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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|President of South Africa from 2009 to 2018}} {{pp|blp|small=yes}} {{Use South African English|date=January 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] | image = Jacob Zuma, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa-9-2.jpg | caption = Zuma in 2009 | order = 4th | office = President of South Africa | deputy = {{plainlist| * {{longitem|Kgalema Motlanthe<br/>(2009–2014)}} * {{longitem|Cyril Ramaphosa<br/>(2014–2018)}} }} | term_start = 9 May 2009 | term_end = 14 February 2018 | predecessor = [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] | successor = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | office1 = 13th [[History of the African National Congress#Presidents|President of the African National Congress]] | deputy1 = {{plainlist| * {{longitem|Kgalema Motlanthe<br/>(2007–2012)}} * {{longitem|Cyril Ramaphosa<br/>(2012–2017)}} }} | term_start1 = 18 December 2007 | term_end1 = 18 December 2017 | predecessor1 = [[Thabo Mbeki]] | successor1 = Cyril Ramaphosa | order2 = 3rd | office2 = Deputy President of South Africa | president2 = Thabo Mbeki | term_start2 = 14 June 1999 | term_end2 = 14 June 2005 | predecessor2 = Thabo Mbeki | successor2 = [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]] | office3 = 6th [[History of the African National Congress#Deputy Presidents|Deputy President of the African National Congress]] | president3 = Thabo Mbeki | term_start3 = 20 December 1997 | term_end3 = 18 December 2007 | predecessor3 = Thabo Mbeki | successor3 = Kgalema Motlanthe | office4 = [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|Deputy Secretary-General of the African National Congress]] | term_start4 = July 1991 | term_end4 = December 1994 | predecessor4 = ''established'' | successor4 = [[Cheryl Carolus]] | office5 = [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Chairperson of the African National Congress]] | term_start5 = December 1994 | term_end5 = December 1997 | predecessor5 = [[Oliver Tambo]] | successor6 = [[Terror Lekota]] | birth_name = Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1942|4|12}} | birth_place = [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]], [[Natal Province|Natal]], [[Union of South Africa]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Politician * anti-apartheid activist }} | party = [[uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (from 2024) | otherparty = [[African National Congress]] (1959–2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=S Africa's ANC suspends Zuma after new party launch |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68129365 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Gertrude Sizakele Khumalo]]|1973}} * {{marriage|Kate Mantsho|1976|2000|end=d.}} * {{marriage|[[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma|Nkosazana Dlamini]]|1982|1998|end=div}} * {{marriage|[[Nompumelelo Ntuli Zuma|Nompumelelo Ntuli]]|2008}} * {{marriage|Thobeka Mabhija|2010}} * {{marriage|Gloria Bongekile Ngema|2012}} }} | children = 20 (estimated), including [[Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube|Gugulethu]], [[Thuthukile Zuma|Thuthukile]] and [[Duduzane Zuma|Duduzane]] }} {{Jacob Zuma series}} '''Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma''' ({{IPA-zu|geɮʱejiɬeˈkisa ˈzʱuma|lang}}; born 12 April 1942) is a South African politician who served as the fourth [[president of South Africa]] from 2009 to 2018. He is also referred to by his initials '''JZ''' and clan names '''Nxamalala''' and '''Msholozi'''.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/thank-you-nxamalala-msholozi-ancwl-welcomes-zumas-resignation-20180215 Thank you Nxamalala, Msholozi], News24, 15 Feb 2018. Retrieved 7 Oct 2023</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mbuyazi|first=Nondumiso|date=13 September 2008|title=JZ receives 'death threat'|page=4|work=[[The Star (South Africa)|The Star]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/jz-receives-death-threat-416305|url-status=live|access-date=14 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518031206/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=15&art_id=vn20080913085548154C821827|archive-date=18 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kaiser|first=Hein|date=30 June 2021|title=Zuma is going to jail, but what will prison life be like for Msholozi?|work=[[The Citizen (South African newspaper)|The Citizen]]|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/opinion/2550820/what-would-a-zuma-prison-cell-look-like/|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="lander20072">{{cite news|last=Lander|first=Alice|date=19 December 2007|title=Durban basks in Zuma's ANC victory|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7151935.stm|url-status=live|access-date=14 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224185604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7151935.stm|archive-date=24 December 2007}}</ref> Zuma was a former anti-[[apartheid]] activist, member of [[uMkhonto we Sizwe]], and president of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) from 2007 to 2017. Zuma was born in the rural region of [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]], which is now part of the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] province and the centre of Zuma's support base. He joined the ANC at the age of 17 in 1959 and spent ten years in [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island Prison]] as a [[political prisoner]]. He went into exile in 1975 and was ultimately appointed head of the ANC's intelligence department. After the ANC was unbanned in 1990, he quickly rose through the party's national leadership and became deputy secretary general in 1991, national chairperson in 1994, and deputy president in 1997. He was the deputy president of South Africa from 1999 to 2005 under President [[Thabo Mbeki]], [[Nelson Mandela]]'s successor. Mbeki dismissed Zuma on 14 June 2005 after Zuma's financial adviser, [[Schabir Shaik]], [[Schabir Shaik trial|was convicted]] of making corrupt payments to Zuma in connection with the [[South African Arms Deal|Arms Deal]]. Zuma was [[Jacob Zuma corruption charges|charged with corruption]] and was also acquitted on rape charges in the highly publicised [[Jacob Zuma rape trial|2006 trial]]. He managed to retain the support of a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] coalition inside the ANC, which allowed him to remove Mbeki as ANC president in December 2007 at the ANC's [[52nd National Conference of the African National Congress|Polokwane elective conference]]. Zuma was elected president of South Africa in the [[2009 South African general election|2009 general election]] and took office on 9 May. The criminal charges against him were formally withdrawn the same week. As president, he launched the R4-trillion National Infrastructure Plan and signed a controversial [[nuclear power]] deal with the Russian government, which was blocked by the [[Western Cape Division|Western Cape High Court]] in 2017. As a former member of the [[South African Communist Party]], he increasingly relied on [[Left-wing populism|left-wing populist]] rhetoric, and in his 2017 [[State of the Nation Address (South Africa)|State of the Nation]] address he announced a new policy of "radical economic transformation". Among the few policies implemented before the end of his presidency were [[Land reform in South Africa|land expropriation without compensation]], free [[Higher education in South Africa|higher education]], a series of attempted structural reforms in key sectors involving restrictions on foreign ownership, and more stringent [[Black Economic Empowerment|black economic empowerment]] requirements. In the international arena, Zuma emphasised [[South–South cooperation|South-South cooperation]] and [[economic diplomacy]]. The admission of South Africa to the [[BRICS]] grouping has been described as a major triumph for Zuma, and he has been praised for his [[HIV/AIDS]] policy. Zuma's presidency was beset by controversy, especially during his second term. In 2014, the [[Public Protector]] found that Zuma had improperly benefited from state expenditure on upgrades to his [[Nkandla homestead]], and in 2016, the Constitutional Court [[Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly|ruled]] that Zuma had failed to uphold the Constitution, leading to calls for his resignation and a failed [[Impeachment in South Africa|impeachment]] attempt in the [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]. By early 2016, there were also widespread allegations, later investigated by the [[Zondo Commission]], that the [[Gupta family]] had acquired immense corrupt influence over Zuma's administration, amounting to [[state capture]]. Several weeks after Deputy President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] was elected to succeed Zuma as ANC president in December 2017, the ANC [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive Committee]] recalled Zuma. After a fifth [[motion of no confidence|vote of no confidence]] in [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]], he resigned on 14 February 2018 and was replaced by Ramaphosa the next day. Shortly after his resignation, on 16 March 2018, the [[National Prosecuting Authority]] announced that it would reinstate corruption charges against Zuma in relation to the 1999 Arms Deal. He pleaded not guilty on 26 May 2021, but the trial was not scheduled to take place until early 2023. In a separate matter, in June 2021, the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] convicted [[Jacob Zuma contempt of court|Zuma of contempt of court]] for his failure to comply with a court order compelling his testimony before the Zondo Commission. He was sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment and was arrested on 7 July 2021 in [[Estcourt|Estcourt, KwaZulu-Natal]]. However, he was released on [[medical parole]] two months later on 5 September. The high court rescinded his parole on 15 December. The parole was declared unlawful by the Supreme Court of Appeal, but it allowed the [[Department of Correctional Services (South Africa)|Department of Correctional Services]] to consider whether to deduct the time spent under it from his sentence. On 11 August 2023, the Department of Correctional Services granted Zuma remission of his 15-month sentence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Masuabi |first=Chris Makhaye and Queenin |date=2023-08-11 |title=No prison time for Jacob Zuma after 'remission' decision |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-08-11-no-prison-time-for-jacob-zuma-after-remission-decision/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> ==Early life== Zuma was born in [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]], [[Natal Province]] (now part of the province of [[KwaZulu-Natal]]),<ref name=Gordin/>{{rp|1}} and often moved around Natal and the suburbs of [[Durban]] as a child.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Jacob ZUMA|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=420&lang=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710211106/http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=420&lang=en|archive-date=10 July 2012|access-date=18 October 2012|publisher=African Success}}</ref> His father, Nobhekisisa, was a [[policeman]] who died when Zuma was five,<ref>{{cite news|date=15 December 2017|title=The Trials of Jacob Zuma|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Trials_of_Jacob_Zuma|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216000456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Trials_of_Jacob_Zuma|archive-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> and his mother, Geinamazwi, was a domestic worker.<ref name="Gordin">{{cite book |last=Gordin |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdMwAQAAIAAJ|title=Zuma, A Biography |publisher=Jonathan Ball |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-86842-263-0 }}</ref>{{rp|4}}<ref name="Tromp-2018">{{Cite news |last=Tromp |first=Beauregard |date=2018-02-16 |title=A comrade rises – before the fall|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-16-00-a-comrade-rises-before-the-fall/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-12-24 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321035850/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-16-00-a-comrade-rises-before-the-fall/ |archive-date=2018-03-21 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> His middle name, Gedleyihlekisa, means "one who smiles while causing you harm" in [[Zulu language|Zulu]].<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|title=The disastrous legacy of South Africa's President Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21737023-south-africas-lost-decade |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=14 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215012515/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21737023-south-africas-lost-decade|archive-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> He did not receive formal schooling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anc.org.za/list_by.php?by=Jacob%20Zuma |title=The Jacob Zuma Page|access-date=13 August 2011|publisher=ANC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504133022/http://www.anc.org.za/list_by.php?by=Jacob%20Zuma|archive-date=4 May 2013}}</ref> He has at least three brothers—Michael,<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=20 April 2009|title=Jacob Zuma the chameleon brings South Africans joy and fear|work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/20/zuma-south-africa-politics|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112190552/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/20/zuma-south-africa-politics|archive-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Joseph,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mavuso|first=Sihle|date=2021-08-12|title=Jacob Zuma's brother describes last moments before former president surrendered to authorities, blames Zondo|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/jacob-zumas-brother-describes-last-moments-before-former-president-surrendered-to-authorities-blames-zondo-c7de5504-b1a0-48d5-97b4-a2eb8fa96867 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812154812/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/jacob-zumas-brother-describes-last-moments-before-former-president-surrendered-to-authorities-blames-zondo-c7de5504-b1a0-48d5-97b4-a2eb8fa96867 |archive-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> and Khanya<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|date=2021-07-15|title=Jacob Zuma's brother to be laid to rest next Thursday, says family elder|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-07-15-jacob-zumas-brother-to-be-laid-to-rest-next-thursday-says-family-elder/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Sowetan|language=en-ZA}}</ref>—and at least one sister—Velephi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cilliers|first=Charles|date=2019-05-29|title=Jacob Zuma's sister Velephi passes away|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/2136696/jacob-zumas-sister-velephi-passes-away/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> Michael Zuma was employed by Khumbula Property Services, a construction company, and in 2011 admitted to using his elder brother Jacob's political status to secure a government contract for the company in exchange for a homestead in Nkandla.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|date=2013-11-17|title='I sold my Zuma name for R10m house'|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/i-sold-my-zuma-name-for-r10m-house-1608210|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-11|title=Michael Zuma adds finger to corruption pie|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/zuma-magashule-implicated-tender-fraud|access-date=2021-12-23|website=eNCA|language=en}}</ref> <!-- Any more known about siblings ? --> ==Anti-apartheid activism== === Imprisonment and exile === Zuma began engaging in anti-[[apartheid]] politics at an early age and joined the ANC in 1959. He became an active member of [[uMkhonto we Sizwe]] in 1962, two years after the ANC was banned.<ref name="beresford" /> That year, he was arrested with a group of 45 recruits near [[Zeerust]] in western [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], currently part of the [[North West Province (South Africa)|North West Province]].<ref name="sahistory">{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacob-gedleyihlekisa-zuma |title=Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma|access-date=17 February 2018|publisher=SA History Online|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708095205/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacob-gedleyihlekisa-zuma|archive-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> Zuma was convicted of conspiring to overthrow the apartheid government and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment, which he served on [[Robben Island]] with [[Nelson Mandela]] and other notable ANC leaders also imprisoned during that time.<ref name="sahistory" /> While imprisoned, Zuma was a [[referee (association football)|referee]] for prisoners association football games, organised by the prisoners own governing body, [[Makana F.A.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/2010/zuma-referee.htm|title=Fifa gives Zuma his ref's certificate|date=30 June 2009|access-date=3 November 2009|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100432/http://www.southafrica.info/2010/zuma-referee.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> After his release from prison, Zuma re-established ANC underground structures in Natal.<ref name="anc-bio">{{cite web|title=Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=people/zumaj.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209044729/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=people%2Fzumaj.html|archive-date=9 February 2009|access-date=11 December 2007|publisher=The Presidency}}</ref> He left South Africa in 1975 and was initially based in Swaziland where he met [[Thabo Mbeki]]. In Mozambique, he dealt with the arrival of thousands of exiles seeking military training in the wake of the 1976 [[Soweto uprising]]. He became a full member of the ANC [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive Committee]] in 1977,<ref name="sahistory" /> and a member of the ANC's Politico-Military Council when it was formed in 1983.<ref name="trewhela">{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=15 February 2009|title=Jacob Zuma in exile: three unexplored issues|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/jacob-zuma-in-exile-three-unexplored-issues|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194836/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=117713&sn=Detail|archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> He was also Deputy Chief Representative of the ANC in Mozambique, a post he occupied until the signing of the [[Nkomati Accord]] between the Mozambican and South African governments in 1984. After the Accord was signed, he was appointed as ANC Chief Representative in Mozambique.<ref name="sahistory" /> In December 1986, the South African government requested that Mozambican authorities expel six senior members of the ANC, including Zuma. He was forced to leave Mozambique in January 1987, so he moved to the ANC headquarters in [[Lusaka]], Zambia, where he was appointed Head of the ANC's underground structures, and shortly afterward was named chief of the intelligence department.<ref name="sahistory" /> Zuma was also a member of the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP).<ref name="beresford">{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=944076 |title=Zuma's missing years come to light |date=22 February 2009 |work=[[TimesLIVE|The Times]] |location=UK |first=David |last=Beresford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228210121/http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=944076 |archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> He joined in 1963, served briefly on the party's [[Politburo]],<ref name="trewhela" /> and left in 1990.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58bnDwAAQBAJ |first=Mark|last=Gevisser|year=2007| publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |isbn=978-1-86842-545-7}}</ref> ===Return from exile=== After the ANC was unbanned in February 1990, Zuma returned to South Africa on 21 March<ref name="Tromp-2018" /> to begin the negotiations process.<ref name="anc-bio" /> He was one of the first ANC leaders to return to South Africa for negotiations.<ref name="Tromp-2018" /> Later that year, he was elected unopposed as the ANC's Southern Natal Chairperson. Zuma, as a [[Zulu people|Zulu]], became known as a leading peace broker in Natal during the political violence of this period that was concentrated in that province, and arose largely from conflict between nationalist supporters of the then [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]]-dominated ANC and supporters of the Zulu nationalist<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piper|first=Laurence|date=2002|title=Nationalism without a nation: the rise and fall of Zulu nationalism in South Africa's transition to democracy, 1975–99|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1469-8219.00039|journal=Nations and Nationalism|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=73–94|doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00039|hdl=10566/5798|issn=1469-8129|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] (IFP).<ref name="Tromp-2018" /> He is also credited with having expanded the ANC's Zulu support base in Natal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bosch|first=Marius|date=2007-12-12|title=Zulus want peacemaker Jacob Zuma for president|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-anc-zulus-idUSL1241626320071212|access-date=2021-12-24}}</ref> At the ANC's [[48th National Conference of the African National Congress|July 1991 elective conference]], Zuma stood for the post of ANC Secretary-General and lost to [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], but was elected Deputy Secretary-General, comfortably beating [[Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo|Alfred Nzo]] and [[Popo Molefe]] in a vote.<ref name="Wren-1991">{{Cite news |last=Wren |first=Christopher S. |date=6 July 1991 |title=Moderates Chosen By Apartheid Foes |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/06/world/moderates-chosen-by-apartheid-foes.html |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> In the [[1994 South African general election|1994 general election]], South Africa's first democratic election, Zuma stood as the ANC's candidate for the [[Premier (South Africa)|premiership]] of his newly constituted home province, [[KwaZulu Natal|KwaZulu-Natal]].<ref name=sahistory/> The ANC rose to power in the elections, with Mandela elected president and Mbeki his deputy, but lost KwaZulu-Natal to the IFP. Zuma became a [[Member of the Executive Council|member of the executive council]] (MEC) for economic affairs and tourism in KwaZulu-Natal.<ref name="anc-resignation-stmt">{{cite web|date=14 February 2018|title=Statement of the African National Congress Following the Resignation of the President of the Republic of South Africa, Comrade Jacob Zuma|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-resignation-read-the-ancs-full-statement-13289235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215121216/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-resignation-read-the-ancs-full-statement-13289235|archive-date=15 February 2018|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2009|title=A closer look at Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/a-closer-look-at-jacob-gedleyihlekisa-zuma-442410}}</ref> In December 1994, he was elected [[Provincial Chairperson of the African National Congress|ANC provincial chairperson]] for KwaZulu-Natal, and at the ANC's [[49th National Conference of the African National Congress|1994 elective conference]] he was elected national chairperson, beating [[Pallo Jordan]] and [[Jeff Radebe]] by a large margin.<ref name="Namibian-1994">{{Cite news|date=1994-12-21|title=ANC shuffles its leaders|work=Namibian|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/archive_pdf_19851990/1994_TheNamibian/21%20December%201994.pdf|access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref> He held both positions until 1997, having been re-elected provincial chairperson in 1996.<ref name="sahistory" /> == Rise to the presidency == [[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat meeting the Deputy President of South Africa Mr. Jacob Zuma in Johannesburg on April 28, 2004.jpg|thumb|Zuma with the Indian Vice President [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] in [[Johannesburg]], 2004]] ===Deputy presidency=== Zuma was elected deputy president of the ANC at the party's [[50th National Conference of the African National Congress|50th National Conference]] in [[Mafikeng]] in December 1997, and was subsequently appointed deputy president of South Africa in June 1999, pursuant to the [[1999 South African general election|1999 general election]].<ref name="sahistory" /> Zuma served under newly elected President Mbeki and was the chief mediator in the [[Burundi]] peace process,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2004|title=Tutsis boycott Burundi talks|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3929519.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930103242/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3929519.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009}}</ref> in which he worked with Ugandan president [[Yoweri Museveni]], who chaired the Great Lakes Regional Initiative, a grouping of regional presidents overseeing the peace process in Burundi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-10-11|title=Burundi peace process back in the spotlight|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/burundi-peace-process-back-in-the-spotlight-223811|access-date=2021-12-24|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]}}</ref> [[File:Bulelani Ngcuka.png|thumb|174x174px|Under [[Bulelani Ngcuka]], the NPA opened its investigation into Zuma.|left]] In late 2002, the [[National Prosecuting Authority]] (NPA) announced that Zuma was one of several ANC politicians under investigation by the [[Scorpions (South Africa)|Scorpions]] for corruption related to the R30-billion [[South African Arms Deal|Arms Deal]], a major defence procurement package which the government had signed months after Zuma's appointment to the deputy presidency.<ref name="Bruce-2008">{{Cite journal|last=Bruce|first=David|date=2008|title=Without fear or favour: The Scorpions and the politics of justice|url=https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sacq/article/view/951/820|journal=SA Crime Quarterly|volume=24}}</ref> In August 2003, however, National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) [[Bulelani Ngcuka]] told the media that the NPA had a "prima facie case of corruption" against Zuma but had decided not to prosecute on the basis that the case was unlikely to be won.<ref name="Bruce-2008" /> A highly public spat ensued between Zuma allies and Ngcuka, who was accused by [[Moe Shaik]] and [[Mac Maharaj]] of having been an apartheid spy, an accusation later dismissed by the specially appointed Hefer Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carroll|first=Rory|date=2004-01-21|title=Apartheid spy smear rebounds|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/21/southafrica.rorycarroll|access-date=2021-12-03|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Zuma laid a misconduct complaint against Ngcuka with the [[Public Protector]], [[Lawrence Mushwana]], who in May 2004 found that Ngcuka's statement to the media had been "unfair and improper".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-05-30|title=Public protector a 'liar' and 'sad case'|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2004-05-30-public-protector-a-liar-and-sad-case/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-06-01|title=Ngcuka-Mushwana 'war' rages on|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/ngcuka-mushwana-war-rages-on-20040601|access-date=2021-12-03|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Mbeki and Zuma were both re-elected in the [[2004 South African general election|2004 general election]], but on 14 June 2005, Mbeki removed Zuma from his post as deputy president following [[Schabir Shaik trial|the conviction]] of Zuma's associate, [[Schabir Shaik]], for making underhanded payments to Zuma in relation to the Arms Deal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vasagar|first=Jeevan|date=2005-06-14|title=Mbeki fires deputy in corruption scandal|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/15/southafrica.jeevanvasagar|access-date=2021-12-24|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Mbeki told a joint sitting of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] that "in the interest of the honourable Deputy President, the government, our young democratic system and our country, it would be best to release the honourable Jacob Zuma from his responsibilities".<ref name="sacked">{{cite web|date=14 June 2005|title=Deputy president sacked|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2005-06-14-deputy-president-sacked|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143844/https://mg.co.za/article/2005-06-14-deputy-president-sacked|archive-date=15 February 2018|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> Zuma also resigned as a member of Parliament.<ref name="sacked" /> His successor as deputy president of South Africa was [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]], Ngcuka's wife. Mlambo-Ngcuka had been minister of minerals and energy since 1999. Her appointment was booed publicly atANC rallies by Zuma supporters, including at a [[National Women's Day|Women's Day]] event in [[Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal|Utrecht]], KwaZulu-Natal.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mofokeng|first=Moffett|date=19 August 2005|title=How a lone cameraman 'dented' SABC's credibility|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=248529&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912184428/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=248529&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__national%2F|archive-date=12 September 2005|access-date=20 December 2007|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> === First corruption indictment === {{Further|Jacob Zuma corruption charges#2005–2006: First indictment|label1=Jacob Zuma corruption charges First indictment}} Soon after Zuma's dismissal, the NPA announced its intention to instate formal corruption charges against him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-06-22|title=Mbeki appoints woman as new deputy president|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2005/06/22/mbeki-appoints-woman-new-deputy-president|access-date=2021-12-24|website=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref> He was served with a provisional [[indictment]] on fraud and corruption charges in November 2005, mirroring the indictment earlier served on Shaik.<ref name="longpath22">{{cite web|last=Oellermann|first=Ingrid|date=4 August 2008|title=Zuma's long path to court|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zumas-long-path-to-court-20080804|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217201122/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zumas-long-path-to-court-20080804|archive-date=17 February 2018|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]}}</ref> However, the NPA was unprepared to serve the final indictment and filed an application for postponement. On 20 September 2006, the [[Pietermaritzburg High Court]] dismissed the application, and when the NPA indicated that it was not prepared to proceed with the trial, the matter was stricken off.<ref name="SABC2006-09-20222">{{cite web|date=20 September 2006|title=Zuma corruption trial struck off the roll|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/crime1justice/0,2172,135153,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026083725/http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/crime1justice/0%2C2172%2C135153%2C00.html|archive-date=26 October 2006|access-date=20 September 2006|website=SABC News}}</ref> === Rape trial === {{Main|Jacob Zuma rape trial}}In December 2005, Zuma was charged with raping a 31-year-old woman, known to the public by the pseudonym Khwezi.<ref name="Pather-2016">{{Cite web|last=Pather|first=Raeesa|date=2016-08-10|title=The kanga, womanhood and how Zuma's 2006 rape trial changed the meaning of the fabric|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-08-10-the-khanga-womanhood-and-how-zumas-2006-rape-trial-changed-its-meaning/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> The incident allegedly occurred on 2 November 2005 at Zuma's home in [[Forest Town, Gauteng|Forest Town, Johannesburg]].<ref name="Mail & Guardian-2006">{{Cite web|date=2006-03-21|title=Timeline of the Jacob Zuma rape trial|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-03-21-timeline-of-the-jacob-zuma-rape-trial/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> When the trial began on 6 March 2006, Zuma pleaded not guilty, claiming that he and Khwezi had [[Consensual sex|consensual]] sex.<ref name="Mail & Guardian-2006"/> He was acquitted on 8 May 2006 following a highly publicised trial.<ref name="Humphreys-2006">{{Cite news |last=Humphreys |first=Joe |date=2006-05-09 |title=Dramatic scenes as Zuma is cleared of rape |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dramatic-scenes-as-zuma-is-cleared-of-rape-1.1000443 |access-date=2022-01-11 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> Zuma's admission was controversial, as he stated that he had not used a condom while having sex with Khwezi, despite knowing she was [[HIV-positive]] and having been, as deputy president, the head of the National AIDS Council and Moral Regeneration Campaign. He told the court that he had taken a shower after the act, claiming that doing so reduced the risk of [[HIV transmission]].<ref name="SA's Zuma showered to avoid HIV">{{cite news|date=5 April 2006|title=SA's Zuma showered to avoid HIV|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4879822.stm|url-status=live|access-date=20 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225220255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4879822.stm|archive-date=25 December 2007}}</ref> The South African comic strip ''[[Madam & Eve]],'' and political cartoonist [[Zapiro]], repeatedly lampooned Zuma for his testimony, and Zuma now always appears under a showerhead in Zapiro cartoons.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grootes|first=Stephen|date=2011-07-22|title=SA's most famous showerhead sparks more debate|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-07-22-the-sas-most-famous-showerhead-sparks-more-debate/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> === Continued popularity === Although Zuma had been fired as national deputy president, he retained the ANC deputy presidency, and internal factions began to coalesce around him and Mbeki. Between 2005 and 2007, their rivalry deepened into what Susan Booysen called "a brutal and all-consuming disagreement between two major ANC groupings".<ref name="Booysen-2011">{{Citation|last=Booysen|first=Susan|title=Aluta continua, from Polokwane to Mangaung|date=2011|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.18772/12011115423.5|work=The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power|pages=33–84|publisher=Wits University Press|isbn=978-1-86814-542-3|jstor=10.18772/12011115423.5|access-date=2021-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gevisser|first=Mark|date=2007-12-12|title=South Africa Grows Up|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/opinion/12gevisser.html|access-date=2021-12-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Gevisser-2007">{{Cite book|last=Gevisser|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMJ6AAAAMAAJ|title=Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred|date=2007|publisher=Jonathan Ball|isbn=978-1-86842-301-9|language=en|chapter=Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, and the Future of the South African Dream}}</ref> Although the corruption and rape allegations were considered politically damaging,<ref name="SA's Zuma showered to avoid HIV"/><ref name="The Guardian-2006">{{Cite web|date=2006-05-08|title=Jacob Zuma cleared of rape|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/08/aids.southafrica|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Zuma continued to enjoy considerable support from [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] elements of the ANC, especially the [[African National Congress Youth League|ANC Youth League]] under [[Fikile Mbalula]], and from the ANC's partners in the [[Tripartite Alliance]], the SACP, and the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] (COSATU).<ref>{{cite news|last=Simao|first=Paul|date=28 July 2006|title=Left rallies to support embattled Zuma|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-07-28-left-rallies-to-support-embattled-zuma|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908103535/http://mg.co.za/article/2006-07-28-left-rallies-to-support-embattled-zuma|archive-date=8 September 2011}}</ref> [[Blade Nzimande]] of the SACP and [[Zwelinzima Vavi]] of COSATU were among Zuma's chief organisers and most vocal supporters (though both recanted their support years later).<ref name="Du Toit-2017">{{Cite web|last=Du Toit|first=Pieter|date=2017-12-11|title=The Polokwane Decade Is Over: 'Comrades, Comrades: Sit Down!'|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2017/12/10/the-polokwane-decade-is-over-comrades-comrades-sit-down_a_23302829/|access-date=2021-12-09|website=HuffPost UK|language=en}}</ref> Vavi and Youth League leader [[Julius Malema]] later said that they were prepared to "kill for Zuma".<ref name="dmc3">{{cite web|last=Wills|first=Zapiro with Mike|date=14 August 2018|title=The back story to the most controversial cartoon in SA history|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-08-14-the-back-story-to-the-most-controversial-cartoon-in-sa-history/|access-date=17 August 2018|website=[[Daily Maverick]]|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-06-21|title=We're prepared to kill for Zuma: Vavi|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/were-prepared-to-kill-for-zuma-vavi-405292|access-date=2022-01-11|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref> Nzimande and his SACP comrade [[Gwede Mantashe]] warned that the corruption trial would endanger public stability if it went ahead,<ref name="dmc3" /> although there were reports that support for Zuma had caused a rift within the SACP.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2007|title=The trouble with JZ|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=257884&area=%2finsight%2finsight__comment_and_analysis%2f|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621152427/http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=257884&area=%2Finsight%2Finsight__comment_and_analysis%2F|archive-date=21 June 2007|access-date=20 December 2007|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tabane|first=Rapule|date=21 April 2006|title=SACP divided on Zuma|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2006-04-21-sacp-divided-on-zuma|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205183536/http://mg.co.za/article/2006-04-21-sacp-divided-on-zuma|archive-date=5 February 2015|access-date=5 February 2015|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> While Zuma's political strength was at least partly based on his relationships within intra-party politics and Mbeki's lack of popularity with the left wing, he also had a large Zulu support base,<ref name="Gevisser-2007"/> and one analyst argued that his supporters' loyalty was partially rooted in a traditionalist Zulu loyalty.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 November 2005|title=Riding on Zulu empathy|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=256829&area=%2finsight%2finsight__national%2f|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201335/http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=256829&area=%2Finsight%2Finsight__national%2F|archive-date=30 September 2007|access-date=20 December 2007|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> [[File:Zuma-court-crowd.jpg|thumb|316x316px|A crowd of supporters and curious onlookers outside the [[Johannesburg High Court]] during the rape trial|left]] Zuma's supporters publicly expressed the view that his dismissal and prosecution were the result of a political conspiracy by Mbeki, who they said had sought to oust Zuma to entrench their dominance in the ANC.<ref name="Booysen-2011"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Pearce|first=Justin|date=10 October 2005|title=Analysis: SA's Zuma in the dock|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4328360.stm|url-status=live|access-date=20 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222142221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4328360.stm|archive-date=22 December 2006}}</ref> Zuma's court appearances on the corruption charges drew large crowds of supporters (on one estimate, up to 10,000 at a time),<ref name="Robinson-2006">{{cite web|last1=Robinson|first1=Vicki|last2=Table|first2=Rapule|last3=Haffajee|first3=Ferial|date=28 April 2006|title=23 days that shook our world|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2006-04-28-23-days-that-shook-our-world|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126131956/http://mg.co.za/article/2006-04-28-23-days-that-shook-our-world|archive-date=26 November 2016|access-date=26 November 2016|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> who, on one occasion, burned T-shirts with Mbeki's picture on them, which the ANC leadership condemned.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-12|title=Mbeki T-shirt burning riles ANC|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/mbeki-t-shirt-burning-riles-anc-20051012|access-date=2022-01-11|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Zuma became known for singing the apartheid-era struggle song "''[[Umshini wami]]''" (English: ''Bring Me My Machine Gun'') with his supporters during these informal rallies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-14|title=Will Zuma's 'Letha umshini wami' (Bring my Machine gun) song win him second term?|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/Will-Zumas-Letha-umshini-wami-Bring-my-Machine-gun-song-win-him-second-term-20120514|access-date=2022-01-11|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gunner|first=Liz|date=2009|title=Jacob Zuma, the Social Body and the Unruly Power of Song|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27667093|journal=African Affairs|volume=108|issue=430|pages=27–48|doi=10.1093/afraf/adn064|jstor=27667093|issn=0001-9909}}</ref> Likewise, during the rape trial, Zuma supporters gathered outside the courthouse and sometimes clashed with smaller groups of anti-rape protesters.<ref name="Humphreys-2006"/><ref>{{cite news|date=13 February 2006|title=Zuma rape case judge stands down|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4707464.stm|url-status=live|access-date=20 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112021906/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4707464.stm|archive-date=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="The Guardian-2006"/> Zuma supporters were seen carrying posters questioning Khwezi's integrity, burning photos of her, and on one occasion throwing stones at a woman that they mistook for her.<ref name="Mail & Guardian-2006"/><ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2006|title=Accuser insulted as Zuma hailed at court|url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20060214102144364C522654|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225010841/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20060214102144364C522654|archive-date=25 February 2006|access-date=20 December 2007|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> By October 2008, Zuma had been acquitted of rape<ref name="Humphreys-2006"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Meldrum|first=Andrew|date=9 May 2006|title=Acquitted Zuma ready to fight for presidency|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/southafrica/story/0,,1770514,00.html|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> and was no longer subject to corruption charges. However, this did little to lighten the rivalry between Mbeki and Zuma. A ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'' analysis stated:<blockquote>The political damage [of events of recent months] is incalculable, with the ruling African National Congress now an openly divided and faltering movement. This has had a [[domino effect]] on the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions, which have floundered and fractured in the face of damaging charges against a man they ardently backed as the country's next president. The trial has been fought against the backdrop of a bitter succession war between Mbeki and Zuma. Both have been fatally wounded. Mbeki's support in the ANC has crumbled... But even Zuma's most diehard supporters privately acknowledge that he cannot now be president...<ref name="Robinson-2006" /></blockquote> === Defamation lawsuits === By early 2006 during the rape trial, Zuma and his supporters complained of a concerted media plot to discredit him and harm his political career.<ref name="IOL-2006">{{Cite web|date=2006-03-27|title=Zuma team to ask for discharge|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/zuma-team-to-ask-for-discharge-270865|access-date=2022-01-11|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref> In March, he appointed a legal team, including former [[Conservative Party (South Africa)|Conservative Party]] politician Jurg Prinsloo and advocate Wycliffe Mothuloe, to fight his "crucifixion by the media".<ref name="Mail & Guardian-2006"/><ref name="IOL-2006"/> Among his targets was the ''Sowetan,'' whom he told that the media, at the instruction of Ngcuka of the NPA and former Justice Minister [[Penuell Maduna]], was trying to "crucify" him. The newspaper had printed the interview under the headline "I'm like Christ – Zuma".<ref name="IOL-2006"/> In June and July 2006, Zuma filed a series of [[defamation]] lawsuits against various South African media outlets for publishing content that allegedly besmirched his public profile in the form of cartoons, commentary, photos and parody pieces. The defendants included the ''[[The Star (South Africa)|Star]]'' (sued for R20 million), [[Rapport (newspaper)|''Rapport'']] (R10 million), [[94.7 Highveld Stereo|Highveld Stereo]] (R7 million), the ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]'' (R6 million), the ''[[The Citizen (South Africa)|Citizen]]'' (R5 million), the ''Sunday Sun'' (R5 million), the ''[[Sunday Independent (South Africa)|Sunday Independent]]'' (R5 million), and the ''Sunday World'' (R5 million).<ref>{{cite news|date=4 July 2006|title=Zuma defamation claim 'largest in SA history'|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/zuma-defamation-claim-largest-in-sa-history-284142|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217201122/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/zuma-defamation-claim-largest-in-sa-history-284142|archive-date=17 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-07-04|title=Zuma defamation claim 'largest in SA history'|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/zuma-defamation-claim-largest-in-sa-history-284142|access-date=2022-01-11|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref> Zuma said in 2005:<blockquote>For a period of five years my person has been subjected to all types of allegations and innuendo, paraded through the media and other corridors of influence without these allegations {{sic|having being}} tested. I have thereby been denied my constitutional right to reply and defend myself.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2005|title=Friends of Jacob Zuma Trust|url=http://www.friendsofjz.co.za/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210203520/http://www.friendsofjz.co.za/|archive-date=10 February 2010|access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref></blockquote>In December 2008, Zuma sued Zapiro for R7 million over his controversial [[Rape of Lady Justice cartoon controversy|rape of Lady Justice]] cartoon,<ref name="dmc3" /> bringing the total value of the defamation lawsuits to at least R70 million, an unprecedented figure in South African law.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Janet|date=2008-12-19|title=Zuma exacts defamation action on media|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-exacts-defamation-action-on-media-429327|access-date=2022-01-11|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref> Many of the suits were withdrawn or settled out of court. ''Rapport'' settled for R50,000 over a defamatory reader's letter, and the British ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' newspaper also paid Zuma substantial damages over defamatory statements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Louw|first=Raymond|date=2012-11-12|title=Was Zuma's cartoon case an attempt to intimidate media?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2012-11-12-was-zumas-cartoon-case-an-attempt-to-intimidate-media/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ===Election as ANC president=== {{Further|52nd National Conference of the African National Congress}} As per party tradition, Zuma was in line to succeed Mbeki as head of the party. However, by April 2007<ref name="Gevisser-2007"/><ref>Gevisser, Mark (2007). "Home". ''Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred''. Jonathan Ball. {{ISBN|978-1-86842-301-9}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Monare|first=Moshoeshoe|date=2006-06-01|title=Pipe or machinegun for ANC presidency?|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/pipe-or-machinegun-for-anc-presidency-279991|access-date=2022-01-11|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref> it was clear that Mbeki intended to run for a third term as ANC president. Even though he was prohibited by the [[Constitution of South Africa|Constitution]] from standing again for the national presidency, the ANC lacks internal term limits. Zuma gained the support of five of the nine provincial ANC branches when they nominated candidates at their provincial congresses in late 2007.<ref name="Du Toit-2017"/><ref>{{cite news|date=November 26, 2007|title=ANC rank-and-file vote for change|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-rank-and-file-vote-for-change-380207|url-status=live|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005190313/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20071126042958726C564967|archive-date=5 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 26, 2007|title=Zuma finds favour among his ANC comrades|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-finds-favour-among-his-anc-comrades-380161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005190308/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=nw20071125231051953C472153|archive-date=5 October 2008}}</ref> He became the favourite to win the presidency and became the ANC's presidential candidate in the [[2009 South African general election|2009 elections]]. While the ANC was extremely likely to win regardless of its candidate, there were reports that Zuma's support base and left-wing alliances unnerved international and domestic investors.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Russell|first=Alec|date=2007-11-30|title=Jacob Zuma|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/dc0fcb32-9f5c-11dc-8031-0000779fd2ac|access-date=2022-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 June 2006|title=Pipe or machinegun for ANC presidency?|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/pipe-or-machinegun-for-anc-presidency-279991|access-date=13 December 2019|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref><ref name="mcgreal2">{{cite news|last=McGreal|first=Chris|date=15 December 2007|title=South Africa in turmoil as Mbeki heads for defeat|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2227953,00.html}}</ref> On 18 December 2007, at the ANC's [[52nd National Conference of the African National Congress|52nd National Conference]] in [[Polokwane|Polokwane, Limpopo]], Zuma was elected ANC president, beating Mbeki with 2,329 votes to 1,505.<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Juanita|date=18 December 2007|title=Fireworks greet new ANC president|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/fireworks-greet-new-anc-president-383189|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213111721/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/fireworks-greet-new-anc-president-383189|archive-date=13 February 2018|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref>[[File:Jacob Zuma in 2008.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Zuma in June 2008]] === Second corruption indictment === {{Further|Jacob Zuma corruption charges#2007–2009: Second indictment|label1=Jacob Zuma corruption charges § Second indictment}} Just over a week after the Polokwane conference, the NPA reinstated charges against Zuma and served him an indictment to stand trial on 12 fraud charges, two corruption charges, and one charge each of [[racketeering]] and [[money laundering]].<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2007|title=New charges for S Africa's Zuma|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7163332.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231062529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7163332.stm|archive-date=31 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="iol.co.za">{{Cite web|date=2008-09-12|title='Zuma application shouldn't be taken lightly'|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-application-shouldnt-be-taken-lightly-416250|access-date=2022-01-11|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref> According to the Constitution, he would have been rendered ineligible for the national presidency had he been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. However, on 12 September 2008, the charges were declared unlawful on a technicality. The presiding judge also expressed a belief that the charges had been the result of a political conspiracy against Zuma.<ref name="dismiss22">{{cite news|last=Zigomo|first=Muchena|date=11 September 2008|title=South African judge throws out Zuma graft case|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-zuma-idUSLC54653420080912|url-status=live|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050546/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/africa/2008/09/13/174479/S.-African.htm|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Although this judgement was later overturned by the appellate court, the Zuma-aligned ANC [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive]], as elected at the Polokwane conference, immediately "recalled" Mbeki, asking him to resign as national president.<ref name="ioltimeline22">{{cite web|date=15 February 2018|title=A timeline of Jacob Zuma's presidency|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/a-timeline-of-jacob-zumas-presidency-13192711|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213193627/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/a-timeline-of-jacob-zumas-presidency-13192711|archive-date=13 February 2018|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> Mbeki, seeking to avoid a protracted dispute, did so, and was replaced by newly elected ANC Deputy President [[Kgalema Motlanthe]], who led an interim administration while Zuma campaigned for the 2009 election.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-09-25|title=Motlanthe: South Africa's safe hands|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7629239.stm|access-date=2021-12-09}}</ref> In January 2009, the [[Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)|Supreme Court of Appeal]] found that the charges against Zuma were not unlawful, contrary to the ruling of the lower court. However, the NPA formally withdrew the charges in the same week that Zuma was inaugurated as national president,<ref name="ioltimeline22"/> citing apparent evidence of prosecutorial misconduct in the so-called [[National Prosecuting Authority#"Spy tapes" allegations|spy tapes]].<ref name="Mail & Guardian">{{cite news|date=6 April 2009|title=Mpshe reveals contents of Ngcuka, McCarthy tapes|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-04-06-mpshe-reveals-contents-of-ngcuka-mccarthy-tapes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173923/http://mg.co.za/article/2009-04-06-mpshe-reveals-contents-of-ngcuka-mccarthy-tapes|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> === Release of Shaik on parole === In March 2009, Shaik was controversially released from prison on [[Compassionate release|medical parole]], just over two years into his 15-year sentence. Earlier the same week, Zuma had said publicly that as national president he would pardon Shaik on medical grounds, and denied having played any role in Shaik's release.<ref name="Bearak-2009">{{cite news |last=Bearak |first=Barry |date=10 March 2009 |title=Waiting to Helm South Africa: President or Convict? Or Both? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/world/africa/11safrica.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511092953/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/world/africa/11safrica.html |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Shaik had applied for a presidential pardon in April 2008 when Mbeki was president, and he continued to lobby for a pardon during Zuma's presidency, saying it was unfair that he had been convicted while neither Zuma nor the implicated arms company had been taken to trial.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brkic|first=Branko|date=2009-10-19|title=Zuma's past comes back to haunt him as Shaik begs pardon|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2009-10-19-Zumas-past-comes-back-to-haunt-him/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rademeyer|first=Julian|date=2009-12-21|title=Angry Shaik demands his pardon|url=https://www.news24.com/witness/archive/angry-shaik-demands-his-pardon-20150430|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Witness|language=en-US}}</ref> == President of South Africa (2009–2018) == [[File:2009 news seller Capetown 3563345045.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A [[Cape Town]] news vendor displays the headline "Zuma Dawn" on 10 May 2009]]{{Main|Presidency of Jacob Zuma}} The ANC won the national election on 22 April 2009 by a slightly diminished majority of 65.90%, with Zuma having campaigned under the theme "Continuity and Change".<ref name="Landsberg-2012">{{Cite journal|last=Landsberg|first=C.|date=2012|title=Continuity and Change in the Foreign Policies of the Mbeki and Zuma Governments|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ai/article/view/76513|journal=Africa Insight|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=1–16|issn=1995-641X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Booysen|first=Susan|title=The ANC and its pillars of people's power|date=2011|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.18772/12011115423.6|work=The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power|pages=86–125|publisher=Wits University Press|jstor=10.18772/12011115423.6|isbn=978-1-86814-542-3|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> His appointment was [[2009 South African presidential election|formalised by Parliament]] on 6 May, and he was sworn in as president of South Africa on 9 May 2009.<ref name="ioltimeline22"/> === Failure to disclose assets === As president and therefore a member of cabinet, Zuma was required by the government's ethics code to declare his financial interests within 60 days of taking office. In March 2010, nine months after taking office, South African media reported that he had failed to do so. Opposition parties and the ANC's Tripartite Alliance partner COSATU urged Zuma to disclose his interests, and the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) called for an investigation by the [[Public Protector]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 March 2010|title=South Africa opposition call for probe into Jacob Zuma|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8555697.stm|url-status=live|access-date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311213312/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8555697.stm|archive-date=11 March 2010}}</ref> ANC spokesperson Brian Sokutu explained that Zuma constituted a "special case" because of his "large family", which complicated the process.<ref name="Sunday Times-2010">{{cite web|date=9 March 2010|title=ANC distances itself from spokesman's statement on Zuma|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article346579.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312080436/http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article346579.ece|archive-date=12 March 2010|access-date=15 September 2010|work=Sunday Times}}</ref> The ANC distanced itself from Sokutu's statement<ref name="Sunday Times-2010" /> and Zuma filed the disclosure later that week.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-03-11|title=Zuma under fire after late declaration|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-under-fire-after-late-declaration-1.475953|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821113237/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1|archive-date=21 August 2010|access-date=15 September 2010|website=Independent Online}}</ref> === Domestic policy === [[File:Zuma Stadium Tour, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Zuma (centre) on a tour of [[Green Point Stadium]] in June 2009, in preparation for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]|left]] ==== Radical economic transformation ==== As a former member of the SACP, Zuma has described himself as a socialist<ref name="mcgreal2" /> and became president with the support of a left-wing coalition.<ref name="mcgreal2" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Wines |first=Michael |date=17 December 2007 |title=Leadership Battle Grips South Africa's Dominant Party |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/17/world/africa/17anc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721071919/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/17/world/africa/17anc.html |archive-date=21 July 2016}}</ref> Analysts have claimed that he has bolstered [[populism]] in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumede |first=William |date=2019-05-28 |title=How the EFF has shifted SA politics to the left |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Columnists/GuestColumn/how-the-eff-has-shifted-sa-politics-to-the-left-20190528 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ipsos |title=Beyond Populism |date=9 February 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdjhoV8_FBY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310172638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdjhoV8_FBY |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2017, at the tail-end of his presidency, his rhetoric and policy priorities became more leftist under what is known as the "radical economic transformation" (RET) programme of the ANC of this period. Zuma announced the new focus on RET during his February 2017 [[State of the Nation Address (South Africa)|State of the Nation]] address.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merten |first=Marianne |date=2017-06-29 |title=ANC policy, radical economic transformation and ideological proxy battles for control |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-06-29-analysis-anc-policy-radical-economic-transformation-and-ideological-proxy-battles-for-control/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, he explained that RET had been adopted as ANC policy and therefore as government policy, and defined it as a "fundamental change in the structures, systems, institutions and patterns of ownership and control of the economy, in favour of all South Africans, especially the poor".<ref name="Paton-2017">{{Cite web |last=Paton |first=Carol |date=2017-12-07 |title=Foreign investors in energy sector will have to partner with locals, Zuma says |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2017-12-07-foreign-investors-in-energy-sector-will-have-to-partner-with-locals-zuma-says/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> The RET policy was controversial,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desai |first=Ashwin |date=2018-10-02 |title=The Zuma moment: between tender-based capitalists and radical economic transformation |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2018.1522424 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=499–513 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2018.1522424 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=158520517}}</ref> and some critics claimed that it had popular political appeal but lacked substance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKaiser |first=Eusebius |date=2017-04-21 |title=It's radical economic gibberish |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-21-00-its-radical-economic-gibberish/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Rudin-2017">{{Cite web |last=Rudin |first=Jeff |date=2017-04-25 |title=Zuma's plan for radical economic transformation is just BEE on steroids |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-25-zumas-plan-for-radical-economic-transformation-is-just-bee-on-steriods/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Others claimed that it was used to defend "rent-seeking practices"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhorat |first=Haroon |url=https://pari.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Betrayal-of-the-Promise-25052017.pdf |title=Betrayal of the promise: how South Africa is being stolen |publisher=State Capacity Research Project |year=2017}}</ref> and the influence of the [[Gupta family]] on Zuma's administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-02 |title='Let's embrace radical economic transformation' |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-02-00-lets-embrace-radical-economic-transformation/ |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-31 |title=Dot by dot, state capture emerges |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-08-31-00-dot-by-dot-state-capture-emerges/ |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma claimed that critics of his politics were agents of "[[white monopoly capital]]".<ref name="Rudin-2017" /> ==== Economic reform and spending ==== Zuma was inaugurated in South Africa at the height of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|2008 global financial crisis]] and amid South Africa's first [[recession]] since the end of apartheid.<ref name="Shipalana-2017">{{Cite web|last=Shipalana|first=Palesa|date=2017-12-14|title=The good, the bad and the ugly: an economic review of Zuma's presidency|url=https://www.africaportal.org/features/good-bad-and-ugly-economic-review-zumas-presidency/|access-date=2022-01-12| publisher=Africa Portal}}</ref> Upon taking office, he established the [[National Planning Commission of South Africa|National Planning Commission]] under the office of the presidency which was chaired by Minister [[Trevor Manuel]]. It was responsible for developing the [[National Development Plan]], which was adopted by Zuma's cabinet in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-04-30|title=Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the appointment of Commissioners to the National Planning Commission|url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/speeches/statement-president-jacob-zuma-appointment-commissioners-national-planning-commission|access-date=2022-01-12| publisher=The Presidency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Eythan |date=2013-06-20 |title=The National Development Plan (NDP): the current state of play |url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/hsf-briefs/the-national-development-plan-ndp-the-current-state-of-play |access-date=2022-01-13 |publisher=Helen Suzman Foundation}}</ref> Other major initiatives included the Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme, which was launched in 2011 amid [[South African energy crisis|electricity generation shortfalls]] at state energy utility [[Eskom]], and a R4-trillion National Infrastructure Plan launched in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=Cabinet's five-point plan to address SA electricity woes |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/trending/75760/cabinets-five-point-plan-to-address-sa-electricity-woes/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=BusinessTech |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paton |first=Carol |date=2019-02-18 |title=Forum linked to Zuma lobby groups joins campaign against IPPs |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2019-02-18-forum-linked-to-zuma-lobby-groups-joins-campaign-against-ipps/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title=Zuma launches national infrastructure plan |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-19-zuma-launches-national-infrastructure-plan/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma expressed support for expanding South Africa's [[Nuclear power in South Africa|nuclear power programme]], particularly for a nuclear deal with Russian nuclear agency [[Rosatom]] which concluded in September 2014 but was ruled unlawful by the [[Western Cape Division|Western Cape High Court]] in 2017.<ref name="Business Day-2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=Editorial: SA must stand up against Jacob Zuma's nuclear option |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2019-03-25-editorial-sa-must-stand-up-against-jacob-zumas-nuclear-option/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Maughan-2019">{{Cite web |last=Maughan |first=Karyn |date=2019-03-28 |title=Zuma's nuclear deal: Russian roulette for SA |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/2019-03-28-zumas-nuclear-deal-russian-roulette-for-sa/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[File:Встреча Владимира Путина с Президентом ЮАР Джейкобом Зумой 1.jpg|thumb|Zuma greets Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2015]] Zuma's administration pursued a number of structural economic policy reforms, but critics characterised them as "investor-unfriendly",<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /> and most were met significant opposition. His reforms included the increased regulation of [[List of private security companies|private security companies]].<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref name="Mtyala-2015">{{Cite web |last=Mtyala |first=Quinton |date=2015-11-16 |title=Zuma yet to sign security industry bill |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-yet-to-sign-security-industry-bill-1945913 |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher= Independent Online (South Africa) IOL |language=en}}</ref> He also increased the regulation of oil, gas, and minerals resources.<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref name="Harvey-2015">{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=Ross |date=2015-02-09 |title=Will South Africa's Minerals Bill take the road less travelled? |url=https://saiia.org.za/research/will-south-africas-minerals-bill-take-the-road-less-travelled/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=SAIIA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Furthermore Zuma announced a proposal to increase [[Black Economic Empowerment|black economic empowerment]] ownership requirements in mines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phakati |first=Bekezela |date=2017-06-22 |title=Zuma backs new Mining Charter |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/business/2017-06-22-zuma-backs-new-mining-charter/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Nicolson-2017">{{Cite web |last=Nicolson |first=Greg |date=2017-06-26 |title=Chamber of Mines: Mining Charter is 'illegal', 'unconstitutional' and 'stupefying' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-06-26-chamber-of-mines-mining-charter-is-illegal-unconstitutional-and-stupefying/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Zuma advanced a proposal for the introduction of a national [[minimum wage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orderson |first=Crystal |date=2017-02-08 |title=South Africa's presidential frontrunner announces country's first minimum wage |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/843/south-africas-presidential-frontrunner-announces-countrys-first-minimum-wage/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Africa Report |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokone |first=Thabo |date=2017-11-02 |title=National minimum wage to be implemented in May 2018 |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-11-02-national-minimum-wage-of-r3200-per-month-to-be-implemented-in-may-2018/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma was attentive to [[Land reform in South Africa|land reform]] issues throughout his second term, but from 2017 he emphasised his support for land expropriation without compensation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-24 |title=Zuma says government will take land without compensation: report |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/160313/zuma-says-government-will-take-land-without-compensation-report/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=BusinessTech |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Merten-2017">{{Cite web |last=Merten |first=Marianne |date=2017-03-03 |title=Parliament: Zuma calls on ANC to unite with EFF to change the Constitution on land issues |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-03-03-parliament-zuma-calls-on-anc-to-unite-with-eff-to-change-the-constitution-on-land-issues/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=2017-03-30 |title=Will Zuma's attempts to Zanufy South Africa backfire? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/will-zumas-attempts-to-zanufy-south-africa-backfire |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> While opening the ANC's [[54th National Conference of the African National Congress|54th National Conference]] in December 2017, he unilaterally announced that [[Higher education in South Africa|higher education]] would be free for students in households whose income was less than [[South African rand|R]]350,000 per year, meeting a central demand of the [[FeesMustFall|#FeesMustFall]] student protests.<ref name="Mail & Guardian-2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basson |first=Adriaan |date=2021-03-15 |title=Jacob Zuma did not only steal our money; he also stole our dreams |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/adriaanbasson/adriaan-basson-jacob-zuma-did-not-only-steal-our-money-he-also-stole-our-dreams-20210314 |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> South Africa's [[Social welfare programs in South Africa|social grants programme]] expanded under Zuma,<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Thalia |date=2014-06-19 |title=Social grants beneficiaries more than doubled in 10 years |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-19-social-grants-beneficiaries-more-than-double-in-10-years/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> and Zuma was praised for his HIV/AIDS policy which has been credited with increasing [[life expectancy]] in South Africa.<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Masombuka |first=Sipho |date=2016-04-14 |title=Step down and salvage your HIV/Aids treatment policy legacy' Zuma advised |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016-04-14-step-down-and-salvage-your-hivaids-treatment-policy-legacy-zuma-advised/ |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-17 |title=Zuma, the accidental Aids hero |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/zuma-the-accidental-aids-hero-12450157 |access-date=2022-01-12 | publisher= Independent Online (South Africa) IOL |language=en}}</ref> However, his critics claim that his policies increased South Africa's debt burden<ref name="Mail & Guardian-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-23|title=Budget 2018 is Zuma's costly legacy|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-23-budget-2018-is-zumas-costly-legacy/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Henderson-2018">{{Cite web|last=Henderson|first=Roxanne|date=2018-02-18|title=Counting the cost of the blunders, debt and graft of the Zuma-era|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-02-17-counting-the-cost-of-the-blunders-debt-and-graft-of-the-zuma-era/|access-date=2022-01-12| publisher=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> with the [[Debt-to-GDP ratio|debt-to-GDP]] ratio increasing from 28% at the start of his presidency<ref>{{Cite web|last=Atud|first=Vivian|date=2015-01-14|title=South African Government Debt up 62% Under the Zuma Administration|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/xArchive/Voices/south-african-government-debt-up-62-under-the-zuma-administration-20180719|access-date=2022-01-12| publisher=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> to just over 50% in the week of his resignation.<ref name="Henderson-2018" /> [[Nedbank]], one of South Africa's largest banks, estimates that poor policy decisions, maladministration, and [[corruption]] during Zuma's second term alone cost the South African economy R470 billion (US$33.7 billion).<ref>{{cite web|date=21 February 2019|title=Analysis: Eskom's troubles show everything that's wrong with SA|url=https://www.fin24.com/Budget/analysis-eskoms-troubles-show-everything-thats-wrong-with-sa-20190220|access-date=21 February 2019| publisher=Fin24}}</ref> Contracts with the [[consulting firm]]s [[McKinsey & Company]], [[KPMG]], and [[Deloitte]] were linked to alleged corruption in [[state-owned enterprise]]s. McKinsey & Company eventually reached an agreement with the South African government and paid back R1 Billion (US$67.3 million) for problems relating to work done at [[Eskom]], as well as a company linked to the [[Gupta family]]. In January 2022 the South African government published the findings of an inquiry into [[state capture]] and the consultancy firm [[Bain & Company]] stands accused of helping Zuma to undermine the South African tax authority.<ref>{{Cite book|title= The Big Con: How the Consulting Industry Weakens Our Businesses, Infantilizes Our Governments and Warps Our Economies | author1=Mariana Mazzucato | author2= Rosie Collington |publisher= Penguin Books Limited |year=2023 |isbn= 9781802060270 | pages=}}</ref> === Foreign policy === {{See also|List of international presidential trips made by Jacob Zuma}} Zuma's first state visit as president was to [[Angola]], where he sought to improve relations with the government of President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]], who had had a tense relationship with Mbeki.<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /><ref name="Cilliers-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Cilliers |first=Jakkie |date=2017-06-08 |title=Life beyond BRICS? South Africa's future foreign policy interests |url=https://issafrica.org/research/southern-africa-report/life-beyond-brics-south-africas-future-foreign-policy-interests |journal=Southern Africa Report |publisher=ISS Africa |volume=9}}</ref> His government's [[foreign policy]] emphasised the [[Economic development|developmental]] objectives of African and [[Global North and Global South|Global South]] countries<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /> with a focus on [[economic diplomacy]].<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /><ref name="Cilliers-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=2021-08-31 |title=A fit for purpose foreign policy: Dispense with parochial approaches and recognise international opportunities |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-08-31-a-fit-for-purpose-foreign-policy-dispense-with-parochial-approaches-and-recognise-international-opportunities/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> It was also characterised by a pivot towards the [[BRIC]], especially China.<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref name="Mpungose-2018">{{Cite web|last=Mpungose|first=Luanda|date=2018-02-22|title=South Africa's foreign policy under Zuma: towards greater strategic partnerships|url=https://saiia.org.za/research/south-africa-s-foreign-policy-under-zuma-towards-greater-strategic-partnerships/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=SAIIA|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maphaka|first=Dominic|date=2020-12-18|title=A Shift or Priority? An Afrocentric Analysis of Zuma's Foreign Policy towards China|url=https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/strategic_review/article/view/75|journal=The Strategic Review for Southern Africa|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=87–108|doi=10.35293/srsa.v42i2.75|s2cid=234511314|issn=1013-1108|doi-access=free}}</ref> In December 2010, South Africa became a formal member of BRIC, which was then renamed [[BRICS]],<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com">{{cite web|last=Graceffo|first=Antonio|date=21 January 2011|title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard|url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/|archive-date=26 January 2011|access-date=12 January 2022|website=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref> and Zuma attended the group's [[3rd BRICS summit|third summit meeting]] in [[Sanya]], China, in 2011. South Africa's admission followed a concerted campaign for membership and has been described as "a huge diplomatic coup" and "the most important foreign policy achievement of the Zuma administration".<ref name="Cilliers-2017" />[[File:Naoto Kan Barack Obama David Cameron and Jacob Zuma 20100625.jpg|thumb|left|Zuma speaks with [[Barack Obama]] and [[David Cameron]] at a [[Group of Eight|G8]] African Outreach meeting in 2010|240x240px]]During South Africa's tenure on the [[United Nations Security Council]], Zuma's administration was criticised for deviating in its stance on certain foreign regimes, especially in its attitudes towards international intervention in [[Civil war|civil conflicts]]. It voted in favour of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970|Resolution 1970]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|Resolution 1973]] but condemned their use by the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO) as the basis for [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention]] in [[First Libyan Civil War|Libya]].<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-14 |title=Zuma lashes Nato for 'abusing' UN resolutions on Libya |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-14-zuma-lashes-nato-for-abusing-un-resolutions-on-libya/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> It also voted in favour of a 2012 resolution calling for Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] to step down,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Paul |date=2012-02-04 |title=Syria resolution vetoed by Russia and China at United Nations |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/04/assad-obama-resign-un-resolution |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> but established friendly relations with the Assad regime after the [[2014 Syrian presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=al-Sabbagh |first=Hazem |date=23 June 2014 |title=President al-Assad receives congratulatory cable from South African President Zuma |url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=4016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214164805/http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=4016 |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=2016-06-05 |title=Syrian horrors 'exaggerated', claims Mfeketo |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/syrian-horrors-exaggerated-claims-mfeketo-2030555 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Sunday Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> The administration also appeared to vacillate in its response to the disputed [[2010 Ivorian presidential election|2010 presidential election]] in Côte d'Ivoire.<ref name="Landsberg-2012" /> ==== Zimbabwe ==== In Zimbabwe, Mbeki had advocated for non-confrontational "quiet diplomacy" as an alternative to the "megaphone diplomacy" used by Western governments that harshly criticised [[Robert Mugabe]]'s regime.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Russell|first=Alec|date=2008-04-16|title=Mbeki's stance on Zimbabwe under fire|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/364a7e70-0bd3-11dd-9840-0000779fd2ac|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> This approach was controversial, with elements of the ruling alliance calling for a tougher stance against Mugabe and the ruling [[ZANU–PF]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lodge|first=Tom|date=27 October 2004|title=Quiet diplomacy in Zimbabwe: a case study of South Africa in Africa|page=7|work=Paper delivered to the African Studies Centre, [[Leiden]]|url=http://wiserweb.wits.ac.za/PDF%20Files/wirs%20-%20lodge.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910185647/http://wiserweb.wits.ac.za/PDF%20Files/wirs%20-%20lodge.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Russell|first=Alec|date=2008-04-17|title=Mbeki's 'quiet diplomacy' meets an ever louder response|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ca920680-0ca9-11dd-86df-0000779fd2ac|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alden|first=Chris|date=2002-06-01|title=South Africa's 'Quiet Diplomacy' and the crisis in Zimbabwe|url=https://journals.openedition.org/cea/1341|journal=Cadernos de Estudos Africanos|language=en|issue=2|pages=187–211|doi=10.4000/cea.1341|issn=1645-3794|doi-access=free|hdl=10071/3100|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In a 2006 interview with ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', Zuma had supported quiet diplomacy and said of Mugabe:<blockquote>The Europeans often ignore the fact that Mugabe is very popular among Africans... The people love him. So how can we condemn him? Many in Africa believe that there is a racist aspect to European and American criticism of Mugabe. Millions of blacks died in Angola, the Republic of Congo and Rwanda. A few whites lost their lives in Zimbabwe, unfortunately, and already the West is bent out of shape.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 December 2006|title=The West Is Bent out of Shape|work=Der Spiegel|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,455681,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810212413/https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,455681,00.html|archive-date=10 August 2008}}</ref></blockquote> [[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh interacting with the President of South Africa, Mr. Jacob Zuma, at the G-20 Summit, at Pittsburgh, USA on September 25, 2009.jpg|thumb|Zuma and Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] at the 2009 [[G20]] summit]] By December 2007, Zuma was more forthcoming in criticising Zimbabwe's leadership, contrasting his own policy to Mbeki's, and observing that it was "tragic that other world leaders who witness repression pretend it is not happening, or is exaggerated".<ref>{{cite news|date=16 December 2007|title=Zuma blasts Mbeki's Zimbabwe quiet diplomacy|work=[[Zimbabwe Metro]]|url=http://zimbabwemetro.com/2007/12/16/zuma-blasts-mbeki-s-zimbabwe-quiet-diplomacy/|url-status=dead|access-date=18 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217061621/http://zimbabwemetro.com/2007/12/16/zuma-blasts-mbeki-s-zimbabwe-quiet-diplomacy/|archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> He was critical of the Zimbabwean government's behaviour during the disputed [[2008 Zimbabwean general election|March 2008 elections in Zimbabwe]] and called the delays "suspicious".<ref>{{cite news|date=9 April 2008|title=Zuma condemns Zimbabwe poll delay|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7337986.stm|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413062618/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7337986.stm|archive-date=13 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 April 2008|title=ZIMBABWE: Mugabe is losing the region's support|work=IRIN (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=77725|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418064638/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=77725|archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> In a press conference on 24 June he said, "We cannot agree with ZANU-PF. We cannot agree with them on values. We fought for the right of people to vote, we fought for democracy."<ref>{{cite news|date=24 June 2008|title=Zuma: Zimbabwe is out of control|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-06-24-zuma-zimbabwe-is-out-of-control|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704161502/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-06-24-zuma-zimbabwe-is-out-of-control|archive-date=4 July 2008}}</ref> At an ANC dinner in July, he rebuked Mugabe for refusing to step down,<ref>{{cite news|date=9 July 2008|title=Mugabe has overstayed welcome, Zuma|work=The Zimbabwe Times|url=http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=827|url-status=dead|access-date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121213710/http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=827|archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> and in November he said that the [[Southern African Development Community|South African Development Community]] (SADC) should "force" Zimbabwean leaders to reach an agreement, if necessary.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-11-07|title=Zuma says summit must "force" Zimbabwe deal|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-zimbabwe-politics-zuma-idUKTRE4A64XR20081107|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> In 2010, Zuma called for international sanctions against Mugabe and his allies to be lifted.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-03-03|title=S.Africa's Zuma backs end to Zimbabwe sanctions|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-zuma-20100303-idAFJOE62202020100303|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-02|title=Jacob Zuma calls for sanctions on Zimbabwe to be lifted|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/02/jacob-zuma-robert-mugable-sanctions|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> After a March 2013 meeting with Mugabe in [[Pretoria]], he highlighted the commonalities between his and Mugabe's political parties, telling the press, "We share the same values, we went through the same route... We believe that our positions as former liberation movements need to be consolidated."<ref name="Drum-2013">{{Cite web|date=2013-03-08|title=Mugabe visits SA|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/mugabe-visits-sa-20170728|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Drum|publisher=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Despite tensions in later months, as Zuma and SADC attempted to nudge Mugabe towards democratic reforms,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-12|title=Rift between Zanu-PF and SA deepens|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-12-rift-between-zanu-pf-and-sa-deepens/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> the ''[[Business Day (South Africa)|Business Day]]'' reported that relations between the countries remained "cordial" throughout Zuma's presidency.<ref name="Matsabu-2017">{{Cite web|last=Matsabu|first=Tokollo|date=2017-12-20|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa to meet Jacob Zuma in first official visit to SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2017-12-20-emmerson-mnangagwa-to-meet-jacob-zuma-in-first-official-visit-to-sa/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ==== International Criminal Court ==== South Africa hosted the 25th Summit of the AU in [[Johannesburg]] from 7 to 15 June 2015. It was attended by Sudanese president [[Omar al-Bashir]], then a fugitive from the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC), which sought to prosecute him on charges of [[genocide]] and [[crimes against humanity]]. South Africa was a signatory to the [[Rome Statute]], which obliged it to arrest al-Bashir, but instead granted him diplomatic immunity while he attended the summit.<ref name="News24-2015b">{{Cite web|date=2015-06-15|title=Laughter as court told al-Bashir has left|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/Laughter-as-court-told-al-Bashir-has-left-20150615|access-date=2022-01-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> While the matter was being adjudicated by a South African High Court, and just after Judge President [[Dunstan Mlambo]] ordered al-Bashir's arrest, the state's lawyer told the court that he had left the country.<ref name="News24-2015b" /> His plane left from [[Air Force Base Waterkloof|Waterkloof Air Force Base]], presumably with the government's knowledge<ref name="Cilliers-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Onishi|first=Norimitsu|date=2015-06-15|title=Omar al-Bashir, Leaving South Africa, Eludes Arrest Again|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/world/africa/omar-hassan-al-bashir-sudan-south-africa.html|access-date=2022-01-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and reportedly with Zuma's explicit approval.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Qaanitah|date=2015-06-18|title=How Zuma and ministers plotted Omar al-Bashir's escape|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-06-18-how-zuma-and-ministers-plotted-omar-al-bashirs-escape/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> When it was criticised for this breach, the South African government argued that the ICC was used unfairly against African heads of state while failing to hold Western leaders to the same standards.<ref name="Mpungose-2018" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bowcott|first=Owen|date=2015-06-15|title=Sudan president Omar al-Bashir leaves South Africa as court considers arrest|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/15/south-africa-to-fight-omar-al-bashirs-arrest-warrant-sudan|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In 2016, it announced in [[New York City|New York]] that it was withdrawing from the ICC,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Du Plessis|first=Max|date=2017-12-10|title=South Africa's latest threat to withdraw from the ICC, or, How to Squander Leadership|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-12-11-south-africas-latest-threat-to-withdraw-from-the-icc-or-how-to-squander-leadership/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> and Zuma's administration subsequently tabled legislation to effect the withdrawal.<ref name="Fabricius-2019">{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=2019-11-15 |title=Is Ramaphosa still kicking the ICC can down the road? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/is-ramaphosa-still-kicking-the-icc-can-down-the-road |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> === Mandela's memorial === [[File:Mandela-Memorial 8175.JPG|thumb|220x220px|A jumbotron shows Zuma entering Mandela's memorial on 10 December 2013]]In a press conference on 5 December 2013, Zuma announced the death of Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first democratically elected president.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 December 2013|title=President Jacob Zuma on death of former President Nelson Mandela|url=http://www.gov.za/speeches/view.php?sid=42463|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214114924/http://www.gov.za/speeches/view.php?sid=42463|archive-date=14 February 2014|access-date=8 December 2013|publisher=The Presidency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 December 2013|title=President Jacob Zuma announces the passing of Madiba|work=SABC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ltwj1ftRJ68|url-status=live|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143409/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ltwj1ftRJ68|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The memorial took place on 10 December 2013 at [[FNB Stadium]] near [[Soweto]]. When Zuma entered the stadium parts of the crowd booed him loudly.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2013|title=South African president Jacob Zuma booed at Mandela memorial|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/10508338/South-African-president-Jacob-Zuma-booed-at-Mandela-memorial.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413015424/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/10508338/South-African-president-Jacob-Zuma-booed-at-Mandela-memorial.html|archive-date=13 April 2016|access-date=31 March 2016|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-10|title=South African President Zuma humiliated at Nelson Mandela memorial|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-dec-10-la-fg-wn-nelson-mandela-memorial-jacob-zuma-20131210-story.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ramaphosa and Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] called for discipline,<ref name="Thelwell-2013">{{Cite web|last=Thelwell|first=Emma|date=2013-12-10|title=Mandela memorial: why the crowds booed President Zuma|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/mandela-memorial-why-the-crowds-booed-president-zuma|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Channel 4 News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Mnyanda-2013">{{Cite web|last=Mnyanda|first=Siya|date=2013-12-11|title=Mandela memorial: it's the ANC that's betrayed South Africa, not the booing|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/11/nelson-mandela-anc-jacob-zuma-boo|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> with Ramaphosa telling the crowd in Zulu that the country could address its internal disagreements when foreign dignitaries were not present.<ref name="Grootes-2013">{{Cite web|last=Grootes|first=Stephen|date=2013-12-10|title=Booing Zuma: Is this the turning point?|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-12-10-booing-zuma-is-this-the-turning-point/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Some South African commentators said that the crowd's actions were unexpected,<ref name="Thelwell-2013" /><ref name="Grootes-2013" /> and they were widely linked to the ongoing [[Nkandla homestead|Nkandla scandal]],<ref name="Thelwell-2013" /><ref name="Whitaker-2013">{{Cite web|last=Whitaker|first=Raymond|date=2013-12-10|title=Nelson Mandela memorial: The booing of Jacob Zuma shows that divisions still remain|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nelson-mandela-memorial-the-booing-of-jacob-zuma-shows-that-divisions-still-remain-8996467.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meredith|first=Charlotte|date=2013-12-10|title=Outrage As Jacob Zuma Is Booed At Nelson Mandela Memorial|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/12/10/jacob-zuma-nelson-mandela_n_4417586.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Huffington Post|language=en}}</ref> a draft of the Public Protector's provisional report had been leaked the previous week, or to dissatisfaction with Zuma's administration more generally.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 December 2013|title=The boos for Jacob Zuma represent Mandela's success|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/12/jacob-zuma-nelsonmandelasouthafricaanc.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114100632/http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/12/jacob-zuma-nelsonmandelasouthafricaanc.html|archive-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> Others suggested that the booing reflected frustration with the lack of socioeconomic change under the ANC government since Mandela's presidency,<ref name="Whitaker-2013" /> or that it reflected enduring divisions within the ANC; the crowd also chanted Mbeki's name.<ref name="Grootes-2013" /> In a public statement, the ANC chastised those who had booed, saying they had embarrassed the country.<ref name="Mnyanda-2013" /> The [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] (SABC) was criticised for having cut away from the booing in its live broadcast of the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-11|title=SABC censors footage of Zuma booing at Mandela memorial|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-11-sabc-censors-footage-of-mandela-memorial-zuma-booing/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Re-election === Despite an "Anyone but Zuma" campaign in the run-up to the ANC's [[53rd National Conference of the African National Congress|53rd National Conference]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mthembu|first=Kwazi|date=2012-10-10|title=Collective leadership or ABZ are the options|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/collective-leadership-or-abz-are-the-options-1399785|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-22|title=Nomura calls Mangaung for Zuma|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-22-nomura-calls-mangaung-for-zuma/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma was re-elected ANC president on 18 December 2012, beating Deputy President [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] by a large margin.<ref name="cp2">{{cite news|date=18 December 2012|title=Zuma wins second term|newspaper=City Press|url=http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/zuma-wins-second-term/|url-status=dead|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609021313/http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/zuma-wins-second-term/|archive-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> Although in 2008 he had said that he would prefer to serve only one term as president,<ref>{{cite web|last=Monare|first=Moshoeshoe|date=2008-07-28|title=Zuma: I only want one term|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-i-only-want-one-term-409911|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130215915/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-i-only-want-one-term-1.409911#.ULjf3SA7uSo|archive-date=30 November 2012|access-date=30 November 2012|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> Zuma became the ANC's sole presidential candidate in the [[2014 South African general election|2014 national election]]. In January 2014, after he was heckled at Mandela's memorial, the ''Sunday Tribune'' reported that around November 2013, KwaZulu-Natal branches of the ANC had discussed a proposed resolution asking Zuma not to run for a second term as the country's president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olifant|first=Nathi|date=26 January 2014|title=Stand down request for Zuma|work=Sunday Tribune|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/stand-down-request-for-zuma-1637053 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129005016/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/stand-down-request-for-zuma-1.1637053 |archive-date=29 January 2014}}</ref> However, ANC Deputy Secretary General [[Jessie Duarte]] dismissed rumours of disunity in the ANC saying, "The policy is that the president of the ANC is always the candidate for the election. We don't have another candidate and there will be no other candidate."<ref>{{cite news|date=18 January 2014|title=ANC united behind Zuma|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-united-behind-zuma-duarte-1.1633303#.Uts5kWQo7LY|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121041751/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-united-behind-zuma-duarte-1.1633303#.Uts5kWQo7LY|archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> The ANC retained its majority in the national election, and on 21 May 2014, the [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] elected Zuma to a second term as president.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 May 2014|title=Zuma re-elected SA president|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-re-elected-sa-president-1.1691892|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150932/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-re-elected-sa-president-1.1691892|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=18 June 2014|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]}}</ref> === Nkandla homestead === {{Main|Nkandla (homestead)}}{{Further|Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly}}[[File:President Jacob Zuma's Nkandla homestead.jpg|thumb|Zuma's [[Nkandla homestead]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]]]]Zuma began his second term amid ongoing controversy over what were officially security upgrades made with state funds to his [[Nkandla homestead|private homestead]] at Nkandla. Public Protector [[Thuli Madonsela]] investigated, and in late November 2013 her draft report was leaked to the ''Mail & Guardian.''<ref name="mail2">{{cite web|date=29 November 2013|title=Nkandla report: Payback time, Zuma|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-28-payback-time-mr-president|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213180406/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-28-payback-time-mr-president|archive-date=13 December 2013|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> Similar to the final version of the report, titled "Secure in Comfort" and released on 19 March 2014,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ackroyd |first=Bianca |date=19 March 2014 |title=Damning Nkandla report finds Zuma must pay for upgrades |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/damning-nkandla-report-finds-zuma-must-pay-upgrades |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325184419/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/damning-nkandla-report-finds-zuma-must-pay-upgrades |archive-date=25 March 2016 |website=eNCA}}</ref> the draft found that some of the Nkandla upgrades exceeded Zuma's security needs and recommended that Zuma should repay the state.<ref name="mail2"/> The opposition, Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), and DA applied for legal recourse to compel Zuma to follow the recommendations in Madonsela's report, and the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] found in their favour on 31 March 2016. In ''[[Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly|EFF v Speaker; DA v Speaker]]'', the full court agreed that Madonsela's report was binding, meaning Zuma was required to repay the state for some of the Nkandla upgrades and that Zuma had failed to uphold the country's Constitution.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thamm|first1=Marianne|date=31 March 2016|title=Nkandla ConCourt ruling: President Zuma and National Assembly in breach of Constitution|work=Daily Maverick|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-03-31-nkandla-concourt-ruling-president-zuma-and-national-assembly-in-breach-of-constitution/#.Vvz5raT5jIW|url-status=live|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402022728/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-03-31-nkandla-concourt-ruling-president-zuma-and-national-assembly-in-breach-of-constitution/#.Vvz5raT5jIW|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> In a public address on 1 April, Zuma welcomed the judgment and apologised to the country,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-01|title=Zuma responds to ConCourt ruling|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/full-text-zuma-responds-to-concourt-ruling-20160401|access-date=2022-01-13|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> though legal academic [[Pierre de Vos]] said that the statement seriously misconstrued the judgment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=De Vos|first=Pierre|date=2016-04-03|title=Truth shall set you free, Mr Zuma|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2016-04-03-truth-shall-set-you-free-mr-zuma/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-05|title=Zuma breached oath of office – De Vos|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/zuma-breached-oath-of-office-de-vos-20160405|access-date=2022-01-13|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> The court's finding that Zuma had failed to uphold the Constitution subsequently provided the basis of an [[Impeachment in South Africa|impeachment]] motion in Parliament, which was sponsored by the DA and defeated by a significant margin.<ref name="BBC News-2016">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-05|title=South Africa's Jacob Zuma survives Nkandla impeachment vote|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35966916|access-date=2022-01-13|website=BBC News}}</ref> However, Zuma faced serious backlash in the aftermath of the Constitutional Court ruling,<ref name="Friedman-2016">{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Steven|date=2016-04-06|title=Courts have done their bit, now it's up to politics|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2016/04/06/courts-have-done-their-bit-now-it-s-up-to-politics|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Matshiqi|first=Aubrey|date=2016-04-05|title=Internal ANC politics will dictate leader's fate|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2016/04/05/internal-anc-politics-will-dictate-leaders-fate|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day}}</ref> including criticism from the SACP,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Magome|first=Mogomotsi|date=2016-04-03|title=SACP not satisfied with Zuma's apology|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sacp-not-satisfied-with-zumas-apology-2004341|access-date=10 April 2016|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]}}</ref> civil society,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thakali|first=Thabiso|date=9 April 2016|title=Go, clerics urge Zuma|url=http://capeargus.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/showarticle.aspx?article=cc32a487-8cec-4f4c-b6db-6aaeee59a99e&key=NmQEgJZ3jfsEr3bTv4dW1w%253d%253d&issue=69852016040900000000001001|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Weekend Argus}}</ref><ref name="Poplak-2016">{{Cite web|last=Poplak|first=Richard|date=2016-04-06|title=Trainspotter: #ZumaMustFall Take Two, this time for real|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-04-07-trainspotter-zumamustfall-take-two-this-time-for-real/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> several ANC stalwarts (including [[Ahmed Kathrada]], [[Ronnie Kasrils]], [[Trevor Manuel]], and [[Cheryl Carolus]]),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-02|title=#AhmedKathrada: What he said in letter to Zuma|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/ahmedkathrada-what-he-said-in-letter-to-zuma-2004231|access-date=2022-01-13|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Grootes|first=Stephen|date=2016-04-05|title=Post ConCourt Nkandla ruling bombshell: Trevor Manuel joins the calls for Zuma's resignation|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-04-05-post-concourt-nkandla-ruling-bombshell-trevor-manuel-joins-the-calls-for-zumas-resignation/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Poplak-2016" /> and several active factions of the ANC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Qaanitah|date=12 April 2016|title=ANC Gauteng has resolved that Zuma must resign|url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/04/12/anc-gauteng-has-resolved-that-zuma-must-resign|access-date=12 April 2016|website=Rand Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Letsoalo|first=Matuma|date=2016-04-12|title=Gauteng ANC: Zuma must step down|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-12-gauteng-anc-zumas-apology-is-not-enough/|access-date=12 April 2016|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Magome-2016">{{Cite web |last=Magome |first=Mogomotsi |date=10 April 2016 |title=Zuma's faithful hit back |url=http://sundaytribune.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/showarticle.aspx?article=f71c1794-3a18-4654-93fa-75e88560677d&key=BaGJCMkBU3%252bKnFXU8IFdAw%253d%253d&issue=70532016041000000000001001 |access-date=11 April 2016 |website=Sunday Tribune}}</ref><ref name="Business Day-2016">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-12|title=Zuma like PW Botha, says ANC veteran|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2016/04/12/zuma-like-pw-botha-says-anc-veteran|access-date=12 April 2016|website=Business Day}}</ref> Before the ruling, Zuma had faced and defeated five [[Motion of no confidence|motions of no confidence]] in Parliament, three of which went to a vote.<ref name="Wilkinson-2017">{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Kate |date=2017-06-29 |title=How many motions of no confidence has Zuma faced? |url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/06/29/fact-sheet-how-many-motions-of-no-confidence-has-zuma-faced |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=2013-08-27 |title=Concourt dismisses DA appeal to force Zuma 'no confidence' debate |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-27-concourt-dismisses-appeal-to-force-zuma-no-confidence-debate/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-03 |title=Agang SA withdraws motion of no confidence in President Zuma |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/News/agang-sa-withdraws-motion-of-no-confidence-in-president-zuma-20170728 |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the ruling and failed impeachment motion, he faced three more in November 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicolson |first=Greg |date=2016-11-10 |title=No confidence: ANC wins the vote, but Zuma suffers in battle |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-11-10-no-confidence-anc-wins-the-vote-but-zuma-suffers-in-battle/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> August 2017,<ref name="Allison-2017">{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=Simon |date=2017-08-09 |title=Jacob Zuma narrowly survives no-confidence vote in South African parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/08/jacob-zuma-survives-no-confidence-vote-south-african-president |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and February 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winning |first=Alexander |date=2018-02-02 |title=South Africa's Zuma faces new no-confidence vote this month |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-politics-idUSKBN1FM1B5 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref> === State capture allegations === {{See also|Zondo Commission|Gupta family}}[[File:Atul_Gupta_protest_banner_-_Cape_Town_Zuma_must_fall.jpg|thumb|Two [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] supporters carry a placard depicting [[Atul Gupta]] at a [[Zuma Must Fall]] protest in [[Cape Town]], April 2017|left]]Zuma's close and allegedly corrupt relationship with the [[Gupta family]], known ANC donors,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Munusamy|first=Ranjeni|date=2013-05-14|title=Guptagate, the ANC and the continuous root of all evil|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-05-15-guptagate-the-anc-and-the-continuous-root-of-all-evil/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> became a major source of discontent both within the ANC<ref name="rdmAllies2">{{cite web|date=1 February 2016|title=Zuma allies 'break ranks' with him over Guptas|url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/01/zuma-allies-break-ranks-with-him-over-guptas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207235926/http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/01/zuma-allies-break-ranks-with-him-over-guptas|archive-date=7 February 2016|access-date=9 February 2016|website=Rand Daily Mail}}</ref> and among the South African public.<ref name="Symbol2">{{cite web|author=Wild, Franz|date=17 December 2015|title=Gupta family seen as symbol of Zuma's failing rule|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2015-12-17-gupta-family-seen-as-symbol-of-zumas-failing-rule/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216032402/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/2015/12/17/Gupta-family-seen-as-symbol-of-Zuma%E2%80%99s-failing-rule|archive-date=16 February 2016|access-date=9 February 2016|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]}}</ref><ref name="bbcGupta2">{{cite web|date=14 May 2013|title=Who are the Guptas?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22513410|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318023327/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22513410|archive-date=18 March 2016|access-date=7 February 2016|website=BBC}}</ref><ref name="DMgupta2">{{cite web|author=Munusamy, Ranjeni|date=1 February 2016|title=Keeping Up with the Guptas: What's behind the anti-Saxonwold revolt|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-02-01-keeping-up-with-the-guptas-whats-behind-the-anti-saxonwold-revolt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204055721/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-02-01-keeping-up-with-the-guptas-whats-behind-the-anti-saxonwold-revolt/|archive-date=4 February 2016|access-date=9 February 2016|website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}</ref> This relationship received widespread public attention in April 2013 when the media reported that the Guptas had landed an [[Airbus A330]] at [[Air Force Base Waterkloof|Waterkloof Air Force Base]] without formal authorisation, but was welcomed by a [[police escort]].<ref name="England-2013">{{Cite news|last=England|first=Andrew|date=2013-05-03|title=South Africa suspends five officials in plane scandal|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/97f2e45e-b3ef-11e2-b5a5-00144feabdc0|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-30|title=Guptas use Waterkloof airforce base as private landing strip|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/guptas-use-waterkloof-airforce-base-private-landing-strip|access-date=2022-01-13|website=eNCA|language=en}}</ref> The political influence of the Guptas was one issue that was thought to have motivated a wave of anti-government protests in October 2015,<ref name="Symbol2" /> and at Zuma's February 2016 State of the Nation address, the EFF coined the phrase "Zupta", a [[portmanteau]] of "Zuma" and "Gupta", when they disrupted the event by repeatedly chanting "Zupta must fall."<ref name="New24Zupta2">{{cite web|date=11 February 2016|title='Zupta must fall' – and EFF walks out|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/zupta-must-fall-and-eff-walks-out-20160211|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212084821/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/zupta-must-fall-and-eff-walks-out-20160211|archive-date=12 February 2016|access-date=14 February 2016|website=News24}}</ref><ref name="bdayZupta2">{{cite web|last1=Hartley|first1=Wyndham|last2=Marrian|first2=Natasha|date=11 February 2016|title=Chaos as EFF once again delays speech and then stages walkout|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2016/02/11/chaos-as-eff-once-again-delays-speech-and-then-stages-walkout|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215050936/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2016/02/11/chaos-as-eff-once-again-delays-speech-and-then-stages-walkout|archive-date=15 February 2016|access-date=14 February 2016|website=Business Day}}</ref> In March 2016, allegations of [[state capture]] of the Zuma administration by the Gupta family were revived when two ANC politicians, [[Mcebisi Jonas]] and [[Vytjie Mentor]], publicly claimed that the Guptas had offered them cabinet positions.<ref name="England-2016">{{Cite news|last=England|first=Andrew|date=2016-03-16|title=S Africa minister alleges Guptas offered him Treasury chief role|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/76f6b6dc-eb90-11e5-888e-2eadd5fbc4a4|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=England |first=Andrew |date=2016-03-17 |title=Pressure on South Africa's Jacob Zuma grows over Gupta storm |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d1d15888-ec4d-11e5-bb79-2303682345c8 |access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref> The Guptas denied the allegations,<ref name="England-2016" /> as did Zuma who reminded Parliament that only he had the power to appoint ministers.<ref name="N24zumarelationship2">{{cite web|date=23 March 2016|title=Zuma defends relationship with Guptas – report|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/zuma-defends-relationship-with-guptas-report-20160323|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328160409/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/zuma-defends-relationship-with-guptas-report-20160323|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=30 March 2016|website=News24}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the former [[Director general#South Africa|director-general]] of the [[Government Communication and Information System]], [[Themba Maseko]], told the ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]'' that Zuma had asked him to "help" the Guptas and that the Guptas had subsequently asked him to channel government advertising tenders to their newspaper, the ''[[The New Age (South African newspaper)|New Age]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maromo|first=Jonisayi|date=2016-03-23|title=Leaders weigh in on 'pornographic' levels of state capture in SA|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-03-23-analysts-weigh-in-on-pornographic-levels-of-state-capture-in-sa/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> In mid-March 2016, Madonsela launched an investigation into state capture,<ref name="Thamm-2016">{{Cite web |last=Thamm |first=Marianne |date=2016-07-07 |title=State Capture: Thuli's final quest for the truth – investigating the Guptas' political influence |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-08-state-capture-thulis-final-quest-for-the-truth-investigating-the-guptas-political-influence/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Savides|first=Matthew|date=2016-03-18|title=Public Protector will investigate Gupta family's 'state capture'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2016-03-18-public-protector-will-investigate-gupta-familys-state-capture/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> resulting in a report entitled "State of Capture" in November 2017. The report found ''prima facie'' evidence implicating Zuma and other state officials in various improprieties, including improper relationships with the Gupta family. It also recommended that Zuma should appoint a full [[Public inquiry|commission of inquiry]] into state capture.<ref name="Public Protector-2017">{{Cite book|last=Public Protector South Africa|url=http://www.saflii.org/images/329756472-State-of-Capture.pdf|title=State of Capture (Report No. 6 of 2016/17)|publisher=SAFLII|year=2017}}</ref> Zuma applied to have Madonsela's report overturned in the high court, which dismissed his application and ordered him to appoint a commission. In January 2018, just over a month before he resigned, he established the [[Zondo Commission]].<ref name="The Presidency-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-09|title=Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the establishment of the Commission of Inquiry into State of Capture|url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/statement-president-jacob-zuma-establishment-commission-inquiry-state-capture|access-date=2021-12-13|website=The Presidency|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gous-2018">{{Cite web|last=Gous|first=Nico|date=2018-01-09|title=Zuma appoints commission of inquiry into state capture|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-09-zuma-appoints-commission-of-inquiry-into-state-capture/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Cabinet reshuffles === [[File:Anti-Zuma protest Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Insulting posters at the [[Protests in South Africa|Zuma Must Fall]] protest in [[Cape Town]], 7 April 2017]]Zuma was criticised for a lack of stability in his cabinet. During his two terms in office, he implemented twelve [[cabinet reshuffle]]s, and some of his appointments unsettled [[financial market]]s,<ref name="Shipalana-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2017-10-18 |title=Jacob Zuma Is Presiding Over His 12th Cabinet After Tuesday's Shock Reshuffle – Is It A State Of Organised Chaos? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2017/10/17/jacob-zuma-is-presiding-over-his-12th-cabinet-after-tuesdays-shock-reshuffle-is-it-a-state-of-organised-chaos_a_23246216/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Huffington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Onselen |first=Gareth |date=2017-10-17 |title=This is the breakdown of all 12 Jacob Zuma Cabinet reshuffles |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/columnists/2017-10-17-this-is-the-breakdown-of-all-12-jacob-zuma-cabinet-reshuffles/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> such as when Finance Minister [[Nhlanhla Nene]] was replacedwith the little-known backbencher [[David van Rooyen|Des van Rooyen]] in the 9 December 2015 reshuffle.<ref name="NeneRemoved2">{{cite web |author=Letsoalo, Matuma |date=9 December 2015 |title=Nhlanhla Nene removed as finance minister |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-12-09-nhlanhla-nene-removed-as-finance-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109073930/http://mg.co.za/article/2015-12-09-nhlanhla-nene-removed-as-finance-minister |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=5 January 2016 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> The political response was so hostile that van Rooyen was replaced by [[Pravin Gordhan]] after four days in office.<ref name="DemocrativeAccountability2">{{cite web |last=Zibi |first=Songezo |date=22 December 2015 |title=SAA is an invaluable case study for democratic accountability |url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2015/12/22/saa-is-an-invaluable-case-study-for-democratic-accountability |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224214608/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2015/12/22/saa-is-an-invaluable-case-study-for-democratic-accountability |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=31 December 2015 |website=[[Business Day (South Africa)|Business Day]]}}</ref><ref name="RanjeniMunusamy2">{{cite web |author=Munusamy, Ranjeni |date=14 December 2015 |title=Zuma climbs down, Gordhan takes up SA's rescue mission |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-12-14-zuma-climbs-down-gordhan-takes-up-sas-rescue-mission/#.VovuaPl96Uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109073931/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-12-14-zuma-climbs-down-gordhan-takes-up-sas-rescue-mission/#.VovuaPl96Uk |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=5 January 2016 |website=[[The Daily Maverick]]}}</ref> Later, on 31 March 2017, Gordhan was sacked and replaced by [[Malusi Gigaba]]. Gordhan's deputy Jonas, who had alleged corruption by the Guptas a year earlier, was also fired.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 March 2017|title=President Jacob Zuma has fired finance minister Pravin Gordhan|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-30-report-president-jacob-zuma-has-fired-finance-minister-pravin-gordhan|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220417/https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-30-report-president-jacob-zuma-has-fired-finance-minister-pravin-gordhan|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> The reshuffle was criticised by senior ANC leaders including Deputy President Ramaphosa,<ref name="Onishi-2017">{{cite web|last1=Onishi|first1=Norimitsu|last2=Chanmarch|first2=Sewell|date=31 March 2017|title=Firing of South Africa's Finance Minister Widens a Political Rift|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/africa/south-africa-pravin-gordhan-jacob-zuma.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013709/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/africa/south-africa-pravin-gordhan-jacob-zuma.html |archive-date=7 December 2017|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> from the SACP,<ref>{{cite news|date=4 April 2017|title=ANC MPs shouldn't wait for opposition to act against Zuma – SACP|work=702|url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/250971/anc-mps-shouldn-t-wait-for-opposition-to-act-against-zuma-sacp|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407101319/http://www.702.co.za/articles/250971/anc-mps-shouldn-t-wait-for-opposition-to-act-against-zuma-sacp|archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> and from members of the public, who, on 7 April, launched protests against Zuma and his government in several of South Africa's major cities.<ref name="Frassinelli-2017">{{Cite web |last=Frassinelli |first=Pier Paolo |date=2017-04-22 |title=Survey sheds light on who marched against Zuma and why |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-22-survey-sheds-light-on-who-marched-against-zuma-and-why/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Another march on the Union Buildings on 12 April, Zuma's birthday, was organised by a coalition of seven opposition parties. It attracted tens of thousands of protesters and the ''Mail & Guardian'' said that it was "possibly the largest march in post-apartheid history".<ref name="Frassinelli-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cotterill|first=Joseph|date=2017-04-12|title=Thousands join South Africa opposition march urging Zuma to resign|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/cc4bad40-1f97-11e7-b7d3-163f5a7f229c|access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref> === Succession === ==== Succession as ANC president ==== {{Further|54th National Conference of the African National Congress}} From 2015, Zuma was understood to favour his ex-wife, [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], to succeed him as ANC president and therefore, presumptively, as national president. His critics claimed that he would use his relationship with Dlamini-Zuma to retain control of the ANC and the state, and avoid prosecution on corruption charges.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2016|title=Dlamini-Zuma touted as next president|language=en|work=The Citizen|url=http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1070471/dlamini-zuma-touted-as-next-president/|url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429000225/http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1070471/dlamini-zuma-touted-as-next-president/|archive-date=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|last=Tau|first=Steven|date=29 April 2017|title=Zuma wants to continue controlling ANC using ex-wife – analyst|language=en|work=The Citizen|url=http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1499467/zumas-scary-third-term-ploy/|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429071309/http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1499467/zumas-scary-third-term-ploy/|archive-date=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="du Preez2">{{Cite news|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=2 May 2017|title=Could it be Gerrie Nel vs Jacob Zuma?|work=News24|url=http://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/gerrie-nel-could-be-our-last-hope-to-get-rid-of-zuma-20170502|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502093837/http://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/gerrie-nel-could-be-our-last-hope-to-get-rid-of-zuma-20170502|archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> She campaigned on a platform of economic transformation – so that the pro-Dlamini-Zuma faction became known as the RET faction – while her challenger, Ramaphosa, emphasised anti-corruption.<ref>{{cite web|author=Derrick Spies|date=2017-04-23|title=Ramaphosa 'launches' campaign with attack on Zuma, Guptas|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/ramaphosa-launches-campaign-with-attack-on-zuma-guptas-20170423|access-date=2017-06-06|website=News24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-29|title=What NDZ stands for|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-09-29-00-return-our-land-to-the-people-ndz/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> On 18 December 2017, at the ANC's [[54th National Conference of the African National Congress|54th National Conference]], Ramaphosa narrowly beat Dlamini-Zuma in a vote and succeeded Zuma as ANC president.<ref>{{cite web|last=Herman|first=Paul|date=18 December 2017|title=Ramaphosa wins ANC presidency|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-anc-voting-results-expected-20171218|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218170001/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-anc-voting-results-expected-20171218|archive-date=18 December 2017|access-date=13 February 2018|website=News24}}</ref> ==== Resignation ==== Once Ramaphosa replaced Zuma as ANC president, there was growing pressure for the latter to resign from the national presidency. On 6 February 2018, Zuma's annual State of the Nation Address, scheduled for 8 February, was postponed indefinitely "to create room for establishing a much more conducive political atmosphere".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Marrian|first1=Natasha|last2=Magubane|first2=Khulekani|date=6 February 2018|title=State of nation address postponed|work=Business Day|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-02-06-state-of-nation-address-postponed/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073305/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-02-06-state-of-nation-address-postponed/|archive-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> The following week, Ramaphosa and Zuma spent almost five days in talks. On 12 December, when it became clear that the negotiations had failed, the ANC [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive Committee]] convened an emergency meeting near Pretoria, and, after nearly ten hours of debate, decided that Zuma should be "recalled" by the party if he did not resign voluntarily. Ramaphosa and another senior official reportedly drove to Zuma's home just after midnight to deliver the ultimatum, but Zuma refused, insisting on a three-month notice period or transition period before leaving office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2018-02-13|title=Jacob Zuma defies order from South Africa's ANC to resign|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/12/reports-that-south-africa-president-jacob-zuma-has-resigned-dismissed-by-anc|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> On 13 December, the National Executive Committee publicly announced its intention to recall Zuma.<ref>{{cite web|last1=De Klerk|first1=Aphiwe|last2=Macanda|first2=Siphe|date=13 February 2018|title=ANC confirms it has recalled Jacob Zuma|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-13-anc-confirms-it-has-recalled-jacob-zuma/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213200128/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-13-anc-confirms-it-has-recalled-jacob-zuma/|archive-date=13 February 2018|work=Sunday Times}}</ref> As a party-political body, it formally lacked the authority to remove sitting presidents, though it could instruct the ANC caucus, which controlled Parliament, to remove Zuma through a motion of no confidence if he did not resign at its request.<ref name="Merten-2018">{{Cite web|last=Merten|first=Marianne|date=2018-02-14|title=President's End: While Zuma did resign, Parliament had a plan anyway|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-15-presidents-end-while-zuma-did-resign-parliament-had-a-plan-anyway/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref>[[File:South African President Jacob Zuma in Isfahan 03.jpg|thumb|Zuma and his third wife, Thobeka Madiba-Zuma, during a state visit to the Iranian city of [[Isfahan]] in 2016]] At dawn on 14 February, there was a police raid at the Johannesburg home of the Gupta family, which the [[Hawks (South Africa)|Hawks]] said was related to an investigation into state capture.<ref name="Burke-2018">{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2018-02-14|title=Effort to oust Jacob Zuma turns to option of no-confidence vote|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/14/gupta-family-south-african-police-raid-zuma-anc|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> [[Baleka Mbete]], the [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa|Speaker of the National Assembly]], announced that the EFF's motion of no confidence in Zuma had been moved forward in the parliamentary schedule, and that it would now be voted on the following day instead of on 22 February.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-14|title=Speaker Baleka Mbete reschedules motion of no confidence in President Jacob Zuma|url=https://www.gov.za/speeches/speaker-baleka-mbete-reschedules-motion-no-confidence-president-jacob-zuma-14-feb-2018-0000|access-date=2022-01-14|website=South African Government}}</ref> She told journalists that "the recall, most definitely official, is now being implemented by this institution [Parliament]".<ref name="Merten-2018" /> The ANC announced that it planned to support the opposition's motion, which would ensure its passage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2018-02-14|title=Jacob Zuma resigns as South Africa's president on eve of no-confidence vote|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/14/jacob-zuma-resigns-south-africa-president|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, Zuma gave a long live television interview on SABC on 14 February 2018, arguing that he had done nothing wrong and had not been given reasons for his recall.<ref name="Merten-2018" /><ref name="Burke-2018" /> He said that he disagreed with the ANC's decision and was being "victimised".<ref name="Davis-2018">{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Rebecca|date=2018-02-14|title=Jacob Zuma digs in his heels: 'I'm being victimised here'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-14-jacob-zuma-digs-in-his-heels-im-being-victimised-here/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> He also said that if he was dismissed, the ANC could be "plunged in a crisis that I'm sure my comrade leaders will regret".<ref name="Davis-2018" /> According to a later report by ''[[City Press (South Africa)|City Press]]'', during this period elements of the [[South African National Defence Force]] and [[State Security Agency (South Africa)|State Security Agency]] were unsuccessfully lobbied to [[Coup d'état|launch a revolt]] to prevent Zuma's removal.<ref name="news24CityPressCyrilDodgedCoup2">{{Cite news|date=2018-07-22|title=How Ramaphosa 'dodged a coup' – security bosses reveal all|language=en|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/security-bosses-reveal-how-cyril-dodged-a-coup-20180722-2|access-date=8 November 2018}}</ref> On the same day, in a live televised address just before 11 p.m., Zuma announced his immediate resignation.<ref name="Merten-2018"/><ref>{{cite news|date=14 February 2018|title=Time's up: Jacob Zuma has resigned|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-14-zuma-address|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214210738/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-14-zuma-address|archive-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> In his speech, he said that he accepted the ANC's decision but had asked its leadership to "articulate my transgressions and the reason for its immediate instruction that I vacate office". He claimed that he had earlier had an agreement with the party that if he resigned it would be after "a period of transition".<ref name="Sunday Times-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-15|title='I do not fear exiting political office': Zuma's resignation speech|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-in-full--zumas-resignation-speech/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> He said:<blockquote>Make no mistake, no leader should stay beyond the time determined by the people they serve... No life should be lost in my name and also the ANC should never be divided in my name... I have therefore come to the decision to resign as President of the Republic with immediate effect. Even though I disagree with the decision of the leadership of my organisation, I have always been a disciplined member of the ANC. As I leave I will continue to serve the people of South Africa as well as the ANC, the organisation I have served all my life. I will dedicate all of my energy to work towards the attainment of the policies of our organisation, in particular the radical economic transformation agenda.<ref name="Sunday Times-2018" /></blockquote> == Post-presidency == [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Doek met afbeeldingen van Jacob Zuma TMnr 6369-4.jpg|thumb|Commemorative ANC cloth from Zuma's 2009 campaign and inauguration|235x235px]] The week after his resignation, Zuma attended a farewell cocktail party in his honour, hosted by Ramaphosa at [[Tuynhuys]] in Cape Town and attended by other members of cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-21|title=Zuma and Ramaphosa all smiles at farewell party|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/zuma-and-ramaphosa-all-smiles-at-farewell-party-20180221|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Citypress|language=en-US}}</ref> Although former presidents are invited to all [[State of the Nation Address (South Africa)|State of the Nation]] addresses, Zuma did not attend Ramaphosa's addresses in 2018, 2019, or 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malingo|first=Batandwa|date=2020-02-12|title=Jacob Zuma to attend Sona with other former presidents, says parliament|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2020-02-12-jacob-zuma-to-attend-sona-with-other-former-presidents-says-parliament/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Third corruption indictment === {{Further|Jacob Zuma corruption charges#2018–present: Third indictment|label1=Jacob Zuma corruption charges § Third indictment}} On 16 March 2018, a month after Zuma resigned from the presidency, the NPA announced that he would again face prosecution on the same 16 criminal charges he was indicted on in 2006: 12 charges of fraud, two of corruption, and one each of racketeering and money laundering, all related to the 1999 [[South African Arms Deal|Arms Deal]] and to Zuma's relationship with Shaik.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 March 2018|title=Jacob Zuma: Former South African president faces corruption trial|work=BBC News|agency=|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-43426971|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> The case was enrolled in the [[KwaZulu-Natal Division|Pietermaritzburg High Court]]. Zuma pleaded not guilty when the trial began on 26 May 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Burke|date=26 May 2021|title=Jacob Zuma trial: South Africa's ex-president denies corruption charges|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/26/jacob-zuma-trial-south-africas-ex-president-denies-corruption-charges|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> As of October 2022, the trial was scheduled to resume in late January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Emsie |date=2022-10-19 |title=Zuma arms deal trial postponed until early 2023 |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2022-10-19-zuma-arms-deal-trial-postponed-to-early-2023/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Zondo Commission === ==== Testimony ==== [[File:Jacob_Zuma_at_the_Zondo_Commission.png|left|thumb|280x280px|Zuma's third day of testimony to the [[Zondo Commission]], 17 July 2019]] At the instruction of the [[Public Protector]] and high court, in January 2018 Zuma established the [[Zondo Commission]] to investigate fraud, corruption, and state capture in the public sector in South Africa. Zuma was scheduled to testify before the commission for five days in mid-July 2019, and on Monday 15 July he opened his testimony by claiming that the commission was part of a decades-long "character assassination"<ref name="Burke-2019">{{Cite web|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2019-07-15|title=Zuma tells South Africa corruption inquiry he is victim of foreign plot|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/15/jacob-zuma-south-africa-corruption-inquiry|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> conspiracy against him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maughan|first=Karyn|date=2019-07-15|title=Zondo inquiry is part of intelligence plot to 'get rid' of me, Jacob Zuma says|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-07-15-zondo-inquiry-is-part-of-intelligence-plot-to-get-rid-of-me-jacob-zuma-says/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Mailovich-2019">{{Cite web|last=Mailovich|first=Claudi|date=2019-07-19|title=Jacob Zuma pulls out of state capture inquiry|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-07-19-jacob-zuma-pulls-out-of-state-capture-inquiry/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> He denied the veracity of several other witnesses' testimony and questioned the appropriateness of the phrase "state capture", which he said was used to discredit him. If the whole state had truly been captured, he argued that the commission should investigate the judiciary and Parliament as well as the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] of government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bezuidenhout|first=Jessica|date=2019-07-15|title=The Essence of Zuma, Day One: 'State Capture Commission is designed to bury me'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-07-16-the-essence-of-zuma-day-one-state-capture-commission-is-designed-to-bury-me/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> After the hearings, Zuma addressed supporters who gathered outside the commission's offices in Johannesburg.<ref name="Burke-2019"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tolsi|first=Niren|date=2019-07-24|title=Zuma's Zondo testimony was like a five-day Test|url=https://www.newframe.com/zumas-zondo-testimony-was-like-a-five-day-test/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=New Frame}}</ref> Before the end of the third day of testimony on Wednesday 17 July, chairperson [[Ray Zondo]] adjourned proceedings so that the commission could meet with Zuma and his lawyers in order to discuss Zuma's grievances about his treatment by the commission.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-19|title=Zuma retracts decision to withdraw from the Zondo commission|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/live-will-jacob-zuma-drop-more-bombs-at-state-capture-inquiry-20190719|access-date=2022-01-13|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> On the morning of Friday 19 July, his lawyer announced that Zuma would "take no further part" in the commission's proceedings and would consider court action. Zuma felt that he had been treated like an accused criminal rather than as a witness and that he had been relentlessly [[Cross-examination|cross-examined]] – though the head of the commission's legal team pointed out that his cross-examination had not yet begun.<ref name="Mailovich-2019"/> Later that day Zondo announced that they had come to an agreement: the commission had acquiesced to Zuma's demand to furnish him with specific allegations in advance, and Zuma would provide written statements in response.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bezuidenhout|first=Jessica|date=2019-07-19|title=Days of Zondo: Zuma's Zondo showing to continue after compromise deal|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-07-19-zumas-zondo-showing-to-continue-after-compromise-deal/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> In subsequent months, Zuma appeared reluctant to cooperate with the commission, and he did not provide further testimony before it. Zondo issued a [[summons]] for Zuma's appearance in the week of 16 November 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2020-10-09 |title=Jacob Zuma out of runway as Judge Zondo gives thumbs-up to state capture inquiry summons |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-09-jacob-zuma-out-of-runway-as-judge-zondo-gives-thumbs-up-for-state-capture-inquiry-summons/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> but Zuma applied to have Zondo recuse himself from proceedings. Zuma claimed that he and Zondo were friends, which Zondo denied,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2020-11-18 |title=Recusal judgment delayed as Jacob Zuma tables new details of 'friendship' with judge Zondo |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-18-recusal-judgment-delayed-as-jacob-zuma-tables-new-details-of-friendship-with-judge-zondo/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> and that there was a conflict of interest arising from their "historical family relations".<ref name="Haffajee-2020">{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2020-10-29 |title=Judge Zondo raises the stakes on Jacob Zuma's plan to use family ties in recusal application |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-29-judge-zondo-raises-the-stakes-on-jacob-zumas-plan-to-use-family-ties-in-recusal-application/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> On the latter point, Zondo conceded that he had had a child with the sister of Zuma's third wife, Thobeka Madiba-Zuma, but pointed out that their relationship had ended in the 1990s, before Zuma and Madiba-Zuma met.<ref name="Haffajee-2020" /> On Thursday 19 November, Zondo dismissed Zuma's application for his recusal. When the commission heard Zuma's testimony, Zondo announced that Zuma had left during a break without being excused.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=2020-11-30 |title=Zuma maintains his true colours at Zondo commission |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2020-11-30-zuma-maintains-his-true-colours-at-zondo-commission/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=2020-11-19 |title=Zuma does a runner after Zondo sets out a three-part judicial smackdown to recusal bid |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-19-dismissed-judge-zondo-delivers-a-three-part-judicial-smackdown-to-jacob-zumas-recusal-bid/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> He did not return on 20 November. ==== Contempt of court ==== {{Main|Jacob Zuma contempt of court}} [[File:Raymond Zondo.png|thumb|210x210px|Zuma clashed with the [[Zondo Commission]] chairperson, Deputy Chief Justice [[Ray Zondo|Raymond Zondo]]]] In early December, the commission issued summonses for Zuma to appear before it in the weeks of 18 January and 15 February 2021 and applied to the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] for an order compelling Zuma to comply with the summonses,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Quintal|first=Genevieve|date=2020-12-04|title=Zondo sets down new dates for Zuma to appear at commission|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2020-12-04-zondo-sets-down-new-dates-for-zuma-to-appear-at-commission/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> which was granted on 28 January.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nicolson|first=Greg|date=2021-01-28|title=Final order: ConCourt rules Jacob Zuma must appear and answer questions at Zondo Commission|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-01-28-final-order-concourt-rules-jacob-zuma-must-appear-and-answer-questions-at-zondo-commission/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cele|first=S'thembile|date=28 January 2021|title=South African Court Rules Zuma Must Testify at Graft Inquiry|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-28/south-african-court-rules-zuma-must-testify-at-graft-inquiry|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> When Zuma did not comply with the February summons, in open defiance of the court order, the commission approached the Constitutional Court and asked it to sentence Zuma to two years' imprisonment for [[contempt of court]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nicolson|first=Greg|date=2021-03-25|title=Zuma and the ConCourt: The punishing of the ex-president could lead to the making of a martyr|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-25-zuma-and-the-concourt-the-punishing-of-the-ex-president-could-lead-to-the-making-of-a-martyr/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Zuma refused to participate in the contempt proceedings, although he complained of bias, and on 29 June 2021 he was sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Chutel|first2=Lynsey|date=2021-06-29|title=South African Court Orders Arrest of Ex-President Jacob Zuma for Contempt|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/world/africa/jacob-zuma-prison.html|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==== Arrest and imprisonment ==== Zuma was given until 4 July to hand himself in, after which the police would have until 7 July to arrest him forcibly.<ref name="BBC News-2021">{{Cite news|date=2021-07-07|title=Jacob Zuma: Deadline looms for South African police to arrest former president|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57748129|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref> The [[uMkhonto we Sizwe Military Veterans' Association]] warned that his arrest would destabilise the country,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=South Africa's top court agrees to hear Zuma challenge|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/3/s-africas-zuma-conviction-to-be-reviewed-by-top-court|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> and hundreds of supporters gathered outside his Nkandla residence, threatening violence if he was detained.<ref name="BBC News-2021"/><ref name="Eligon-2021">{{Cite news|last=Eligon|first=John|date=2021-07-07|title=Jacob Zuma, Former South African President, Is Arrested|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/world/africa/jacob-zuma-arrested-south-africa.html|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Zuma told the press that he had been sentenced without trial, saying that it might "remind our people of the apartheid days", and told a rally in Nkandla:<blockquote>I fought for freedom. I was fighting for these very rights. No one will take my rights away. Even the dead that I fought against during the [[Internal resistance to apartheid|liberation struggle]] will turn in their graves.<ref name="Eligon-2021"/></blockquote>On 7 July, with the deadline nearing and an outstanding court application by Zuma to halt the arrest, it was unclear whether the [[South African Police Service]] planned to arrest him.<ref name="BBC News-2021"/> Forty minutes before the midnight deadline, Zuma handed himself over and was taken to the [[Estcourt]] Correctional Centre.<ref name="Eligon-2021"/><ref name="Estcourt2">{{Cite news|last1=Sishi|first1=Siyabonga|last2=Dludla|first2=Nqobile|last3=Cocks|first3=Tim|last4=Wendell|first4=Roelf|last5=Winning|first5=Alexander|date=8 July 2021|title=South Africa's Zuma hands himself over to police to begin sentence|language=en-US|work=Reuters|editor1-last=Cocks|editor1-first=Tim|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-zuma-hand-himself-over-police-foundation-2021-07-07/|url-access=registration|access-date=8 July 2021|editor2-last=Cooney|editor2-first=Peter}}</ref> On 9 July, the Pietermaritzburg High Court dismissed Zuma's application to have the arrest overturned, citing a lack of evidence for the medical grounds raised by Zuma.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Winning|first1=Alexander|last2=Roelf|first2=Wendell|last3=Ward|first3=Rogan|last4=Kumwenda-Mtambo|first4=Olivia|last5=Cocks|first5=Tim|date=9 July 2021|title=South Africa's jailed ex-leader Zuma loses bid to overturn arrest|language=en-US|work=Reuters|editor1-last=Elgood|editor1-first=Giles|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-african-court-dismisses-zumas-application-block-arrest-2021-07-09/|url-access=registration|access-date=10 July 2021|editor2-last=Richardson|editor2-first=Alex}}</ref> There was a severe [[2021 South African unrest|outbreak of civil unrest]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] on the same day linked to Zuma's detention.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Cele|first1=S'thembile|last2=Siwele|first2=Khuleko|date=11 July 2021|title=Six Killed as South African Riots Spread After Jailing of Zuma|language=en-US|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-11/south-africa-s-pro-zuma-protests-spread-to-nation-s-economic-hub|access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Govender|first=Suthentira|date=9 July 2021|title=Millions of rand of KZN infrastructure damaged in violent 'Free Jacob Zuma' protests|language=en-SA|work=Sunday Times|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-07-09-millions-of-rand-of-kzn-infrastructure-damaged-in-violent-free-jacob-zuma-protests/|access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> The Constitutional Court subsequently heard an urgent rescission application by Zuma, reserving judgement on 12 July,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pillay|first=Kailene|date=2021-07-12|title=ConCourt reserves judgment on Jacob Zuma's bid to have prison sentence rescinded|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/concourt-reserves-judgment-on-jacob-zumas-bid-to-have-prison-sentence-rescinded-2ab6c794-9921-4355-a51d-11dfa1ad8f32|access-date=2022-01-13|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|language=en}}</ref> but ultimately upheld its earlier sentence in a 7–2 ruling.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Magome|first=Mogomotsi|date=17 September 2021|title=South Africa: Top court upholds ex-president's jail sentence|language=en-US|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-johannesburg-courts-south-africa-jacob-zuma-028b88bc789e4f8728203f8fc558c298|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> On 22 July, Zuma was granted one day's compassionate leave to attend the funeral of his brother Michael.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mahvuso|first=Sihle|date=21 July 2021|title=Jacob Zuma applies for permission to attend brother's funeral at Nkandla|language=en-ZA|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/jacob-zuma-applies-for-permission-to-attend-brothers-funeral-at-nkandla-6fe9fb53-5ce3-404b-98a9-5b202929c37e|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aboudouh|first=Ahmed|date=22 July 2021|title=Jacob Zuma released from prison to attend his brother's funeral after violent riots|language=en-UK|work=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-africa-zuma-prison-funeral-b1888613.html|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> On 6 August, the [[Department of Correctional Services (South Africa)|Department of Correctional Services]] reported that he had been admitted to hospital for routine [[medical observation]] following a routine health check.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McKenzie|first=David|date=6 August 2021|title=South Africa: Top court upholds ex-president's jail sentence|language=en-US|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/06/africa/jacob-zuma-hospitalized-intl/index.html|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> He underwent surgery for an unspecified condition on 14 August and had to remain hospitalised in order to undergo further medical procedures.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 August 2021|title=Former SA President Jacob Zuma undergoes surgery, to remain in hospital|language=en|work=Africanews|url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/08/15/former-sa-president-jacob-zuma-undergoes-surgery-to-remain-in-hospital//|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> On 5 September, he was released on [[medical parole]] to receive medical care at home, instead of in hospital, in order to complete the rest of his sentence at his Nkandla home, under supervision in the [[Corrections#Community Based Corrections|community corrections]] system.<ref name="Deutsche Welle-2021">{{Cite news|date=6 September 2021|title=South Africa: Jacob Zuma released from prison on medical parole|language=en|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/south-africa-jacob-zuma-released-from-prison-on-medical-parole/a-59094022|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ensor-2021">{{Cite web|last=Ensor|first=Linda|date=2021-12-21|title=Jacob Zuma granted leave to appeal parole judgment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-12-21-jacob-zuma-granted-leave-to-appeal-parole-judgment/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> The decision was challenged in court by the [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]], the [[Helen Suzman Foundation]], and [[AfriForum|Afriforum]]. On 15 December 2021, high court judge [[Keoagile Matojane]] set aside the parole decision, declaring it unlawful and saying that it undermined respect for the judiciary, the [[rule of law]], and the [[Constitution of South Africa|Constitution]]. The Medical Parole Advisory Board had advised against parole, but it had been granted by the Correctional Services Commissioner, Arthur Fraser, who had thereby effectively and improperly overruled the board.<ref name="Erasmus-2021">{{Cite web|last=Erasmus|first=Des|date=2021-12-15|title=#GoBackToJail ruling: Fraser's decision to grant Zuma parole was an 'unlawful intervention' that undermined respect for SA's courts|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-15-back-to-jail-ruling-frasers-decision-to-grant-zuma-parole-was-an-unlawful-intervention-that-undermined-respect-for-sas-courts/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=2021-12-15|title=Jacob Zuma Must Return to Prison, a Judge in South Africa Rules|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/africa/jacob-zuma-prison-south-africa.html|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Zuma was ordered to return to prison, with his time on parole not counted towards his sentence.<ref name="Erasmus-2021"/> Zuma's lawyers immediately announced his intention to appeal the high court's decision,<ref name="Erasmus-2021"/> and he was granted leave to do so on 21 December.<ref name="Ensor-2021"/> The Department of Correctional Services declared that Zuma's sentence had ended on 7 October 2022. A ruling had not yet been delivered on his appeal against the cancellation of his medical parole.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-s-african-president-zuma-released-correctional-services-system-2022-10-07/|title=South Africa's Jacob Zuma set free after prison term ends|author=Bhargav Acharya|work=Reuters|date=7 October 2022|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> The Supreme Court of Appeal ruled on 21 November that the medical parole was unlawful, but allowed the national commissioner of the Department of Correctional Services to consider whether the time he spent in parole would count towards his sentence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-court-rules-former-president-zuma-s-medical-parole-unlawful-/6843455.html|title=South African Court Rules Former President Zuma's Medical Parole Unlawful|author=Linda Givetash|work=Voice of America|date=21 November 2022|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> The Department of Correctional Services appealed the ruling to the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] on 16 December.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ewn.co.za/0001/01/01/correctional-services-commissioner-takes-zuma-medical-parole-fight-to-concourt|title=Correctional Services Commissioner Takes Zuma Medical Parole to Concourt|author=Bernadette Wicks|work=Eyewitness News|date=16 December 2022|access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> On 11 August 2023, the Department of Correctional Services granted Zuma remission of his 15-month sentence.<ref name=":0" /> ==uMkhonto we Sizwe political party== In December 2023, Zuma announced that, while planning to remain a lifelong member of the ANC, he would not be campaigning for the ANC in the [[2024 South African general election]], and would instead be voting for a newly-formed party, [[uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK Party).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The battle for the soul of uMkhonto weSizwe |url=https://www.polity.org.za/article/the-battle-for-the-soul-of-umkhonto-wesizwe-2023-12-18 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.polity.org.za |language=en}}</ref> He stated that "I cannot and will not" campaign for the ANC of current president [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], Zuma's successor, and that to do so would be a 'betrayal'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutsila |first=Lerato |date=2023-12-17 |title=Jacob Zuma ditches ANC in 2024 elections, vows ‘total liberation |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-12-17-jacob-zuma-ditches-anc-in-2024-elections-vows-total-liberation/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former South African president Zuma leaves ANC |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/mk-veterans-slam-former-president-jacob-zuma-for-his-conduct/ar-AA1lFgEj |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> On 29 January 2024, Zuma was suspended from the ANC for his endorsement of the MK Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title=South Africa: ANC suspends ex-President Jacob Zuma after rival party launch |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68129365 |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The ANC approached South Africa's electoral court and contended that Zuma's registration of the MK Party was "unlawful" (as it was a name of the ANC's [[uMkhonto we Sizwe| military wing]]) and also took on the country's [[Electoral Commission of South Africa|Electoral Commission]] for allowing its registration.<ref>[https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-02-19-anc-demands-zumas-mk-party-take-the-spear-in-unlawful-registration-spat-before-electoral-court/ ANC insists registration of MK Party is "unlawful"], Daily Maverick, 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024</ref> Lawyers for the MK Party told the court that the ANC knew about the existence of the party since its registration in September 2023 but wondered why they waited this long for Zuma to endorse it before challenging it. <ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/anc-knew-about-mk-party-but-did-nothing-until-zuma-endorsed-it-lawyers-tell-court-20240222 ANC knew about MK Party but nothing until Zuma to endorsed it, lawyers tell court], News24. Retrieved 22 February 2024</ref>Judges for the electoral court then dismissed the ANC's request and found that the MK Party's registration was lawful. <ref>[https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-03-26-first-blood-anc-fails-in-bid-to-deregister-zumas-mk-party-before-electoral-court/ ANC fails in bid to deregister Zuma's MK Party], Daily Maverick, 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</ref> Just two weeks after his suspension from the ANC, the ANC alliance partner, [[South African National Civics Organisation|SANCO]], in KZN announced on 16 February 2024 that it had expelled Zuma because of absenteeism. Zuma had served as provincial chairperson of SANCO since 19 November 2023 after being elected unopposed in absentia at the organisation's conference in [[Durban]]. The organisation said since his election Zuma never attended a single meeting and its provincial executive committee took the decision to get rid of him and find a replacement.<ref>[https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-02-16-jacob-zuma-expelled-as-kzn-sanco-chair-over-repeated-absenteeism/#:~:text=The%20Provincial%20Conference%20of%20Sanco,a%20single%20meeting%20of%20Sanco. Jacob Zuma expelled as KZN chair over repeated absenteeism], Daily Maverick, 16 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-aligned-sanco-expels-jacob-zuma-as-kzn-provincial-chairperson-49c475b3-1451-4616-96f0-76cae80af31f ANC-aligned SANCO expels Jacob Zuma as KZN provincial chair], IOL. Retrieved 19 February 2024</ref> On 28 March 2024, Zuma was banned from running in the [[2024 South African general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Jacob Zuma barred from running in South Africa elections |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68689044 |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Personality and public image == [[File:Jacob Zuma, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa-10.jpg|thumb|Zuma's trademark laugh, 2009]] Zuma's "charisma and affable personality"<ref name="Makhanya-2017">{{Cite web |last=Makhanya |first=Mondli |date=2017-12-17 |title=Jacob Zuma: A man who knew power – raw power |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/special-report/anc_conference/jacob-zuma-a-man-who-knew-power-raw-power-20171217 |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Citypress |language=en-US}}</ref> is at the centre of his public image, and is thought to be responsible for much of his political popularity.<ref name="Harding-2017">{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Andrew |date=2017-12-15 |title=The trials of Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Trials_of_Jacob_Zuma |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-06 |title=Jacob Zuma – the survivor whose nine lives ran out |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17450447 |access-date=2022-01-14 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=2009-04-19 |title=Jacob Zuma the chameleon brings South Africans joy and fear |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/20/zuma-south-africa-politics |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> His charisma is most fully on display at his political rallies, which sociologist Roger Southall describes as laden with "political theatre" and "popular idiom",<ref name="Southall-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Southall |first=Roger |date=2020-10-01 |title=Donald Trump and Jacob Zuma as charismatic buffoons |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17533171.2020.1832799 |journal=Safundi |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=382–393 |doi=10.1080/17533171.2020.1832799 |issn=1753-3171 |s2cid=228887576}}</ref> especially through song '''–''' his longstanding trademark is [[uMkhonto we Sizwe]] anthem "''Umshini wami''" (English: ''Bring Me My Machine Gun''), but he also became associated with "''Yinde lendlela''" (English: ''It's a Long Journey'') after the ANC's [[53rd National Conference of the African National Congress|Mangaung conference]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoba |first=Sandisiwe |date=2019-05-06 |title=Inside KZN: A tale of two presidents — greeted very differently |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-06-inside-kzn-a-tale-of-two-presidents-greeted-very-differently/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=2019-01-18 |title=Msholozi desperately tries for another (political) hit |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-01-18-00-msholozi-desperately-tries-for-another-political-hit/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumalo |first=Fred |author-link=Fred Khumalo |date=2012-12-23 |title=Zuma's song |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2012-12-23-zumas-song/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Journalist [[Alec Russell]] wrote in 2009, "When Zuma gets in front of these crowds, he is more than a politician: briefly, he becomes something closer to a [[Revivalist (person)|revivalist]] preacher, or the leader of a cult."<ref name="Russell-2009">{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=Alec |date=2009-04-17 |title=The next president of South Africa |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f4f4b2ec-288c-11de-8dbf-00144feabdc0 |access-date=2022-01-14 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Zuma is known for his sense of humour,<ref name="Harding-2017" /> and to the disapproval of opposition politicians, as president he frequently joked during his addresses to [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]], including the mockery of the [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]]'s fixation on the [[Nkandla homestead|Nkandla scandal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-27 |title='Nkandla' Nkandla' Nkandla' ... he he heh!': Zuma mocks opposition |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015-05-27-nkandla-nkandla-nkandla--he-he-heh-zuma-mocks-opposition/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Merten |first=Marianne |date=2015-11-20 |title=It's all a big joke to Zuma |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/its-all-a-big-joke-to-zuma-1948223 |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gqirana |first=Thulani |date=2015-05-27 |title=Zuma jokes and mocks his way through speech |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-05-27-zuma-jokes-and-mocks-his-way-through-budget-vote-debate/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-18 |title=MPs mimic Zuma's laugh in Parliament |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/123921/watch-entire-parliament-mimics-zumas-laugh/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=BusinessTech |language=en-US}}</ref> On 1 April 2015, his office released a statement about new cabinet appointments which was later revealed as an [[April Fools' Day]] prank on the media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-01 |title=Zuma has last laugh on the media on April Fool's Day |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/zuma-has-last-laugh-media-april-fools-day |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=eNCA |language=en}}</ref> Some have said that one factor in Zuma's popularity is what Southall calls "the politics of charismatic buffoonery".<ref name="Southall-2020" /> In one phrase, his public persona has been "constructed as sometimes slightly gormless, but warm and accessible".<ref name="Piper-2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Piper |first1=Laurence |last2=Matisonn |first2=Heidi |date=2009-07-01 |title=Democracy by Accident: The Rise of Zuma and the Renaissance of the Tripartite Alliance |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890902945657 |journal=Representation |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=143–157 |doi=10.1080/00344890902945657 |issn=0034-4893 |s2cid=55159870 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10566/482}}</ref> [[Mondli Makhanya]] wrote:<blockquote>Zuma's other great strength was that he did not mind looking stupid. And so he sang and danced at will. Whereas other politicians use this as an election gimmick, Zuma did it all the time and genuinely seemed to enjoy it. In Parliament and on public platforms he laughed and giggled as if he had inhaled a potent hallucinogenic. The more stupid he looked, the more it seemed to endear him to the people.<ref name="Makhanya-2017" /></blockquote> [[File:Pyeongchang wins bid to host 2018 Winter Olympics - 5910854350.jpg|left|thumb|Zuma embraces South Korean President [[Lee Myung-bak]] in 2011]] As a politician, he was viewed as an accessible figure – "a simple man, a man of the people",<ref name="Southall-2020" /> and a good listener.<ref name="Makhanya-2017" /><ref name="Dixon-2008">{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Robyn |author-link=Robyn Dixon (journalist) |date=2008-10-12 |title=Zuma is a mystery in S. Africa |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-oct-12-fg-zuma12-story.html |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en |location=Johannesburg}}</ref><ref name="Piper-2009" /> In a 2009 interview, Zuma said that [[apartheid]]-era ANC president [[Oliver Tambo]] inspired his public posture:<blockquote>While Tambo was a great thinker, he was very simple. There is nothing he did not do... When people came to him he attended to them. He would even attend to somebody who comes to raise the issue of the shoe that doesn't have shoelaces, he would ensure that the shoelaces were found... I am not a great man. I am a man of the people. I believe in people and I think that the people are everything. Once there is disconnection with the people you have problems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Booysen |first=Susan |date=2015-11-16 |title=Jacob Zuma likes to be cast as a man of the people – but is he? |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-11-16-jacob-zuma-likes-to-be-cast-as-a-man-of-the-people-but-is-he/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref></blockquote>His connection to the "grassroots"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-07-26 |title=Engaging Zuma |url=https://www.ft.com/content/470828a4-7a07-11de-b86f-00144feabdc0 |access-date=2022-01-14 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> is partly due to his embrace of his rural background, ethnic heritage, and lack of formal education.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cotterill |first=Joseph |date=2018-02-14 |title=Political legacy of scandal-hit South African leader Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8434d30e-0bed-11e8-839d-41ca06376bf2 |access-date=2022-01-14 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> These aspects of his persona are frequently contrasted with the perceived intellectualism and [[Pan-Africanism]] of the ANC under Mbeki.<ref name="Russell-2007">{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=Alec |date=2007-11-30 |title=Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dc0fcb32-9f5c-11dc-8031-0000779fd2ac |access-date=2022-01-14 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name="Russell-2009" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller-Hirth |first=Natascha |date=2010 |title=After the rainbow nation: Jacob Zuma, charismatic leadership and national identities in Post-Polokwane South Africa |url=https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/after-the-rainbow-nation-jacob-zuma-charismatic-leadership-and-na |journal=20th Annual ASEN Conference – Nation and Charisma |language=English}}</ref> Especially in combination with his penchant for struggle songs and the [[toyi-toyi]], Zuma's acceptance of his background has been described as tapping into "popular understandings, memories, and meanings of racial oppression, racialised dispossession, and struggles of freedom" during apartheid and thereafter.<ref name="Southall-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulu |first=Andile |date=2021-09-22 |title=Why is Jacob Zuma still so popular? |url=https://mg.co.za/opinion/2021-09-22-why-is-jacob-zuma-still-so-popular/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Russell-2009" /> On the ethnic front, he often presents himself as a [[Zulu people|Zulu]] traditionalist, and has been associated with [[social conservatism]]. He is a [[Polygamy|polygamist]], in line with Zulu tradition, and at a 2006 rally in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], for example, he publicly spoke against [[Same-sex marriage in South Africa|same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seale |first=Lebogang |date=2006-09-27 |title=Zuma's anti-gay comments lead to backlash |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zumas-anti-gay-comments-lead-to-backlash-295249 |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |language=en}}</ref> He was frequently photographed wearing traditional Zulu attire at cultural events,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thamm |first=Marianne |date=2014-07-25 |title=Dressing up or dressing down: what's in an overall? |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2014-07-25-dressing-up-or-dressing-down-whats-in-an-overall/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> and he appears less comfortable speaking in English than in his native [[Zulu language|Zulu]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=2010-09-08 |title=English-Zulu dictionary helps break down language barriers in South Africa |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/08/south-africa-zulu-english-dictionary |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-30 |title=In divisive ex-president's prison sentence, South Africans see a reckoning |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2021/0630/In-divisive-ex-president-s-prison-sentence-South-Africans-see-a-reckoning |access-date=2022-01-14 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> in which he is known for his "linguistic flair".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maimela |first=Lerato |date=2021-07-06 |title='Sexier when mute': Duduzane's Woolworths accent dissolves his sex appeal |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/lifestyle/2556157/duduzane-zuma-mocked-by-fans-for-being-a-coconut-comrade/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Southall-2020" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Holmes |first=Carolyn E. |date=2021-07-14 |title=Why South Africans are protesting the arrest of former president Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/14/why-south-africans-are-protesting-arrest-former-president-jacob-zuma/ |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> [[File:Jacob Zuma, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa-1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|230x230px|Zuma in 2009]] Some commentators have claimed that his broad appeal arises from "the [[Populism|populist]]'s trait of sometimes saying what his audiences want to hear",<ref name="Russell-2009" /> and he has frequently been called a political "chameleon", with little known about what political principles and ideologies he subscribes to personally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=De Vos |first=Pierre |date=2009-12-22 |title=President chameleon |url=https://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/president-chameleon/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Constitutionally Speaking |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nieuwoudt |first=Stephanie |date=2008-03-12 |title=Zuma and the death penalty: Critics cry populism |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-03-13-zuma-and-the-death-penalty-critics-cry-populism/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Dixon-2008" /> This characterisation was made as early as 2007, when, ahead of the ANC's [[52nd National Conference of the African National Congress|Polokwane conference]], the ''[[Financial Mail]]'' ran the first of two stories on Zuma, famously published under the headline "Be Afraid".<ref name="Dixon-2008" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Tim |date=2019-10-24 |title=TIM COHEN: We saw Zuma dangers early |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/fm-fox/2019-10-24-tim-cohen-we-saw-zuma-dangers-early/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> The articles criticised Zuma as an "opportunist"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Southall |first=Roger |date=2009 |title=Understanding the 'Zuma Tsunami' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756284 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=36 |issue=121 |pages=317–333 |doi=10.1080/03056240903210739 |issn=0305-6244 |jstor=27756284 |s2cid=143855956|hdl=10.1080/03056240903210739 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and concluded, in the paraphrase of ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' journalist [[Barry Bearak]], that he was "far more interested in holding power than in making policy, long on charm if short on intellect".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bearak |first=Barry |date=2008-09-22 |title=A South African of Charisma and Mystery |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/world/africa/22zuma.html |access-date=2022-01-14 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During his post-presidency legal battles, when Zuma publicly claimed that he was being vilified under a conspiracy, William Gumede and others criticised what they called his "[[narcissism]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumede |first=William |date=2020-10-11 |title=Let us not be the victims of narcissistic leaders like Zuma and Magashule |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2020-10-11-let-us-not-be-the-victims-of-narcissistic-leaders-like-zuma-and-magashule/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-17 |title=The unbearable narcissism of Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/opinion/editorial/2019-07-17-editorial-the-unbearable-narcissism-of-jacob-zuma/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Rob |date=2021-07-05 |title=ROB ROSE: For Zuma, the sneering narcissist, it's all about him |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/opinion/2021-07-05-rob-rose-for-zuma-the-sneering-narcissist-its-all-about-him/ |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Controversies == === Alleged abuses by bodyguards === In 2010, Zuma's bodyguards were implicated in multiple incidents involving members of the public and journalists. In February, a Cape Town student, [[Chumani Maxwele]], was detained by police after allegedly showing Zuma's motorcade a "rude gesture". Maxwele, an active ANC member,<ref>{{cite web |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/pic-zuma-cops-lock-up-jogger-473729 |title=PIC: Zuma cops lock up jogger |location=South Africa |access-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623081841/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=6&art_id=vn20100217062211616C809058 |archive-date=23 June 2010 }}</ref> was released after 24 hours, having provided a written apology to police, which he later claimed was coerced. He also claimed that his home had been raided by plain-clothes policemen, and that he had been forced into the vehicle at gunpoint. Maxwele later instituted legal action against the police,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article327217.ece |title=Zuma jogger to sue police |publisher=Times LIVE |access-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301132945/http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article327217.ece |archive-date=1 March 2010 }}</ref> and a complaint was filed on his behalf to the [[Human Rights Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article351461.ece |title=Zuma jogger case to go to HRC |publisher=Times LIVE |access-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314074010/http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article351461.ece |archive-date=14 March 2010 }}</ref> The incident led to a heated dispute when it was discussed in Parliament.<ref>{{cite web |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=15&art_id=vn20100304043526705C821173 |title=News – Crime & Courts: MPs blast arrest of jogger |location=South Africa |access-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821113237/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 |archive-date=21 August 2010 }}</ref> In March, journalist Tshepo Lesole was forced to delete pictures of Zuma's convoy from his camera by police, and two photographers were detained by police when photographing Zuma's Johannesburg home.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/mail-and-guardian-disturbed-by-zuma-house-incident-813364 |title=Mail & Guardian 'disturbed' by Zuma house incident |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |date=18 March 2010 |access-date=19 February 2018 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Zille: Zuma must rein in his bullies|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-03-17-zille-zuma-must-rein-in-his-bullies/|date=17 March 2010|website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> [[Sky News]] reporter Emma Hurd claimed she had been pushed, manhandled and "groped" by Zuma's bodyguards in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/incoming/article363660.ece |title=Zuma's bodyguards groped me: reporter |publisher=Times LIVE |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322193459/http://www.timeslive.co.za/incoming/article363660.ece |archive-date=22 March 2010 }}</ref> === "Shoot the Boer" song === In January 2012, Zuma gave a speech at the ANC Centennial 2012 celebrations in [[Bloemfontein]] and, afterwards, sang the controversial song "[[Dubul' ibhunu]]" ("Shoot the [[Boer]]").<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/complaint-laid-against-zuma-1.1242416 |title=Complaint laid against Zuma – The Zuma Era |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |location=South Africa |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429115636/http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/the-zuma-era/complaint-laid-against-zuma-1.1242416 |archive-date=29 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=SABC |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/383404804a48659d9b959f8f72c0ef2b/Rightwing-movement-to-lay-hate-speech-charge-against-Zuma-20120224 |title=SABC News.com – Rightwing movement to lay hate speech charge against Zuma:Friday 24 February 2012 |publisher=Sabc.co.za |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723183036/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/383404804a48659d9b959f8f72c0ef2b/Rightwing-movement-to-lay-hate-speech-charge-against-Zuma-20120224 |archive-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> === "The Spear" painting === In 2012, Zuma was featured in a [[satirical]] painting by Cape Town-based artist [[Brett Murray]], who depicted him in his painting ''[[The Spear (painting)|The Spear]]'', with his genitals exposed. The ANC responded by threatening court action against the gallery showing the painting, and further demanding that the image should be removed from online sources.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stephen|first=Grootes|title=Zuma portrait saga goes to court|url=http://www.ewn.co.za/en/2012/05/19/Zuma%20portrait%20saga%20goes%20to%20court.aspx|access-date=19 May 2012|newspaper=Eyewitness News|date=19 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602173211/http://ewn.co.za/en/2012/05/19/Zuma%20portrait%20saga%20goes%20to%20court.aspx|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Just Hanging Out|date=18 May 2012|url=http://6000.co.za/just-hanging-out/|publisher=6000 Miles from Civilization|access-date=19 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020034534/http://6000.co.za/just-hanging-out/|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> On 22 May 2012, the painting was vandalised while it was hanging in an art gallery in Johannesburg. Zuma's face and genitals were painted over.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jacob Zuma painting vandalised in South Africa gallery|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18159204|access-date=22 May 2012|work=BBC News|date=22 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522102315/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18159204|archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref> === Panama Papers revelations === [[Khulubuse Zuma|Clive Khulubuse Zuma]], Jacob Zuma's nephew, was named in the [[Panama Papers]]<ref>{{cite web|title = The Power Players: Clive Khulubuse Zuma|url = https://projects.icij.org/panama-papers/power-players/index.html#18|publisher = ICIJ|access-date = 3 April 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404015649/https://projects.icij.org/panama-papers/power-players/index.html#18|archive-date = 4 April 2016 }}</ref> as a result of his links to oilfields in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Shortly after Jacob Zuma met with DRC president [[Joseph Kabila]], Khulubuse Zuma's company Caprikat Limited secured a 100-billion-rand oil deal in the DRC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/the-panama-papers-and-the-zuma-link-20160404 |title=The Panama papers and the Zuma link |publisher=News24 |date=4 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414075555/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/the-panama-papers-and-the-zuma-link-20160404 |archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref><ref name="auto22"/><ref name="du Preez">{{Cite news|last=du Preez|first=Max|date=2 May 2017|title=Could it be Gerrie Nel vs Jacob Zuma?|work=News24|url=http://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/gerrie-nel-could-be-our-last-hope-to-get-rid-of-zuma-20170502|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502093837/http://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/gerrie-nel-could-be-our-last-hope-to-get-rid-of-zuma-20170502|archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> == Jacob Zuma Foundation == {{Main|Jacob Zuma Foundation}} Zuma started the foundation to send children to school and build houses for people living in poverty. The former chairperson of the foundation is [[Dudu Myeni]],<ref name="iol._Dudu">{{cite web |title=Dudu Myeni resigns from Jacob Zuma Foundation and other boards |last=Ndaba |first=Baldwin |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |date=8 February 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/dudu-myeni-resigns-from-jacob-zuma-foundation-and-other-boards-30e0172d-da64-4e5f-95cd-03613544ea4d }}</ref> before she resigned from her memberships on the boards of directors of these and other bodies because she was declared a [[Delinquent Director|delinquent director]] for life in May 2020 by the [[Pretoria High Court]].<ref name="time_Dudu">{{cite web |title=Dudu Myeni 'failed abysmally', declared delinquent director for life |author= |work=TimesLIVE |date=27 May 2020 |access-date=15 February 2021 |url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-05-27-dudu-myeni-declared-delinquent-director-outa/ }}</ref> == Personal life == [[File:Ceremonial_Welcome_(4403964442).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Zuma and his third wife Thobeka Madiba-Zuma with [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] in [[London]], 2010]] [[File:Jacob_Zuma_with_his_wife_calling_on_the_President,_Smt._Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil,_on_the_occasion_of_the_Summit_of_BRICS_countries,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_28,_2012.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Zuma and his second wife [[Nompumelelo Ntuli Zuma|Nompumelelo Ntuli]] with Indian President [[Pratibha Patil]] in [[New Delhi]], 2012]] === Polygamy === Zuma is a polygamist, in line with traditional Zulu culture, and has been married six times. In 2012 the ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'' estimated he had 20 children,<ref name="Support2">{{cite news |last=Laing |first=Aislinn |date=20 June 2012 |title=Jacob Zuma faces losing £1.2 million support for four wives |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/9344916/Jacob-Zuma-faces-losing-1.2-million-support-for-four-wives.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621171139/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/9344916/Jacob-Zuma-faces-losing-1.2-million-support-for-four-wives.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 |access-date=20 June 2012 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> and in 2014 the ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' reported he has 21,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=David |date=29 July 2014 |title=Jacob Zuma accused of nepotism after giving daughter ministry position |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/29/jacob-zuma-nepotism-giving-daughter-ministry-position |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717084252/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/29/jacob-zuma-nepotism-giving-daughter-ministry-position |archive-date=17 July 2016 |access-date=29 April 2017 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> some of whom were born out of wedlock. In an interview, he said:<blockquote>There are plenty of politicians who have mistresses and children that they hide so as to pretend they're monogamous. I prefer to be open. I love my wives and I'm proud of my children.<ref name="wives2">{{cite news |last=Molele |first=Charles |date=15 December 2007 |title=So who will the Zuma First Lady be? |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article88543.ece/SO-WHO-WILL-THE-ZUMA-FIRST-LADY-BE- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516151639/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article88543.ece/SO-WHO-WILL-THE-ZUMA-FIRST-LADY-BE- |archive-date=16 May 2011 |work=The Times}}</ref></blockquote>Less than a year into Zuma's presidency in March 2010, responding to a parliamentary question from the DA, the [[Minister in the Presidency]], [[Collins Chabane]], reported that the state spousal support budget was about R15.52 million, close to double the budget in the previous year when [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] had been president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-16 |title=Zuma's spousal budget: R15 517 500 |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zumas-spousal-budget-r15-517-500-476558 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]}}</ref> Opposition leader [[Helen Zille]] expressed disapproval.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=2010-03-17 |title=South African furore over budget for Jacob Zuma's family |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/17/jacob-zuma-south-africa |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> In subsequent years, Zuma's spokesperson, [[Mac Maharaj]], stressed that South Africa did not have a formal office for the [[first lady]], and that the state did not support the President's wives or children except insofar as it funded some travel expenses and spousal participation at official functions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-16 |title=Zuma's wedding will be a private affair |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2012-04-16-zumas-wedding-will-be-a-private-affair/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Yet in June 2012, there were reports that activists in the [[Eastern Cape]] branch of the ANC were backing a proposal that only Zuma's first wife should receive state support.<ref name="Support2" /> === Wives and children === ; [[Gertrude Sizakele Khumalo]], 1973–present: Zuma met Khumalo (born 2 March 1940) in 1959 and they married shortly after his release from prison in 1973.<ref name="pillay2">{{cite news |last=Pillay |first=Verashni |date=4 January 2010 |title=All the president's women |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2010-01-04-all-the-presidents-women |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128081608/http://mg.co.za/article/2010-01-04-all-the-presidents-women/ |archive-date=28 November 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013 |newspaper=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> They have no children together. ; Kate Mantsho, 1976–2000: Zuma married Mantsho (born 2 September 1956 in Mozambique) in 1976 while he was in exile in Mozambique.<ref name="pillay2" /> She committed suicide on 8 December 2000 and is buried in Heroes' Acre at [[Westpark Cemetery]] in [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="news24-Kate2">{{cite web |date=2000-12-17 |title=Tributes as Kate Zuma buried |url=http://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Tributes-as-Kate-Zuma-buried-20001217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219223111/http://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Tributes-as-Kate-Zuma-buried-20001217 |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=17 December 2004 |website=News24}}</ref> He has five children with her: Mxolisi Saady (born 1980), twins Duduzile and [[Duduzane Zuma|Duduzane]] (born 1984), Phumzile (born 1989), and Nhlakanipho Vusi (born 1993, died 1 July 2018).<ref>{{cite web |last=Pillay |first=Kailene |date=2018-07-02 |title=Jacob Zuma's son Vusi dies |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/jacob-zumas-son-vusi-dies-15784793 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref><ref name="News24-2015a">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |title=Who are Zuma's 23 children? |url=https://www.news24.com/parent/Family/Parenting/so-who-are-zumas-22-children-20151122 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ; [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma|Nkosazana Dlamini]], 1982–1998: Zuma met Dlamini (born 27 January 1949), an ANC politician and cabinet minister, while he was in exile in Swaziland.<ref name="Thamm-2020">{{Cite web |last=Thamm |first=Marianne |date=2020-09-26 |title=The unMerry Wives of Nkandla – Zuma sheds spouses as his star wanes |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-09-26-the-unmerry-wives-of-nkandla-zuma-sheds-spouses-as-his-star-wanes/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> They were married in 1982 and divorced in June 1998,<ref name="wives2" /><ref name="News24-2012">{{Cite news |date=16 July 2012 |title=Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma: SA's iron lady |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Nkosazana-Dlamini-Zuma-SAs-iron-lady-20120716 |access-date=21 April 2017 |work=News24}}</ref> and they have four daughters: Msholozi (born 1982), [[Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube|Gugulethu]] (born 1985), Nokuthula Nomaqhawe(also known as Thuli, born 1987), and [[Thuthukile Zuma|Thuthukile]] (born 1989).<ref name="pillay2" /><ref name="News24-2015a" /> ; [[Nompumelelo Ntuli Zuma|Nompumelelo Ntuli]], 2008–present: Zuma married Ntuli (born 1975) on 5 January 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-05 |title=Zuma gets married in KwaZulu-Natal |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-01-05-zuma-gets-married-in-kwazulunatal/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> From 2014, she was investigated by police on the allegation that she had attempted to kill Zuma with poisoned tea.<ref name="poison">{{Cite web |last=Underhill |first=Glynnis |date=2015-12-09 |title=Ntuli-Zuma's poison case remains shrouded in mystery |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-12-09-ntuli-zumas-poison-case-remains-shrouded-in-mystery/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> She denied the allegation and the NPA declined to prosecute her due to insufficient evidence.<ref name="pillay2" /><ref name="Thamm-2020" /> As of 2022, she and Zuma are reportedly estranged.<ref name="Thamm-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbhele |first=Sandisiwe |date=2021-04-14 |title=What's next for Zuma's wives? |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/2473447/whats-next-for-zumas-wives/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> They have three children: Thandisiwe (born 2002), Sinqobile (born 2006), and Manqoba Kholwani (born 2010).<ref name="allthe2">{{cite news |last=Pillay |first=Verashni |date=2010-02-04 |title=All the president's children |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-02-04-all-the-presidents-children/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206021529/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-02-04-all-the-presidents-children |archive-date=6 February 2010 |work=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="poison" /> ; Thobeka Stacie Mabhija, 2010–present: Zuma married Mabhija, also known as Thobeka Madiba (born 1973), on 4 January 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumalo |first=Sipho |date=2009-01-09 |title=Zuma's bride-to-be 'a glamorous beauty' |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/zumas-bride-to-be-a-glamorous-beauty-430759 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=2010-01-04 |title=Jacob Zuma weds his third first lady – but not without a hitch |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/04/jacob-zuma-weds-tobeka-madiba |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> She and Zuma are reportedly estranged,<ref name="pillay2" /><ref name="Thamm-2020" /> and in 2020 she sued Zuma for [[Alimony|spousal maintenance]]<ref name="Thamm-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mavuso |first=Sihle |date=2020-08-18 |title=Tobeka Madiba in court for maintenance dispute with Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/tobeka-madiba-in-court-for-maintenance-dispute-with-jacob-zuma-63cab55c-70a9-4632-b51a-ba93481237bb |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |language=en}}</ref> and then filed for divorce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2020 |title=Ex-president's wife wants out, accuses him of 'hiding his wealth' |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2020-10-18-ex-presidents-wife-wants-out-accuses-him-of-hiding-his-wealth/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> They have three children.<ref name="allthe2" /> ; Gloria Bongekile Ngema, 2012–present: In April 2012, Zuma married Ngema (born 1965), with whom he already had a son, Sinqumo (born c. 2009).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Memela |first=Mhlaba |date=2012-04-20 |title=President Zuma says 'I Do' to MaNgema |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2012-04-20-president-zuma-says-i-do-to-mangema-/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="bnonews2">{{cite web |date=20 April 2012 |title=South Africa's polygamous president marries fourth wife |url=http://www.bnonews.com/inbox/?id=577 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422201811/http://www.bnonews.com/inbox/?id=577 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |access-date=20 April 2012 |publisher=[[BNO News]]}}</ref> In 2017, emails leaked as part of the so-called #GuptaLeaks suggested that the [[Gupta family]] had partially funded the purchase of Ngema's R5.4-million house in [[Waterkloof Ridge|Waterkloof Ridge, Pretoria]].<ref name="Thamm-2020" /> Zuma has also been engaged to other women, including, from 2002, Princess Sebentile Dlamini, a niece of Swazi King [[Mswati III]]. Zuma paid the traditional [[Lobolo|''lobola'']] in cattle,<ref name="pillay2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-11-09 |title=Zuma to take Mswati's niece as his 4th wife |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-to-take-mswatis-niece-as-his-4th-wife-96733 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |language=en}}</ref> but, as of 2022, they have not married, although the ''Citizen'' reported in 2017 that they were still engaged.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-29 |title=Details: Zumas fork out 120 head of cattle, cash for Swazi princess in lobola settlement |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1707674/details-zumas-fork-out-120-head-of-cattle-cash-for-swazi-princess-in-lobola-settlement/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> He was also engaged to Nonkanyiso Conco (born 16 October 1993),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeeman |first=Kyle |date=2021-10-26 |title=Jacob Zuma's ex-fiancé Laconco reminisces about her lavish birthday |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-10-26-snaps--jacob-zumas-ex-fianc-laconco-reminisces-about-her-lavish-birthday/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wicks |first=Jeff |date=2018-04-22 |title=Meet the 24-year-old soon-to-be Mrs Zuma |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-21-meet-the-24-year-old-soon-to-be-mrs-zuma-nonkanyiso-conco/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> a cast member on ''Real Housewives of Durban'', but has broken off the engagement and are reportedly estranged.<ref name="Thamm-2020" /> They have a child together: Sakh'muzi (born 12 April 2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngcobo |first=Gabisile |date=2020-02-03 |title=Jacob Zuma's partner on raising her son in a polygamous relationship: 'I have made peace that I'll attend school activities alone' |url=https://www.news24.com/you/parenting/jacob-zumas-partner-on-raising-her-son-in-a-polygamous-relationship-i-have-made-peace-that-ill-attend-school-activities-alone-20200203 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=You |publisher=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wicks |first=Jeff |date=2018-04-20 |title=Future 'Mrs Zuma' gave birth to baby boy on JZ's birthday |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-20-future-mrs-zuma-gave-birth-to-baby-boy-on-jzs-birthday/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Zuma's firstborn child, Mziwoxolo Edward, was born 1977 to Minah Shongwe, sister of Judge [[Jeremiah Shongwe]], who asked to be recused from Zuma's [[Jacob Zuma rape trial|rape trial]] because of the relationship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gordin |first=Jeremy |date=2006-02-15 |title=Zuma has a love child with judge's sister |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/zuma-has-a-love-child-with-judges-sister-266537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405172333/http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/zuma-has-a-love-child-with-judges-sister-266537 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> He also has two daughters, born 1998 and 2002, with [[Pietermaritzburg]] businesswoman Nonkululeko Mhlongo,<ref name="News24-2015a" /><ref>{{cite news |date=2010-02-11 |title=Now Zuma's KZN love kids revealed |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/now-zumas-kzn-love-kids-revealed-473195 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> whom he met in 1990 and to whom he was rumoured to be engaged.<ref name="Thamm-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-01 |title=Meet Mrs Zuma No 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/Meet-Mrs-Zuma-nr-5-20110501 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2017, a covert recording was leaked in which Mhlongo allegedly outlined a plan for defrauding the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] government, apparently with Zuma's knowledge.<ref name="nonmh2">{{cite web |date=2 March 2017 |title='Shocking Nkandla plot recording' raises intrigue |url=http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1444449/shocking-nkandla-plot-recording-raises-intrigue/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330001435/http://citizen.co.za/news/news-national/1444449/shocking-nkandla-plot-recording-raises-intrigue/ |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=The Citizen}}</ref> His other children include a daughter, Thandekile Matina, born 8 October 2009 to Sonono Khoza, the daughter of soccer administrator [[Irvin Khoza]],<ref name="stimes-Thandekile-12">{{cite news |last=Govender |first=Prega |date=31 January 2010 |title=Zuma fathers baby with Irvin Khoza's daughter |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article284367.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202235045/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article284367.ece |archive-date=2 February 2010 |access-date=31 January 2010 |work=[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Sunday Times]]}}</ref> and, according to media reports, three children to a woman from [[Johannesburg]] and one to a woman from [[Richard's Bay]].<ref name="News24-2015a" /><ref name="allthe2" /><!--Best not give their names here – they are hidden in a graphic on the M&G page--> === 2009 "love-child" === In January 2010, the ''Sunday Times'' reported that Khoza had given birth to Zuma's daughter in 2009,<ref name="stimes-Thandekile-12" /><ref>{{cite news |date=2010-02-03 |title=Zuma and Khoza 'are married' |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-and-khoza-are-married-472353 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> and Zuma ultimately confirmed that he had paid ''[[inhlawulo]]'', acknowledging paternity, and appealed for privacy.<ref name="Independent Online-2010">{{cite news |date=2010-02-03 |title=Zuma confirms love-child |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-confirms-love-child-472439 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> Opposition parties criticised Zuma's actions. Both the [[African Christian Democratic Party]] and the DA said that it undermined the government's [[Prevention of HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS prevention]] programme, which promoted [[safe sex]] and marital fidelity.<ref name="cope2">{{cite news |last=Govender |first=Peroshni |date=2010-02-02 |title=Zuma flouts safe sex campaign, says COPE |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-flouts-safe-sex-campaign-says-cope-472178 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> DA leader Zille also argued that it was not a purely private matter, since elected public officials had to embody the principles and values for which they stood.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2010 |title=Zuma should apologise, says Zille |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-02-02-zuma-should-apologise-says-zille/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205065954/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-02-02-zuma-should-apologise-says-zille |archive-date=5 February 2010 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> The [[Congress of the People (South African political party)|Congress of the People]] said that Zuma could no longer use African cultural practices to justify his "promiscuity",<ref name="cope2" /> and [[Independent Democrats]] leader [[Patricia de Lille]] said that Zuma was asking people "to do as I say and not as I do".<ref>{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Gaye |date=2010-02-02 |title=Zuma sex report 'a PR nightmare' |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-sex-report-a-pr-nightmare-472272 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref> Zuma initially denied that the incident was relevant to the government's HIV/AIDS programme and appealed for privacy.<ref name="Independent Online-2010" /> However, amid public controversy, on 6 February Zuma said he "deeply regretted the pain that he caused to his family, the ANC, the alliance and South Africans in general".<ref>{{cite news |date=6 February 2010 |title=Zuma 'deeply regrets' love-child pain |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-02-06-zuma-deeply-regrets-lovechild-pain/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209012946/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-02-06-zuma-deeply-regrets-lovechild-pain |archive-date=9 February 2010 |website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> Similarly, the ANC initially defended Zuma, saying that it saw no links between its HIV/AIDS policies and Zuma's personal life,<ref>{{cite news |date=2010-02-01 |title=ANC defends Jacob Zuma over 'love-child' claims |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8492553.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202052800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8492553.stm |archive-date=2 February 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref> but on 5 February acknowledged the widespread disapproval and said that it had listened to the public and learnt "many valuable lessons".<ref name="sexpact2">{{cite web |last1=Ngalwa |first1=Sibusiso |last2=du Plessis |first2=Carien |title=JZ broke sex pact |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/jz-broke-sex-pact-472683 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |language=en |publication-place=South Africa |publication-date=6 February 2010}}</ref>[[African National Congress Youth League|ANC Youth League]] leader [[Julius Malema]] said, "Zuma is our father so we are not qualified to talk about that", but committed the Youth League to continual emphasis on its HIV/AIDS programme and "one boyfriend, one girlfriend" stance in a nationwide awareness campaign.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2010 |title=Love-child talk 'disrespectful' |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/love-child-talk-disrespectful-20100201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204074802/http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/Politics/1057/d0ed84d2b295404ba0b2d8df152587a3/01-02-2010-04-11/Disrespectful_to_discuss_love-child_Malema |archive-date=4 February 2010 |work=News24}}</ref> [[African National Congress Women's League|ANC Women's League]] deputy president [[Nosipho Ntwanambi]] said:<blockquote>With many African people for instance, and generally speaking, it is not right to have an extramarital affair if you have committed to yourself to a marriage. But under the [[Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998|Customary Marriages Act]], if the first wife agrees, and if all these issues are discussed with her, we can't do anything.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2010 |title=SA has 'right to know about love-child' |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/SA-has-right-to-know-about-love-child-20100201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203071213/http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/Politics/1057/bfdf8618c1414d9b8b6c658dea6fcf83/01-02-2010-08-09/SA_has_right_to_know_about_love-child |archive-date=3 February 2010 |work=News24}}</ref></blockquote>[[Zwelinzima Vavi]], the general secretary of the ANC's [[Tripartite Alliance]] partner the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]], said that he passed no judgment but hoped that the matter would be "on Zuma's conscience", while also reiterating Zuma's appeal for privacy.<ref name="sexpact2" /> == Honours and awards == [[File:Jacob Zuma.jpg|thumb|Statue of Jacob Zuma in Owerri, [[Imo State|Imo state]], [[Nigeria]]]] ===Honours=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |-- ! width="60px" |Year ! Country ! colspan=2 | [[Order (honour)|Order]] |- | align="center" | 2010 | {{flag|Cuba}} | width="80px" |[[File:Ribbon jose marti.png|80x80px]] | [[Order of José Martí]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks by his Excellency President Jacob Zuma on the occasion of the award bestowal on him by Cuban President Raul Castro Ruz, of the order of Jose Marti, the highest honour that the Cubans can bestow on an individual, Havana, Cuba {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/remarks-his-excellency-president-jacob-zuma-occasion-award-bestowal-him-cuban-president-raul-castro |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2010 | {{flag|United Kingdom}} | width="80px" |[[File:Order of the Bath ribbon bar.png|80x80px]] | Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath|Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB)]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512855/2010_Honorary_Awards.pdf |title=Honorary awards |date= |work=gov.uk |access-date=2022-11-16 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518035952/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512855/2010_Honorary_Awards.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2010 | {{flag|Zambia}} | width="80px" |[[File:ZAM Order of the Eagle of Zambia ribbon.svg|80x80px]] | Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Eagle of Zambia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Zuma awarded the Eagle of Zambia |url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/africa/zuma-awarded-eagle-zambia |website=www.sanews.gov.za |access-date=3 March 2024 |language=en |date=26 February 2013}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2016 | {{flag|Serbia}} | width="80px" |[[File:Orden Republike Srbije 2.gif|80x80px]] | Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Republic of Serbia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukazi o odlikovanjima |url=https://www.predsednik.rs/lat/predsednik/ukazi-o-odlikovanjima |website=Predsednik Republike Srbije |access-date=3 March 2024|language=sr}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2016 | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | width="80px" |[[File:Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class ribbon bar.png|80x80px]] | Collar of the [[Order of King Abdulaziz|Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/177520/South-Africa-emerging-as-one-of-the-most-popular-trade-and-investment-destinations|title=South Africa emerging as one of the most popular trade and investment destinations|author=Imran Syed|date=30 April 2017|work=Saudi Gazette|access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?newsid=1482506|title=Al-Jubair: South African President's visit to Kingdom positive, enhances Saudi-South African relations in all fields |date=28 March 2016|publisher=Saudi Press Agency|access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref> |} === Awards === * Nelson Mandela Award for Outstanding Leadership from the [[Medical University of South Africa]], awarded in [[Washington, D.C.]] (1998)<ref name=sahistory/><ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nelson-mandela-award-honors-charles-a-heimbold-jr-for-commitment-to-african-hivaids-pandemic-73442087.html|title=Nelson Mandela Award Honors Charles A. Heimbold Jr. for Commitment to African HIV/AIDS Pandemic|last=MEDUNSA Trust|website=www.prnewswire.com|access-date=11 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111112329/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nelson-mandela-award-honors-charles-a-heimbold-jr-for-commitment-to-african-hivaids-pandemic-73442087.html|archive-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> * During a visit to the United Kingdom in 2010, Jacob Zuma was made an honorary [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Royal banquet for South African President Jacob Zuma|date=3 March 2010|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8545456.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223191544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8545456.stm|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> * Imo Merit Award, the highest award in the [[Imo State]] of [[Nigeria]], is conferred on those who have made a difference in the development of their communities. (15 October 2017)<ref name=":statue">{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-10-16-nigeria-honours-zuma-with-giant-statue/|title=Nigeria honours Zuma with giant statue|access-date=16 October 2017|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070614/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-10-16-nigeria-honours-zuma-with-giant-statue/|archive-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> === Statues === * Nigeria's [[Imo State]] unveiled a [[Jacob Zuma Statue|statue of Jacob Zuma]] on 15 October 2017.<ref name=":statue" /> === Honorary degrees === * [[University of Zululand]] (2001), Honorary Doctor of Administration<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://whoswho.co.za/jacob-zuma-927|title=Jacob Zuma|publisher=whoswho|access-date=23 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103055557/http://whoswho.co.za/jacob-zuma-927|archive-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> * [[University of Fort Hare]] (2001), Honorary Doctor of Literature/Letters<ref name="auto" /> * Medical University of Southern Africa (2001), Honorary Doctor of Philosophy<ref name="auto" /> * University of Zambia (UNZA) Great East Campus (2009), Honorary Doctor of Law<ref name="lusaka">{{cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2009/12/09/unza-confers-honorary-doctor-of-law-degree-on-zuma/|title=UNZA confers honorary Doctor of Law degree on Zuma|website=Lusaka Times|date=9 December 2009|access-date=18 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045530/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2009/12/09/unza-confers-honorary-doctor-of-law-degree-on-zuma/|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> * [[Peking University]] (2012), Honorary Professor of International Relations<ref name="auto" /> === Other honours === * Zuma was invested with a [[Nigerian Chieftaincy|chieftaincy title]] – that of the Ochiaga of Imo – during his trip to the kingdom of [[Eze]] Samuel Ohiri of Imo on 15 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/zuma-nigeria-road-statue-chieftaincy/|first=Alexis|last=Haden|title=Zuma got a chieftaincy title, road and statue in Nigeria|work=The South African|date=15 October 2017|access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> == Filmography == * ''The Passion of Jacob Zuma'', a 2009 French documentary by Jean-Baptiste Dusséaux and Matthieu Niango<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riff.it/scheda-film/?id=9415|title=Ceteris Paribus – Director biographical note|website=RIFF – Rome independent film festival|access-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305185333/http://www.riff.it/scheda-film/?id=9415|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> * ''[[Motherland (2010 film)|Motherland]]'', a 2010 documentary directed by Owen 'Alik Shahadah * ''[[How to Steal a Country]]'', a 2019 South African documentary directed by Rehad Desai == See also == {{Portal|South Africa|Biography|Politics }} * [[Schabir Shaik trial]] * ''[[The Spear (painting)|The Spear]]'' * [[Gupta family]] {{clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * Basson, Adriaan (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=68bnDwAAQBAJ Zuma Exposed]''. Jonathan Ball Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-86842-540-2}}. * Basson, Adriaan; du Toit, Pieter (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zcfnDwAAQBAJ Enemy of the People: How Jacob Zuma Stole South Africa and How the People Fought Back]''. Jonathan Ball Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-86842-819-9}}. * [[Richard Calland|Calland, Richard]] (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BwxbDwAAQBAJ The Zuma Years: South Africa's Changing Face of Power]''. Penguin Random House South Africa. {{ISBN|978-1-77022-276-2}}. * {{cite magazine |last=Foster |first=Douglas |date=June 2009 |title=Jacob's Ladder |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |volume=303 |issue=5 |pages=72–80 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/jacobs-ladder/307442/|access-date=8 July 2013}} * Gordin, Jeremy (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wdMwAQAAIAAJ Zuma: A Biography]''. Jonathan Ball. {{ISBN|978-1-86842-263-0}}. * [[Jacques Pauw|Pauw, Jacques]] (2017). ''[[The President's Keepers|The President's Keepers: Those Keeping Zuma in Power and Out of Prison]]''. Tafelberg. {{ISBN|978-0-624-08303-0}}. * {{cite book |first=Alec |last=Russell |year=2009 |title=After Mandela: the Battle for the Soul of South Africa |location=London |publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]] |isbn=978-0-09-192601-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aftermandelabatt0000russ }} * Southall, Roger (2009). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756284 "Understanding the 'Zuma Tsunami'"]. ''Review of African Political Economy''. '''36''' (121): 317–333. {{JSTOR|27756284}}. {{ISSN|0305-6244}}. == External links == {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050714082235/http://www.anc.org.za/people/zumaj.html Profile] at the [[African National Congress]] * [http://www.leader.co.za/article.aspx?s=6&f=1&a=1244 Zuma: Road to the presidency] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110901215328/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/jacob-zuma-927 Jacob Zuma] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110901215042/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/ Who's Who Southern Africa] * {{C-SPAN|35871}} * {{IMDb name|2663369}} * {{NYTtopic|people/z/jacob_g_zuma}} * {{People's Assembly (South Africa) | jacob-gedleyihlekisa-zuma |Jacob Zuma }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100712040908/http://www.iol.co.za/html/static/shaik.php Squires's full judgment in Shaik case] * [https://www.scribd.com/document/361488605/Zuma-Spy-Tapes-Judgment#from_embed Supreme Court judgment upholding 2009 ruling] * [https://www.gupta-leaks.com/ Gupta Leaks portal] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z35Uvwp2fto Crowds heckle Zuma at Mandela's memorial] (2013), [[eNCA]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eoz0dlM0gZU Interview with Zuma on the day of his resignation] (2014), [[South African Broadcasting Corporation|SABC]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqt-kulXG7Y Zuma sings ''Umshini wami'' outside a courthouse] (2018) {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Thabo Mbeki]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy President of South Africa]]|years=1999–2005}} {{s-aft|after=[[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Kgalema Motlanthe]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of South Africa]]|years=2009–2018}} {{s-aft|after=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]}} |- {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Thabo Mbeki]]}} {{s-ttl|title=President of the [[African National Congress]]|years=2007–2017}} {{s-aft|after=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]}} {{s-end}} {{Navboxes |title = Jacob Zuma |titlestyle = style="background:#eee; |list = {{Jacob Zuma}} {{SAPresidents}} {{ANCpresidents}} {{SAVices}} {{SecondMbeki}} {{Jacob Zuma cabinet 1}} {{Jacob Zuma cabinet 2}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zuma, Jacob}} [[Category:Jacob Zuma| ]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]] [[Category:Deputy presidents of South Africa]] [[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Category:Inmates of Robben Island]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa]] [[Category:Members of the South African Communist Party]] [[Category:People acquitted of rape]] [[Category:People from Nkandla Local Municipality]] [[Category:Presidents of South Africa]] [[Category:Presidents of the African National Congress]] [[Category:South African activists]] [[Category:South African prisoners and detainees]] [[Category:South African revolutionaries]] [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of South Africa]] [[Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned]] [[Category:Zulu people]] [[Category:20th-century South African politicians]] [[Category:21st-century South African politicians]] [[Category:South African politicians convicted of crimes]] [[Category:UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel]] [[Category:Left-wing populists]] [[Category:UMkhonto we Sizwe politicians]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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