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Do not fill this in! {{short description|Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2017}} {{Other storms|List of storms named Harvey}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}} {{Use American English|date=August 2017}} {{Infobox weather event | image = Harvey 2017-08-25 2231Z.png | caption = Harvey near peak intensity prior to landfall in southern [[Texas]] on August 25 | formed = {{start date|2017|8|17}} | extratropical = {{start date|2017|9|1}} | dissipated = {{end date|2017|9|2}} }}{{Infobox weather event/NWS | winds = 115 | pressure = 937 }}{{Infobox weather event/Effects | year = 2017 | fatalities = 107 | damage = 125000000000 | damage-suffix = <br>(Tied as [[List of costliest tropical cyclones|the costliest tropical cyclone]] on record) | areas = [[Windward Islands]], [[Suriname]], [[Guyana]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Honduras]], [[Belize]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Yucatán Peninsula]], [[Southern United States|Southern]] and [[Eastern United States]] (especially Texas and [[Louisiana]]) | refs = }}{{Infobox weather event/Footer | season = [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]] | related = {{Hurricane Harvey related}} }} '''Hurricane Harvey''' was a devastating [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Category 4 hurricane]] that made [[landfall]] on Texas and Louisiana in August 2017, causing catastrophic flooding and more than 100 deaths. It is tied with [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]]'s [[Hurricane Katrina]] as the [[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|costliest]] [[tropical cyclone]] on record,{{#tag:ref|When Katrina's cost is unadjusted for inflation.|group="nb"}} inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the [[Greater Houston|Houston metropolitan area]] and [[Southeast Texas]];<ref name=NOAACostliest>{{cite report |archive-date=January 27, 2018 |url-status=live |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update |access-date=January 12, 2018 |publisher=United States National Hurricane Center |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083930/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf}}</ref><ref name="NOAAbillion">{{cite report |title=Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1980-2017 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |date=January 8, 2018 |access-date=January 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121181425/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1980-2017 |archive-date=January 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> this made the storm the costliest natural disaster recorded in Texas at the time.<ref name="5 natural disasters" /> It was the first [[Category 3 hurricane|major hurricane]]{{#tag:ref|A major hurricane is a hurricane that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]].|group="nb"}} to make landfall in the United States since [[Hurricane Wilma|Wilma]] in 2005, ending a record 12-year span in which no hurricanes made landfall at the intensity of a major hurricane throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mooney |first1=Chris |title=Energy and Environment The science behind the U.S.'s strange hurricane 'drought' — and its sudden end |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/09/07/the-science-behind-the-u-s-s-strange-hurricane-drought-and-its-sudden-end/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814134740/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/09/07/the-science-behind-the-u-s-s-strange-hurricane-drought-and-its-sudden-end/ |archive-date=August 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a four-day period, many areas received more than {{convert|40|in}} of rain as the system slowly meandered over eastern Texas and adjacent waters, causing unprecedented flooding. With peak accumulations of {{convert|60.58|in|mm|abbr=on}}, in [[Nederland, Texas]], Harvey was the [[List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States|wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States]]. The resulting floods inundated hundreds of thousands of homes, which displaced more than 30,000 people and prompted more than 17,000 rescues. The eighth [[named storm]], third hurricane, and first major hurricane of the extremely active [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]], Harvey developed from a [[tropical wave]] to the east of the [[Lesser Antilles]], reaching [[tropical storm]] status on August 17.<ref name="Harvey Advisory Number 2">{{cite report |last1=Beven |first1=Jack|title=Tropical Storm Advisory Number 2|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.002.shtml? |work=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=United States Government|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 17, 2017 |access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213452/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.002.shtml |archive-date=July 4, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The storm crossed through the [[Windward Islands]] on the following day, making landfall on the southern end of [[Barbados]] and a second landfall on [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|Saint Vincent]]. Upon entering the Caribbean, Harvey began to weaken due to moderate [[wind shear]], and degenerated into a tropical wave north of [[Colombia]], late on August 19.<ref name="Harvey Advisory Number 11">{{cite report|last1=Berg |first1=Robbie|title=Remnants of Harvey Advisory Number 11|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.011.shtml? |work=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=United States Government|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 20, 2017|access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164524/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.011.shtml |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The remnants were monitored for regeneration as it continued west-northwestward across the Caribbean and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]], before redeveloping over the [[Bay of Campeche]] on August 23.<ref name="Harvey Advisory Number 12" /> Harvey then began to [[rapid intensification|rapidly intensify]] on August 24, regaining tropical storm status and becoming a hurricane later that day.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Berg |first1=Robbie| last2=Brennan|first2=John |title=Hurricane Harvey Tropical Cyclone Update|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.update.08241656.shtml? |work=[[National Hurricane Center]] |publisher=United States Government |location=Miami, Florida|date=August 24, 2017|access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714170004/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.update.08241656.shtml |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the storm moved generally northwest, Harvey's intensification phase stalled slightly overnight from August 24–25; however, Harvey soon resumed strengthening and quickly became a major hurricane, attaining Category 4 intensity later that day with peak 1-minute sustained winds of 130 mph.<ref name="Harvey update">{{cite report |last1=Blake |first1=Eric|title=Hurricane Harvey Tropical Cyclone Update |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.update.08252258.shtml? |work=[[National Hurricane Center]] |publisher=United States Government|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714192940/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.update.08252258.shtml |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hours later, Harvey made landfall at [[San José Island (Texas)|San José Island, Texas]], at peak intensity, followed by another landfall at [[Holiday Beach, Texas|Holiday Beach]] at Category 3 intensity. Rapid weakening then ensued, and Harvey had downgraded to a tropical storm as it stalled near the coastline, dropping torrential and unprecedented amounts of rainfall over Texas.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Brennan |first1= John|title=Tropical Storm Harvey Advisory Number 31|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.031.shtml? |work=[[National Hurricane Center]]|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 27, 2017 |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164834/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.031.shtml |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 28, the storm emerged back over the Gulf of Mexico, strengthening slightly before making a fifth and final landfall in [[Louisiana]] on August 29.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Brown |first1=Daniel|title=Tropical Storm Harvey Advisory Number 35|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.035.shtml? |work=[[National Hurricane Center]] |publisher=United States Government|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164754/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.035.shtml |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> As Harvey drifted inland, it quickly weakened again as it became [[extratropical]] on September 1, before dissipating two days later.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Brown |first1=Daniel|title=Tropical Depression Harvey Advisory Number 43|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.043.shtml? |work=[[National Hurricane Center]] |publisher=United States Government |location=Miami, Florida|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164824/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.043.shtml |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to the huge cost and extent of the damage it caused, Harvey caused at least 107 confirmed deaths: 1 in [[Guyana]] and 106 in the United States, the first one in [[Rockport, Texas]].<ref name="debris">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hurricane-harvey/hurricane-harvey-least-1-dead-after-storm-hits-texas-causing-n796316 |title=Hurricane Harvey: At Least 2 Dead After Storm Hits Texas Coast |author=Phil McCausland |author2=Daniel Arkin |author3=Kurt Chirbas |work=[[NBC News]] |date=August 27, 2017 |access-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827032434/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hurricane-harvey/hurricane-harvey-least-1-dead-after-storm-hits-texas-causing-n796316 |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the extensive damage, the name "Harvey" was retired in April 2018 and will not be used for another Atlantic tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockportpilot.com/news/article_64475ec2-439c-11e8-8607-2f4ca32abb18.html |date=April 19, 2018 |title='Harvey' is retired |work=The Rockport Pilot |access-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627184140/http://www.rockportpilot.com/news/article_64475ec2-439c-11e8-8607-2f4ca32abb18.html |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/harvey-irma-maria-and-nate-retired-by-world-meteorological-organization |last=Feltgen |first=Dennis |date=April 12, 2018 |title=Harvey, Irma, Maria and Nate retired by the World Meteorological Organization |work=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627184901/https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/harvey-irma-maria-and-nate-retired-by-world-meteorological-organization |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:ISS-52 Hurricane Harvey (7).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|As Tropical Storm Harvey continued along the Gulf Coast, [[NASA]] astronaut [[Randolph Bresnik|Randy Bresnik]] took this photo of the storm Aug. 28 from the [[International Space Station]]–[[Expedition 52|52]]]] {{TOC limit|4}} ==Meteorological history== {{main|Meteorological history of Hurricane Harvey}} {{Storm path|Harvey 2017 path.png|left|300px|colors=new}} Hurricane Harvey originated from a westward-moving [[tropical wave]] that emerged from [[Africa]] over the eastern Atlantic Ocean, on August 12. A surface circulation slowly developed and [[Atmospheric convection|convection]] consolidated around the low over the subsequent days; the system became a [[tropical depression]] on August 17, roughly {{convert|505|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} east of [[Barbados]].<ref name="Harvey Advisory Number 2"/> Maintaining its brisk westward motion, the system strengthened slightly and became a tropical storm later that day, at which time it was [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned the name]] ''Harvey''. With [[maximum sustained wind]]s of {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, Harvey made [[landfall]]s in Barbados and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent]] on August 18 before entering the Caribbean. Hostile environmental conditions, namely [[wind shear]], imparted weakening and caused Harvey to degenerate into a tropical wave by August 19.<ref name="Harvey Advisory Number 11"/> Though it lacked an organized surface low, the remnants of Harvey continued to produce significant convection as it traversed the Caribbean Sea and [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. The system reached the [[Bay of Campeche]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] on August 23 and soon consolidated around a new surface low.<ref name="TCR">{{cite report|author1=Eric S. Blake|author2=David A. Zelinsky|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|location=Miami, Florida|date=January 23, 2018|access-date=January 29, 2018|title=Hurricane Harvey (AL092017)|series=Tropical Cyclone Report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092017_Harvey.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126083538/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092017_Harvey.pdf|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:NHQ 2017 0825 Space Station Cameras Peer down on Major Hurricane Harvey~orig.webm|thumb|Hurricane Harvey as seen by NASA aboard the [[International Space Station]] on August 25.]] Late on August 23, the remnants of Harvey regenerated into a tropical cyclone and re-attained tropical storm intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref name="Harvey Advisory Number 12"/> Initial reorganization was slow; however, within a highly favorable environment, the system soon underwent [[rapid intensification]] as an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed and its [[Atmospheric pressure|central pressure]] quickly fell. After becoming a hurricane on August 24, Harvey continued to quickly strengthen over the next day, ultimately reaching peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane.<ref name="Harvey update"/> Around 03:00 UTC on August 26, the hurricane made landfall at peak intensity on [[San Jose Island, Texas|San Jose Island]], just east of [[Rockport, Texas|Rockport]], with winds of {{convert|130|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} and an [[atmospheric pressure]] of {{convert|937|mbar|inHg|lk=on|abbr=on}}. It made a second landfall on the Texas mainland, at Rockport, three hours later in a slightly weakened state. Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since [[Hurricane Wilma|Wilma]] in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]].<ref name="TCR"/> Once Harvey moved inland, it began to weaken rapidly as its speed slowed dramatically to a crawl, and Harvey weakened to a tropical storm on August 26. For about two days the storm stalled just inland, dropping very heavy rainfall and causing catastrophic flash flooding. Harvey's center drifted back towards the southeast, ultimately re-emerging into the [[Gulf of Mexico]] on August 28. Once offshore, the poorly organized system struggled against strong wind shear. Deep convection persisted north of the cyclone's center near the [[Houston metropolitan area]] along a [[stationary front]], resulting in several days of record-breaking rain. Early on August 30, the former hurricane made its fifth and final landfall just west of [[Cameron, Louisiana]], with winds of {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. Associated convection with Harvey became focused north of the center and along a warm front on September 1 as it moved further inland, indicating that the system transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC that day. The remnants continued northeastwards before being absorbed into another extratropical system on September 3.<ref name="TCR"/> ==Preparations== ===Caribbean and Latin America=== [[File:Harvey 2017-08-18 Suomi NPP.jpg|thumb|Tropical Storm Harvey in the Eastern Caribbean on August 18.]] [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches]] for the [[Windward Islands]] were issued starting at 15:00 UTC on August 17, about six hours before Harvey developed. At that time, a tropical storm watch was posted for [[Dominica]], while a tropical storm warning became in effect in [[Barbados]], [[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]].<ref name="Beven">{{cite report|first=John L.|last=Beven II|title=Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine Public Advisory Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.001.shtml|work=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=United States Government|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 17, 2017|access-date=August 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102094252/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.001.shtml|archive-date=November 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> All watches and warnings were discontinued by late on August 18, as the storm continued westward into the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite report|first=John L.|last=Beven II|title=Tropical Storm Harvey Intermediate Advisory Number 5A|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public_a.005.shtml|work=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=United States Government|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 18, 2017|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825104007/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public_a.005.shtml|archive-date=August 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In Honduras, a green alert was issued for the [[Atlántida Department|Atlántida]], [[Bay Islands Department|Islas de la Bahía]], [[Colón Department (Honduras)|Colón]], [[Cortés Department|Cortés]], [[Gracias a Dios Department|Gracias a Dios]], [[Olancho Department|Olancho]], and [[Yoro Department|Yoro]] [[Departments of Honduras|departments]]. About {{convert|8|in|mm}} of precipitation was expected along the coast, while inland areas were forecast to receive {{convert|2.76|to|3.15|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/1100324-410/harvey-copeco-hondureños-precauciones-ingreso|title=Harvey se acerca a Honduras como depresión tropical|date=August 19, 2017|newspaper=[[La Prensa (Honduras)|La Prensa]]|publisher=Organización Publicitaria, S.A.|location=San Pedro Sula|access-date=August 28, 2017|language=ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829230207/http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/1100324-410/harvey-copeco-hondure%C3%B1os-precauciones-ingreso|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As the remnants of Harvey approached Mexico, the Civil Protection Secretary of the state of [[Campeche]] issued a blue alert, indicating minimal danger.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribunacampeche.com/local/2017/08/21/levantan-la-alerta-azul-tormenta-harvey/|title=Levantan la alerta azul Tormenta Harvey|date=August 21, 2017|newspaper=Tribuna de Campeche|location=[[Campeche]]|access-date=August 28, 2017|language=ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829032454/http://tribunacampeche.com/local/2017/08/21/levantan-la-alerta-azul-tormenta-harvey/|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> When Harvey redeveloped at 15:00 UTC on August 23, the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch in [[Tamaulipas]] from Boca De Catan to the mouth of the [[Rio Grande]].<ref name="Harvey Advisory Number 12">{{cite report|first=Eric S.|last=Blake|title=Tropical Depression Harvey Advisory Number 12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.012.shtml?|work=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=United States Government|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 23, 2017|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826035401/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.012.shtml|archive-date=August 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The watch remained in effect until 21:00 UTC on August 25, after it became evident that the storm no longer posed a significant threat to that area.<ref name="ad22">{{cite report|first=Robbie J.|last=Berg|title=Tropical Storm Harvey Advisory Number 22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.022.shtml?|work=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=United States Government|location=Miami, Florida|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=August 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827230055/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.022.shtml|archive-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === United States === FEMA worked with the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]], [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Customs and Border Protection]], and [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] to prepare for the storm and its aftermath. The agency placed disaster response teams on standby at emergency posts in [[Austin, Texas]], and [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/25/us/politics/trump-hurricane-texas-fema.html?mcubz=0|title=Trump Administration Prepares for Hurricane Harvey|date=August 25, 2017|first=Nicholas|last=Fandos|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826075439/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/25/us/politics/trump-hurricane-texas-fema.html?mcubz=0|archive-date=August 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Texas ==== Upon the NHC resuming advisories for Harvey at 15:00 UTC on August 23, a hurricane watch was issued in Texas from [[Port Mansfield, Texas|Port Mansfield]] to [[San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)|San Luis Pass]], while a tropical storm watch was posted from Port Mansfield south to the mouth of the [[Rio Grande]] and from San Luis Pass to [[High Island, Texas|High Island]]. Additionally, a storm surge watch became in effect from Port Mansfield to High Island. Additional watches and warnings were posted in these areas at 09:00 UTC on August 24, with a hurricane warning from Port Mansfield to [[Matagorda, Texas|Matagorda]]; a tropical storm warning from Matagorda to High Island; a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning from Port Mansfield to the Rio Grande; a storm surge warning from Port Mansfield to San Luis Pass; and a storm surge watch from Port Mansfield to the Rio Grande.<ref name="TCR"/> As the hurricane neared landfall on August 24, an [[extreme wind warning]]—indicating an immediate threat of 115–145 mph (185–235 km/h) winds—was issued for areas expected to be impacted by the eyewall; this included parts of [[Aransas County, Texas|Aransas]], [[Calhoun County, Texas|Calhoun]], [[Nueces County, Texas|Nueces]], [[Refugio County, Texas|Refugio]], and [[San Patricio County, Texas|San Patricio]] counties.<ref>{{cite report | url=http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/vtec/#2017-O-NEW-KCRP-EW-W-0001/USCOMP-N0Q-201708252155 | title=Severe Weather Statement: Extreme Wind Warning | date=August 24, 2017 | publisher=Iowa Environmental Mesonet National Weather Service | work=National Weather Service in Corpus Christi, Texas | access-date=February 5, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419050352/http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/vtec/#2017-O-NEW-KCRP-EW-W-0001/USCOMP-N0Q-201708252155 | archive-date=April 19, 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> The watches and warnings were adjusted accordingly after Harvey moved inland and began weakening, with the warning discontinued at 15:00 UTC on August 26. By 09:00 UTC on the following day, only a tropical storm warning and a storm surge warning remained in effect from [[Port O'Connor, Texas|Port O'Connor]] to [[Sargent, Texas|Sargent]]. However, watches and warnings were re-issued as Harvey began to re-emerge into the Gulf of Mexico, and beginning at 15:00 UTC on August 28, a tropical storm warning was in effect for the entire Gulf Coast of Texas from High Island northward.<ref name="TCR"/> Governor [[Greg Abbott]] declared a [[state of emergency]] for 30 [[List of counties in Texas|counties]] on August 23, while mandatory evacuations were issued for [[Brazoria County, Texas|Brazoria]], Calhoun, [[Jackson County, Texas|Jackson]], Refugio, San Patricio, and [[Victoria County, Texas|Victoria]] counties, as well as parts of [[Matagorda County, Texas|Matagorda County]].<ref name=Nestel>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/harvey-expected-make-landfall-major-hurricane/story?id=49397270|title=Harvey expected to make landfall as a major hurricane|first=M. L.|last=Nestel|publisher=[[ABC News]]|location=New York City|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825002207/https://abcnews.go.com/US/harvey-expected-make-landfall-major-hurricane/story?id=49397270|archive-date=August 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 26, Governor Abbott added an additional 20 counties to the state of emergency declaration.<ref name=Dart/> Furthermore, the [[International Charter on Space and Major Disasters]] was activated by the [[USGS]] on behalf of the [[Governor's Texas Emergency Management Council]], including the [[Texas Division of Emergency Management]], thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage.<ref name="Satellite Coverage Activated for Hurricane Harvey">{{cite web|url=https://disasterscharter.org/web/guest/-/cyclone-in-united-states-call-626-?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fdisasterscharter.org%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fhome%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_F1SeOJT57fTb%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D4|title=Cyclone in the U.S.|date=August 24, 2017|work=[[International Charter on Space and Major Disasters]]|access-date=August 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829230058/https://disasterscharter.org/web/guest/-/cyclone-in-united-states-call-626-?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fdisasterscharter.org%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fhome%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_F1SeOJT57fTb%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D4|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ====Louisiana==== In [[Louisiana]], Governor [[John Bel Edwards]] declared a state of emergency for the entire state. A mandatory evacuation was ordered in [[Cameron Parish, Louisiana|Cameron Parish]] for the cities of Big Lake, [[Cameron, Louisiana|Cameron]], [[Creole, Louisiana|Creole]], [[Grand Chenier, Louisiana|Grand Chenier]], [[Hackberry, Louisiana|Hackberry]], [[Holly Beach, Louisiana|Holly Beach]], and [[Johnson Bayou, Louisiana|Johnson Bayou]]. Additionally, a voluntary evacuation was ordered in [[Vermilion Parish, Louisiana|Vermilion Parish]] for low-lying areas south of [[Louisiana Highway 14|State Highway 14]]. The [[Louisiana National Guard]] prepared about 500,000 sandbags and emergency boats and high-water-rescue vehicles were placed on standby should flooding occur. In [[New Orleans]], there were concerns about whether or not the city's drainage system could handle a heavy rainfall event, with only 105 of the 120 water pumps being operational and some power turbines being out of service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-harvey-louisiana-new-orleans-impacts|author=James Crugnale|work=[[The Weather Channel]]|location=[[Atlanta]]|title=Hurricane Harvey: Louisiana Gov. Urges Residents to Remain Vigilant as Storm Strikes Texas|date=August 25, 2017|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826033312/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-harvey-louisiana-new-orleans-impacts|archive-date=August 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's public schools, as well as six universities and a medical school, closed on August 29.<ref name="AP SW LA">{{cite news|first1=Jeff|last1=Amy|first2=Michael|last2=Kunzelman|title=Haunted by Katrina's memory, Louisiana now faces Harvey|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-harvey-louisiana-flooding-20170829-story.html|access-date=August 29, 2017|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231214/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-harvey-louisiana-flooding-20170829-story.html|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As Harvey began re-emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on August 28, the tropical storm warning in Texas from Mesquite Bay to High Island was extended eastward into Louisiana to the community of Cameron at 12:00 UTC, while a tropical storm watch was issued from Cameron to [[Intracoastal City, Louisiana|Intracoastal City]].<ref name="TCR"/> ====Video briefings by officials==== <gallery> File:8-25-17- White House Press Briefing.webm|Comments from the [[White House]] (begin at 25:50) File:NWS Director Louis Uccellini on Hurricane Harvey.webm|Comments from National Weather Service director Louis Uccellini File:FEMA Accessible Hurricane Harvey - Shelter in Place.webm|Shelter in place briefing by [[FEMA]] File:Harvey Downgraded to Tropical Storm, 'Dramatic Flooding' a Concern.webmhd.webm|Comments by the [[Governor of Texas]] </gallery> {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ Summary of [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches]] associated with Hurricane Harvey |- ! scope="col" | Date ! scope="col" | Time ! scope="col" | Warning type ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Areas |- |rowspan=2|August 17 |rowspan=2|15:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}}" | Tropical Storm Watch |[[Dominica]] |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |[[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Barbados]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] |- |rowspan=2|August 18 |12:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued |Barbados |- |18:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | All warnings and watches discontinued |All locations |- |rowspan=4|August 23 |rowspan=4|15:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}}" | Tropical Storm Watch |Mouth of the [[Rio Grande]] to [[Port Mansfield, Texas]] |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}}" | Tropical Storm Watch |[[San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)|San Luis Pass]] to [[High Island, Texas]] |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}}" | Tropical Storm Watch |[[Carboneras|Boca de Catan, Mexico]], to mouth of the Rio Grande |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}}" | Hurricane Watch |Port Mansfield to San Luis Pass, Texas |- |rowspan=7|August 24 |rowspan=5|09:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Mouth of the Rio Grande to Port Mansfield, Texas |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat4}}" | Hurricane Watch |Mouth of the Rio Grande to Port Mansfield, Texas |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Watch discontinued |San Luis Pass to High Island, Texas |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |[[Matagorda, Texas|Matagorda]] to High Island, Texas |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}}" | Hurricane Warning |Port Mansfield to Matagorda, Texas |- |rowspan=2|21:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |[[Sargent, Texas|Sargent]] to High Island, Texas |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat5}}" | Hurricane Warning |Port Mansfield to Sargent, Texas |- |rowspan=3|August 25 |15:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Mouth of the Rio Grande to Port Mansfield, Texas |- |rowspan=2|21:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Watch discontinued |All locations |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued |Mouth of the Rio Grande to Port Mansfield, Texas |- |rowspan=4|August 26 |rowspan=2|09:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |[[Port O'Connor]] to High Island, Texas |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Hurricane Warning discontinued |Port Mansfield to Sargent, Texas |- |rowspan=2|15:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |[[Baffin Bay (Texas)|Baffin Bay]] to High Island, Texas |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Hurricane Warning discontinued |All locations |- |rowspan=3|August 27 |03:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Baffin Bay to Sargent, Texas |- |09:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Port O'Connor to Sargent, Texas |- |21:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}}" | Tropical Storm Watch |Sargent to San Luis Pass, Texas |- |rowspan=7|August 28 |rowspan=3|03:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Watch discontinued |All locations |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued |Port O'Connor to Sargent, Texas |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Mesquite Bay to High Island, Texas |- |rowspan=2|15:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}}" | Tropical Storm Watch |[[Cameron, Louisiana|Cameron]] to [[Intracoastal City, Louisiana]] |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Mesquite Bay, Texas to Cameron, Louisiana |- |rowspan=2|21:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Watch discontinued |All locations |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Mesquite Bay, Texas to Intracoastal City, Louisiana |- |rowspan=3|August 29 |rowspan=3|15:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat1}}" | Tropical Storm Watch |[[Morgan City, Louisiana|Morgan City]] to [[Grand Isle, Louisiana]] |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued |Mesquite Bay, Texas to Intracoastal City, Louisiana |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Port O'Connor, Texas to Morgan City, Louisiana |- |rowspan=6|August 30 |rowspan=3|03:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Watch discontinued |All locations |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued |Port O'Connor, Texas to Morgan City, Louisiana |- | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |[[Freeport, Texas]], to Grand Isle, Louisiana |- |09:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |High Island, Texas to Grand Isle, Louisiana |- |12:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |Freeport, Texas to Grand Isle, Louisiana |- |18:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|cat3}}" | Tropical Storm Warning |[[Sabine Pass]] to Grand Isle, Louisiana |- |August 31 |00:00 UTC | style="background-color:#{{Storm_colour|unknown}}" | Tropical Storm Warning discontinued |All locations |- |} ==Impacts in the Caribbean and Latin America== Winds left residents throughout [[Barbados]] without electricity, with a majority of outages occurring in [[Christ Church, Barbados|Christ Church]], [[Saint Joseph, Barbados|Saint Joseph]], [[Saint Lucy, Barbados|Saint Lucy]], and [[Saint Michael, Barbados|Saint Michael]] provinces. Flooding washed one house off its foundation, while water entered some houses, forcing some people to evacuate. Bridges in [[Saint Andrew, Barbados|Saint Andrew]] and Saint Joseph were damaged. Additionally, a fuel depot in [[Speightstown]] was flooded. Winds from Harvey ripped the roof off a church.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/barbados/cdema-situation-report-1-tropical-storm-harvey-400pm-august-18th-2017|title=CDEMA Situation Report #1 – Tropical Storm Harvey – as of 4:00pm on August 18th, 2017|date=August 18, 2017|work=[[Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency]]|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|location=New York City|access-date=August 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825062929/http://reliefweb.int/report/barbados/cdema-situation-report-1-tropical-storm-harvey-400pm-august-18th-2017|archive-date=August 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], nine homes were flooded and four others experienced wind damage. Also, a tree fell on a school, damaging the building. Blocked drains in [[Port Elizabeth, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Port Elizabeth]] resulted in more than 15 businesses being flooded. A total of 15 people were housed in shelters after the storm.<ref name="cdema2">{{cite report|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/saint-vincent-and-grenadines/cdema-situation-report-2-tropical-storm-harvey-1100am-august|title=CDEMA Situation Report #2 - Tropical Storm Harvey - as of 11:00am on August 22nd, 2017|date=August 22, 2017|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|location=New York City|access-date=August 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824000211/http://reliefweb.int/report/saint-vincent-and-grenadines/cdema-situation-report-2-tropical-storm-harvey-1100am-august|archive-date=August 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Strong winds and heavy rainfall also affected [[Suriname]] and [[Guyana]]. In the former, high winds in the capital city of [[Paramaribo]] caused roof damage to the [[Presidential Palace of Suriname|Presidential Palace]] and two homes, while the Torarica Hotel and Casino suffered structural impact. Additionally, four dwellings were deroofed in [[Commewijne District|Commewijne]] and three others lost their roofs in [[Wanica District|Wanica]]; in the latter, the Ministry of Social Affairs building was damaged by falling trees. In Guyana, the village of Jawalla bore the brunt of the storm. Four homes were demolished, while five other residences and two shops were damaged. Several public buildings were also damaged, including the community center, the village council buildings, the nursery, and public schools. A 29-year-old woman died after her house collapsed on her.<ref name="cdema2"/> ==Impacts in the United States== [[File:Harvey RBTOP 20170825 1915 UTC.gif|thumb|Satellite loop of Harvey making landfall in Texas on August 26]] The widespread and catastrophic effects of Hurricane Harvey resulted in one of the costliest natural disasters in United States history. An estimated 300,000 structures and 500,000 vehicles were damaged or destroyed in Texas alone. The storm also spawned 53 tornadoes across six states. The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion. The scope of flooding in areas with low [[National Flood Insurance Program]] (NFIP) participation lends to the large uncertainty in the damage total. This ranks Harvey as the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the country alongside [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005. However, accounting for inflation and cost increases since 2005, the National Hurricane Center considers Harvey the second-costliest.<ref name="TCR"/> Harvey was the costliest natural disaster recorded in Texas at the time,<ref name="5 natural disasters">{{cite web|url=https://www.mma-pllc.com/5-natural-disasters-in-texas-over-the-years/|title=5 natural disasters in Texas over the years|website=mma-pllc.com|author=|publisher=McClenny, Moseley & Associates, PLLC|date=April 24, 2020|accessdate=March 5, 2021}}</ref> until it was surpassed in February 2021 by [[February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm|a severe winter storm]] that [[2021 Texas power crisis|crippled the state's power grid]], which was estimated to have cost at least $195 billion (2021 USD) in damages in Texas.<ref name="Uri AAR">{{cite report|url=https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/HSEM/2021-Winter-Storm-Uri-AAR-Findings-Report.pdf|title=2021 Winter Storm Uri After-Action Review: Findings Report|author=|publisher=City of Austin & Travis County|date=November 4, 2021|accessdate=November 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105210936/https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/HSEM/2021-Winter-Storm-Uri-AAR-Findings-Report.pdf|archive-date=November 5, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Nationwide, 107 people died in storm-related incidents: 103 in Texas, 2 in Arkansas, 1 in Tennessee, and 1 in Kentucky. Of the deaths in Texas, 68 were from the direct effects of Harvey, the highest such number in the state since 1919.<ref name="TCR"/> ===Texas=== {{main|Effects of Hurricane Harvey in Texas}} [[File:Support during Hurricane Harvey (TX) (50).jpg|thumb|left|Flooding in [[Port Arthur, Texas]], on August 31.]] 22 weak tornadoes touched down throughout the state. An EF1 tornado near [[Fresno, Texas|Fresno]] caused some minor injuries. Throughout Texas, approximately 336,000 people were left without electricity and tens of thousands required rescue. Throughout the state, 103 people died in storm-related incidents: 68 from its direct effects, including flooding, and 35 from indirect effects in the hurricane's aftermath.<ref name="TCR"/> By August 29, 2017 approximately 13,000 people had been rescued across the state while an estimated 30,000 were displaced.<ref name="WP_Aug29"/> The [[Economy of Houston#Petrochemicals|refinery industry]] capacity was reduced, and oil and gas production was affected in the Gulf of Mexico and inland Texas<!-- [[Eagle Ford]] -->.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey-energy-idUSKCN1B70YQ|title=Harvey throws a wrench into U.S. energy engine|first1=Ernest|last1=Scheyder|first2=Erwin|last2=Seba|date=August 28, 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|location=Canary Wharf, London|access-date=August 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828022333/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey-energy-idUSKCN1B70YQ|archive-date=August 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-nasa-jet-epa-hurricane-harvey-20190305-story.html|title=Post-Hurricane Harvey, NASA tried to fly a pollution-spotting plane over Houston. The EPA said no|last2=Sahagún|first2=Louis|last1=Rust|first1=Susanne|date=March 5, 2019|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306063842/https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-nasa-jet-epa-hurricane-harvey-20190305-story.html|archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On Monday, the closure of oil refineries ahead of Hurricane Harvey created a fuel shortage. Panicked motorists waited in long lines. Consequently, gas stations through the state were forced to close due to the rush.<ref>{{cite news|title=Harvey's toll on refineries sparks widespread gasoline shortages, price hikes|url=http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Gasoline-shortages-in-Houston-and-beyond-are-12164762.php|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|location=[[Houston]]|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901000953/http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Gasoline-shortages-in-Houston-and-beyond-are-12164762.php|archive-date=September 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 20 percent of refining capacity was affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oil-price.net/en/articles/hurricanes-impact-oil-prices.php|title=Impact of Hurricanes on oil prices|website=oil-price.net|date=September 18, 2017|access-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919005519/http://oil-price.net/en/articles/hurricanes-impact-oil-prices.php|archive-date=September 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Louisiana National Guard (36120766523).jpg|thumb|Coast Guard rescue swimmer is about to load up for rescue operations]] More than 48,700 homes were affected by Harvey throughout the state, including over 1,000 that were completely destroyed and more than 17,000 that sustained major damage; approximately 32,000 sustained minor damage. Nearly 700 businesses were damaged as well.<ref name="AP">{{cite news|title=The Latest: Death toll 31 as 6 more fatalities confirmed|url=https://apnews.com/44af0775d467489f97ab0cdc5baad737/The-Latest:-Death-toll-31-as-6-more-fatalities-confirmed|work=[[Associated Press]]|location=New York City|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831173522/https://apnews.com/44af0775d467489f97ab0cdc5baad737/The-Latest:-Death-toll-31-as-6-more-fatalities-confirmed|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Yet the [[Texas Department of Public Safety]] stated more than 185,000 homes were damaged and 9,000 destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/01/hurricane-harvey-death-toll-rises-houston-residents-return|title=Houston residents begin 'massive' cleanup as Harvey death toll hits 45|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=September 1, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901200210/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/01/hurricane-harvey-death-toll-rises-houston-residents-return|archive-date=September 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The hurricane also caused many people to believe that in the wild, only 10 individuals of [[Attwater's prairie chicken]] remained at most<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.audubon.org/news/how-hurricane-harvey-affected-birds-and-their-habitats-texas|title=How Hurricane Harvey Affected Birds and Their Habitats in Texas|author=Asher Elbein|publisher=[[National Audubon Society]]|date=September 25, 2017|access-date=May 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707153252/https://www.audubon.org/news/how-hurricane-harvey-affected-birds-and-their-habitats-texas|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> until Spring 2018, when it was discovered that there were about a dozen wild individuals left.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fortbendstar.com/attwaters-prairie-chickens-dealt-critical-blow-by-hurricane-harvey/|title=Attwater's prairie chickens dealt critical blow by Hurricane Harvey|author=Joe Southern|work=[[Ford Bend Star]]|date=April 3, 2018|access-date=February 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111045/http://www.fortbendstar.com/attwaters-prairie-chickens-dealt-critical-blow-by-hurricane-harvey/|archive-date=June 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Landfall area==== [[File:Coast Guard responds after Hurricane Harvey (546085).webm|thumb|Coast Guard video during an overflight from [[Port Aransas]] to [[Port O'Connor]], Texas, Aug. 26, 2017]] Making landfall as a Category 4 hurricane, Harvey inflicted tremendous damage across [[Aransas County, Texas|Aransas County]].<ref name="TWC_Landfall"/> Wind gusts were observed up to {{convert|132|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} near [[Port Aransas, Texas|Port Aransas]].<ref name="WPC14">{{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/winter_storm_summaries/storm19/stormsum_14.html|title=Storm Summary Number 14 for Tropical Storm Harvey Rainfall and Wind|first=Jennifer Elyse|last=Tate|work=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|publisher=United States Government|location=College Park, Maryland|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829204939/http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/winter_storm_summaries/storm19/stormsum_14.html|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly every structure in Port Aransas was damaged, some severely, while significant damage from storm surge also occurred.<ref name="TWC_Landfall"/> In [[Rockport, Texas|Rockport]], entire blocks were destroyed by the hurricane's violent eyewall winds. The city's courthouse was severely damaged when a [[cargo trailer]] was hurled into it, coming to a stop halfway through the structure. The gymnasium of the [[Rockport-Fulton High School]] lost multiple walls while the school itself suffered considerable damage.<ref name="TWC_Landfall">{{cite news|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-harvey-corpus-christi-impacts|last=Breslin|first=Sean|date=August 26, 2017|title=Hurricane Harvey Damages Buildings in Rockport; At Least 10 Injured|work=[[The Weather Channel]]|access-date=June 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627173749/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-harvey-corpus-christi-impacts|archive-date=June 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Many homes, apartment buildings, and businesses sustained major structural damage from the intense winds, and several were completely destroyed. Numerous boats were damaged or sunk at a marina in town, airplanes and structures were destroyed at the Aransas County Airport, and a [[Fairfield Inn by Marriott|Fairfield Inn]] in the city was severely damaged as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-harvey-corpus-christi-impacts|title=Hurricane Harvey Update: More Than 100 Evacuated from Damaged Rockport Hotel: Tens of Thousands Without Power|first1=Sean|last1=Breslin|first2=Pam|last2=Wright|work=[[The Weather Channel]]|location=Atlanta|date=August 26, 2017|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826011846/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-harvey-corpus-christi-impacts|archive-date=August 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> About 20 percent of Rockport's population was displaced, and they were still unable to return to their homes a year after the hurricane.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2018/08/24/hurricane-harvey-year-later-rockport-cant-find-housing-evacuees/ |last=Walters |first=Edgar |date=August 24, 2018 |title=No place back home: A year after Harvey, Rockport can't house all its displaced residents |work=[[The Texas Tribune]] |access-date=April 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430134001/https://www.texastribune.org/2018/08/24/hurricane-harvey-year-later-rockport-cant-find-housing-evacuees/ |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first death associated with Harvey was in Rockport,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.valleynewslive.com/content/news/Officials-confirm-first-death-caused-by-Hurricane-Harvey-441826153.html |date=August 26, 2017 |title=Officials confirm first death caused by Hurricane Harvey |work=[[KVLY-TV]] |access-date=December 4, 2020}}</ref> caused by a house fire, the city was unable to rescue the victim due to the extreme weather conditions.<ref name="debris" /> Just north of Rockport, many structures were also severely damaged in the nearby town of [[Fulton, Texas|Fulton]]. In the small community of [[Holiday Beach, Texas|Holiday Beach]], catastrophic damage occurred as almost every home in town was severely damaged or destroyed by storm surge and violent winds. By the afternoon of August 26, more than {{convert|20|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain had fallen in the [[Corpus Christi metropolitan area]].<ref name=Dart/> All of [[Victoria, Texas|Victoria]] was left without water and most had no power.<ref name="TWC_Landfall"/> ====Houston metropolitan area flooding==== [[File:Precipitation in Nederland, TX in 2017.svg|thumb|right|Precipitation in Nederland, Texas]] Many locations in the [[Greater Houston|Houston metropolitan area]] observed at least {{convert|30|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation,<ref name="WPC 15">{{cite report |url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/winter_storm_summaries/storm19/stormsum_15.html |title=Storm Summary Number 15 for Tropical Storm Harvey Rainfall and Wind |work=[[Weather Prediction Center]] |publisher=United States Government |location=College Park, Maryland |first=Jennifer |last=Tate |date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830103813/http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/winter_storm_summaries/storm19/stormsum_15.html |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> with a maximum of {{convert|60.58|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[Nederland, Texas|Nederland]].{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} This makes Harvey the wettest tropical cyclone on record for both Texas and the United States,<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.037.shtml |title=Tropical Storm Harvey Advisory Number 37 |first=Lixion |last=Avila |work=[[National Hurricane Center]] |publisher=United States Government |location=[[Miami, Florida]] |date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829204309/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al09/al092017.public.037.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> surpassing the previous rainfall record held by [[Tropical Storm Amelia (1978)|Tropical Storm Amelia]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Jon|last1=Erdman|first2=Chris|last2=Dolce|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-harvey-forecast-texas-louisiana-arkansas|title=It's Not Over: Tropical Storm Harvey Rainfall Sets Preliminary All-Time Lower 48 States Record, Still Soaking Texas, Louisiana|work=[[The Weather Channel]]|location=Atlanta|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126124825/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-harvey-forecast-texas-louisiana-arkansas|archive-date=November 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The local National Weather Service office in Houston observed all-time record daily rainfall accumulations on both August 26 and 27, measured at {{convert|14.4|in|mm|abbr=on}} and {{convert|16.08|in|mm|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{cite tweet|link=https://twitter.com/NWSHouston/status/902054888657620993|user=NWSHouston|author=National Weather Service Office in Houston, Texas|number=902054888657620993|title=After checking the rain gauge, a new daily rainfall record was set at the NWS Office of 16.08" beating yesterday's record of 14.40" #houwx|date=August 28, 2017|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref> Due to the amount of rain accumulated from Harvey, the National Weather Service added 2 new colors to the rain index representing around 50% of the maximum rainfall dropped by Harvey. Multiple flash flood emergencies were issued in the Houston area by the National Weather Service beginning the night of August 26. In Pearland, a suburb south of Houston, a report was made of 9.92" of rainfall in 90 minutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://whnt.com/2017/08/26/24-hours-after-making-landfall-harveys-rainfall-prompts-flash-flood-emergencies-in-houston/|title=24 hours after making landfall, Harvey's rainfall prompts flash flood emergencies in Houston|date=August 27, 2017|work=[[WHNT-TV]]|location=Huntsville, Alabama|access-date=September 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907075937/http://whnt.com/2017/08/26/24-hours-after-making-landfall-harveys-rainfall-prompts-flash-flood-emergencies-in-houston/|archive-date=September 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{convert|39.11|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain in August made the month the wettest ever recorded in Houston since record keeping began in 1892, more than doubling the previous record of {{convert|19.21|in|mm|abbr=on}} in June 2001.<ref>{{cite tweet|author=National Weather Service Houston|user=NWSHouston|link=https://twitter.com/NWSHouston/status/903437553382117377|number=903437553382117377|title=Houston's August 2017 rainfall total (39.11 inches) is more than double the previous wettest month. #txwx #houwx #bcswx #Harvey|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017}}</ref> The [[storm surge]] peaked at 6 feet at [[Port Lavaca, Texas|Port Lavaca]]<!--when? http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/HARVEY.shtml? -->,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.u-surge.net/hurricane-harvey.html |title=Hurricane Harvey|work=U-SURGE |access-date= September 10, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170910110459/https://www.u-surge.net/hurricane-harvey.html |archive-date= September 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{youTube|GCx9-na2bhI|Hurricane Harvey storm surge video – CBC News}}</ref> reducing outflow of rainwater from land to sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/|title=Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?|first=Mark|last=Fischetti|work=[[Scientific American]]|date=August 28, 2017|access-date=September 10, 2017|issn=0036-8733|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910133626/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/|archive-date=September 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> During the storm, more than 800 [[Greater Houston|Houston area]] flights were canceled, including 704 at [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]] and 123 at [[William P. Hobby Airport]]. Both airports eventually closed.<ref name=McLaughlin>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/27/us/harvey-landfall/index.html|title=Harvey's rain 'beyond anything experienced,' weather service says|author1=Eliott C. McLaughlin|author2=Ralph Ellis|author3=Joe Sterling|publisher=[[CNN]]|location=Atlanta|access-date=August 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827050033/http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/27/us/harvey-landfall/index.html|archive-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Several tornadoes were spawned in the area, one of which damaged or destroyed the roofs of dozens of homes in [[Sienna Plantation, Texas|Sienna Plantation]].<ref name=Dart>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/26/texas-cities-catastrophic-flooding-hurricane-harvey|first1=Tom|last1=Dart|first2=Edward|last2=Helmore|title=Hurricane Harvey: at least one dead in Texas as storm moves inland|date=August 26, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|access-date=August 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827022704/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/26/texas-cities-catastrophic-flooding-hurricane-harvey|archive-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As of August 29, 14 fatalities have been confirmed from flooding in the Houston area, including 6 from the same family who died when their van was swept off a flooded bridge.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|title=Family of six counted among the dead as Harvey death toll rises to 14|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/29/family-six-counted-among-dead-as-harvey-death-toll-rises-to-14.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829093326/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/29/family-six-counted-among-dead-as-harvey-death-toll-rises-to-14.html|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A police officer drowned while trying to escape rising waters.<ref>{{cite news|author=St. John Barned-Smith|newspaper=Houston Chronicle|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|title=Houston Police officer drowns in Harvey floodwaters|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-Police-officer-drowns-in-Harvey-12145510.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829170510/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-Police-officer-drowns-in-Harvey-12145510.php|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Harvey 2017 rainfall SE Texas.gif|thumb|300px|Enlarged map of rainfall from the hurricane in the Houston and Beaumont metropolitan areas in southeast Texas. Areas in blue indicate accumulations in excess of 15 in (380 mm), while areas in yellow indicate accumulations in excess of {{convert|40|in|mm|abbr=on}}.]] An estimated 25–30 percent of Harris County—roughly 444 mi<sup>2</sup> (1,150 km<sup>2</sup>) of land—was submerged.<ref name="WP_Aug29">{{cite news|author=Kevin Sullivan, Arelis R. Hernandez and David A. Fahrenthold|agency=Washington Post|work=Chicago Tribune|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017|title=Harvey leaving record rainfall, at least 22 deaths behind in Houston|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-hurricane-harvey-flooding-houston-20170829-story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231800/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-hurricane-harvey-flooding-houston-20170829-story.html|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Late on August 27, a mandatory evacuation was issued for all of [[Bay City, Texas|Bay City]] as model projections indicated the downtown area would be inundated by {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water. Flooding was anticipated to cut off access to the city around 1:00 p.m. CDT on August 28.<ref>{{cite news|author=Brenda Burr|newspaper=Bay City Tribune|date=August 28, 2017|access-date=August 28, 2017|title=10 foot floods expected, evacuate by 1 p.m. today officials say|url=http://baycitytribune.com/community/article_25587238-8ba9-11e7-9fa9-a3041ae930e0.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831012630/http://baycitytribune.com/community/article_25587238-8ba9-11e7-9fa9-a3041ae930e0.html|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Evacuations took place in [[Conroe, Texas|Conroe]] on August 28 following release of water from the Lake Conroe dam.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=KTRK|date=August 28, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|title=Dam release ramps up Conroe evacuation plans|url=http://abc13.com/dam-release-ramps-up-conroe-evacuation-plans/2350065/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203514/http://abc13.com/dam-release-ramps-up-conroe-evacuation-plans/2350065/|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On the morning on August 29, a levee along Columbia Lakes in Brazoria County was breached, prompting officials to urgently request for everyone in the area to evacuate.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=KCRA3|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|title=Residents south of Houston urged to leave area after levee breach|url=http://www.kcra.com/article/residents-south-of-houston-urged-to-leave-area-after-levee-breach/12118734|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829175415/http://www.kcra.com/article/residents-south-of-houston-urged-to-leave-area-after-levee-breach/12118734|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Barned-Smith|first1=St. John|last2=Carpenter|first2=Jacob|last3=Foxhall|first3=Emily|title=Brazoria team works against the clock|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Brazoria-team-works-against-the-clock-to-hold-12162780.php|access-date=September 5, 2017|work=Houston Chronicle|date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904214727/http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Brazoria-team-works-against-the-clock-to-hold-12162780.php|archive-date=September 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 28, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] began controlled water releases from [[Addicks Reservoir|Addicks]] and [[Barker Reservoir]]s in the Buffalo Bayou watershed in an attempt to manage flood levels in the immediate area. According to the local Corps commander, "It's going to be better to release the water through the gates directly into Buffalo Bayou as opposed to letting it go around the end and through additional neighborhoods and ultimately into the bayou." At the time the releases started, the reservoirs had been rising at more than {{convert|6|in|mm}} per hour.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/Article/1291369/corps-releases-at-addicks-and-barker-dams-to-begin/ |title=Corps Releases at Addicks and Barker Dams to begin |publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers |date=August 28, 2017 |access-date=August 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828232759/http://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/Article/1291369/corps-releases-at-addicks-and-barker-dams-to-begin/ |archive-date=August 28, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many people began evacuating the area, fearing a levee breach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ksat.com/weather/hurricane/conditions-worsen-for-west-houston-neighborhood|title=Conditions worsen for West Houston neighborhood|publisher=KSAT|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829161852/https://www.ksat.com/weather/hurricane/conditions-worsen-for-west-houston-neighborhood|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite attempts to alleviate the water rise, the Addicks Reservoir reached capacity on the morning of August 29 and began spilling out.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|title=Houston flood: Addicks dam begins overspill|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41081629|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829130003/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41081629|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The NASA [[Johnson Space Center]] was closed to employees and visitors due to the flooding until September 5. Only the critical mission control staff remain and reside in the control rooms to monitor procedures of the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-johnson-space-center-closes-for-hurricane-harvey|title=NASA's Johnson Space Center Closes for Hurricane Harvey|publisher=NASA|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830110122/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-johnson-space-center-closes-for-hurricane-harvey/|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Deep East Texas and Beaumont to Port Arthur area==== [[File:Hurricane Harvey Search and Rescue Mission (546955).webm|thumb|thumbtime=02:44|U.S. Navy sailors conduct a search and rescue mission above a residence in Beaumont, Texas.]]{{blockquote|quote=Anyone who chooses to not [evacuate] cannot expect to be rescued and should write their social security numbers in permanent marker on their arm so their bodies can be identified. The loss of life and property is certain. GET OUT OR DIE!|author=Jacques Blanchette|source=Tyler County Emergency Management<ref>{{cite news|publisher=KSBW|date=August 30, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017|title=East Texas county tells residents 'GET OUT OR DIE!'|url=http://www.ksbw.com/article/east-texas-county-tells-residents-get-out-or-die/12142731|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831051602/http://www.ksbw.com/article/east-texas-county-tells-residents-get-out-or-die/12142731|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The [[Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area]] also experienced torrential precipitation, including {{convert|32.55|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall in [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]].<ref name="WPC 15"/> Rising waters of the [[Neches River]] caused the city to lose service from its main pump station, as well as its secondary water source in [[Hardin County, Texas|Hardin County]], cutting water supply to the city for an unknown amount of time.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brad Penisson|title=The City of Beaumont has lost water supply|url=http://beaumonttexas.gov/city-beaumont-lost-water-supply/|newspaper=City of Beaumont, Texas|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|location=Beaumont, Texas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831131824/http://beaumonttexas.gov/city-beaumont-lost-water-supply/|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Flooding to the north and east of the Houston area resulted in mandatory evacuations for portions of [[Liberty County, Texas|Liberty]], [[Jefferson County, Texas|Jefferson]], and [[Tyler County, Texas|Tyler]] counties, while [[Jasper County, Texas|Jasper]] and [[Newton County, Texas|Newton]] counties were under a voluntary evacuation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kfdm.com/weather/hurricane-stories/mandatory-evacuations-ordered-in-bevil-oaks|title=Mandatory evacuations ordered in parts of Jefferson, Liberty, Tyler counties|publisher=[[KFDM]]|author=Brandon Scott|date=August 28, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830105915/http://kfdm.com/weather/hurricane-stories/mandatory-evacuations-ordered-in-bevil-oaks|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> One death occurred in Beaumont when a woman exited her disabled vehicle, but was swept away.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kfdm.com/news/local/beaumont-woman-with-small-child-killed-in-harvey-related-flooding|title=Beaumont, Texas woman with small child killed in Harvey related flooding|date=August 29, 2017|publisher=KFDM|author=Brandon Scott|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830054626/http://kfdm.com/news/local/beaumont-woman-with-small-child-killed-in-harvey-related-flooding|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Port Arthur, Texas|Port Arthur]], the mayor stated that the entire city was submerged by water. Hundreds of displaced residents went to the Robert A. "Bob" Bowers Civic Center for shelter, but they were evacuated again after the building began to flood. Water entered at least several hundreds of homes in Jefferson County.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/30/nations-largest-refinery-in-port-arthur-texas-shut-down-mayor-says-whole-city-is-underwater.html|title=Nation's largest oil refinery in Port Arthur, Texas shut down; mayor says 'whole city is underwater'|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=August 30, 2017|author=Travis Fedschun|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830173711/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/30/nations-largest-refinery-in-port-arthur-texas-shut-down-mayor-says-whole-city-is-underwater.html|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Louisiana=== [[File:Harvey AVN 20170830 0145 UTC.gif|thumb|left|Infrared satellite loop of Harvey making its third U.S. landfall in [[Louisiana]] on August 30]] Heavy rainfall extended eastward into Louisiana, with the state recording up to {{convert|14.88|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation near the town of [[Iowa, Louisiana|Iowa]].<ref name="WPC 15"/> In the city of [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]], flood waters reached {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height in some areas, with homes inundated and hundreds of people forced to evacuate in one neighborhood alone. Throughout the state, about 500 people were rescued by August 28, while 269 people went to a shelter in southwest Louisiana, about 200 of whom were rescued from their homes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/louisiana-begins-evacuations-harvey-12-year-anniversary-hurricane/story?id=49485519|title=Louisiana begins evacuations for Harvey on 12th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina|date=August 29, 2017|newspaper=ABC News|author=Kelly McCarthy|author2=Julia Jacobo|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829145256/https://abcnews.go.com/US/louisiana-begins-evacuations-harvey-12-year-anniversary-hurricane/story?id=49485519|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An EF2 tornado near [[Evangeline, Louisiana|Evangeline]] damaged four homes, one of which was destroyed. The tornado also damaged fences, a motorcycle, a pickup truck, and toppled three electrical poles.<ref>{{cite report|url= http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=LCH&product=PNS&issuedby=LCH&pid=201708301642 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170903000448/http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=LCH&product=PNS&issuedby=LCH&pid=201708301642 |url-status=dead |archive-date= September 3, 2017 |title=Public Information Statement|date=August 31, 2017|publisher=National Weather Service Lake Charles, Louisiana|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> ===Elsewhere=== [[File:Harvey 2017 rainfall.gif|thumb|300px|Map of the total rainfall from Hurricane Harvey in the United States.]] Rain-slicked roads were blamed for two fatal accidents in [[Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Brandon Riddle|newspaper=Arkansas Online|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Police: Boy killed after vehicle leaves rain-soaked Arkansas road, strikes tree|url=http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2017/aug/31/police-minor-driver-killed-after-vehicle-leaves-ra/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131406/http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2017/aug/31/police-minor-driver-killed-after-vehicle-leaves-ra/|archive-date=February 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Emma Pettit|newspaper=Arkansas Online|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Pickup driver, 21, killed in head-on collision on wet highway in Arkansas|url=http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2017/aug/31/arkansas-man-21-killed-after-pickup-collides-head-/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904102357/http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2017/aug/31/arkansas-man-21-killed-after-pickup-collides-head-/|archive-date=September 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Alabama]], an unusually large, long-tracked EF2 tornado in the vicinity of [[Reform, Alabama|Reform]] and [[Palmetto, Alabama|Palmetto]] damaged two homes and destroyed a barn along [[Alabama State Route 17|SR 17]], while four people were hospitalized for their injuries. The same tornado also caused damage to trees and roofs in [[Lamar County, Alabama|Lamar County]] near [[Kennedy, Alabama|Kennedy]] and additional damage in [[Fayette County, Alabama|Fayette County]], causing two more injuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/news/20170831/tornado-causes-damage-in-pickens-county|title=Tornado causes damage in Pickens County|date=August 31, 2017|newspaper=[[The Tuscaloosa News]]|author=Stephanie Taylor|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901021958/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/news/20170831/tornado-causes-damage-in-pickens-county|archive-date=September 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Birmingham, Alabama|title=Alabama Event Report: EF2 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=719412|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2017|accessdate=November 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Birmingham, Alabama|title=Alabama Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=719421|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2017|accessdate=November 17, 2017}}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Birmingham, Alabama|title=Alabama Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=719987|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2017|accessdate=November 17, 2017}}</ref> Another EF2 tornado in [[Arab, Alabama|Arab]] destroyed chicken houses and damaged homes and trees.<ref>{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Huntsville, Alabama|title=Alabama Event Report: EF2 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=711793|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2017|accessdate=November 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Huntsville, Alabama|title=Alabama Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=711794|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2017|accessdate=November 17, 2017}}</ref> In [[Tennessee]], more than 19,000 people lost electricity in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/beaumont-texas-loses-water-supply-due-to-neches-river-flooding|title=Harvey Beyond Houston: Possible Tornado Causes Damage in Alabama; Tennessee Flooding Prompts Evacuations|date=September 1, 2017|newspaper=The Weather Channel|author=Eric Chaney|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901025413/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/beaumont-texas-loses-water-supply-due-to-neches-river-flooding|archive-date=September 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Low-lying streets in the area were inundated with water. One indirect death occurred in Memphis due to a weather-related head-on collision of a car and a tractor trailer on [[Interstate 40]].<ref name="The Birmingham News">{{cite news|url=http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2017/09/harvey_brings_destruction_thro.html|title=Harvey brings destruction through Alabama to Tennessee|date=September 1, 2017|newspaper=[[The Birmingham News]]|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901160919/http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2017/09/harvey_brings_destruction_thro.html|archive-date=September 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Heavy rainfall in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] inundated a number of roads and flooded an apartment complex, resulting in the evacuation of 13 people. Overall, about 50 people in the city evacuated from flooded areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/01/harvey-remnants-flood-tennessee-kentucky-irma-picks-up-steam-crossing-atlantic/624205001/|title=Harvey floods Tennessee, Kentucky, as Hurricane Irma spins up in the Atlantic|author=Bart Jansen|date=September 1, 2017|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901182735/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/01/harvey-remnants-flood-tennessee-kentucky-irma-picks-up-steam-crossing-atlantic/624205001/|archive-date=September 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An EF1 tornado also touched down in the northeastern side of the city, damaging trees, homes, carports, and power lines.<ref>{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Nashville, Tennessee|title=Tennessee Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=719854|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2017|accessdate=November 17, 2017}}</ref> An additional EF0 tornado on the southeastern side of the city damaged trees, a carport, a warehouse, and a garage, while also flipping an 18-wheeler.<ref>{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Nashville, Tennessee|title=Tennessee Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=719856|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2017|accessdate=November 17, 2017}}</ref> Rain in Kentucky was blamed for a fatal car accident.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=WKYT|date=September 1, 2017|access-date=September 2, 2017|title=1 person killed in crash on I-40 in Shelby County|url=http://www.wkyt.com/content/news/Deadly-accident-closes-lanes-on-I-75-in-Laurel-County-442475333.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901231733/http://www.wkyt.com/content/news/Deadly-accident-closes-lanes-on-I-75-in-Laurel-County-442475333.html|archive-date=September 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 1, the outer bands of Harvey's remnants passed through [[North Carolina]]. Severe weather was reported across the central part of the state. High wind knocked out power in Fuquay-Varina, Sanford, and Holly Springs, and large hail hit parts of Wake, Harnett, and Johnston counties. In Willow Spring, hail larger than softballs damaged homes and cars. [[Flash flood]]ing hit Greenville further east. Tornadoes were also reported in Angier, Clayton, and Smithfield, but they were unconfirmed. ===Energy production=== {{see also|2017 Arkema plant explosion}} Energy production in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] declined in the wake of Harvey by approximately 21% — the output dropped to 378,633 barrels per day from the original 1.75 million [[Barrel of oil|barrels of oil]] produced each day. The [[Eagle Ford Group|Eagle Ford Rock Formation]] (shale oil and gas) in southern Texas reduced production by 300,000 to 500,000 <abbr title="barrels per day">bpd</abbr>, according to the [[Texas Railroad Commission]]. Many energy-related ports and terminals closed, delaying about fourteen crude oil tankers. About 2.25 million bpd of refining capacity was<!--is?--> offline for several days; that is about 12% of total US capacity, with refineries affected at Corpus Christi, and later [[Port Arthur, Texas|Port Arthur]] and [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]], and [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]]. The price of [[Brent crude]] ''versus'' [[West Texas Intermediate]] crude oil achieved a split of [[USD|U.S. $]]5.<ref name="2017-08-28_Stratfor">{{cite web |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/us-hurricane-harvey-s-toll-texas-energy |title=U.S.: Hurricane Harvey's Toll on Texas Energy |publisher=[[Stratfor]] |date=August 28, 2017 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830152229/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/us-hurricane-harvey-s-toll-texas-energy |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two [[ExxonMobil]] refineries had to be shut down following related storm damage and releases of hazardous pollutants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/08/29/exxonmobil-refineries-damaged-in-hurricane-harvey-releasing-hazardous-pollutants|title=ExxonMobil refineries are damaged in Hurricane Harvey, releasing hazardous pollutants|date=August 29, 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829194723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/08/29/exxonmobil-refineries-damaged-in-hurricane-harvey-releasing-hazardous-pollutants/|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Two oil storage tanks owned by Burlington Resources Oil and Gas collectively spilled 30,000 gallons of crude in [[DeWitt County, Texas|DeWitt County]]. An additional 8,500 gallons of wastewater was spilled in the incidents.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=August 30, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=The Latest: Death toll 31 as 6 more fatalities confirmed|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article170147332.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904225822/http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article170147332.html|archive-date=September 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 30, the CEO of [[Arkema]] warned one of its chemical plants in [[Crosby, Texas]], could explode or be subject to intense fire due to the loss of "critical refrigeration" of materials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/30/harvey-aftershock-chemical-plant-near-houston-could-explode-ceo-says.html|title=Harvey aftershock: Chemical plant near Houston could explode, CEO says|date=August 30, 2017|publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831042023/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/30/harvey-aftershock-chemical-plant-near-houston-could-explode-ceo-says.html|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> All workers at the facility and residents within {{convert|1.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} were evacuated. Eight of the plant's nine refrigeration units failed without power, enabling the stored chemicals to decompose and become combustible. Two explosions occurred around 2:00 a.m. on August 31; 21 emergency personnel were briefly hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Harvey Live Updates: In Crosby, Texas, Blasts at a Chemical Plant and More Are Feared|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/harvey-houston-texas-flood.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831131428/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/harvey-houston-texas-flood.html|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the shutdown in refineries, [[Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing|gas prices]] did see an increase nationwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey-energy/texas-refineries-begin-restart-after-hit-from-harvey-idUSKCN1BD0B9 |title=Texas refineries begin restart after hit from Harvey |work=Reuters |date=September 2, 2017 |access-date=September 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903063939/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey-energy/texas-refineries-begin-restart-after-hit-from-harvey-idUSKCN1BD0B9 |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the increase was not as [[Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina|extensive as Hurricane Katrina]].<ref name="CBS">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gas-prices-up-to-2-year-high-after-hurricane-harvey/ |title=Gas prices up to 2-year high after Hurricane Harvey |work=CBS News |date=September 1, 2017 |access-date=September 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903225719/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gas-prices-up-to-2-year-high-after-hurricane-harvey/ |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Harvey's impact coincided with [[Labor Day Weekend]], which sees a traditional increase in gas prices due to the heavy travel for that weekend.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nj.com/traffic/index.ssf/2017/09/harvey_spikes_nj_gas_prices_ahead_of_holiday_weekend_how_high_will_they_go.html |title=Harvey spikes N.J. gas prices ahead of holiday weekend. How high will they go? |publisher=NJ.com |date=September 2017 |access-date=September 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903225708/http://www.nj.com/traffic/index.ssf/2017/09/harvey_spikes_nj_gas_prices_ahead_of_holiday_weekend_how_high_will_they_go.html |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nonetheless, the spike brought the highest gas prices in two years.<ref name="CBS" /> ===Sports=== [[File:Astros_Strong.png|upright=0.75|right|thumb|In the aftermath of the storm, the Houston Astros began wearing this patch during the 2017 season in support of the storm's victims in Houston. They eventually went on to win the [[2017 World Series|World Series]].]] The flooding in Houston from the storm required the traditional [[Governor's Cup (Texas)|Governor's Cup]] [[National Football League]] preseason game between the [[Dallas Cowboys]] and the [[Houston Texans]] scheduled for August 31 to be moved from [[NRG Stadium]] in Houston to [[AT&T Stadium]] in [[Arlington, Texas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cowboys-Texans game relocated to AT&T Stadium |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000836313/article/cowboystexans-game-relocated-to-att-stadium |publisher=NFL |date=August 28, 2017 |access-date=August 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829044254/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000836313/article/cowboystexans-game-relocated-to-att-stadium |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The game was later cancelled to allow the Houston Texans players to return to Houston after the storm.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jori Epstein|title=Cowboys-Texans game canceled to give Houston players chance to go home after Harvey|work=The Dallas Morning News|date=August 30, 2017|url=https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2017/08/28/cowboys-texans-officially-relocate-thursdays-nfl-preseason-game-att-stadium-houston|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831225717/https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2017/08/28/cowboys-texans-officially-relocate-thursdays-nfl-preseason-game-att-stadium-houston|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, the [[Houston Astros]] were forced to move their August 29–31 series with the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] from [[Minute Maid Park]] in Houston to [[Tropicana Field]] in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]];<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.astros.mlb.com/news/article/251073866/astros-to-play-at-rays-ballpark-due-to-storm |title=TEX-HOU moved to Rays' park; millions donated |publisher=MLB |date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830144859/http://m.astros.mlb.com/news/article/251073866/astros-to-play-at-rays-ballpark-due-to-storm/ |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ironically, just two weeks later, [[Hurricane Irma]] would force the stadium's regular tenants, the [[Tampa Bay Rays]], to move three home games to [[Citi Field]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/20636736/new-york-yankees-tampa-bay-rays-play-citi-field-due-potential-impact-hurricane-irma|title=Yanks-Rays series off to Citi Field due to Irma|date=September 8, 2017|access-date=September 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909001606/http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/20636736/new-york-yankees-tampa-bay-rays-play-citi-field-due-potential-impact-hurricane-irma|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In the aftermath, the [[2017 Houston Astros season|Houston Astros]] began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word "Strong" on the bottom of the patch, as well as promoting the hashtag ''Houston Strong'', prominently displaying them as the Astros won the [[2017 World Series]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Pingue|first=Frank|title=Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baseball-mlb-worldseries-hou-harvey/astros-give-houston-boost-during-hurricane-harvey-recovery-idUSKBN1CS1QH|work=[[Reuters]]|date=October 23, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025834/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baseball-mlb-worldseries-hou-harvey/astros-give-houston-boost-during-hurricane-harvey-recovery-idUSKBN1CS1QH|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dart|first=Tom|title=World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/27/world-series-unites-houston-as-road-to-hurricane-recovery-winds-on|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 28, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029062334/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/27/world-series-unites-houston-as-road-to-hurricane-recovery-winds-on|archive-date=October 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Manager [[A. J. Hinch]] has stated in an interview that the team wasn't just playing for a title, but to help boost moral support for the city.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baxter|first=Kevin|title=Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane-ravaged Houston|url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-astros-report-20171028-story.html|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 28, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030013155/http://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-astros-report-20171028-story.html|archive-date=October 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The annual [[Texas Kickoff]] game that was to feature [[2017 BYU Cougars football team|BYU]] and [[2017 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]] to kick off the [[2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2017 college football season]] was moved to the [[Mercedes-Benz Superdome]] in [[New Orleans]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2017/8/27/16210992/hurricane-harvey-lsu-byu-game-houston-2017|title=LSU-BYU game moving from Houston to New Orleans|work=[[SB Nation]]|date=August 27, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829033144/https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2017/8/27/16210992/hurricane-harvey-lsu-byu-game-houston-2017|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The NCAA FBS football game between [[2017 Houston Cougars football team|Houston]] and [[2017 UTSA Roadrunners football team|UTSA]] was postponed due to the aftermath of the storm. It was originally scheduled for September 2 at the [[Alamodome]] in San Antonio and was ultimately canceled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uhcougars.com/genrel/082917aab.html|title=No Houston Teams to Compete This Weekend|website=UHCOUGARS.com|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830002219/http://www.uhcougars.com/genrel/082917aab.html|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Houston Dynamo]] rescheduled a planned [[Major League Soccer]] match against [[Sporting Kansas City]] on August 26 to October 11. The [[Houston Dash]] of the [[National Women's Soccer League]] rescheduled their August 27 match against the [[North Carolina Courage]] to a later date.<ref>{{cite news |author=Corey Roepken |date=August 25, 2017 |title=Dynamo, Dash games postponed due to Hurricane Harvey |url=http://www.chron.com/sports/dynamo/article/Dynamo-Dash-games-postponed-due-Hurricane-Harvey-11957958.php |work=Houston Chronicle |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901230054/http://www.chron.com/sports/dynamo/article/Dynamo-Dash-games-postponed-due-Hurricane-Harvey-11957958.php |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both teams moved their training camps to [[Toyota Stadium (Texas)|Toyota Stadium]] in [[Frisco, Texas]] (near Dallas) while preparing for their next matches; the Dash's match the following week, against the [[Seattle Reign]], was played in Frisco, with all proceeds from ticket sales benefiting an [[American Red Cross]] relief fund for hurricane victims.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 30, 2017 |title=Houston Dynamo & Dash to train in North Texas for remainder of the week |url=https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2017/08/30/houston-dynamo-dash-train-north-texas-remainder-week |publisher=[[Houston Dynamo]] |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901025701/https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2017/08/30/houston-dynamo-dash-train-north-texas-remainder-week |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Dynamo and Major League Soccer also donated a combined $1 million into the hurricane relief fund, while also opening [[BBVA Compass Stadium]] to accept donated supplies for processing and distribution.<ref>{{cite news |author=Corey Roepken |date=August 31, 2017 |title=Dynamo, MLS combine for $1 million Hurricane Harvey donation |url=http://www.chron.com/sports/dynamo/article/Dynamo-MLS-combine-for-1-million-Hurricane-Harvey-12165107.php |work=Houston Chronicle |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831224201/http://www.chron.com/sports/dynamo/article/Dynamo-MLS-combine-for-1-million-Hurricane-Harvey-12165107.php |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=August 30, 2017 |title=BBVA Compass Stadium at capacity; no longer collecting donations for storm relief |url=https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2017/08/30/bbva-compass-stadium-capacity-no-longer-collecting-donations-storm-relief |publisher=Houston Dynamo |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901022047/https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2017/08/30/bbva-compass-stadium-capacity-no-longer-collecting-donations-storm-relief |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Athletic events were rescheduled as far away as [[Kentucky]], where the storm's remnants were expected to cause heavy rains on September 1, interfering with Friday night [[high school football]]. More than 50 high schools in the state moved games that had been scheduled for Friday to either Thursday or Saturday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kentucky.com/sports/high-school/prep-football/article170162842.html |title=List of high school football games moving due to Hurricane Harvey weather system |author=Josh Moore |newspaper=[[Lexington Herald-Leader]] |location=[[Lexington, Kentucky]] |date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901105911/http://www.kentucky.com/sports/high-school/prep-football/article170162842.html |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Aftermath== [[File:President Trump Participates in a Tour of the Emergency Operations Center.webm|thumb|President Trump participating in a tour of the Emergency Operations Center, video from the [[White House]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-3624834/trump-sumbangkan-rp-13-miliar-untuk-korban-badai-harvey|title=Trump Sumbangkan Rp 13 Miliar untuk Korban Badai Harvey |website=detik.com|date=September 1, 2017|access-date=September 5, 2021}}</ref>]] [[File:Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner Says Houston Begins Recovery Mission - Morning Joe - MSNBC.ogg|thumb|right|Interview with [[Sylvester Turner]] and [[Al Sharpton]] on September 1, 2017 – from [[MSNBC]]]] [[File:Hurricane Harvey (2017) 170828-Z-FG822-026 (36127995543).jpg|thumb|left|Damage by Harvey to a marina in Rockport, Texas, on August 28, 2017]] ===Texas=== Houston Mayor [[Sylvester Turner]] imposed a mandatory [[curfew]] on August 29 from midnight to 5 a.m. [[Central Time Zone|local time]] until further notice. He cited looting as the primary reason for the curfew.<ref>{{cite news|author=Blair Shiff|author2=Julia Jacobo|author3=Emily Shapiro|work=ABC News|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 29, 2017|title=Houston mayor imposes curfew to prevent potential looting|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/houston-police-chief-warns-robbers-dont-houston-caught/story?id=49493765|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829220323/https://abcnews.go.com/US/houston-police-chief-warns-robbers-dont-houston-caught/story?id=49493765|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 29, President Trump, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Melania Trump]], and U.S. Senators [[John Cornyn]] and [[Ted Cruz]] toured damage in the [[Corpus Christi metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/08/29/trump-lands-in-texas-to-tour-hurricane-damage.html|title=Trump surveys Harvey damage, calls for recovery 'better than ever before'|date=August 29, 2017|publisher=Fox News Channel|author=Alex Pappas|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829220537/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/08/29/trump-lands-in-texas-to-tour-hurricane-damage.html|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> President Trump made a formal request for $5.95 billion in federal funding on August 31 for affected areas, the vast majority of which would go to FEMA.<ref>{{cite news|author=Perry Chiaramonte|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=September 1, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017|title=Trump pushing for $6 billion in Harvey recovery funding|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/09/01/trump-pushing-for-6-billion-in-harvey-recovery-funding.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901055419/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/09/01/trump-pushing-for-6-billion-in-harvey-recovery-funding.html|archive-date=September 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Texas [[Governor (United States)|Governor]] [[Greg Abbott]] deployed the state's entire National Guard for search and rescue, recovery, and clean up operations due to the devastating damage caused by the storm and resulting floods.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-activates-entire-texas-national-guard-in-response-to-hurric|title=Governor Abbott Activates Entire Texas National Guard In Response To Hurricane Harvey Devastation|website=Office of the Texas Governor|date=August 28, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829105838/https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-activates-entire-texas-national-guard-in-response-to-hurric|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Leada Gore|url=http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2017/08/hurricane_harvey_latest_foreca.html|title=Hurricane Harvey latest forecast: Texas National Guard activated; Trump responds; how to help|website=AL.com|date=August 28, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830213109/http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2017/08/hurricane_harvey_latest_foreca.html|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Other states' National Guard's have offered assistance, with several having already been sent.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jake Lowary|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2017/08/29/hurricane-harvey-tennessee-national-guard-response-ready/613672001/|title=Tennessee National Guard: We're ready for Hurricane Harvey response|work=Tennessean|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Scott Wise|url=http://wtvr.com/2017/08/30/va-national-guard-helps-hurricane-harvey-recovery/|title=Virginia National Guard helps Hurricane Harvey recovery|publisher=WTVR|date=August 30, 2017|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831005055/http://wtvr.com/2017/08/30/va-national-guard-helps-hurricane-harvey-recovery/|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement assigned approximately 150 employees from around the country to assist with disaster relief efforts, while stating that no immigration enforcement operations would be conducted.<ref name="AP" /> Approximately 32,000 people were displaced in shelters across the state by August 31. The [[George R. Brown Convention Center]], the state's largest shelter, reached capacity with 8,000 evacuees. The [[NRG Center]] opened as a large public shelter accordingly. More than 210,000 people registered with [[FEMA]] for disaster assistance.<ref name="NYT_Aug30Live">{{cite news|work=The New York Times|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Explosions and Black Smoke Reported at Chemical Plant|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/hurricane-harvey-flooding-houston.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830230252/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/hurricane-harvey-flooding-houston.html|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Cajun Navy]], an informal organization of volunteers with boats from Louisiana, deployed to Texas to assist in high-water rescues.<ref>{{cite news|author=Edmund D. Fountain and Trip Gabriel|work=The New York Times|date=August 30, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title='Cajun Navy' Brings Its Rescue Fleet to Houston's Flood Zone|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/cajun-navy-brings-its-rescue-fleet-to-houstons-flood-zone.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830205853/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/cajun-navy-brings-its-rescue-fleet-to-houstons-flood-zone.html|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Houston Independent School District]] announced that all students on any of the district's campuses would be eligible for free lunch throughout the 2017–18 school year. The Federal Department of Education eased financial aid rules and procedures for those affected by Harvey, giving schools the ability to waive paperwork requirements; loan borrowers were given more flexibility in managing their loan payments.<ref name="AP" /> A 36-year-old inmate sentenced to death for a 2003 murder was granted a temporary reprieve as a result of Harvey, as his legal team was based in Harris County, an area heavily affected by the hurricane.<ref name="AP" /> By August 30, corporations across the nation collectively donated more than $72 million to relief efforts, with 42 companies donating at least $1 million.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kaya Yurieff|publisher=CNN Money|date=August 30, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Businesses donate over $72 million to Harvey relief efforts|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/30/news/companies/hurricane-harvey-corporate-donations/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921232350/http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/30/news/companies/hurricane-harvey-corporate-donations/index.html|archive-date=September 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Professional athletic teams, their players, and managers provided large donations to assist victims of the storm. The [[Houston Astros]] pledged $4 million to relief along with all proceeds from their home game raffles. [[Houston Rockets]] owner [[Leslie Alexander (businessman)|Leslie Alexander]] also donated $4 million to the cause.<ref>{{cite news|author=Olivia Pulsinelli|newspaper=Houston Business Journal|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Astros owner, foundation commit $4M to Harvey relief; Crane Worldwide launches donation effort|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2017/08/29/astros-owner-foundation-commit-4m-to-harvey-relief.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221845/https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2017/08/29/astros-owner-foundation-commit-4m-to-harvey-relief.html|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A fundraiser established by [[Houston Texans]] defensive lineman [[J. J. Watt]] exceeded $37 million. For his efforts, Watt received the [[Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/texans/2018/02/03/jj-watt-walter-payton-man-year-hurricane-harvey-relief/303944002/|title=J.J. Watt wins Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award for Hurricane Harvey relief efforts|date=February 3, 2018|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204062130/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/texans/2018/02/03/jj-watt-walter-payton-man-year-hurricane-harvey-relief/303944002/|archive-date=February 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] and [[Tennessee Titans]] both provided $1 million, while the [[New England Patriots]] pledged to match up to $1 million in donations to the Red Cross.<ref>{{cite news|author=Scott Polacek|work=Bleacher Report|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Texas Rangers Donate $1 Million to Hurricane Harvey Relief|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2730340-texas-rangers-donate-1-million-to-hurricane-harvey-relief|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831071315/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2730340-texas-rangers-donate-1-million-to-hurricane-harvey-relief|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple Hollywood celebrities also pitched in, collectively donating more than $10 million, with [[Sandra Bullock]] providing the largest single donation of $1 million.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarah Polus|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 30, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Celebrities open their hearts – and checkbooks – to Harvey victims|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2017/08/30/celebrities-open-their-hearts-and-checkbooks-to-harvey-victims/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831005409/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2017/08/30/celebrities-open-their-hearts-and-checkbooks-to-harvey-victims/|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] provided $1 million to the United Way Harvey Recovery Fund through [[Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation|his foundation]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Erin Jensen|newspaper=USA Today|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Leonardo DiCaprio, the Kardashians, more celebs pledge donations for Hurricane Harvey relief efforts|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/08/29/rock-nicki-minaj-dj-khaled-more-celebs-pledge-donations-for-harvey-relief-efforts/611426001/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627153308/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/08/29/rock-nicki-minaj-dj-khaled-more-celebs-pledge-donations-for-harvey-relief-efforts/611426001/|archive-date=June 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Donald Trump]] donated $1 million to 12 charities involved in relief efforts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Manchester|first1=Julia|last2=Greenwood|first2=Max|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/350999-trump-makes-good-on-pledge-to-donate-to-harvey-relief/|title=Trump makes good on pledge to donate to Harvey relief|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=2017-09-16|access-date=2017-09-19|quote=''The Hill'' confirmed with multiple groups that they received the funds this week.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919032451/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/350999-trump-makes-good-on-pledge-to-donate-to-harvey-relief|archive-date=September 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rachael Ray]] provided donations totaling $1 million to animal shelters across the Houston area.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Ana Calderone|magazine=People|date=August 30, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2017|title=Rachael Ray Donates $1 Million to Support Animal Rescue in Texas Flood Areas|url=http://people.com/food/rachael-ray-donates-1-million-hurricane-harvey-animals/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830235713/http://people.com/food/rachael-ray-donates-1-million-hurricane-harvey-animals/|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Economic loss estimates=== {{Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes|align=right}} [[Moody's Analytics]] initially estimated the total economic cost of the storm at $81 billion to $108 billion or more; most of the economic losses are damage to homes and commercial property.<ref name="Lee">{{cite news|author=Don Lee|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-harvey-economic-toll-20170901-story.html|title=Harvey is likely to be the second-most costly natural disaster in U.S. history|work=Los Angeles Times|date=September 1, 2017|access-date=September 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903225719/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-harvey-economic-toll-20170901-story.html|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Reinsurance company [[Aon (company)|Aon Benfield]] estimated total economic losses at $100 billion, including $30 billion in insured damage, making Harvey the costliest disaster in 2017 by their calculations.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Insurance Journal|date=January 24, 2018|access-date=January 29, 2017|title=Insured Natural Disaster Losses in 2017 Were 38% of Economic Costs of $353B: Aon|url=https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2018/01/24/478246.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124200407/https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2018/01/24/478246.htm|archive-date=January 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' reported an [[AccuWeather]] estimate of $190 billion, released August 31.<ref name="190billion">{{cite news |author=Doyle Rice |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2017/08/30/harvey-costliest-natural-disaster-u-s-history-estimated-cost-160-billion/615708001/ |title=Harvey to be costliest natural disaster in U.S. history, with an estimated cost of $190 billion |work=USA Today |date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903090312/https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2017/08/30/harvey-costliest-natural-disaster-u-s-history-estimated-cost-160-billion/615708001/ |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 3, Texas state governor Greg Abbott estimated that damages will be between $150 billion and $180 billion, surpassing the $120 billion that it took to rebuild [[New Orleans]] after Katrina.<ref name="180 billion">{{cite news|author1=Gary McWilliams|author2=Parraga Marianna|title=Texas governor says Harvey damage could reach $180 billion|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey/texas-governor-says-harvey-damage-could-reach-180-billion-idUSKCN1BE0TL|work=Reuters|access-date=September 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903210742/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey/texas-governor-says-harvey-damage-could-reach-180-billion-idUSKCN1BE0TL|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Oliver Milman|title=Harvey recovery bill expected to exceed the $120bn required after Katrina|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/03/harvey-recovery-bill-expected-to-exceed-the-120-billion-required-after-katrina|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=September 3, 2017|date=September 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903185259/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/03/harvey-recovery-bill-expected-to-exceed-the-120-billion-required-after-katrina|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to weather analytics firm [[Planalytics]], lost revenue to Houston area retailers and restaurants alone will be approximately $1 billion. The Houston area controls 4% of the spending power in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |author=Adrianne Pasquarelli |url=http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/hurricane-harvey-cost-brands-1b-sales/310268/ |title=Harvey Blasts Brands: Could Cost More Than $1B in Sales |work=[[Advertising Age]] |date=August 28, 2017 |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829000612/http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/hurricane-harvey-cost-brands-1b-sales/310268/ |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2017, the Insurance Council of Texas estimated the total insured losses from Hurricane Harvey at $19 billion. This figure represents $11 billion in flood losses insured by the [[National Flood Insurance Program]] (NFIP), $3 billion in "insured windstorm and other storm-related property losses"; and about $4.75 billion in insured flood losses of private and commercial vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2017/09/15/464484.htm|title=ICT Pegs Hurricane Harvey Insured Losses at $19B|work=Insurance Journal|date=September 15, 2017|access-date=September 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915185711/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2017/09/15/464484.htm|archive-date=September 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 1, 2018, payouts from the NFIP reached $7.6 billion against total estimated losses of $8.5–9.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew G. Simpson|newspaper=Insurance Journal|date=January 8, 2018|access-date=January 29, 2018|title=FEMA Expands Flood Reinsurance Program with Private Reinsurers for 2018|url=https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2018/01/08/476500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091323/https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2018/01/08/476500.htm|archive-date=January 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Economists Michael Hicks and Mark Burton at [[Ball State University]] estimated damage in the Houston metropolitan area alone at $198.63 billion.<ref>{{cite report|author=Michael Hicks and Mark Burton|publisher=Ball State University|date=September 8, 2017|access-date=November 1, 2017|title=Hurricane Harvey: Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages on the Houston Metropolitan Area|url=http://projects.cberdata.org/reports/HurricaneHarvey2017.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020820/http://projects.cberdata.org/reports/HurricaneHarvey2017.pdf|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind [[Hurricane Katrina]] with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).<ref name="NOAAbillion" /> A significant portion of the storm's damages are uninsured losses. Regular homeowner insurance policies generally exclude coverage for flooding, as the NFIP underwrites most flood insurance policies in the US.<ref name="NYT: NFIP"/><ref name="CNN: Lack of flood insurance">{{cite news|author=Chris Isidore|title=Most homes in Tropical Storm Harvey's path don't have flood insurance|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/25/news/economy/hurricane-harvey-flood-insurance/index.html?iid=EL|access-date=August 30, 2017|publisher=CNN|date=August 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830103417/http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/25/news/economy/hurricane-harvey-flood-insurance/index.html?iid=EL|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the purchase of flood insurance is obligatory for federally guaranteed mortgages for homes within the [[100-year flood|100-year flood plain]], enforcement of the requirement is difficult and many homes, even within the 100-year flood plain, lack flood insurance.<ref name="NYT: NFIP"/> In [[Harris County, Texas]]—which includes the city of Houston—only 15% of homes have flood insurance policies issued by the NFIP. Participation in the NFIP is higher, but still low, in neighboring [[Galveston County, Texas|Galveston]] (41%), [[Brazoria County, Texas|Brazoria]] (26%), and [[Chambers County, Texas|Chambers Counties]] (21%).<ref name="NYT: NFIP">{{cite news|author=Mary Williams Walsh|title=Homeowners (and Taxpayers) Face Billions in Losses From Harvey Flooding|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/business/dealbook/flood-insurance-harvey.html?mcubz=3|access-date=August 30, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=August 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830105210/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/business/dealbook/flood-insurance-harvey.html?mcubz=3|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Homeowners sued authorities after reservoir releases damaged homes.<!--denied after Katrina--><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey-lawsuits/harvey-storm-water-releases-were-unlawful-government-takings-lawsuits-idUSKCN1BO0DS |title=Harvey storm-water releases were unlawful government takings: lawsuits |first=Bryan |last=Sims |date=September 13, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2017 |newspaper=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913063152/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey-lawsuits/harvey-storm-water-releases-were-unlawful-government-takings-lawsuits-idUSKCN1BO0DS |archive-date=September 13, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federal government response=== [[File:President Trump signing Hurricane Harvey bill (cropped).jpg|thumb|President Trump signs H.R. 601 into effect, providing $15 billion in disaster relief for hurricane victims]] On September 8, President [[Donald Trump]] signed into law H.R. 601, which among other spending actions designated $15 billion for Hurricane Harvey relief.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/news-wrap-trump-signs-15-billion-hurricane-harvey-relief-bill/|title=News Wrap: Trump signs $15 billion Hurricane Harvey relief bill|date=September 8, 2017|work=PBS Newshour|access-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928081429/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/news-wrap-trump-signs-15-billion-hurricane-harvey-relief-bill/|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Non-governmental organization response=== The [[American Red Cross]], [[Salvation Army]], United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR), Gulf Coast Synod Disaster Relief,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/tlgcsdisasterrelief/|title=Gulf Coast Synod Disaster Relief|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2017-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gulfcoastsynod.org/hurricane-harvey/|title=Hurricane Harvey – Gulf Coast Synod|date=2017-08-27|work=Gulf Coast Synod|access-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144604/https://gulfcoastsynod.org/hurricane-harvey/|archive-date=June 27, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[United States Equestrian Federation]], [[Humane Society of the United States]], [[Knights of Columbus]], [[Samaritan's Purse]], [[Catholic Charities USA]], [[AmeriCares]], [[BakerRipley]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/about/houston-gives/article/Angela-Blanchard-head-of-Baker-Ripley-took-12374520.php|title=Angela Blanchard, head of Baker Ripley took charge when the county opened NRG to storm victims|publisher=Houston Chronicle|access-date=2021-06-25|date=2017-11-22}}</ref> Operation BBQ relief, many celebrities, and many other charitable organizations provided help to the victims of the storm.<ref name=SalvArmy>{{cite news | agency=News On 6 Tulsa | url=http://www.newson6.com/story/36268546/salvation-army-accepting-hurricane-harvey-relief-donations-in-tulsa | title=Salvation Army Accepting Hurricane Harvey Relief Donations In Tulsa | date=September 1, 2017 | access-date=September 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901201622/http://www.newson6.com/story/36268546/salvation-army-accepting-hurricane-harvey-relief-donations-in-tulsa | archive-date=September 1, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Equine>{{cite news| author=Janet Patton| newspaper=Lexington Herald Leader| url=http://www.kentucky.com/news/business/article170676992.html| title=Harvey equine relief tops $150,000; supply list available for donors| date=September 1, 2017| access-date=September 1, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203305/http://www.kentucky.com/news/business/article170676992.html| archive-date=September 1, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=PetsRescue>{{cite news | author=Perri Blumberg | publisher=Yahoo! News Southern Living | url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/animal-rescue-groups-texas-help-162437715.html | title=Animal Rescue Groups in Texas Need Your Help—Here's What You Can Do | date=August 30, 2017 | access-date=September 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901204054/https://www.yahoo.com/news/animal-rescue-groups-texas-help-162437715.html | archive-date=September 1, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anarchism|Anarchists]] (including [[Antifa (United States)|Antifa]]) also provided relief.<ref name="Anarchists & Antifa Relief">{{cite web |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/8/30/the_red_cross_wont_save_houston_texas |title=The Red Cross Won't Save Houston. Texas Residents Are Launching Community Relief Efforts Instead |date=2017-08-30 |website=Democracy Now! |access-date=2017-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902233444/https://www.democracynow.org/2017/8/30/the_red_cross_wont_save_houston_texas |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date= August 2018|reason=Source consists of an interview, fact-checking not apparent}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.salon.com/2017/09/07/antifa-and-leftists-organize-mutual-aid-and-rescue-networks-in-houston_partner/ |title= Antifa and leftists organize mutual aid and rescue networks in Houston |first1= Candice |last1= Bernd |date= September 7, 2017 |work= [[Salon (website)|Salon]] |access-date= August 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180830035038/https://www.salon.com/2017/09/07/antifa-and-leftists-organize-mutual-aid-and-rescue-networks-in-houston_partner/ |archive-date= August 30, 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref> Business aviation played a part in the rescue efforts, providing support during the storm as well as relief flights bringing in suppliers in the immediate aftermath.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/douggollan/2017/09/08/after-harvey-as-irma-bears-down-on-florida-heres-how-business-aviation-plays-a-critical-role/#b35b08c57b1a|title=After Harvey, As Irma Bears Down On Florida, Here's How Business Aviation Plays A Critical Role|first=Doug|last=Gollan|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910043407/https://www.forbes.com/sites/douggollan/2017/09/08/after-harvey-as-irma-bears-down-on-florida-heres-how-business-aviation-plays-a-critical-role/#b35b08c57b1a|archive-date=September 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Volunteers from [[amateur radio]]'s emergency service wing, the [[Amateur Radio Emergency Service]], provided communications in [[American Red Cross]] shelters in South Texas.<ref name=ARRLSupt>{{cite news | publisher=ARRL | url=http://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-volunteers-assisting-where-needed-in-hurricane-response | title=Amateur Radio Volunteers Assisting Where Needed in Hurricane Response | date=August 30, 2017 | access-date=September 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901202142/http://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-volunteers-assisting-where-needed-in-hurricane-response | archive-date=September 1, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts. Operation BBQ relief had the help from several local individuals and businesses kick off the support of providing meals for volunteers and victims. Smokers, pallets of wood, and another company came up with the pounds of pork to kick off the support effort.<ref name=SmokdMeat>{{cite news| author=Greg Morago| work=Houston Chronicle| url=http://www.chron.com/entertainment/restaurants-bars/bbq/article/Operation-BBQ-Relief-pulls-into-Houston-to-12162038.php| title=Operation BBQ Relief pulls into Houston to comfort, nourish with smoked meat| date=August 30, 2017| access-date=September 1, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901200636/http://www.chron.com/entertainment/restaurants-bars/bbq/article/Operation-BBQ-Relief-pulls-into-Houston-to-12162038.php| archive-date=September 1, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> Operation BBQ relief vendors volunteering for the Houston flood relief estimates that they will serve at least 450,000 meals.<ref name=BBQRelief>{{cite news| author=Kevin Kilbane| newspaper=Fort Wayne News Sentinel| url=http://www.news-sentinel.com/news/local/fort_wayne_residents_pitching_in_to_help_hurricane_harvey_victims_20170901&profile=1179| title=Fort Wayne residents pitching in to help Hurricane Harvey victims| date=September 1, 2017| access-date=January 18, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904225821/http://www.news-sentinel.com/news/local/fort_wayne_residents_pitching_in_to_help_hurricane_harvey_victims_20170901%26profile%3D1179| archive-date=September 4, 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 27, 2017, it was estimated that Operation BBQ relief will be expecting 25,000 to 30,000 meals a day.<ref name=Ready2Help>{{cite news| author=Mike Lacy| publisher=WLOX ABC News| url=http://www.wlox.com/story/36228379/operation-bbq-relief-ready-and-waiting-to-help-flood-victims| title=Operation BBQ Relief ready and waiting to help flood victims| date=August 27, 2017| access-date=September 1, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902010049/http://www.wlox.com/story/36228379/operation-bbq-relief-ready-and-waiting-to-help-flood-victims| archive-date=September 2, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> On August 27, 2017, [[KSL-TV]], [[KSL (radio)|KSL Newsradio]], [[KSFI|FM100.3]], and [[KRSP-FM|103.5 The Arrow]] created a fundraiser to help Texas residents impacted by Hurricane Harvey. Because of an anonymous donor willing to match $2 for every $1 raised up to a total of $100,000, [[Peter Huntsman]] also agreed to match donations up to $100,000. The combined total of $200,000 was met by August 31, 2017. Following this, their new goal was $1 million.<ref name=KSLFundzr>{{cite news| agency=KSL News| url=https://www.ksl.com/?sid=45597655&nid=148| title=KSL Hope for Houston: Help us raise $1M to help with Harvey recovery| date=2017-08-31| access-date=September 1, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902015311/https://www.ksl.com/?sid=45597655&nid=148| archive-date=September 2, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> ===Foreign government response=== [[Singapore]] dispatched [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook]] helicopters from the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] to areas affected by the hurricane for humanitarian operations, working alongside the Texas National Guard.<ref name="CNA">{{cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/rsaf-chinooks-arrive-to-assist-in-hurricane-harvey-disaster-9172930|title=RSAF Chinooks arrive to assist in Hurricane Harvey disaster relief|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902094325/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/rsaf-chinooks-arrive-to-assist-in-hurricane-harvey-disaster-9172930|archive-date=September 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Israel]] pledged $1 million in relief funds for restoration of non-state run communal infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarah Levi|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=September 4, 2017|access-date=September 4, 2017|title=In Wake of Harvey Devastation, Israel Pledges $1M. to Houston's Jewish Community|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/In-rare-move-Israel-pledges-1m-in-aid-to-Houston-Jewish-communities-504190|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904172359/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/In-rare-move-Israel-pledges-1m-in-aid-to-Houston-Jewish-communities-504190|archive-date=September 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mexico sent volunteers from the [[Mexican Red Cross]], firemen from [[Coahuila]], and rescue teams from [[Guanajuato]] to Houston to assist in relief.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Corchado|first1=Alfredo|title=Abbott says Texas will accept Mexican offer of Hurricane Harvey relief|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/weather/2017/08/29/mexico-awaits-abbotts-response-offer-hurricane-harvey-relief|access-date=September 8, 2017|work=Dallas News|date=August 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910073156/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/weather/2017/08/29/mexico-awaits-abbotts-response-offer-hurricane-harvey-relief|archive-date=September 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mexico later rescinded their commitment for aid after Hurricane Katia made landfall on Mexico's Gulf Coast, on September 9, 2017.<ref name="rescinds aid">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/mexico-reverses-texas-aid-hurricane-harvey-katia-663041|title=Mexico says it will not be possible to help Texas with recovery efforts|date=2017-09-11|work=Newsweek|access-date=2017-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919053847/http://www.newsweek.com/mexico-reverses-texas-aid-hurricane-harvey-katia-663041|archive-date=September 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Venezuela]] offered $5 million through the state-owned [[Citgo|Citgo Petroleum]], which operates a refinery in Corpus Christi.<ref>{{cite news|author=Amanda Erickson|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 30, 2017|access-date=September 9, 2017|title=America sanctioned Venezuela. Then it offered $5 million in aid to Harvey victims.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/30/venezuela-enemy-of-the-u-s-offered-5-million-in-aid-to-harvey-victims/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910054247/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/30/venezuela-enemy-of-the-u-s-offered-5-million-in-aid-to-harvey-victims/|archive-date=September 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Health and environmental hazards in flood waters=== Houston officials stated that the Houston drinking water and sewer systems were intact; however, "hundreds of thousands of people across the 38 Texas counties affected by Hurricane Harvey use private wells, according to an estimate by [[Louisiana State University]] researchers, and those people must fend for themselves."<ref name="TabuchiKaplan">[[Hiroko Tabuchi]] & Sheila Kaplan, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/houston-contaminated-floodwaters.html?mcubz=3 A Sea of Health and Environmental Hazards in Houston's Floodwaters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903081330/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/houston-contaminated-floodwaters.html?mcubz=3 |date=September 3, 2017 }},|work=[[The New York Times]] (August 31, 2017).</ref> Additionally, [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]], which includes Houston, contains a large number of [[Superfund]]-designed [[brownfield]] sites that contain a wide variety of toxins and carcinogens.<ref name="TabuchiKaplan"/> Two Superfund sites in Corpus Christi were flooded.<ref name="TabuchiKaplan"/> ===Baby boom=== In the months after the hurricane struck, some hospitals in Texas saw a spike in birth rates, with a 17% increase in birth rates being reported at Corpus Christi Medical Center.<ref>{{cite news|author=Danielle Garrand|newspaper=CBS News|date=May 29, 2018|access-date=May 31, 2018|title=Hurricane Harvey babies: Some hospitals see spike in births months after the storm|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-harvey-babies-some-hospitals-see-spike-in-births-months-after-the-storm/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601141534/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-harvey-babies-some-hospitals-see-spike-in-births-months-after-the-storm/|archive-date=June 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A similar, larger [[baby boom]] also occurred after [[Hurricane Sandy]] in [[2012 Atlantic hurricane season|2012]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com/article/20130722/NJNEWS/307220079/Oh-baby-Sandy-baby-boom-due-Shore-month?nclick_check=1|title=Oh, baby! Sandy baby boom due at Shore this month|newspaper=Asbury Park Press|author=Carol Gorga Williams|date=July 23, 2013|access-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> ==Retirement== {{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}} Due to the extensive damage and loss of life the hurricane caused along its track, particularly in Texas, the [[World Meteorological Organization]] retired the name ''Harvey'' from its rotating name lists in April 2018, and it will never again be used for another Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with ''Harold'' for the [[2023 Atlantic hurricane season|2023 season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/national/hurricane-names-harvey-irma-maria-and-nate-being-retired/2018/04/12/1d594506-3e4d-11e8-955b-7d2e19b79966_story.html|title=Hurricane names Harvey, Irma, Maria and Nate being retired|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|agency=Associated Press|date=April 12, 2018|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043249/https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/national/hurricane-names-harvey-irma-maria-and-nate-being-retired/2018/04/12/1d594506-3e4d-11e8-955b-7d2e19b79966_story.html|archive-date=April 13, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Environmental factors== [[File:Large Houston Landsat.jpg|thumb|Houston's very flat topography makes flooding a problem. (Simulated-color image)]] Houston is located in the [[Southeastern United States|southeastern]] United States on the [[Gulf Coastal Plain]], and its [[clay]]-based soils provide poor drainage.<ref name="Gabbatt 2808">{{cite news | author=Adam Gabbatt | title=What makes Houston so vulnerable to serious floods? | website=the Guardian | date=August 28, 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/28/houston-harvey-risk-floods-analysis | access-date=August 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830012120/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/28/houston-harvey-risk-floods-analysis | archive-date=August 30, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Fox 29082017">{{cite news | author=Justin Fox | title=How to Make 500-Year Storms Happen Every Year | publisher=Bloomberg.com | date=August 29, 2017 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-08-29/how-to-make-500-year-storms-happen-every-year | access-date=August 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830013602/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-08-29/how-to-make-500-year-storms-happen-every-year | archive-date=August 30, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> There is a tendency for storms to move very slowly over the region, allowing them to produce tremendous amounts of rain over an extended period, as occurred during [[Tropical Storm Claudette (1979)|Tropical Storm Claudette]] in 1979, and [[Tropical Storm Allison]] in 2001.<ref name="NPR.org 28 8 2017">{{cite news | title=How A Warmer Climate Helped Shape Harvey | website=NPR.org | date=August 28, 2017 | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/28/546748502/how-a-warmer-climate-helped-shape-harvey | access-date=August 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830014302/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/28/546748502/how-a-warmer-climate-helped-shape-harvey | archive-date=August 30, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> The area is a very flat flood plain at shallow gradient, slowly draining rainwater through an intricate network of channels and bayous to the sea. The main waterways, the [[San Jacinto River (Texas)|San Jacinto River]] and the [[Buffalo Bayou]], meander slowly, laden with mud, and have little capacity for carrying storm water.<ref name="Vartabedian 2017">{{cite news | author=Ralph Vartabedian | title=For years, engineers have warned that Houston was a flood disaster in the making. Why didn't somebody do something? | website=Los Angeles Times | date=August 29, 2017 | url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-harvey-engineering-20170828-story.html | access-date=August 31, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830224854/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-harvey-engineering-20170828-story.html | archive-date=August 30, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Urban development=== Houston has seen rapid urban development ([[urban sprawl]]), with absorbent prairie and wetlands replaced by hard surfaces which rapidly shed storm water, overwhelming the drainage capacity of the rivers and channels.<ref name="Fernandez Fausset 2017">{{cite news | author1=Manny Fernandez | author2=Richard Fausset | title=A Storm Forces Houston, the Limitless City, to Consider Its Limits | work=The New York Times | date=August 27, 2017 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/houston-flooding-growth-regulation.html | access-date=August 31, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831025002/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/houston-flooding-growth-regulation.html | archive-date=August 31, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1992 and 2010, almost 25,000 acres of wetlands were lost, decreasing the detention capacity of the region by four billion gallons.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://qz.com/1064364/hurricane-harvey-houstons-flooding-made-worse-by-unchecked-urban-development-and-wetland-destruction/ | first1=Ana | last1=Campoy | first2=David | last2=Yanofsky | title=Houston's flooding shows what happens when you ignore science and let developers run rampant | date=August 29, 2017 | access-date=September 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912080708/https://qz.com/1064364/hurricane-harvey-houstons-flooding-made-worse-by-unchecked-urban-development-and-wetland-destruction/ | archive-date=September 12, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, Harvey was estimated to have dropped more than fifteen trillion gallons of water in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2017/8/30/houston-hurricane-harvey-land-use | first1=Daniel | last1=Herriges | title=Houston isn't flooded because of its land use planning | date=August 30, 2017 | access-date=September 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234548/https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2017/8/30/houston-hurricane-harvey-land-use | archive-date=September 12, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Katy Prairie in western Harris County, which once helped to absorb floodwaters in the region, has been reduced to one quarter of its previous size in the last several decades due to [[Urban sprawl|suburban development]], and one analysis discovered that more than 7,000 housing units have been built within the 100-year floodplain in Harris County since 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/metropolis/2017/08/houston_wasn_t_built_to_withstand_a_storm_like_harvey.html |title=Houston Wasn't Built for a Storm Like This |author=Henry Grabar |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=August 27, 2017 |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829025120/http://www.slate.com/articles/business/metropolis/2017/08/houston_wasn_t_built_to_withstand_a_storm_like_harvey.html |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Subsidence=== As Houston has expanded, rainwater infiltration in the region has lessened and [[aquifer]] extraction increased, causing the depletion of underground aquifers. When the saturated ground dries, the soil can be compressed and the land surface elevation decreases in a process called [[subsidence]]. Subsidence can also occur due to sediment settling. Specifically, regions to the north and west of the Houston metro have seen {{convert|10|mm|in}} to {{convert|25|mm|in}} of subsidence per year.<ref name="Jiangbo Yu et al">{{cite journal|author = Jiangbo Yu|display-authors=etal|title=Is There Deep-Seated Subsidence in the Houston-Galveston Area?|journal=International Journal of Geophysics|volume=2014|pages=1–11|date=July 2, 2014|doi=10.1155/2014/942834|doi-access=free}}</ref> While oil extraction can cause subsidence, in the Houston-Galveston area, most oil has been extracted from sandstone that has relatively negligible ability to compress once oil has been removed. Thus, oil extraction has not resulted in significant subsidence.<ref name="Jiangbo Yu et al"/> Further, the volume of oil extraction in the Houston area is too low to cause significant subsidence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oil Wells and Production in Harris County, Texas|url=http://www.texas-drilling.com/harris-county|access-date=December 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215111431/http://www.texas-drilling.com/harris-county|archive-date=December 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate change=== {{See also|Tropical cyclones and climate change}} The [[Gulf of Mexico]] is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to [[global warming]], but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms. Studies in this regard show that storms tend to intensify more rapidly prior to landfall.<ref name="Wapo Aug27" /> Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.<ref name="PIK Research Portal 31 Aug">{{cite web | author=Stefan Rahmstorf | author-link=Stefan Rahmstorf | title=Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming | website=[[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] Research Portal | url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/in-short/storm-harvey-impacts-worsened-due-to-global-warming | access-date=August 31, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831070041/https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/in-short/storm-harvey-impacts-worsened-due-to-global-warming | archive-date=August 31, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> In a briefing, the [[World Meteorological Organization]] stated that the quantity of rainfall from Harvey had very likely been increased by climate change.<ref name="Miles Aug 29 2017">{{cite news | author=Tom Miles | title=Storm Harvey's rainfall likely linked to climate change: U.N. | agency=Reuters U.K. | date=August 29, 2017 | url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey-un-idUKKCN1B919O | access-date=August 31, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831072346/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-storm-harvey-un-idUKKCN1B919O | archive-date=August 31, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Harvey approached Houston over sea-surface waters which were significantly above average temperatures. Warm waters provide the main source of energy for hurricanes, and increased ocean heat can result in storms being larger, more intense and longer lasting, in particular bringing greatly increased rainfall.<ref name="Atlantic2717">{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/08/did-climate-change-intensify-hurricane-harvey/538158|date=August 27, 2017|work=The Atlantic|title=Did Climate Change Intensify Hurricane Harvey?|access-date=August 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828193702/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/08/did-climate-change-intensify-hurricane-harvey/538158/|archive-date=August 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wapo Aug27">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/08/25/what-you-can-and-cant-say-about-climate-change-and-hurricane-harvey|title=What you can and can't say about climate change and Hurricane Harvey|date=August 27, 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830230225/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/08/25/what-you-can-and-cant-say-about-climate-change-and-hurricane-harvey/|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sea level rise]] added to the resulting problems.<ref name="PIK Research Portal 31 Aug" /> According to officials from the Harris County Flood Control District, Harvey caused the third '500-year' flood in three years.<ref name="Wapo30Aug3rd500Event">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/29/houston-is-experiencing-its-third-500-year-flood-in-3-years-how-is-that-possible|title=Houston is experiencing its third '500-year' flood in 3 years. How is that possible?|date=August 30, 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831044940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/29/houston-is-experiencing-its-third-500-year-flood-in-3-years-how-is-that-possible/|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/08/549280066/hurricanes-are-sweeping-the-atlantic-whats-the-role-of-climate-change|title=Hurricanes Are Sweeping The Atlantic. What's The Role Of Climate Change?|first=Christpher|last=Joyce|work=[[NPR]]|publisher=National Public Radio|location=Washington, D.C.|date=September 8, 2017|access-date=September 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909052329/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/08/549280066/hurricanes-are-sweeping-the-atlantic-whats-the-role-of-climate-change|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/08/did-climate-change-intensify-hurricane-harvey/538158/|title=Did Climate Change Intensify Hurricane Harvey?|first=Robinson|last=Meyer|work=[[The Atlantic]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=August 27, 2017|access-date=September 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911154824/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/08/did-climate-change-intensify-hurricane-harvey/538158/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Climate Assessment]] states:{{blockquote|The recent increases in activity are linked, in part, to higher sea surface temperatures in the region that Atlantic hurricanes form in and move through. Numerous factors have been shown to influence these local sea surface temperatures, including natural variability, human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases, and particulate pollution. Quantifying the relative contributions of natural and human-caused factors is an active focus of research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather#intro-section-2|title=Extreme Weather|publisher=National Climate Assessment|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830052059/http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather#intro-section-2|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Warmer air can hold more water vapor, in accordance with the [[Clausius–Clapeyron relation]], and there has been a global increase of daily rainfall records.<ref name="PIK Research Portal 31 Aug" /> Regional [[sea surface temperature]]s around Houston have risen around 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) in recent decades, which caused a 3–5% increase in moisture in the atmosphere. This had the effect of allowing Harvey to strengthen more than expected.<ref name="Mann2817">{{cite news | author=Michael E. Mann | author-link=Michael E. Mann | title=It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly | website=the Guardian | date=August 28, 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/28/climate-change-hurricane-harvey-more-deadly | access-date=August 28, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828142032/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/28/climate-change-hurricane-harvey-more-deadly | archive-date=August 28, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> The water temperature of the Gulf of Mexico was above average for this time of the year, and likely to be a factor in Harvey's impact.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/climate/how-hurricane-harvey-became-so-destructive.html|date=August 28, 2017|title=How Hurricane Harvey Became So Destructive|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828192049/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/climate/how-hurricane-harvey-became-so-destructive.html|archive-date=August 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Within a week of Harvey, [[Hurricane Irma]] formed in the eastern Atlantic, due to the similar conditions involving unusually warm seawater. Some scientists fear this may be becoming a 'new normal'. Also higher sea-water temperatures can make hurricanes more devastating.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/06/twin-megastorms-irma-harvey-scientists-fear-new-normal|title=Twin megastorms have scientists fearing this may be the new normal|first=Jonathan|last=Watts|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=[[Kings Place]], London|date=September 6, 2017|access-date=September 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909022026/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/06/twin-megastorms-irma-harvey-scientists-fear-new-normal|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The slow movement of Harvey over Texas allowed the storm to drop prolonged heavy rains on the state, as has also happened with earlier storms.<ref name="NPR.org 28 8 2017" /> Harvey's stalled position was due to weak prevailing winds linked to a greatly expanded subtropical high pressure system over much of the US at the time, which had pushed the jet stream to the north. Research and model simulations have indicated an association between this pattern and human-caused climate change.<ref name="Mann2817" /><ref name="Mann Rahmstorf Kornhuber Steinman p=45242">{{cite journal | author1=Michael E. Mann | author2=Stefan Rahmstorf | author3=Kai Kornhuber | author4=Byron A. Steinman | author5=Sonya K. Miller | author6=Dim Coumou | title=Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=7 | date=March 27, 2017 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/srep45242 | page=45242| bibcode=2017NatSR...745242M | pmc=5366916 | pmid=28345645 }}</ref> ==See also== {{Commons category|Hurricane Harvey}} *[[Weather of 2017]] *[[Tropical cyclones in 2017]] * [[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]] * [[List of Texas hurricanes (1980–present)]] * [[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes]] * [[List of wettest tropical cyclones]] * [[Great Flood of 1862]] – An [[ARkStorm]] event that dropped similar amounts of rainfall in California * [[Cyclone Hyacinthe]] (1980) – The wettest recorded tropical cyclone worldwide * [[Hurricane Irma]] (2017) – A Category 5 hurricane that made landfall in Florida as a Category 4 hurricane * [[Hurricane Maria]] (2017) – A Category 5 hurricane that devastated Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4 * [[Hurricane Florence]] (2018) – Another Category 4 hurricane in 2018 that stalled over the coast of the Carolinas as a Category 1 and caused catastrophic flooding ;Other tropical cyclones that made landfall in the same region of the Texas Gulf coast: * [[1886 Indianola hurricane]] – Destroyed the burgeoning port city of Indianola * [[1900 Galveston hurricane]] – Deadliest natural disaster in US history, impacting Galveston with unmitigated storm surge and killing as many as 12,000 * [[1932 Freeport hurricane]] – Rapidly intensifying Category 4 hurricane that brought heavy rainfall to the Angleton and Freeport areas * [[Hurricane Carla]] (1961) – Another storm that made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane * [[Hurricane Celia]] (1970) – Produced destructive winds in the Corpus Christi area * [[Hurricane Alicia]] (1983) – A Category 3 hurricane that affected Galveston and Houston * [[Tropical Storm Allison]] (2001) – Another damaging tropical cyclone that stalled over southeastern Texas, flooding the region * [[Hurricane Ike]] (2008) – Another Category 4 hurricane that caused devastation in Texas * [[Tropical Storm Imelda]] (2019) – Weak tropical cyclone which caused similar extreme flooding in the same region * [[Hurricane Nicholas]] (2021) - A minimal Category 1 hurricane which made landfall in similar areas ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="nb"}} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Further reading== * {{cite journal|author=Frame, David J.|author2=Michael F. Wehner|author3=Ilan Noy|author4=Suzanne M. Rosier|title=The economic costs of Hurricane Harvey attributable to climate change|journal=[[Climatic Change (journal)|Climatic Change]]|year=2020|doi=10.1007/s10584-020-02692-8|volume=160|issue=2|pages=271–281|bibcode=2020ClCh..160..271F|doi-access=free}} ==External links== {{commons}} *[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/HARVEY.shtml? Hurricane Harvey Advisory Archive] *[https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2017-11-03-hurricane-200-billion-dollar Harvey Could Be America's First $200 Billion Hurricane, but Other Estimates Are More Conservative] *[http://emergency.copernicus.eu/EMSR229 EMSR229: Hurricane Harvey in Texas (delineation maps)] – Copernicus Emergency Management Service {{s-start}} {{succession box | before = [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]] (Currently tied) | title = [[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on Record]] | years = [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season|2017]] | after = None }} {{s-end}} {{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}} {{Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes}} {{2017 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}{{Portal bar|Tropical cyclones|United States|Texas}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Harvey}} [[Category:Hurricane Harvey| ]] [[Category:Floods in Texas]] [[Category:2017 Atlantic hurricane season]] [[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]] [[Category:2017 in Texas|Hurricane Harvey]] [[Category:2017 natural disasters in the United States|Hurricane Harvey]] [[Category:2017 in Houston|Hurricane Harvey]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Atlantic hurricanes in Mexico]] [[Category:August 2017 events in Mexico|Hurricane Harvey]] [[Category:August 2017 events in North America|Hurricane Harvey]] [[Category:August 2017 events in the United States|Hurricane Harvey]] [[Category:Houston hurricanes]] [[Category:Tropical cyclones that lingered over Texas]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Barbados]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] [[Category:Hurricanes in the Windward Islands]] [[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes]] [[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2017]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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