eldorado Park]] and Naturena—the next day, culminating in a mass infantry attack on what is now the waterworks ridge in Chiawelo and Senaoane on 29 May.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=401&func=select&id=5 |title=Battle for Johannesburg |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231101/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=401&func=select&id=5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/ebooks/0%202009may27%20Two%20Battles%20for%20Johannesburg%20_final%20draft_.pdf |title=Hidden in Plain Sight: Johannesburg's Battlefields |author=Engelbrecht, Leon |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417133321/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/ebooks/0%202009may27%20Two%20Battles%20for%20Johannesburg%20_final%20draft_.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the Boer war, many African mineworkers left Johannesburg creating a labour shortage, which the mines ameliorated by bringing in labourers from China, especially southern China. After the war, they were replaced by black workers, but many Chinese stayed on, creating Johannesburg's Chinese community, which during the apartheid era, was not legally classified as "Asian", but as "Coloured". The population in 1904 was 155,642, of whom 83,363 were [[White people|whites]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Johannesburg |volume=19 |page=432}}</ref> === Post-Union history === [[File:Johannesburg-c1910.jpg|thumb|Pritchard Street c. 1910]] In 1917, Johannesburg became the headquarters of the [[Anglo American plc|Anglo-American Corporation]] founded by [[Ernest Oppenheimer]] which ultimately became one of the world's largest corporations, dominating both gold-mining and diamond-mining in South Africa. Major building developments took place in the 1930s, after South Africa went off the gold standard.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} In the late 1940s and early 1950s, [[Hillbrow]] went high-rise. In the 1950s and early 1960s, the apartheid government constructed the massive agglomeration of townships that became known as [[Soweto]]. New freeways encouraged massive sub[[urban sprawl]] to the north of the city.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} In the late 1960s and early 1970s, tower blocks (including the [[Carlton Centre]] and the [[Southern Life Centre]]) filled the skyline of the central business district. Under the system of ''apartheid'' (Afrikaans for "apartness", or "separate development" although the system was founded by the British), a comprehensive system of racial separation was imposed upon South Africa starting in 1948. For its growth, the economy of Johannesburg depended upon hundreds of thousands of skilled white workers imported from Europe and semi- and un-skilled black workers imported from other parts of Southern Africa. Though they worked together they were forced by the government to live separately. Work was considered to be an exception to ''apartheid'' in order to keep Johannesburg functioning as South Africa's economic capital.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 86">Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 86.</ref> [[File:Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Stuttafords]] department stores in Johannesburg in 1957]] In the 1950s, the government began a policy of building townships for black families (prior to this unskilled workers were asked to work on "single status" in male-only hostels at the mines and had to commute to see their families in whatever province they originated) outside of Johannesburg to provide workers for Johannesburg.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 86"/> [[Soweto]], a township founded for black workers coming to work in the gold mines of Johannesburg, was intended to house 50,000 people, but soon was the home of ten times that number as thousands of unemployed rural blacks came to Johannesburg for employment and an income to send back to their villages.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 92">Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 92.</ref> It was estimated that in 1989, the population of Soweto was equal to that of Johannesburg, if not greater.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 92"/> In March 1960, Johannesburg witnessed widespread demonstrations against ''apartheid'' in response to the [[Sharpeville massacre]].<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 80">Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 80.</ref> On 11 July 1963, the [[South African Police]] raided a house in the Johannesburg suburb of [[Rivonia]] where nine members of the banned [[African National Congress]] (ANC) were arrested on charges of planning sabotage. Their arrest led to the famous [[Rivonia Trial]].<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 92"/> The nine arrested included one Indo-South African, one coloured, two whites and five blacks, one of whom was the future president [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 91">Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 91.</ref> At their trial, the accused freely admitted that they were guilty of what they were charged with, namely of planning to blow up the hydro-electric system of Johannesburg to shut down the gold mines, but Mandela argued to the court that the ANC had tried non-violent resistance to ''apartheid'' and failed, leaving him with no other choice.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 91"/> The trial made Mandela into a national figure and a symbol of resistance to ''apartheid''.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 91"/> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Straatbeeld in Johannesburg TMnr 10004282.jpg|thumb|Street scene in Johannesburg in 1970]] On 16 June 1976, demonstrations broke out in Soweto over a government decree that black school-children be educated in Afrikaans instead of English, and after the police fired on the demonstrations, rioting against ''apartheid'' began in Soweto and spread into the greater Johannesburg area.<ref>Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 93.</ref> About 575 people, the majority of whom were black, were killed in the [[Soweto uprising]] of 1976.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 80"/> Between 1984 and 1986, South Africa was in turmoil as a series of nationwide protests, strikes and riots took place against ''apartheid'', and the black townships around Johannesburg were scenes of some of the fiercest struggles between the police and anti-''apartheid'' demonstrators.<ref>Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 100.</ref> The central area of the city underwent something of a decline in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the high crime rate and when property speculators directed large amounts of capital into suburban shopping malls, decentralised office parks, and entertainment centres. [[Sandton City]] was opened in 1973, followed by Rosebank Mall in 1976, and [[Eastgate Shopping Centre, Johannesburg|Eastgate]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amethyst.co.za/JhbGuide/Johannesburg.htm |title=History of Johannesburg |publisher=Amethyst.co.za |date=5 April 2003 |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614225343/http://www.amethyst.co.za/JhbGuide/Johannesburg.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 1990s, the city faced rapid growth of crime throughout large parts of the city. Some areas of skyscrapers were abandoned, many residents left their homes, and businesses moved out. Some historical buildings in central areas were destroyed by fires that spread relentlessly.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Guardian Staff |date=1999-05-30 |title=Johannesburg, the most dangerous city on earth? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/30/southafrica1 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022032433/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/30/southafrica1 |url-status=live }}</ref> === 21st century === [[File:Watching South Africa & Mexico match at World Cup 2010-06-11 in Soweto 7.jpg|left|thumb|Fans of [[South Africa national soccer team]] watching the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] with [[vuvuzela]]s in the [[Township (South Africa)|township]] of [[Soweto]], a [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb of Johannesburg]].]] Like many cities around the world, there is an increasing focus on the rejuvenation of the inner city of Johannesburg. One of these initiatives is the Maboneng District located on the south-eastern side of the [[Johannesburg CBD|CBD]]. Originally a hub for art, it has expanded to include restaurants, entertainment venues and retail stores as well as accommodation and hotels. Maboneng calls itself "a place of inspiration—a creative hub, a place to do business, a destination for visitors and a safe, integrated community for residents. A beacon of strength in Africa's most economically prosperous city".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mabonengprecinct.com/ |title=Maboneng {{!}} The heart and essence of the city of Joburg |website=Maboneng |language=en-US |access-date=3 December 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061402/http://www.mabonengprecinct.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After being destroyed in 2008 to make way for a motor showroom by Imperial Holdings, the iconic Rand Steam Laundries are now being redeveloped as an exact replica, by the order of the Johannesburg Heritage Council. Apart from one filtration shed, there is nothing left on the site after being destroyed. The site will consist of a {{cvt|5000|m2}} precinct.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://marketplace.infrastructurephotos.com/downloads/randsteam-redevelopment/ |title=Rand Steam information |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224011725/https://marketplace.infrastructurephotos.com/downloads/randsteam-redevelopment/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-24-the-battle-to-rebuild-joburgs-historic-laundry-buildings-has-finally-been-won/https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-24-the-battle-to-rebuild-joburgs-historic-laundry-buildings-has-finally-been-won/ |title=The battle to rebuild Jo'burg's historic laundry buildings has finally been won |last=Pather |first=Ra'eesa |work=The M&G Online |access-date=24 April 2018 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202523/https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-24-the-battle-to-rebuild-joburgs-historic-laundry-buildings-has-finally-been-won/https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-24-the-battle-to-rebuild-joburgs-historic-laundry-buildings-has-finally-been-won/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 May 2008, a series of riots started in the township of [[Alexandra, South Africa|Alexandra]], in the north-eastern part of Johannesburg, when locals attacked migrants from [[Mozambique]], Malawi and [[Zimbabwe]], killing two people and injuring 40 others. These riots sparked the [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] attacks of 2008.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm |title=South African mob kills migrants |publisher=BBC |access-date=19 May 2008 |date=12 May 2008 |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313001302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2019 Johannesburg riots]] were similar in nature and origin to the [[Xenophobia in South Africa#May 2008 riots|2008 xenophobic riots]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905 |title=Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis – Institute of Race Relations |date=5 September 2019 |website=News24 |language=en |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915032441/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A completely refurbished [[Soccer City]] stadium in Johannesburg hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] [[FIFA World Cup Final|final]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FNB Stadium (Soccer City) – Johannesburg – The Stadium Guide |url=https://www.stadiumguide.com/fnbstadium/ |language=nl |date=2 March 2015 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530200948/https://www.stadiumguide.com/fnbstadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref> From 22 to 24 August 2023, Johannesburg hosted [[15th BRICS summit|15th BRICS Summit.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=15th BRICS Summit: Johannesburg II Declaration |url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/37030/15th+BRICS+Summit+Johannesburg+II+Declaration |website=mea.gov.in |language=english}}</ref> On 31 August 2023, at least 76 people died when a [[2023 Johannesburg building fire|building caught fire]] in Johannesburg. The building had been taken over by a gang who were illegally renting it out.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside a 'hijacked' South African building |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-66757878 |work=BBC News}}</ref> == Geography == === Topography === [[File:Soccer City Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa (4690804881).jpg|thumb|[[Satellite image]] of Johannesburg]] [[File:JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg|thumb|January 2008 Johannesburg aerial view looking towards the south-east]] Johannesburg is located in the eastern plateau area of South Africa known as the [[Highveld]], at an elevation of {{convert|1753|m|ft}}. The former [[Central Business District]] is located on the southern side of the prominent ridge called the [[Witwatersrand]] (English: White Water's Ridge) and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the [[Limpopo River|Limpopo]] and [[Vaal River|Vaal]] rivers as the northern part of the city is drained by the [[Jukskei River]] while the southern part of the city, including most of the Central Business District, is drained by the [[Klip River]]. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter. Johannesburg may not be built on a river or harbour, but its streams contribute to two of southern Africa's mightiest rivers, the [[Limpopo River|Limpopo]] and the [[Orange River|Orange]]. Most of the springs from which many of these streams emanate are now covered in concrete and canalised, accounting for the fact that the names of early farms in the area often end with "fontein", meaning "spring" in Afrikaans. Braamfontein, Rietfontein, Zevenfontein, Doornfontein, Zandfontein and Randjesfontein are some examples. When the first white settlers reached the area that is now Johannesburg, they noticed the glistening rocks on the ridges, running with trickles of water, fed by the streams—giving the area its name, the Witwatersrand, "the ridge of white waters". Another explanation is that the whiteness comes from the quartzite rock, which has a particular sheen to it after rain.<ref>Lucille Davie ''Water, water every day'' www.joburg.org.za, 24 December 2004.</ref> The site was not chosen for its streams, however. The main reasons the city was founded where it stands today was because of the gold. Indeed, the city once sat near massive amounts of gold, given that at one point the Witwatersrand gold industry produced forty per cent of the planet's gold.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa |title=Johannesburg |last=Campbell |first=James T. |date=19 August 2015 |website=Britannica.com |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109090744/https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa |url-status=live }}</ref> === Parks and gardens === {{Main|Johannesburg City Parks}} [[File:South-Africa Johannesburg Botanical Garden-002 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Johannesburg Botanical Garden]]]] Parks and gardens in Johannesburg are maintained by [[Johannesburg City Parks|Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo]].<ref name="cityparks-whoweare">{{cite web |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/whoweare |title=Custodians of Joburg's green heritage |publisher=Johannesburg City Parks |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-date=20 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320045003/http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/whoweare |url-status=dead}}</ref> City Parks is also responsible for planting the city's many green trees, making Johannesburg one of the 'greenest' cities in the world. It has been estimated that there are six million trees in the city with the number growing every year—1.2 million on pavements and sidewalks, and a further 4.8 million in private gardens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/conf_expo/world_summit/urbanforest.htm |title=South Africa's official gateway – investment, travel, country information |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064143/http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/conf_expo/world_summit/urbanforest.htm |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> City Parks continues to invest in planting trees, particularly those previously disadvantaged areas of Johannesburg which were not positive beneficiaries of apartheid Johannesburg's urban planning. [[Johannesburg Botanical Garden]], located in the suburb of [[Emmarentia, Gauteng|Emmarentia]], is a popular recreational park. Johannesburg and environs also offer various options to visitors wishing to view [[wildlife]], in addition to the [[Johannesburg Zoo]], one of the largest in South Africa. The [[Lion Park]] nature reserve, next to [[Lesedi Cultural Village]], is home to over 80 lions and various other game, while the [[Krugersdorp Nature Reserve]], a 1500 [[Hectare|ha]] [[game reserve]], is a forty-minute drive from the city centre. The De Wildt Cheetah Centre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dewildt.co.za/ |title=The Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre – De Wildt |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319224331/https://dewildt.co.za/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in the [[Magaliesberg]] runs a successful breeding program for [[cheetah]], [[African wild dog|wild dog]] and other [[endangered species]]. The Rhino & Lion Nature Reserve,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhinolion.co.za/newsite/default.asp |title=The Nearest Faraway Place – Johannesburg, South Africa |website=rhinolion.co.za |access-date=15 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122121501/http://www.rhinolion.co.za/newsite/default.asp |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> situated in the "Cradle of Humankind" on 1200 ha of "the typical [[highveld]] of Gauteng" also runs a breeding programme for endangered species including Bengal tigers, Siberian tigers and the extremely rare [[white lion]].{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} To the south, {{convert|11|km|abbr=off}} from the city centre, is the [[Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve]] home to large mammals and hiking trails. Separating Lenasia and the Soweto suburbs is the [[Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve]] protected area. === Climate === [[File:A Johannesburg Summers Day.jpg|thumb|left|An aerial photograph of summer rain clouds over Johannesburg. The city's climate experiences regular daily thunderstorms from November to March in the afternoons.]] Johannesburg is situated on the highveld plateau, and has a [[oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwb''). The city enjoys a sunny climate, with the summer months (October to April) characterised by hot days followed by afternoon thundershowers and cool evenings, and the winter months (May to September) by dry, sunny days followed by cold nights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safarinow.com/cms/johannesburg-gauteng/irie.aspx |title=Johannesburg & Gauteng Weather and Climate |publisher=Safarinow.com |access-date=14 April 2013 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522144627/http://www.safarinow.com/cms/johannesburg-gauteng/irie.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Temperatures in Johannesburg are usually fairly mild due to the city's high elevation, with an average maximum daytime temperature in January of {{convert|25.6|C}}, dropping to an average maximum of around {{convert|16|C}} in June. The [[UV index]] for Johannesburg in summers is extreme, often reaching 14–16 due to the high elevation and its location in the subtropics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvawareness.com/uv-index/uv-index.php?location=johannesburg |title=UV index of Johannesburg |publisher=uvawareness |access-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081241/http://www.uvawareness.com/uv-index/uv-index.php?location=johannesburg |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with mild days and cool nights, dropping to {{convert|4.1|C|1}} in June and July. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing [[frost]]. Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in the twentieth century during May 1956, August 1962, June 1964 and September 1981. In the 21st century, there was light sleet in 2006, as well as snow proper on 27 June 2007 (accumulating up to {{convert|10|cm|0|disp=or}} in the southern suburbs),<ref>{{cite web |author=SABCnews.com |title=Joburg covered by snow as temperature drops |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0,2172,151555,00.html |access-date=16 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130254/http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0%2C2172%2C151555%2C00.html |archive-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 7 August 2012,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bauer |first=Nickolaus |date=7 August 2012 |title=Snow in the city delights Jo'burg residents |newspaper=Mail & Guardian |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-07-snow-in-joburg |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809062941/http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-07-snow-in-joburg |url-status=live }}</ref> and 10 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitongo |first=Gertrude |date=2023-07-11 |title=South Africans abuzz after first snowfall in over a decade |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/11/africa/johannesburg-rare-snow-fall-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727224524/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/11/africa/johannesburg-rare-snow-fall-spc-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|713|mm|1}}, which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months. The lowest nighttime minimum temperature ever recorded in Johannesburg is {{convert|-8.2|C|1}}, on 13 June 1979. The lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded is {{convert|1.5|C|1}}, on 19 June 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.weathersa.co.za/Pressroom/2009/Its_cold_in_Gauteng.jsp |title=Johannesburg temperature records |publisher=[[South African Weather Service]] |access-date=8 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{Johannesburg weatherbox}} == Demographics == {{Historical populations | title= Johannesburg population | percentages = pagr | 1886 |3000 | 1904 |99052 | 1908 |180687 | 1985 |1783000 | 1990 |1898000 | 2000 |2745000 | 2001 |3326055 | 2005 |3272600 | 2011 |4474829 | 2022 |4803262<ref name="provinces"/> |source =<ref name =JoziPop1880s>{{cite news |url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/johannesburg-south-africa-1886 |title=Johannesburg, South Africa (1886-- ) – The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed |website=blackpast.org |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150842/http://www.blackpast.org/gah/johannesburg-south-africa-1886 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=unhabitat2014>{{Cite book |url=http://unhabitat.org/the-state-of-african-cities-2014/ |title=The State of African Cities 2014 |isbn=978-92-1-132598-0 |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195641/https://unhabitat.org/the-state-of-african-cities-2014/ |archive-date=10 September 2014 |date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="statssaPop">{{cite web |title=Local Municipality, City of Johannesburg |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993&id=city-of-johannesburg-municipality |website=Statistics South Africa |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102081023/https://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} According to the 2011 [[Statistics South Africa|South African National Census]], the population of Johannesburg is 4,434,827 people,<ref name=statssaPop/> making it the most populous city in South Africa (it has been the most populous city in South Africa since at least the 1950s).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqtwdzPV7XI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iqtwdzPV7XI |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=The Union of South Africa, 1956 |last=travelfilmarchive |date=8 November 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdAgUgrc4qg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/pdAgUgrc4qg |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=British Empire: The British Colony Of The Union Of South Africa 1956. |last=darren lennox |date=23 February 2017 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> From the 2001 census, the people live in 1,006,930 formal households, of which 86% have a flush or [[chemical toilet]], and 91% have [[refuse]] removed by the municipality at least once a week. 81% of households have access to running water, and 80% use electricity as the main source of energy. 29% of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Beall, Jo |author2=Crankshaw, Owen |author3=Parnell, Susan |year=2000 |title=Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=107–122 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200108 |bibcode=2000EnUrb..12..107B |s2cid=16645676}} [http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107 Abstract] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723224506/http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107 |date=23 July 2009 }}</ref> 66% of households are headed by one person. Johannesburg's [[urban agglomeration]] spreads well beyond the administrative boundary of the [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|municipality]]. The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,860,781 in 2011 by "citypopulation.de",<ref name="citypop">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html |title=South Africa: Provinces and Major Urban Areas |author=Thomas Brinkhoff |date=15 September 2014 |publisher=City Population |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306142835/http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html |url-status=live }}</ref>. [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|Johannesburg's suburbs]] are the product of [[urban sprawl]] and are regionalised into north, south, east and west, and they generally have different personalities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/ |title=Apartheid legacy of urban sprawl is the challenge our cities face |work=Daily Maverick |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183006/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Greater Johannesburg consists of more than five hundred suburbs in an area covering more than {{convert|200|sqmi|km2|spell=in|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":0"/> Although black Africans can be found throughout Johannesburg and its surrounding area, greater Johannesburg remains highly racially segregated.<ref name=":0"/> Within the Metropolitan Municipality, the old centre, established in 1886 and given city status in 1928, has been listed in recent censuses as a "main place". {{As of|2011}}, this main place had a population of 957,441 and an area of 334.81 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306 |title=Main Place |last1=Africa |first1=Statistics South |date=2011 |website=www.statssa.gov.za |publisher=Statistics South Africa |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033221/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |title=Census 2011 — Main Place "Johannesburg" |website=census2011.adrianfrith.com |language=en |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212101431/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |title=Main Place "Johannesburg" |publisher=[[South African National Census of 2011]] |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161936/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some authors consider the metropolitan area to include most of Gauteng province.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gugler |first1=Josef |title=World Cities Beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521536851 |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC |language=en |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010217/https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations|UN]]'s Population Division in 2016 estimated the metropolitan area population to be 9,616,000.<ref name="UN WUP 2016">{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2016 |url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations]] |page=11 |date=2016 |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001173328/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Blacks account for 73% of the population, followed by [[White South African|whites]] at 18%, [[coloured]]s at 6% and [[Asian South African|Asians]] at 4%. 42% of the population is under the age of 24, while 6% of the population is over 60 years of age. 37% of city residents are unemployed. 91% of the unemployed are Black African. Women comprise 43% of the working population. 19% of economically active adults work in wholesale and retail sectors, 18% in financial, real estate and business services, 17% in the community, social and personal services and 12% are in manufacturing. Only 0.7% work in mining. === Religion === [[File:Dutch Reformed Church in Jeppestown.JPG|thumb|Dutch Reformed Church in [[Jeppestown]]]] 53% belong to mainstream Christian churches, 24% are not affiliated with any organised religion, 14% are members of [[African Initiated Church|African Independent Churches]], 3% are [[Muslim]], 1% are [[Jewish]] and 1% are [[Hindu]]. There are [[Islam|Muslim]] mosques, [[Hindu]] temples, A Sikh Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) in Sandton and a large number of synagogues. ====Christianity==== Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples: [[Serbian Orthodox church]], [[Zion Christian Church]], [[Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa]], [[Assemblies of God]], [[Baptist Union of Southern Africa]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Methodist Church of Southern Africa]] ([[World Methodist Council]]), [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]] ([[Anglican Communion]]), [[Presbyterian Church of Africa]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg]] ([[Catholic Church]]) and the [[Johannesburg South Africa Temple]] ([[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]).<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa SouthAfrica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629053318/https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa |date=29 June 2019 }}, britannica.com, US, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref> ====Judaism==== Most of Johannesburg's estimated 50,000 Jews live in the North Eastern suburbs; [[Glenhazel]], [[Raedene Estate]], [[Kew, Gauteng|Kew]], [[Norwood, Gauteng|Norwood]], [[Highlands North, Gauteng|Highlands North]], [[Sandringham, Gauteng|Sandringham]], [[Savoy Estate]], [[Waverley, Johannesburg|Waverley]], [[Orchards, Johannesburg|Orchards]], [[Oaklands, Gauteng|Oaklands]] and [[Fairmount, Gauteng|Fairmount]].<ref>[https://www.sajbd.org/media/our-johannesburg Our Johannesburg] Jewish Affairs. 6 May 2020</ref> There are many [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogues in the city including; [[Great Park Synagogue (Johannesburg)|Great Park Synagogue]], [[Oxford Shul]] and [[Doornfontein Synagogue]]. There is a smaller number of synagogues serving the city's [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jews]], including [[Temple Israel (Johannesburg)|Temple Israel]] and [[Beit Emanuel, Johannesburg|Beit Emanuel]]. === Languages === [[File:Johannesburg dominant language map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of home languages in Johannesburg {{div col|colwidth=10em|content= {{legend|#8dd3c7|[[Afrikaans]]}} {{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]]}} {{legend|#bebada|[[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]}} {{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]}} {{legend|#80b1d3|[[Zulu language|Zulu]]}} {{legend|#fdb462|[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]}} {{legend|#b3de69|[[Sotho language|Sotho]]}} {{legend|#fccde5|[[Tswana language|Tswana]]}} {{legend|#ccebc5|[[Venda language|Venda]]}} {{legend|#ffed6f|[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]}} {{legend|#d0d0d0|No language dominant}} }}]] 32% of Johannesburg residents speak [[Nguni languages]] at home, 24% speak [[Sotho languages]], 18% speak English, 7% speak [[Afrikaans]] and 6% speak [[Tshivenda]]. {| class="wikitable" |- !Gender !Population !% |- | Female | 473,148 | 49.42 |- | Male | 484,293 | 50.58 |} {| class="wikitable" |- !Race !Population !% |- | [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]] | 614,793 | 64.21 |- | [[White South African|White]] | 133,379 | 13.93 |- | [[Coloured]] | 133,029 | 13.89 |- | [[Asian South African|Asian]] | 63,918 | 6.68 |- |Other |12,320 |1.29 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! [[First language]] ! Population<ref name="census2011" /><ref name="census2011 gov.za">{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Statistics South |title=Local Municipality {{!}} Statistics South Africa |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722214641/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! % |- | [[Zulu language|Zulu]] | 1,022,747 | 23.41 |- |- | [[Sesotho language|Sotho]] | 420,117 | 9.61 |- | [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] | 298,523 | 6.83 |- | [[Afrikaans]] | 318,063 | 7.28 |- | [[Tswana language|Tswana]] | 335,713 | 7.68 |- | [[Sepedi]] | 317,277 | 7.26 |- | [[South African English|English]] | 878,230 | 20.10 |- | [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] | 287,625 | 6.58 |- | [[Swazi language|Swazi]] | 35,926 | 0.82 |- | [[Venda language|Venda]] | 141,435 | 3.24 |- | [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] | 126,587 | 2.90 |- | [[Languages of South Africa|Other]] | 168,566 | 3.86 |- | [[South African Sign Language|Sign language]] | 18,793 | 0.43 |} === Education === [[File:Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of the Witwatersrand]]]] Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of both [[private university|private]] and [[public university|public universities]]. Johannesburg is served by the public universities [[University of the Witwatersrand]] and the [[University of Johannesburg]]. [[University of Johannesburg]] was formed on 1 January 2005, when three separate universities and campuses—[[Rand Afrikaans University]], [[Technikon Witwatersrand]], and the Johannesburg campuses of [[Vista University]]—were merged. The new university offers education primarily in English and [[Afrikaans]], although courses may be taken in any of South Africa's official languages. The [[University of the Witwatersrand]] is one of the leading universities in Africa,<ref>{{cite web |last=University of the Witwatersrand |title=Wits Facts |url=http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/witstoday/facts-and-figures/3083/facts_and_figures.html |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814035045/http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/witstoday/facts-and-figures/3083/facts_and_figures.html |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> and is famous as a centre of resistance to [[apartheid]]. It is attached to the world's third largest hospital, the [[Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital]], located in [[Soweto]]. The [[University of Pretoria]]'s business school the [[Gordon Institute of Business Science]] is located in Illovo, Johannesburg. Many private colleges are also situated in Johannesburg, such as [[Damelin]],<ref name="Damelin">{{cite web |url=http://www.educor.co.za/campuses/face-to-face-campuses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032337/http://www.educor.co.za/campuses/face-to-face-campuses |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2011 |title=Face to Face Campuses |publisher=Educor |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> [[CTI Education Group|CTI]],<ref name = "CTI">{{cite web |url=http://www.cti.co.za/contact-us |title=Contact Us – CTI Education Group |publisher=Cti.co.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528084223/http://www.cti.co.za/contact-us |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lyceum College]]<ref name = "Lyceum">{{cite web |url=http://www.lyceum.co.za/college-south-africa-sa-colleges |title=College South Africa | SA Colleges |publisher=Lyceum.co.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702141254/http://www.lyceum.co.za/college-south-africa-sa-colleges |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Monash University, South Africa campus|South African campus]]<ref name="Monash">{{cite web |url=http://www.monash.ac.za/about/contact/ |title=Contact us – Monash South Africa |publisher=Monash.ac.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512020840/http://www.monash.ac.za/about/contact/ |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> of [[Monash University]] (six of the other campuses are in Australia, while the eighth is in [[Malaysia]]), as well as the [[Midrand Graduate Institute]]<ref name = "MGI">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgi.ac.za/contact-us.html |title=Contact Us |publisher=Mgi.ac.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629190229/http://www.mgi.ac.za/contact-us.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> which is located in [[Midrand]]. Johannesburg also has one of several [[film schools]] in the country, one of which has won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Student Film in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gfo.co.za/content/GFOcongratulatesAFDAonAcademyMaywin065.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304005253/http://www.gfo.co.za/content/GFOcongratulatesAFDAonAcademyMaywin065.doc |archive-date=4 March 2009}}, 23 May 2006</ref> The South African School of Motion Picture and Live Performance, or [[AFDA]] for short, is situated in Auckland Park. Johannesburg also has three teacher-training colleges and a technical college. There are numerous kindergartens, primary schools and high schools in the region. == Economy == [[File:Johannesburg Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|The [[Johannesburg Stock Exchange]]]] Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16% of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40% of Gauteng's economic activity.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}<!--"page not found" link<ref name="sa2010-joburg">{{cite web |url=http://www.sa2010.gov.za/southafrica/hostcities.php |title=Johannesburg |work=2010 Communication Project Management Unit |publisher=Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) |access-date=29 September 2008}}</ref>--> In a 2008 survey conducted by [[Mastercard]], Johannesburg ranked 47 out of 50 top cities in the world as a worldwide centre of commerce (the only city in Africa).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/WCoC_Brochure_FINAL.pdf |title=Mastercard – Global Leading Company in Payment Solutions Offering Credit, Debit, Prepaid Cards & More |website=[[Mastercard]] |access-date=14 December 2007 |archive-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061729/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/WCoC_Brochure_FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Mining was the foundation of the [[Witwatersrand]]'s economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. While gold mining no longer takes place within the [[city limits]], most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg. The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants. The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Johannesburg has Africa's largest stock exchange, the [[JSE Limited|JSE]] although it has moved out of the central business district. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions. The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands of [[Lesotho]], the biggest of which is the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century. The container terminal at [[City Deep, Gauteng|City Deep]] is known to be the largest "[[dry port]]" in the world,{{Citation needed|reason=Johannesburg not mentioned in dry port article, largest dry port in world is significant claim|date=March 2015}} with some 50% of cargo that arrives through the ports of [[Durban]] and [[Cape Town]] arriving in Johannesburg. The City Deep area has been declared an IDZ (industrial development zone) by the Gauteng government.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} === Retail === {{See also|Category: Shopping centres in Johannesburg}} [[File:Sandton.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sandton City]] shopping mall in [[Sandton]], Johannesburg.]] Johannesburg's largest shopping centres, measured by gross leasable area (GLA, the uniform measure of centre size as determined by the International Council of Shopping Centers) are Sandton City, Eastgate, Mall of Africa, Westgate and Cresta. [[Melrose Arch]] is one of its most prestigious.{{citation_needed|date=October 2012}} Other centres include [[Hyde Park Corner (shopping centre)|Hyde Park Corner]], [[Rosebank, Gauteng|Rosebank]], [[Southgate Shopping Centre|Southgate]], The Glen Shopping Centre, Johannesburg South, and Clearwater Mall. There were also plans to build a large shopping centre, known as the Zonk'Izizwe Shopping Resort, in [[Midrand]], but these have been indefinitely delayed due to the opening of [[Mall of Africa]]. "Zonk'Izizwe" means "All Nations" in [[Zulu language]], indicating that the centre will cater to the city's diverse mix of peoples and races. Also a complex named Greenstone in Modderfontein has been opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://architectafrica.com/bin0/features-GreenstoneMall-Bentel-05.html |title=GREENSTONE MALL : BENTEL INTERNATIONAL: Architect Africa Features Page |publisher=Architectafrica.com |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208015832/http://www.architectafrica.com/bin0/features-GreenstoneMall-Bentel-05.html |archive-date=8 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cradlestone Mall is a new mall named for its location which is close to the [[Cradle of Humankind]], a World Heritage Site. == Law and government == === Government === {{Main|City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality}} [[File:Johannesburg 2006 regions with legend.PNG|thumb|The seven regions of the city]] Upon the creation of the Metropolitan Municipality in 2000 the city was subdivided into eleven regions, simply named Region 1 to Region 11. These were reorganised in 2006 into the current seven regions named alphabetically Region A to Region G, as shown on the nearby map.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Abraham, Anish |date=11 May 2006 |title=Jozi plans major restructuring |publisher=City of Johannesburg |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may11_structure.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627140019/http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may11_structure.stm |archive-date=27 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2006}} the seven regions are: *''Region A'': Diepsloot, Kya Sand; *''Region B'': Randburg, Rosebank, Emmarentia, Greenside, Melville, Northcliff, Rosebank, Parktown, Parktown North; *''Region C'': Roodepoort, Constantia Kloof, Northgate; *''Region D'': Doornkop, Soweto, Dobsonville, Protea Glen; *''Region E'': Alexandra, Wynberg, Sandton; *''Region F'': Inner City; *''Region G'': Orange Farm, Ennerdale, Lenasia. In the 2016 municipal elections, the ruling party, the ANC, lost their majority in Johannesburg for the first time since taking power in 1994, claiming only 44.12% of the vote. The Economic Freedom Fighters and Democratic Alliance both agreed to vote for the DA mayoral candidate, [[Herman Mashaba]], who was sworn into power as the first Democratic Alliance mayor of Johannesburg on 22 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ewn.co.za/2016/08/22/Victory-for-DA-as-Herman-Mashaba-is-elected-Mayor-of-Johannesburg |title=Victory for DA as Herman Mashaba is elected Mayor of Johannesburg |first=Clement |last=Manyathela |website=ewn.co.za |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015436/https://ewn.co.za/2016/08/22/Victory-for-DA-as-Herman-Mashaba-is-elected-Mayor-of-Johannesburg |url-status=live }}</ref> The ANC returned to the city's executive on 4 December 2019 following the election of its regional chair, [[Geoff Makhubo]], to the mayoralty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deklerk |first1=Aphiwe |title=ANC's Geoff Makhubo is the new Joburg mayor |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-12-04-ancs-geoff-makhubo-is-the-new-joburg-mayor/ |access-date=4 December 2019 |agency=TimesLIVE |date=4 December 2019 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204204352/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-12-04-ancs-geoff-makhubo-is-the-new-joburg-mayor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Makhubo died on 9 July 2021 and [[Eunice Mgcina]] was appointed acting mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/eunice-mgcina-is-acting-mayor-of-joburg-f762bc6e-dc76-4c5f-8d6e-4e44ae858d6f |title=Eunice Mgcina is acting mayor of Joburg |work=iol.co.za |last=Nkosi |first=Ntombi |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711192839/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/eunice-mgcina-is-acting-mayor-of-joburg-f762bc6e-dc76-4c5f-8d6e-4e44ae858d6f |url-status=live }}</ref> A new mayor, Jolidee Matongo, was elected unopposed on 10 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nonkululeko Njilo |title=Jolidee Matongo becomes new mayor of Joburg unopposed |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-08-10-jolidee-matongo-becomes-new-mayor-of-joburg-unopposed2/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810144558/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-08-10-jolidee-matongo-becomes-new-mayor-of-joburg-unopposed2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Matongo died in a car accident in September 2021 and [[Mpho Moerane]] was elected to succeed him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulu |first=Sifiso |title=Mpho Moerane is officially Joburg's new mayor |url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/10/01/mpho-moerane-is-officially-joburg-s-new-mayor |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715162707/https://ewn.co.za/2021/10/01/mpho-moerane-is-officially-joburg-s-new-mayor |url-status=live }}</ref> === Crime === [[File:South african police may 2010.jpg|thumb|Officers of the [[South African Police Service]] with [[R4 assault rifle|Vektor R5]] rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010]] [[File:Soweto township.jpg|thumb|A [[shanty town]] in [[Soweto]] [[Township (South Africa)|township]]]] After the [[Group Areas Act]] was scrapped in 1991, Johannesburg was affected by [[urban blight]]. Thousands of poor black people, who had been forbidden to live in the city proper, moved into the city from surrounding black townships like [[Soweto]] and many immigrants from economically beleaguered and war torn African nations flooded into South Africa. Many buildings were abandoned by [[landlord]]s, especially in high-density areas, such as [[Hillbrow]]. Many corporations and institutions, including the [[JSE Securities Exchange|stock exchange]], moved their headquarters away from the city centre, to suburbs like [[Sandton]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johannesburg Stock Exchange History - Property24.com |url=http://www.property24.com/articles/johannesburg-stock-exchange-history/16977 |website=www.property24.com |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224180746/https://www.property24.com/articles/johannesburg-stock-exchange-history/16977 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviving the city centre is one of the main aims of the municipal government of Johannesburg. Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city. These measures include [[closed-circuit television]] on street corners. As of 11 December 2008, every street corner in Johannesburg central is under high-tech [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] surveillance.<ref name="iol.co.za">{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/joburg-surveillance-zooms-in-428633 |work=IOL News |title=Joburg Surveillance Zooms In |date=11 December 2008 |last=Gifford |first=Gill |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215528/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/joburg-surveillance-zooms-in-428633 |url-status=live }}</ref> The CCTV system, operated by the Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD), is also able to detect stolen or hijacked vehicles by scanning the number plates of every vehicle travelling through the central business district (CBD), then comparing them to the eNaTIS database. The JMPD claims that the average response time by police for crimes committed in the CBD is 60 seconds.<ref name="iol.co.za"/> Crime levels in Johannesburg have dropped as the economy has stabilised and begun to grow.<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2006-07-07-drop-in-serious-crime-joburg Drop in serious crime in Jo'burg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710071256/http://mg.co.za/article/2006-07-07-drop-in-serious-crime-joburg |date=10 July 2018 }}, ''Mail & Guardian Online'', 7 July 2006.</ref> Between 2001 and 2006, R9-billion (US$1.2 billion) has been invested in the city centre. Further investment of around R10-billion (US$1.5 billion) is expected in the city centre alone by 2010. This excludes development directly associated with the 2010 FIFA World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/joburg039s-residential-projects-are-supporting-an-acceleration-of-the-rejuvenation-effort-2007-05-25 |publisher=engineeringnews.co.za |title=Joburg's residential projects are supporting an acceleration of the rejuvenation effort |date=25 May 2007 |last=van der Merwe |first=Christy |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040725/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/joburg039s-residential-projects-are-supporting-an-acceleration-of-the-rejuvenation-effort-2007-05-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> In an effort to prepare Johannesburg for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], local government enlisted the help of [[Rudy Giuliani]], former [[Mayor of New York City]], to help bring down the crime rate, as the opening and closing matches of the tournament were played in the city.<ref>{{cite press release |date=6 August 2006 |url=http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release.php?rID=16863 |title=City of Johannesburg is calling for Internal Branding Advice from Global Gurus |url-status=dead |access-date=10 September 2006 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915003232/http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release.php?rID=16863}}</ref> [[Murders]] in the Johannesburg municipality amounted to 1,697 in 2007 according to the South African Medical Research Council, a rate of 43 per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/nimmsreport2007.pdf |title=A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa |access-date=22 October 2009 |page=49 |publisher=South African Medical Research Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726194935/http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/nimmsreport2007.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> In 2016 that number had sharply declined to 29.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, placing the murder rate at more than half of that of [[Cape Town]] and even below the national average.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/230123/cape-town-is-one-of-the-most-violent-cities-in-the-world/ |title=Cape Town is one of the most violent cities in the world |publisher=businesstech.co.za |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212215/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/230123/cape-town-is-one-of-the-most-violent-cities-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Culture== Johannesburg is a cultural hub in South Africa<ref name="JoburgCulture1">{{cite web |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1690&Itemid=49 |title=city of Johannesburg – Arts, culture and heritage |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525231039/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1690&Itemid=49 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and has a wide variety of cultural venues, making it a prominent area for many creative and cultural industries.<ref name = "JoburgCulture1"/> Johannesburg is home to the National School of Arts, The University of Witwatersrand's School of the Arts and the South African Ballet Theatre,<ref name = "JoburgCulture1"/><ref name = "NSA">{{cite web |url=http://www.artschool.co.za/ |title=National School of the Arts |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522195259/http://www.artschool.co.za/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the [[Johannesburg Art Gallery]]<ref name = "JoziArtGallery">{{cite web |url=http://www.artthrob.co.za/Galleries/Johannesburg-Art-Gallery.aspx |title=Johannesburg Art Gallery |access-date=25 May 2015 |website=Art Throb |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414144357/http://www.artthrob.co.za/Galleries/Johannesburg-Art-Gallery.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and other prominent cultural landmarks, such as the [[Mary Fitzgerald Square]]<ref name = "JoburgCulture1"/> and numerous other museums, theatres, galleries and libraries.<ref name = "JoburgCulture1"/> The [[Johannesburg City Library]] is located in the Central Business District of Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |last=City of Johannesburg |title=Region F libraries |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/regions/Pages/Region%20F%20-%20Inner%20City/Region-F-Libraries.aspx |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710013851/https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/regions/Pages/Region%20F%20-%20Inner%20City/Region-F-Libraries.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> === Museums and galleries === [[File:9 2 228 0069-Art Gallery-Johannesburg-s (square).jpg|thumb|[[Johannesburg Art Gallery]]]] [[File:Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG|thumb|[[Apartheid Museum]]]] Specialist museums cover subjects such as Africana, costume, design, [[fossils]], geology, [[military history]], medical, [[pharmacy]], photography and transportation networks such as railways. [[Gold Reef City]], a living museum, was originally part of the Crown Mines Complex, where gold was mined to a depth of {{convert|3000|m}}. The [[Market Theatre (Johannesburg)|Market Theatre]] stages plays, comedy shows, and musical performances. The following is a list of some of the museums and galleries that can be found in Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/johannesburg_museums.html |title=Johannesburg Museums |publisher=Places.co.za |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618071844/http://www.places.co.za/html/johannesburg_museums.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> *AECI Dynamite Factory Museum ::The AECI Dynamite Factory Museum, housed in the 1895 residence of a mining official, records the history of explosives, with particular emphasis on their use in the mining industry. *Adler Museum of Medicine ::History of Medicine, brainchild of Dr Cyril Adler, was formally inaugurated 1962. The museum's role was to collect and preserve for posterity all material that would illustrate the history of medicine in general and of South Africa in particular. *[[Apartheid Museum]] *[[Constitution Hill, Johannesburg]] *[[Hector Pieterson Museum]] *[[James Hall Transport Museum]] *[[Johannesburg Art Gallery]] *Madiba Freedom Museum :: Named after the former President Mandela's clan, the museum's theme is Mzabalazo and charts South Africa's journey to democracy. *[[MuseuMAfricA]]. *Origins Centre Museum ::Located on the campus of the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] in [[Braamfontein]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://origins.org.za/index.php/origins_site/widearticle/C37/ |title=Vitis US |publisher=Origins Centre |access-date=10 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210154403/http://origins.org.za/index.php/origins_site/widearticle/C37/ |archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> this museum contains some excellent examples of southern African rock art and the origins of humankind. *Bernberg Fashion Museum :: Bernberg Fashion Museum is primarily a museum collection, consisting of objects, and explains why and how clothing has changed and how the fashions of the past influence those of today. *[[South African National Museum of Military History]] *Zoology Museum :: The Zoology Museum is the only natural history museum in Johannesburg which is unusual because all the other major cities in South Africa have large public natural history museums. It has retained a unique character as the display specimens are exhibited in finely crafted teak cabinets which allow the viewer to engage directly with scores of objects at close range. === Entertainment and performing arts === [[File:Rise Against at RAMFest 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rise Against]] live in Johannesburg, South Africa as part of [[RAMFest]] 2013]] Johannesburg hosts many of South Africa's premier music events, such as [[RAMFest]]'s Johannesburg leg,<ref name = "RAM10">{{cite web |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/3810841-ramfest-2010 |title=Ramfest 2010 | Ramfest 2010 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502071343/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/3810841-ramfest-2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "RAM11JOZI">{{cite web |author=Johannesburg, South Africa |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/7361686-ramfest-2011 |title=Ramfest 2011 | Ramfest 2011 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |date=12 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502074246/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/7361686-ramfest-2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "RAM12JOZI">{{cite web |author=Johannesburg, South Africa |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/10817988-ramfest-2012 |title=Ramfest 2012 | Ramfest 2012 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |date=10 March 2012 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118043323/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/10817988-ramfest-2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "RAM13">{{cite web |url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/429/88021.html |title=Ramfest 2013 line-up |publisher=Bizcommunity.com |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407062925/http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/429/88021.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[In the City (South African festival)|In The City]]<ref name="VITC2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.drop-your-drink.com/2012/09/vodacom-unlimited-in-city-presents-bloc.html |title=Archived copy |website=www.drop-your-drink.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212101418/http://www.drop-your-drink.com/2012/09/vodacom-unlimited-in-city-presents-bloc.html |archive-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and many international tours from bands and artists around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-02-14-u2-in-johannesburg-the-real-greatest-show-on-earth |title=U2 in Johannesburg – the real greatest show on earth – Daily Maverick |first=Styli |last=Charalambous |date=14 February 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013015217/http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-02-14-u2-in-johannesburg-the-real-greatest-show-on-earth |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-09-coldplay-makes-joburg-paradise |title=Coldplay makes Jo'burg Paradise |first1=Genevieve |last1=Quintal |first2=Jenna |last2=Etheridge |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220023851/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-09-coldplay-makes-joburg-paradise |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-31-kings-of-leon-anything-but-a-royal-performance |title=Kings of Leon: anything but a royal performance – Daily Maverick |first=Styli |last=Charalambous |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101194036/http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-31-kings-of-leon-anything-but-a-royal-performance |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ewn.co.za/2012/11/11/Thousands-attend-Linkin-Park-concert |title=Thousands attend Linkin Park concert |first=Andrea van |last=Wyk |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220074154/http://ewn.co.za/2012/11/11/Thousands-attend-Linkin-Park-concert |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=5 January 2013 |title=Billboard Boxscore |magazine=Billboard |volume=124 |issue=51 |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=7 January 2013 |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentboxscore.jsp |archive-url=http://www.freezepage.com/1357566049IANLXYVBOK?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentboxscore.jsp |archive-date=7 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.co.za/musicrev/item/2139-report-red-hot-chili-peppers-electrify-fnb-stadium |title=Report: Red Hot Chili Peppers Electrify FNB Stadium – Rolling Stone South Africa |first=KAYLEIGH |last=VOGES |website=www.rollingstone.co.za |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220004239/http://www.rollingstone.co.za/musicrev/item/2139-report-red-hot-chili-peppers-electrify-fnb-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/music/2013/04/29/the-master-of-puppets-metallica-pulls-johannesburg-s-strings |title=TimesLIVE |website=www.timeslive.co.za |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702005424/http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/music/2013/04/29/the-master-of-puppets-metallica-pulls-johannesburg-s-strings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/12/11/bieber-busts-jozi-ticket-bank |title=Bieber busts Jozi ticket bank |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062601/http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/12/11/bieber-busts-jozi-ticket-bank |url-status=live }}</ref> Several critically acclaimed musical acts come from Johannesburg, such as [[Kongos (band)|Kongos]], [[Johnny Clegg]], [[Trevor Rabin]], [[Zebra & Giraffe]], [[Man As Machine]], [[The Parlotones]], and [[Shortstraw|ShortStraw]]. The [[Joburg Theatre]] complex hosts drama, opera and ballet. The [[Market Theatre Foundation]] houses the historic [[Market Theatre (Johannesburg)|Market Theatre]] in Newtown with various sized stages holding performances from theatre to music and dance. The foundation also oversees the [https://www.marketlab.co.za Market Theatre Laboratory] and [https://marketphotoworkshop.co.za The Market Photo Workshop] – run training programmes for young creatives and presenting work to the public. === Public art === Public art ranges from sculptures to murals to pieces by artists like [[William Kentridge]] and [[Gerhard Marx]]'s [[Fire Walker]]. Many pieces are developed through community workshops, such as the Vilakazi Street sculptures. Others are functional, such as street furniture found in [[Hillbrow]] and the city centre.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} As part of the Johannesburg Development Agency's (JDA) policy to make city areas desirable to potential investors, the organisation has identified public art as a way to improve the urban experience of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=JDA's PUBLIC ART STRATEGY 2011–2016 |url=http://www.jda.org.za/docs/publi_art_strategy.pdf |website=www.jda.org.za |publisher=Johannesburg Development Agency |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401054603/http://www.jda.org.za/docs/publi_art_strategy.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The JDA spends 1 percent of all projects of over R10-million on public art.<ref>{{cite web |title=Place making and public art |url=http://www.jda.org.za/index.php/whatwedo/programmes/inner-city |website=www.jda.org.za |publisher=Johannesburg Development Agency |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331210050/http://www.jda.org.za/index.php/whatwedo/programmes/inner-city |archive-date=31 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Architecture and urbanism === {{Main|Architecture of Johannesburg|Suburbs of Johannesburg}} [[File:Trust Bank Building.jpg|thumb|[[Trust Bank Building]] in 2018]] [[File:Joburg skyline.jpg|thumb|Johannesburg Central Business District]] Johannesburg is home to some of Africa's tallest structures, such as the [[Sentech Tower]], [[Hillbrow Tower]], the [[Carlton Centre]] and [[Ponte City Apartments]]. The Johannesburg city skyline has most of the tallest buildings on the continent and contains most international organisations such as [[IBM]], [[Absa Group|Absa]], [[BHP]], [[Willis Group]], [[First National Bank (South Africa)|First National Bank]], [[Nedbank]] and [[Standard Bank]]. Many of the city's older buildings have been demolished and more modern ones built in their place. North of the CBD is [[Hillbrow]], the most densely populated residential area in southern Africa. Northwest of the CBD is [[Braamfontein]], a secondary CBD housing many offices and business premises. The CBD is predominated by four styles of architecture, being [[Colonial architecture|Victorian Colonial]], [[Edwardian Baroque]], [[Art Deco]] and [[Modernism]]. The city is often described as Africa's economic powerhouse, and contentiously as a modern and prosperous African city.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=David |title=Johannesburg rebuked over 'world-class city' advert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/11/johannesburg-world-class-city-advert |access-date=15 July 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904072916/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/11/johannesburg-world-class-city-advert |url-status=live }}</ref> Johannesburg, like many metropolises, has more than one central business district (CBD), including, but not limited to, Sandton, Rosebank and Roodepoort in addition to the original CBD. Some tend to include Benoni and Germiston as well. Due to its many different central districts, Johannesburg would fall under the [[multiple nuclei model]] in [[human geography]] terms. It is the hub of South Africa's commercial, financial, industrial, and mining undertakings. Johannesburg is part of a larger urban region. It is closely linked with several other satellite towns. [[Randburg]] and [[Sandton]] form part of the northern area. The east and west ridges spread out from central Johannesburg. The Central Business District covers an area of {{convert|6|km2|0|abbr=out}}. It consists of closely packed skyscrapers such as the [[Carlton Centre]], [[Marble Towers]], [[Trust Bank Building]], [[Ponte City Apartments]], [[Southern Life Centre]] and [[11 Diagonal Street]]. Johannesburg's city centre retains its elements of a rectangular grid pattern that was first officially recorded in 1886.<ref name=":0"/> Streets are narrow and filled with high rises built in the mid- to late 1900s. Old Victorian–era buildings first built in the late 1800s have been torn down long ago.<ref name=":0"/> The 1900s brought along with it the introduction of many different architectural styles and structures. The Johannesburg Art Gallery and Supreme Court Building being two examples. These were important Beaux-Arts structures, with the style put in place by (at the time) colonial parent, the British Empire.<ref name=":0"/> South Africa didn't borrow architectural techniques exclusively from Britain, however. They were also inspired by American models and styles, having built several structures like the ESKOM Building and the Corner House to emulate the prowess of New York City, located in the United States.<ref name=":0"/> {{wide image|Panoramic Joburg.jpg|1100px|Panoramic view of the [[Johannesburg CBD|Johannesburg Central Business District]]}} === Sports === [[File:FIFA World Cup 2010 Uruguay Ghana.jpg|thumb|left|[[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] vs. [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]] at the [[FNB Stadium]], during the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]]] Johannesburg's most popular sports by participation are [[association football]], [[cricket]], [[rugby union]], and [[running]]. Early each Sunday morning, tens of thousands of runners gather to take part in informal runs organised by several athletic clubs. The city has several football clubs in the [[Premier Soccer League]] (PSL) and the [[National First Division]]. In the PSL, the top Johannesburg teams are all fierce rivals and include [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] (nicknamed ''Amakhosi''), [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]] (nicknamed the ''Buccaneers''), [[Moroka Swallows F.C.|Moroka Swallows]] and [[Wits University F.C.|Wits University]] (nicknamed the ''Clever Boys''). They are based at the city's [[FNB Stadium|FNB]], [[Orlando Stadium|Orlando]], [[Dobsonville Stadium|Dobsonville]] and [[Bidvest Stadium|Bidvest]] stadiums. Several large-scale league and cup games are played at [[Soccer City]] the venue of the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] final. First Division teams are [[Jomo Cosmos]] and [[FC AK]]. Katlehong City and Alexandra United, play at [[Alexandra Stadium|Alexandra]] and Reiger Park stadium respectively. Cricket is one of the more popular sports. In cricket, the [[Highveld Lions]] represent Johannesburg, the rest of Gauteng as well as the [[North West Province|North West]] at the [[Wanderers Stadium]] which was the venue for the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] Final in which [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] successfully defended their title against [[India national cricket team|India]]. Wanderers Stadium hosted what many cricket fans consider the greatest ever [[One Day International cricket|ODI]] match in which South Africa successfully chased down 434 runs. They take part in the [[first-class cricket|first class]] [[SuperSport Series]], the [[limited overs cricket|one-day]] [[MTN Domestic Championship]] and the [[Twenty20]] [[Ram Slam T20 Challenge]]. Johannesburg also hosted matches from and the final of the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]], in which India beat [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the final. The [[Lions (United Rugby Championship)|Lions]], formerly the Cats, represent Johannesburg, [[North West (South African province)|North West]] and [[Mpumalanga]] in the [[United Rugby Championship]] competition, which includes teams from South Africa, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The [[Golden Lions]] compete in the [[Currie Cup]], which they have won on ten occasions. They are housed at [[Ellis Park Stadium]], which also hosted the [[World Rugby|IRB]] [[1995 Rugby World Cup Final]], in which the South African [[Springboks]] defeated the New Zealand [[All Blacks]]. The city's [[Ticketpro Dome]] and the [[Ellis Park Arena]] hosted two of the three [[NBA Africa Game (disambiguation)|NBA Africa Game]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[FIBA]] |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}</ref> == Infrastructure == === Transportation === Johannesburg is a young and sprawling city, with its public transportation built in its infancy, geared towards private motorists, and lacks a convenient public transportation system. The City though has invested a large percentage of its budget{{When?|date=March 2024}} toward an effective integrated public transportation system. A significant number of the city's residents are dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} ==== Roads ==== {{Further information|Johannesburg Freeways}}[[File:Johannesburg,_Gauteng,_South_Africa_(2417711025).jpg|thumb|The [[M1 (Johannesburg)|M1]] is a major freeway in Johannesburg]] Johannesburg shares a network of [[Metropolitan Routes in Johannesburg|metropolitan routes]] with [[Krugersdorp]] and [[Ekurhuleni]]. The fact that Johannesburg is not near a large navigable body of water has meant that ground transportation has been the most important method of transporting people and goods in and out of the city. One of Africa's most famous "beltways" or ring roads/orbitals is the [[Johannesburg Ring Road]]. The road is composed of three freeways that converge on the city, forming an {{convert|80|km|adj=on}} loop around it: the [[N3 Eastern Bypass (South Africa)|N3 Eastern Bypass]], the [[N1 Western Bypass (South Africa)|N1 Western Bypass]] and the [[N12 Southern Bypass (South Africa)|N12 Southern Bypass]]. The [[N3 road (South Africa)|N3]] was built exclusively with [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]], while the [[N12 (South Africa)|N12]] and [[N1 road (South Africa)|N1]] sections were made with concrete, hence the nickname given to the N1 Western Bypass, "The Concrete Highway". In spite of being up to 12 lanes wide in some areas, the Johannesburg Ring Road is frequently clogged with traffic. The Gillooly's Interchange (renamed George Bizos Interchange in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Here are the streets affected by Ekurhuleni's new name changes |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/government/2740326/city-of-ekurhuleni-street-name-changes-13-october-2021/ |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref>), built on an old farm and the point at which the N3 Eastern Bypass and the [[R24 (Gauteng)|R24 Airport Freeway]] intersect, is the busiest interchange in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name=sanral>{{cite web |title=Busiest freeways in southern hemisphere |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/busiest-freeways-in-southern-hemisphere-2008-09-26 |publisher=SA National Roads Agency |date=26 September 2008 |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616164747/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/busiest-freeways-in-southern-hemisphere-2008-09-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is claimed<ref name=sanral/><ref>{{cite news |last=Staff Reporter |title=18 perish in road accidents |url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/05/10/18-perish-in-road-accidents |access-date=15 July 2013 |newspaper=NewsDay |date=10 May 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719181822/http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/05/10/18-perish-in-road-accidents/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that the N1 is the busiest road in South Africa. Johannesburg has a lot of freeways connected to it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite report |url=http://www.transport.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5qOHvOI4KuY%3d |title=South African Numbered Route Description and Destination Analysis |last=Falkner |first=John |date=May 2012 |publisher=National Department of Transport |pages=13–15 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606100245/http://www.transport.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5qOHvOI4KuY%3d |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[N1 road (South Africa)|N1]] connects northwards to [[Pretoria]] and [[Polokwane]] and southwards to [[Bloemfontein]] and [[Cape Town]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[N3 road (South Africa)|N3]] connects south-east to [[Durban]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[N12 road (South Africa)|N12]] connects westwards to [[Potchefstroom]] and [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] and eastwards to [[Witbank|eMalahleni]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[N14 road (South Africa)|N14]] passes at the north-western corner of the Johannesburg Municipality, connecting [[Pretoria]] with [[Krugersdorp]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[N17 road (South Africa)|N17]] connects eastwards to [[Ermelo, South Africa|Ermelo]] and [[Eswatini]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[R21 (Gauteng)|R21]] connects the [[East Rand]] and [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]] with Pretoria.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R24 (Gauteng)|R24]] connects the [[Johannesburg CBD]] with the airport.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R59 (Free State)|R59]] connects southwards to [[Vereeniging]] and [[Sasolburg]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[M1 (Johannesburg)|M1]] connects the Johannesburg CBD with the northern suburbs and the [[Johannesburg South|southern suburbs]]. The [[M2 road (Johannesburg)|M2]] connects the Johannesburg CBD with the [[Germiston|Germiston CBD]] to the east. The M1 and M2 freeways are congested due to mass urbanisation. Johannesburg also has a lot of non-freeway routes that connect to other towns and cities. The [[R24 (South Africa)|R24]] connects the Johannesburg city centre with [[Roodepoort]], [[Krugersdorp]] and [[Rustenburg]] to the west.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R25 (South Africa)|R25]] connects Johannesburg's northern suburbs with [[Modderfontein (East Rand)|Modderfontein]] and [[Kempton Park, South Africa|Kempton Park]] to the north-east.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R29 (South Africa)|R29]] connects the city centre with [[Germiston]], [[Boksburg]] and [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]] to the east.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R41 (South Africa)|R41]] connects the city centre with Roodepoort and [[Randfontein]] to the west.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R55 (South Africa)|R55]] connects [[Sandton]] with [[Pretoria West]] to the north.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R82 (South Africa)|R82]] connects [[Johannesburg South]] with [[Vereeniging]] to the south.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R101 (South Africa)|R101]] connects Sandton with [[Midrand]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]] and Pretoria to the north.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R511 (South Africa)|R511]] connects Sandton with [[Diepsloot]] and [[Hartbeespoort]] to the north.<ref name=":1" /> The [[R512 (South Africa)|R512]] connects [[Randburg]] with [[Lanseria International Airport]] and Hartbeespoort to the north.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Bus and taxi transit ==== [[Image:Rea Vaya stop in CBD.JPG|thumb|[[Rea Vaya]] bus stop in [[Johannesburg CBD]] in Commissioner Street at Ntemi Piliso Street]] Johannesburg is served by a bus fleet operated by MetroBus, a corporate unit of the City of Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metrobus |url=http://www.mbus.co.za/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211061241/http://www.mbus.co.za/ |archive-date=11 Feb 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://mbus.joburg.org.za/about-us |website=City of Johannesburg |publisher=Metrobus |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> It has a fleet consisting of approximately 550 single and double-decker buses, plying 84 different routes in the city. This total includes 200 modern buses (150 double-deckers and 50 single-deckers), made by [[Volvo]], [[Scania AB]] and Marcopolo/Brasa in 2002. Metrobus' fleet carries approximately 20 million passengers per annum. In addition, there are a number of private bus operators, though most focus on the inter-city routes, or on bus charters for touring groups. The city's main bus terminus is situated in [[Gandhi Square]], where passengers can also obtain information regarding the Metrobus service from the walk-in customer information desk. In 2010, in order to create an efficient public transport system the [[Rea Vaya]] bus rapid system was developed/built. The buses run on their own dedicated bus lanes on the main trunk and complementary routes. The buses also have large feeder routes that run on ordinary roads. The Rea Vaya works on a smartcard payment system, on entering the station or bus the passenger taps his/her smartcard onto the validator/scanner and taps out at the next station with the calculated amount. The routes cover both the southern and northern suburbs with the main trunk route running from Soweto to Sandton and Rosebank, and the feeder and complementary routes covering most of Johannesburg, with the notable exceptions of Midrand and Centurion. A subsequent expansion (phase 1-C;1-D) will cover these areas. In 2017, the [[Rea Vaya]] bus rapid transit was recorded to be making huge losses recovering only about 40 per cent of the operating costs and relying heavily on government subsidies.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.fin24.com/Economy/bus-rapid-transit-bleeding-cash-20170226-2 |title=Bus Rapid Transit bleeding cash |work=Fin24 |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702073721/https://www.fin24.com/Economy/bus-rapid-transit-bleeding-cash-20170226-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Johannesburg has two kinds of taxis, [[taxicab|metered taxis]] and [[Minibus taxi#Minibus taxi|minibus taxis]]. Unlike many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The Gauteng Provincial Government has launched a new metered taxi programme in an attempt to increase the use of metered taxis in the city.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} The minibus "taxis" are the ''de facto'' standard and essential form of transport for the majority of the population. Since the 1980s, the minibus taxi industry has been severely affected by [[Taxi wars in South Africa|turf wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yoinsta.com/tag/knysna |title=Posts filled under #knysna |last=YoInsta |website=yoinsta.com |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112329/https://yoinsta.com/tag/knysna |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Greef |first=Kimon de |date=2018-07-22 |title=In South Africa's 'Mafia-Like' Taxi Industry, 11 Die in Latest Attack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/world/africa/south-africa-taxi-attack.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513083505/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/world/africa/south-africa-taxi-attack.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Airports ==== [[Image:Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg|thumb|[[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]]] Johannesburg is served principally by [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]] (formerly Johannesburg International Airport and before that Jan Smuts Airport) for both domestic and international flights. [[Lanseria Airport]], located to the north-west of the city and closer to the business hub of [[Sandton]], is used for commercial flights to [[Cape Town]], [[Durban]], [[Port Elizabeth]], Botswana, and [[Sun City, North West|Sun City]]. Other airports include [[Rand Airport]] and [[Grand Central Airport]]. Rand Airport, located in [[Germiston, Gauteng|Germiston]], is a small airfield used mostly for private aircraft and the home of [[South African Airways]]' first Boeing 747–200 ZS-SAN and also 747SP ZS-SPC and now serves as an aviation museum. Grand Central is located in Midrand and also caters to small, private aircraft. ==== Rail ==== [[Image:South Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg|thumb|[[Metrorail Gauteng]] at [[Braamfontein]], Johannesburg]] The [[Metrorail Gauteng]] [[commuter rail]] system connects central Johannesburg to [[Soweto]], [[Pretoria]], and most of the satellite towns along the [[Witwatersrand]]. The railways transport huge numbers of commuters every day. However, the Metrorail infrastructure was built in Johannesburg's infancy and covers only the older areas in the city's south. The northern areas, including the business districts of [[Sandton, Gauteng|Sandton]], [[Midrand, Gauteng|Midrand]], [[Randburg, Gauteng|Randburg]], and [[Rosebank, Gauteng|Rosebank]], are served by the rapid [[railway|rail]] link [[Gautrain]]. [[File:Gautrain..., O R Tambo Intl Airport South Africa.jpg|thumb|[[Gautrain]] station at OR Tambo Airport]] A part of the Gauteng Provincial Government's Blue IQ Project, [[Gautrain]] has made provision for a rapid [[railway|rail]] link, running north to south, between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and west to east between Sandton and the [[OR Tambo International Airport]]. Construction of the Gautrain Rapid Rail started in October 2006 and was completed in June 2012. It consists of a number of underground stations, as well as above-ground stations. Stations on the north–south line include Johannesburg's [[Johannesburg Park Station|Park Station]] (underground), [[Rosebank (Gautrain station)|Rosebank]] (underground), [[Sandton (Gautrain station)|Sandton]] (underground), [[Marlboro (Gautrain station)|Marlboro]] (above-ground and raised), [[Midrand (Gautrain station)|Midrand]], [[Pretoria railway station|Pretoria]] Station and [[Hatfield (Gautrain station)|Hatfield]]. There is also a line from the O.R. Tambo International Airport (above-ground and raised) travelling to Sandton via [[Rhodesfield (Gautrain station)|Rhodesfield]] (raised) and Marlboro. A 200-kilometre expansion is underway and will consist of 3 new lines and 18 new stations, and is expected to cost R18 billion and one-lines (Soweto Mamalodi) could take 4 years to build, most of the new stations will be in Johannesburg. The east–west line from the airport to Sandton opened in June 2010 in time for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], while the north–south line opened on 2 August 2011, except for Park Station, which opened in 2012. The rail system was designed to alleviate traffic on the [[N1 (South Africa)|N1]] freeway between Johannesburg and Pretoria, which records vehicle loads of up to 300,000 per week day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Rapid Rail |url=http://www.gautrain.co.za/about/about-gautrain/why-rapid-rail/ |publisher=Gautrain |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825063354/http://www.gautrain.co.za/about/about-gautrain/why-rapid-rail/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An extensive bus feeder system has also been implemented, which allows access to the main stations from the outer suburbs, but is limited to a five-kilometre radius, which neglects the rest of the suburbs. This is the first new major railway system that has been laid in South Africa since 1977.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railway country. 150 Years of Rail in South Africa |url=http://www.transnetfreightrail-tfr.net/Heritage/150years/150YearsRail.pdf |publisher=Transnet |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012074755/http://www.transnetfreightrail-tfr.net/Heritage/150years/150YearsRail.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, a [[Johannesburg-Durban High Speed Rail|high-speed rail link]] was proposed between Johannesburg and [[Durban]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ambitious-plans-will-still-need-funding/browse/3.html |access-date=19 September 2010 |title=Railway Gazette: Ambitious plans will still need funding |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615134927/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ambitious-plans-will-still-need-funding/browse/3.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020 the government announced plans for high-speed rail from Johannesburg to [[Soweto]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2020 |title=South Africa's Rail Expansion Plan Links Soweto to Johannesburg |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-25/south-africa-s-rail-expansion-plan-links-soweto-to-johannesburg |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213615/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-25/south-africa-s-rail-expansion-plan-links-soweto-to-johannesburg |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Freight ==== City Deep Terminal is the name of Africa's largest [[dry port]] and was officially opened by the South African Railways Services (SARS) in 1977. The container terminal is connected to the Port of Durban, Port of Ngqurha, Port of Cape Town, as well as Southern Africa by road and rail. At least forty percent of container export/imports run on the Natal Corridor (Natcor) which is directly linked by rail to City Deep. === Telecommunication === Johannesburg has 4 major cellular telecommunications operators: [[Vodacom]], [[MTN Group|MTN]], [[Cell C]], and [[Telkom Mobile]]. Vodacom's global headquarters is located in [[Midrand]]. It was formed in 1994, just after the South African elections of 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanwireless.com/vodacom_history.htm |title=Vodacom History |publisher=Africanwireless.com |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327001945/http://www.africanwireless.com/vodacom_history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> === Media === [[File:SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg|thumb|[[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] headquarters in Uitsaaisentrum, Johannesburg]] Johannesburg has a number of regional radio stations such as [[94.7 Highveld Stereo]], [[Radiokansel / Radio Pulpit]], [[Kaya FM]], [[Radio 2000]], [[YFM]], [[Metro FM]], [[5FM]], [[Jacaranda FM]], [[SAfm]], [[Phalaphala FM]], [[Radio 702]] and [[UJFM]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio Stations |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/work_/keysectors/Pages/Radio-Stations.aspx |website=www.joburg.org.za |language=en-ZA |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201142105/https://www.joburg.org.za/work_/keysectors/Pages/Radio-Stations.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Johannesburg is also the headquarters of state-owned broadcaster [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/soe/soe/south-african-broadcasting-corporation-sabc |website=gov.za |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718000435/https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/soe/soe/south-african-broadcasting-corporation-sabc |url-status=live }}</ref> and pay-broadcast network Multichoice<ref>{{Cite web |title=MultiChoice Group |url=https://www.multichoice.com/contact-us/ |website=multichoice.com |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811123220/https://www.multichoice.com/contact-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which distributes [[M-Net]] and [[DStv]] a digital satellite service, while [[etv (South Africa)|eTV]] also has a presence in the city. The city has two television towers, the [[Hillbrow Tower]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hillbrow Tower – symbol of Joburg |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/tourism-south-africa/travel/cities/hillbrow-tower-symbol-of-joburg |website=brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716134357/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/tourism-south-africa/travel/cities/hillbrow-tower-symbol-of-joburg |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Sentech Tower]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The story behind Sentech's iconic tower – TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/the-story-behind-sentechs-iconic-tower/18447/ |website=techcentral.co.za |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826123608/https://techcentral.co.za/the-story-behind-sentechs-iconic-tower/18447/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==International relations== ===Twin towns – sister cities=== Johannesburg is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Twinning agreements |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/departments_/Documents/GSPCR/CoJ_IR%20Strategy_Sep2021.pdf |website=joburg.org.za |publisher=City of Johannesburg |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagicon|ETH}} [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China *{{flagicon|UK}} [[Birmingham]], United Kingdom *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada *{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States *{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Ramallah]], Palestine *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China *{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], Namibia {{div end}} ===Partner cities=== Johannesburg is cooperating with:<ref name=twins/><ref>{{cite web |title=Международные и межрегиональные связи |url=https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |website=gov.spb.ru |publisher=Federal city of Saint Petersburg |language=ru |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105013852/http://gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Accra]], Ghana *{{flagicon|DRC}} [[Kinshasa]], DR Congo *{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Matola]], Mozambique *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Val-de-Marne]], France {{div end}} == Notes == {{reflist|30em}}{{Notelist}} == References == *Felix Urban: ''Acoustic Competence. Investigating sonic empowerment in urban cultures. Johannesburg and Berlin.'' 1. Edition. Tectum, Baden-Baden 2016, {{ISBN|978-3-8288-3683-9}}. *''Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis''. Sarah Nuttall. Duke University Press. 9 January 2005. 210 pages. {{ISBN|0-8223-6610-X}}. *''Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People''. Hannes Meiring, Human & Rousseau. 1986. 143 pages. {{ISBN|0-7981-1456-8}} *''Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush''. Eric Rosenthal, AD. Donker, 1970, {{ISBN|0-949937-64-9}} *''The Corner House: The Early History of Johannesburg''. Alan Patrick Cartwright. MacDonald. 1965. 295 pages. == External links == *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Wikivoyage inline}} *{{Official website|http://www.joburg.org.za/ }} *[https://visit.joburg/Home/Home Johannesburg/Joburg Tourism official website] *{{OSM|n|261833893}} {{Provincial capitals of South Africa}} {{City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality}} {{Greater Johannesburg|communities}} {{World's most populous urban areas}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Johannesburg| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Greater Johannesburg]] [[Category:Populated places in the City of Johannesburg]] [[Category:Cities in South Africa]] [[Category:Provincial capitals in South Africa]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1886]] [[Category:Populated places founded by Afrikaners]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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