House of David (commune)

{{Short description|Communal religious society in Michigan, USA}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group         = House of David
| flag          = 
| flag_caption  = 
| image         = [[File:House of David Eden Springs.jpg|300px]]
| image_caption =Image of House of David and Eden Springs Amusement park in 1910. Miniature railroad depot can be seen in the background.
| population    =
| founder       =  Benjamin and Mary Purnell 
| regions       =[[Benton Harbor, Michigan]]
| tablehdr      = 
| region1       = 
| pop1          =
| ref1          = 
| region2       =
| pop2          =
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| pop3          =
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| religions     =
| scriptures    = 
| languages     =
| related-c     =
| notes         = [http://www.israelitehouseofdavid.com/ Official website]
 {{Infobox NRHP 
 | embed = yes
 | name = Mary's City of David
 | nrhp_type = 
 | image = 
 | caption = 
 | location = 1158 E. Britain Ave.,<br/>[[Benton Charter Township, Michigan]]<br/>{{USA}}
 | coordinates = {{coord|42|6|32|N|86|25|51|W|display=inline,title}}
 | locmapin = Michigan#USA
 | map_caption = Location within the state of Michigan
 | area =
 | built =
 | architect = 
 | architecture = 
 | added = April 15, 2009
 | refnum = 09000201
 | designated_other1 = Michigan
 }}
}}

'''The House of David''' (formally '''The Israelite House of David''') is a religious group founded in [[Benton Harbor, Michigan]], in March 1903.<ref name=SBtribeFactFiction>{{cite news|last1=Mumford|first1=Lou|title=House of David tales more fiction than fact|url=http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2011-07-14/news/29776112_1_sect-members-benton-harbor-myths|access-date=October 15, 2022|publisher=The South Bend Tribune|date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415112523/http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2011-07-14/news/29776112_1_sect-members-benton-harbor-myths|archive-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref> It was co-founded by spouses Benjamin Purnell (1861–1927) and Mary Purnell (1862–1953). The Purnells claimed to be the successors to [[Joanna Southcott]] (1750–1814), an English woman who had built a following as a self-described religious prophetess. The community flourished in the 1910s, but declined and split in various factions in the 1920s, after Benjamin Purnell was accused of sexual immorality. Today, only a handful of members remain. <ref> The colorful history of Michigan's House of David https://www.detroitnews.com/picture-gallery/news/local/michigan-history/2018/03/06/the-colorful-history-of-michigans-house-of-david/32674183/</ref><ref name=Madden>Deborah Madden, "Israelites in America: The House of David and Mary's City of David, Benton Harbor," in Jane Shaw and Philip Lockley, eds., ''The History of a Modern Millennial Movement: The Southcottians'', London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2017, 140-163.</ref>

==History==

In 1888 the Purnells discovered a group of preachers extolling a man named [[James Jershom Jezreel]] as the Sixth Messenger. Jezreel had published a series of sermons in three volumes (842 pages) titled ''[[House of David (commune)#Further reading|Extracts from the Flying Roll]]'' (1879-1881). While the preachers were in Richmond, Benjamin and Mary joined their group, known as "the Visitation Movement", which was started by a woman named Joanna Southcott, the First Messenger (Angel), in 1792.  While studying the writings of Jezreel they noticed that he said that the Seventh and last Messenger was soon to be on the scene, allegedly mentioned in [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] 10:7. On March 12, 1895, the Purnells announced that the spirit of [[Shiloh (biblical figure)|Shiloh]] had grafted with them to become the seventh and last messenger.

The House of David was formed by Benjamin and Mary Purnell in 1903 after settling in Benton Harbor, Michigan.<ref name=SBtribeFactFiction/> Prior to that, the Purnells lived in [[Fostoria, Ohio]] and had two children, one of whom died in a fireworks factory explosion at the age of 17. The Purnells were looked down upon by residents of the city when they decided to forego the funeral due to their beliefs of not having anything to do with the dead.<ref name=SBtribeFactFiction/>

Purnell, a native of Kentucky, published a book entitled ''The Church Ages'' in which he claimed to be the seventh and final messenger of the church ages, as foretold in the book of Revelation. A similar teaching had been promoted a decade earlier by [[Charles Taze Russel]] concerning himself may have been an influence on Purnell.<ref name = "dfp">{{cite news|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/columnists/john-carlisle/2016/11/13/house-of-david-benton-harbor/93069448/|title=Benton Harbor remembers cult destroyed by sex scandal|publisher= Detroit Free Press|author=Carlisle, John|date=November 13, 2016}}</ref>

The House of David colony soon had several hundred members. In 1907, the House owned about 1,000 acres, on which the colony harvested fruit from a dozen orchards and cultivated grain. The commune had its own [[cannery]], carpenter shop, coach factory, tailor shop, and steam laundry. They also owned and operated their own electricity plant, providing lighting to the community. It had three brass bands and two orchestras, and a [[zoological garden]].<ref>Coolidge, Orville W. (1906).  [https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00cool ''A Twentieth Century History of Berrien County Michigan''], p. 241.  The Lewis Publishing Company.</ref>

Accusations arose in the 1920s towards Benjamin F. Purnell by 13 young women testifying, under oath to the courts, that they had sexual relations with the patriarch while still minors.  As soon as this became public knowledge, the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' and other newspapers ran critical articles about Purnell. The news brought national attention to the group. The trial was lengthy, with over 300 witness testimonies and 15,000 pages of documentation. In the end, Purnell was convicted of fraud, but not convicted on the sex charges. Purnell was sick with [[tuberculosis]] during the trial and died in 1927, before he could be sentenced.<ref name = "dfp"/>

The sensation created by the trial caused a division in the group. One group, headed by Mary Purnell, remained together and in 1930 were given half of the land next to the original commune. There they rebuilt and reorganized the New Israelite House of David, better known as Mary's City of David; as of 2017, it maintained a handful of members, who kept the premises open to the public.<ref name=Madden/>

A second faction maintained the original commune, the Old House of David led by Judge T. H. Dewhirst, had 350 members in 1935, 24 of whom were clergy, and in 1955 had 150 members with 10 clergy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1106.asp|title=House of David- Religious Groups - The Association of Religion Data Archives}}</ref> (As of 2010, the group was reported to have three surviving members.<ref>{{cite news |first=Denise |last=Perry Donavin |title=House of David film to premiere
 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/southbendtribune/access/2125810121.html?FMT=ABS |work=[[South Bend Tribune]] |date=2010-08-28 |access-date=2011-01-06 }}</ref>) Dewhirst's faction believed that Mary Purnell had no right to usurp authority over the community, as it was led by his own self-appointed council of elders.

==Baseball teams==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
[[File:House of David Baseball Team.jpg|thumb|Stadium for the House of David traveling baseball team from Benton Harbor, Michigan. Photo taken in 1925.]]
Purnell was a sports enthusiast and encouraged the members of the Israelite Community to play sports, especially [[baseball]], to build physical and spiritual discipline.

In 1913, the Israelite House of David began to play competitive baseball and by 1915, they were following a grueling schedule. The House of David became famous as a [[barnstorm (sports)|barnstorming]] baseball team which toured rural America from the 1920s through the 1950s, playing amateur and [[Semi-professional|semi-pro]] teams in [[exhibition game]]s.  They were motivated by the need to make money for their families and colony back home and by the opportunity to share their beliefs. The team members wore long hair and beards as they played.

By the late 1920s, needing more skilled players, the House began hiring professionals, the most notable being [[Grover Cleveland Alexander]], [[Satchel Paige]], and [[Mordecai Brown]]. Some professional players grew their beards out to show respect towards the God of Israel, while others wore false beards. They were known for their skill and played against some of the greatest teams in the country. The House of David played against Major League, Minor League, independent and [[Negro league]] teams, with all the same spirit of competition and fair play. At one point, the community had three separate barnstorming teams touring the country, playing and evangelizing wherever they went. The House of David teams were famous for inventing "pepper" baseball tricks, along the lines of the fancy basketball moves of the [[Harlem Globetrotters]].

The House of David continued to sponsor barnstorming teams well into the 1930s and then sponsored weekend [[semi-professional]] teams until the 1940s. Mary's City of David sent out barnstorming teams from 1930 until 1940 and then again from 1946 until 1955. Throughout this period, there were numerous teams which bore the House of David name and wore beards. The most famous was probably the Black House of David, an all [[African-American]] "Barn-storming" team that played solely against teams of the Negro leagues.

The House of David was the inspiration behind the [[James Sturm]] [[graphic novel]], ''The Golem's Mighty Swing'' (in which the team was called the "Stars of David") as well as [[Harry Turtledove]]'s fantasy novel ''[[The House of Daniel]]''. The House of David was also featured in a segment of [[Ken Burns]]' [[Baseball (TV series)|''Baseball'']] and in the movie ''[[The Winning Team]]'' (1952) about the life of pitcher [[Grover Cleveland Alexander]].

A [[vintage base ball]] club (the ''House of David Echoes BBC'') has been honoring the legacy of the House of David teams since 2001, playing vintage base ball under the 1858 rules while growing their beards and playing at historic Eastman Field near Benton Harbor, Michigan. Starting with the 2016 season, the Echoes moved to the original 1914 baseball field at Eden Springs Park, and will continue to use the field for the foreseeable future.

==Musical bands==
[[File:House of David Band 1915.jpg|thumb|House of David Band in 1915.]]
The organization also fielded nationally known musical bands<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.israelitehouseofdavid.com/musical_traditions.html | publisher = Israelite house of David | title = Music}}.</ref> between 1906 and 1927.  These [https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b22367/ bands toured the country] almost non-stop on the three top [[vaudeville]] circuits: the Pantages, the Keith and the Orpheum.

==Parks==
The House of David operated a world-famous zoo and [[amusement park]] in [[Benton Harbor, Michigan]].<ref>{{citation | chapter-url = http://www.houseofdavidmuseum.org/parktour/traindepotsouth.htm | publisher = House of David museum | title = Park tour | chapter = Train depot South  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321224937/http://www.houseofdavidmuseum.org/parktour/traindepotsouth.htm | archive-date = 2007-03-21 }}.</ref> It also established "The Springs of Eden Park" which became a popular Michigan vacation spot in the 1930s. A revamped version<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.edenspringsparkandcampground.com/ | title = Eden Springs Park}}.</ref> opened in late 2011,<ref>{{cite news |first=Ralph |last=Heibutzki |format=fee required |title=Train Rides and Many Memories |url=http://www.heraldpalladium.com/articles/2011/10/30/local_news/7069941.txt |work=[[The Herald-Palladium]] |date=2011-10-30 |access-date=2011-11-29 }}</ref> making it – as of 2015 – one of only a few known American amusement parks to have been successfully reopened.<ref>{{cite news |first=William F. III |last=Ast |format=fee required |title=Amusement Park Revival a Rare Thing  |url=http://www.heraldpalladium.com/news/local/amusement-park-revival-a-rare-thing/article_aa02742e-0fa0-55f9-bf1f-a6d74d632bb4.html |work=[[The Herald-Palladium]] |date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2012-10-26 }}</ref>

[[File:Miniature Railroad, House of David Park, Benton Harbor, Michigan.jpg|thumb|Miniature Railroad at House of David Park]]
One of the main attractions at The Springs of Eden Park was the coal powered miniature locomotives, purchased in 1908. Members of the commune originally observed similar locomotives at the [[1904 Worlds Fair]] in St. Louis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Miniature Trains|url=http://www.israelitehouseofdavid.com/html/miniature_trains.html|website=Israelite House of David website|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> The trains were used to carry people to the amusement park from the main entrance to the commune on Britain Avenue.<ref name=TherHeraldGetnewlife>{{cite web|last1=Ast|first1=William F.|title=House of David train getting new life|url=http://www.israelitehouseofdavid.com/html/HP_story.html|website=The Herald-Palladium|publisher=Israelite House of David|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530094633/http://www.israelitehouseofdavid.com/html/HP_story.html|archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Additional amusement at the park included miniature racing cars, restaurant, penny arcade, pony rides, and dances and shows at the amphitheater.<ref name=TherHeraldGetnewlife/> [[Ring Lardner]] described the place in his 1916 short story "The Water Cure", in which some people from the Chicago area are spending the week-end at the beach:

{{Quote| We wandered round till dinner-time, and then dropped into a little restaurant where they give you a whole meal for thirty-five cents and make a profit of thirty-five cents. When we'd staggered out under the weight o' this repast, a street-car was standin' there that said it would take us to the House o' David.

"Come on!" I says, and led the Missus aboard.

"Where to?" she ast me.

"I don't know," I says; "but it sounds like a road house."

It was even better'n that. You couldn't get nothin' to drink, but they was plenty to see and hear—band concerts, male and female; movin' pitchers; a zoo; a bowlin' alley; and more funny-lookin' people than I ever seen in an amusement park before.

It ain't a regular amusement park, but fifty-fifty between that and a kind of religious sex that calls themself the Holy Roller Skaters or somethin'. All the men that was old enough to keep a beard had one; and for a minute I thought we'd bumped into the summer home o' the people that took part in Ada [the opera 'Aida'].

They wouldn't nobody of ever mistook the women for Follies chorus girls. They looked like they was havin' a prize contest to see which could dress the homeliest; and if I'd been one o' the judges I'd of split the first prize as many ways as they was women.}}

The park closed in the 1970s and the land lay fallow. In 2000, one of the trains was purchased by the [[List of ridable miniature railways|Northwest Ohio Railroad Preservation Group]], refurbished and in use at a railway museum in [[Findlay, Ohio]].<ref name=TherHeraldGetnewlife/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{cite book |title=The House of David |first=Christopher |last=Siriano |year=2007 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |series=Images of America |isbn=978-0-7385-5082-4 |page=127 }}

{{cite book |title=The Worthy Virgin: Mary Purnell and the City of David |first=Julieanna |last=Frost |year=2014 |publisher=Richard W. Couper Press|series=American Communal Societies Series |isbn=978-1-937370-14-5 |page=161 }}

{{cite book 
|title= Extracts from the Flying Roll: Being a Series of Sermons Compiled for the Gentile Churches of All Sects and Denominations, and Addressed to the Lost Tribes of the House of Israel, Volume 1 
|first=James Jershom 
|last=Jezreel 
|year= 1879 
|publisher=F. Shaw 
|URL=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqZFAAAAIAAJ 
|page=224
}}

{{cite book 
|title= Extracts from the Flying Roll: Being a Series of Sermons Compiled for the Gentile Churches of All Sects and Denominations, and Addressed to the Lost Tribes of the House of Israel, Volume 2 
|first=James Jershom 
|last=Jezreel 
|year= 1879 
|publisher=F. Shaw 
|URL=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ8AAAAAQAAJ 
|page=304
}}

{{cite book 
|title= Extracts from the Flying Roll: Being a Series of Sermons Compiled for the Gentile Churches of All Sects and Denominations, and Addressed to the Lost Tribes of the House of Israel, Volume 3 
|first=James Jershom 
|last=Jezreel 
|year= 1881 
|publisher=F. Shaw 
|URL=https://books.google.com/books?id=ig8AAAAAQAAJ 
|page=314
}}

* Gitersonke, Don. ''Baseball's Bearded Boys''. Self-published, 1996. 
* Dragseth, P.J.. ''Baseball and the House of David: The Legendary Barnstorming Teams, 1915-1956''. McFarland, 2021. ISBN:1476670110.
* Carroll, Brian D (May/June 2023). "Whiskerinos at the Plate: The House of David's Baseball Teams." ''Michigan History''(vol. 107, no. 3), pp. 23+. Historical Society of Michigan.

==External links==
{{Portal|Trains|Michigan}}
{{Commons}}

*{{cite web |url=http://www.peppergame.com/history.asp |title=House of David Baseball Team Research Project |website=peppergame.com |access-date=2017-05-30}}
*{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Geib | title=Historical Virtual Tour of The House of David Park Benton Harbor Michigan| website=artgomperz.com | url=http://www.artgomperz.com/HOD/ | access-date=2017-05-30}}
*{{cite web | title=The Israelite House of David | website=A Brief History :: The Southwest Michigan Directory | url=http://www.swmidirectory.org/Israelite_House_of_David.html | access-date=2017-05-30}}
*{{cite web | author=Israelite House of David | title=Israelite House of David Home Page | url=http://www.israelitehouseofdavid.com/ | access-date=2017-05-30}}
*{{cite web | author=Israelite House of David | title=Musical Traditions feature on Israelite House of David web site | url=http://www.israelitehouseofdavid.com/music.html | access-date=2017-05-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822094128/http://israelitehouseofdavid.com/music.html | archive-date=2009-08-22  }}
*{{cite book | author=OpenLibrary.org | title=Extracts from the flying roll | date=2010-04-14 | ol=7110812M | edition=1879 }}
*{{cite web | title=House of David - Religious Groups | website=The Association of Religion Data Archives | url=http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_1106.asp | access-date=2017-05-30}}
*{{cite web | title=Long haired band aids war gift fund The band of the "House of David", from the strange Michigan religious colony where hair cuts and shaves are forbidden, is seen playing in New York to aid the fund drive for America's gift to France ... &#91;New York City theater district&#93;. | website=Home &#124; Library of Congress | url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b22367/ | access-date=2017-05-30}}
*[https://mms.newberry.org/repositories/2/resources/1094 House of David Pamphlets and Ephemera] at [https://www.newberry.org the Newberry Library]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:House Of David}}
[[Category:1903 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:History of Michigan]]
[[Category:Intentional communities in the United States]]
[[Category:New religious movements]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1903]]
[[Category:Benton Harbor, Michigan]]