Harvard Law School Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Law school of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts}} {{Use American English|date=June 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox Law School | name = Harvard Law School | image = Harvard Law School shield 2021.svg | image_size = 150px | caption = [[Heraldry of Harvard University|Emblem]] | motto = {{lang|la|Lex et Iustitia}}<br />({{Langnf|la||Law and Justice}}) | established = {{start date and age|1817}} | type = [[Private university|Private]] [[law school]] | parent = [[Harvard University]] | affiliation = | city = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] | state = [[Massachusetts]] | country = United States | dean = [[John C. P. Goldberg]] (interim)<ref name="dean2024">Sloan, Karen. [https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/harvard-law-dean-named-interim-university-provost-amid-leadership-churn-2024-03-01/ "Harvard law dean named interim university provost amid leadership churn"]. March 01, 2024. Retrieved March 05, 2024.</ref> | students = 1,990 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/about/ |website=Harvard Law School |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=November 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118221128/https://hls.harvard.edu/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | faculty = 135<ref name=faculty/> | bar pass rate = 99.4% (2021)<ref name="reuters.com">Sloan, Karen. [https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/harvard-nyu-law-are-tops-first-time-bar-exam-pass-rates-2022-04-27/ "Harvard, NYU Law are tops for first-time bar exam pass rates"]. April 27, 2022. Retrieved April 03, 2023.</ref> | ranking = 4th {{small|(tie)}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Harvard University |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/harvard-university-03074}}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://hls.harvard.edu}} | logo = Harvard Law School Wordmark.svg | logo_size = 235px | logo_alt = |aba profile=[https://hls.harvard.edu/standard-509-information-report/ ''Standard 509 Report'']}} '''Harvard Law School''' (<!-- Do not add "Harvard Law" as an additional abbreviation; it is simply a shortened version of its pre-existing name, thus it would be unnecessary clutter to warrant an explicit mention -->'''HLS''') is the [[law school]] of [[Harvard University]], a [[Private university|private]] [[research university]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]. Founded in 1817, Harvard Law School is the oldest continuously operating [[law school in the United States]]. Each class in the three-year [[Juris Doctor|JD]] program has approximately 560 students, which is among the largest of the top 150 ranked law schools in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Law Schools|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings|website=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=January 7, 2016|archive-date=July 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713083022/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref> The first-year class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students, who take most first-year classes together. Aside from the JD program, Harvard also awards both [[Master of Laws|LLM]] and [[Doctor of Juridical Science|SJD]] degrees. HLS is home to the world's largest academic [[law library]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://hls.harvard.edu/about/?redir=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110150910/http://hls.harvard.edu/about/?redir=1 |archive-date=January 10, 2016 |access-date=January 7, 2016 |website=Harvard Law School}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Harvard Law School Library |url=http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla67/visit-e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204175828/http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla67/visit-e.htm |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |access-date=January 7, 2016 |website=Library Tours |publisher=International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions}}</ref> The school has an estimated 115 full-time faculty members.<ref name="faculty">{{cite web |title=Harvard Law School |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty/ |access-date=May 1, 2023 |website=Hls.harvard.edu}}</ref> According to Harvard Law's 2020 [[American Bar Association|ABA]]-required disclosures, 99% of 2019 graduates passed the bar exam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harvard Law School β 2015 Standard 509 Information Report|url=http://hls.harvard.edu/content/uploads/2015/12/2015-ABA-Standard-509-Report.pdf|website=Harvard Law School|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=January 7, 2016|archive-date=November 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111004136/http://hls.harvard.edu/content/uploads/2015/12/2015-ABA-Standard-509-Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="abovethelaw.com">Rubino, Kathryn. [https://abovethelaw.com/2020/02/bar-passage-rates-for-first-time-test-takers-soars/ "Bar Passage Rates For First-time Test Takers Soars!"]. February 19, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bar Passage Outcomes |url=http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/BarPassageOutcomes.aspx |website=American Bar Association |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=June 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610180213/http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/barpassageoutcomes.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The school's graduates accounted for more than one-quarter of all [[Law clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court clerks]] between 2000 and 2010, more than any other law school in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leiterrankings.com/new/2010_SCClerkshipPlacement.shtml|title=Brian Leiter Law School Supreme Court Clerkship Placement, 2000-2010|website=leiterrankings.com|access-date=December 17, 2017|archive-date=December 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217175802/http://www.leiterrankings.com/new/2010_SCClerkshipPlacement.shtml|url-status=live}}. However, because of its greater size, approximately 2.5 times that of Yale, Harvard had a greater total number of Supreme Court while Yale has a significantly higher per-capita placement of clerks on the Court. Id.</ref> ==History == ===Founding=== Harvard Law School's founding is traced to the establishment of a 'law department' at Harvard in 1819.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/content/uploads/2016/03/Shield-Committee-Report.pdf |title=Recommendation to the President and Fellows of Harvard College on the Shield Approved for the Law School |access-date=June 24, 2016|publisher=Harvard University |archive-date=May 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522120647/https://hls.harvard.edu/content/uploads/2016/03/Shield-Committee-Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Dating the founding to the year of the creation of the law department makes Harvard Law School the oldest continuously operating law school in the United States. [[William & Mary Law School]] opened first in 1779, but it closed due to the [[American Civil War]], reopening in 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wm.edu/law/about/quickfacts.shtml |title=Quick Facts: W&M Law School |publisher=Marshall-Wythe School of Law |access-date=August 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604133241/http://www.wm.edu/law/about/quickfacts.shtml |archive-date=June 4, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[University of Maryland School of Law]] was chartered in 1816 but did not begin classes until 1824, and it also closed during the Civil War.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.umaryland.edu/about/mission.html |title=The University of Maryland School of Law: Our History and Mission |publisher=The University of Maryland School of Law |access-date=June 21, 2008 |archive-date=July 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702030533/http://www.law.umaryland.edu/about/mission.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:John Singleton Copley - Isaac Royall - 39.247 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Portrait of [[Isaac Royall Jr.]], painted in 1769 by [[John Singleton Copley|J.S. Copley]]]] The founding of the law department came two years after the establishment of Harvard's first endowed professorship in law, funded by a bequest from the estate of wealthy slave-owner [[Isaac Royall Jr.]], in 1817.<ref name="auto1"/> Royall left roughly 1,000 acres of land in Massachusetts to Harvard when he died in exile in Nova Scotia, where he fled to as a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] during the [[American Revolution]], in 1781, "to be appropriated towards the endowing a Professor of Laws ... or a Professor of Physick and Anatomy, whichever the said overseers and Corporation [of the college] shall judge to be best."<ref name="auto1"/> The value of the land, when fully liquidated in 1809, was $2,938; the [[Harvard Corporation]] allocated $400 from the income generated by those funds to create the Royall Professorship of Law in 1815.<ref name="auto1"/> The Royalls were so involved in the slave trade, that "the labor of slaves underwrote the teaching of law in Cambridge."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.harvardandslavery.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Harvard-Slavery-Book-111110.pdf |title= Harvard and Slavery: Seeking a Forgotten History |author= Sven Beckert, Katherine Stevens and the students of the Harvard and Slavery Research Seminar |date= 2011 |page= 11 |publisher= Harvard University |access-date= December 12, 2018 |archive-date= July 28, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180728150449/http://www.harvardandslavery.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Harvard-Slavery-Book-111110.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> The dean of the law school traditionally held the Royall chair; deans [[Elena Kagan]] and [[Martha Minow]] declined the Royall chair due to its origins in the proceeds of slavery. The Royall family's [[coat of arms]], which shows three stacked wheat sheaves on a blue background, was adopted as part of the law school's arms in 1936, topped with the university's motto (''Veritas'', [[Latin]] for 'truth').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2001/summer/gallery_main.html |title=Issues Archive |work= Harvard Law Today |publisher=Harvard University|access-date=March 10, 2015 |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024205832/http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2001/summer/gallery_main.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Until the school began investigating its connections with slavery in the 2010s, most alumni and faculty at the time were unaware of the origins of the arms.<ref name="crimson">{{cite news |url= https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/4/24/hls-continues-no-seal/ |title= Two Years After Law School Removed Royall Crest, No New Seal in Sight |author= Aidan F. Ryan |date= April 24, 2018 |newspaper= The Harvard Crimson |access-date= December 12, 2018 |archive-date= March 13, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200313171946/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/4/24/hls-continues-no-seal/ |url-status= live }}</ref> In March 2016, following requests by students, the school decided to [[#Heraldic shield|remove the emblem]] because of its association with slavery.<ref>{{cite news|title=Harvard law school drops official shield over slavery links|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/mar/05/harvard-law-school-drops-official-shield-over-slavery-links|access-date=March 5, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306082836/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/mar/05/harvard-law-school-drops-official-shield-over-slavery-links|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, Harvard announced that a working group had been tasked to develop a new emblem.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/11/27/law-school-seal-committee/| title = Harvard Law School Announces Working Group to Develop New Seal |work= The Harvard Crimson| access-date = April 20, 2020| archive-date = March 24, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210324063128/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/11/27/law-school-seal-committee/| url-status = live}}</ref> In August 2021, the new Harvard Law School emblem was introduced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://today.law.harvard.edu/harvard-law-school-unveils-new-shield/|title=Harvard Law School unveils new shield|newspaper=Harvard Law Today|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=August 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825002956/https://today.law.harvard.edu/harvard-law-school-unveils-new-shield/|url-status=live}}</ref> Royall's Medford estate, the [[Isaac Royall House]], is now a museum which features the only remaining slave quarters in the northeast United States. In 2019, the government of [[Antigua and Barbuda]] requested reparations from Harvard Law School on the ground that it benefitted from Royall's enslavement of people in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/11/06/antigua-and-barbuda-want-reparations-from-harvard-because-law-school-slavery-ties/JA1j39FdEDBsPbTjPpTarN/story.html|work=The Boston Globe |title=Antigua and Barbuda want reparations from Harvard because of the law school's slavery ties |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110021741/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/11/06/antigua-and-barbuda-want-reparations-from-harvard-because-law-school-slavery-ties/JA1j39FdEDBsPbTjPpTarN/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Growth and the Langdell curriculum=== By 1827, the school, with one faculty member, was struggling. [[Nathan Dane]], a prominent alumnus of the college, then endowed the Dane Professorship of Law, insisting that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice [[Joseph Story]]. For a while, the school was called "Dane Law School."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1930/1/23/law-school-has-fine-portrait-collection/ |title=LAW SCHOOL HAS FINE PORTRAIT COLLECTION | News | The Harvard Crimson |publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=January 23, 1930 |access-date=March 10, 2015 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182518/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1930/1/23/law-school-has-fine-portrait-collection/ |url-status=live }}. The school is called ''Dane Law School'' in an 1854 letter written by Rev. C.C. Jones to his son, Robert Manson Myers, ed., ''The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War'' (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972), p. 42.</ref> In 1829, John H. Ashmun, son of [[Eli Porter Ashmun]] and brother of [[George Ashmun]], accepted a professorship and closed his [[Northampton Law School]], with many of his students following him to Harvard.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/antiquitieshist00clargoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/antiquitieshist00clargoog/page/n285 277] |quote=john ashmun northampton harvard law school. |title=Antiquities, Historicals and Graduates of Northampton β Solomon Clark β Internet Archive |publisher=Steam Press of Gazette Print. Company |access-date=March 10, 2015|last1=Clark |first1=Solomon |year=1882 }}</ref> Story's belief in the need for an elite law school based on merit and dedicated to public service helped build the school's reputation at the time, although the contours of these beliefs have not been consistent throughout its history. Enrollment remained low through the 19th century as university legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice. After first trying lowered admissions standards, in 1848 HLS eliminated admissions requirements entirely.<ref name=120HarvLR1089>{{cite journal|title=Book Note: Exploring the Organization and Actions of Legal Professions: Honor Seeking and Echoes of Political Revolution|journal=[[Harvard Law Review]]|date=2007|volume=120|page=1089|url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/booknote.pdf|access-date=October 25, 2017|archive-date=October 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025185857/https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/booknote.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1869, HLS also eliminated examination requirements.<ref name=120HarvLR1089/> In the 1870s, under [[Law school dean|Dean]] [[Christopher Columbus Langdell]], HLS introduced what has become the standard first-year [[curriculum]] for American law schools β including classes in [[contracts]], [[property]], [[torts]], [[criminal law]], and [[civil procedure]]. At Harvard, Langdell also developed the [[casebook method|case method]] of teaching law, now the dominant [[pedagogy|pedagogical]] model at U.S. law schools. Langdell's notion that law could be studied as a "science" gave university legal education a reason for being distinct from vocational preparation. Critics at first defended the old lecture method because it was faster and cheaper and made fewer demands on faculty and students. Advocates said the case method had a sounder theoretical basis in scientific research and the inductive method. Langdell's graduates became leading professors at other law schools where they introduced the case method. The method was facilitated by casebooks. From its founding in 1900, the [[Association of American Law Schools]] promoted the case method in law schools that sought [[accreditation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20462057|title = The Proliferation of Case Method Teaching in American Law Schools: Mr. Langdell's Emblematic "Abomination," 1890-1915|journal = History of Education Quarterly|volume = 46|issue = 2|pages = 192β247|last1 = Kimball|first1 = Bruce A.|year = 2006|doi = 10.1111/j.1748-5959.2006.tb00066.x|s2cid = 143692702}}</ref><ref>Bruce A. Kimball, '"Warn Students That I Entertain Heretical Opinions, Which They Are Not To Take as Law': The Inception of Case Method Teaching in the Classrooms of the Early C.C. Langdell, 1870β1883," ''Law and History Review'' 17 (Spring 1999): 57β140.</ref> ===20th century=== [[File:Harvard Law School Library in Langdell Hall at night.jpg|thumb|[[Langdell Hall]]]] During the 20th century, Harvard Law School was known for its competitiveness. For example, [[Bob Berring]] called it "a samurai ring where you can test your swordsmanship against the swordsmanship of the strongest intellectual warriors from around the nation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.top-law-schools.com/berring-interview.html |title=Interview with Former Dean Robert Berring of U.C. Berkeley's Boalt Hall School of Law |publisher=Top-law-schools.com |access-date=March 10, 2015 |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315185015/http://www.top-law-schools.com/berring-interview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When Langdell developed the original law school curriculum, Harvard President [[Charles William Eliot|Charles Eliot]] told him to make it "hard and long."<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://paulcarrington.com/Harvard%20Law%20School%20Oral%20History.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218062635/http://paulcarrington.com/Harvard%20Law%20School%20Oral%20History.htm|title=Harvard Law School Oral History|archivedate=February 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=http://paulcarrington.com/Learning%20Law%20in%20New%20Haven.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218062629/http://paulcarrington.com/Learning%20Law%20in%20New%20Haven.htm|title=Learning Law in New Haven|archivedate=February 18, 2012}}</ref> An urban legend holds that incoming students are told to "Look to your left, look to your right, because one of you won't be here by the end of the year."<ref>{{Citation |first=Richard D. |last=Kahlenberg |title=Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School |year=1992 |location=New York |publisher=Hill and Wang |isbn=978-0-8090-3165-8 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQeEOnWFuqUC&pg=PA6}}</ref> [[Scott Turow]]'s memoir ''[[One L]]'' and [[John Jay Osborn, Jr.|John Jay Osborn]]'s novel ''[[The Paper Chase (Osborn novel)|The Paper Chase]]'' describe such an environment. Trailing many of its peers, Harvard Law did not admit women as students until 1950, for the class of 1953.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asklib.law.harvard.edu/faq/115324 | title=When were women first admitted to Harvard Law School? - Ask a Librarian! }}</ref> Eleanor Kerlow's book ''Poisoned Ivy: How Egos, Ideology, and Power Politics Almost Ruined Harvard Law School'' criticized the school for a 1980s political dispute between newer and older faculty members over accusations of insensitivity to minority and feminist issues. Divisiveness over such issues as [[political correctness]] lent the school the title "Beirut on the Charles."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legaled.com/revolution.htm|title=Legaled.com Β» Revolution|website=legaled.com|access-date=December 17, 2017|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003258/http://www.legaled.com/revolution.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School'', Richard Kahlenberg criticized the school for driving students away from public interest and toward work in high-paying law firms. Kahlenberg's criticisms are supported by Granfield and Koenig's study, which found that "students [are directed] toward service in the most prestigious law firms, both because they learn that such positions are their destiny and because the recruitment network that results from collective eminence makes these jobs extremely easy to obtain."<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The school has also been criticized for its large first year class sizes (at one point there were 140 students per classroom; in 2001 there were 80), a cold and aloof administration,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4D71131F935A25757C0A9679C8B63 | work=The New York Times | title=Harvard Law Tries to Increase Appeal | first=Jonathan D. | last=Glater | date=April 16, 2001 | access-date=May 4, 2010 | archive-date=January 29, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129220459/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/16/us/harvard-law-tries-to-increase-appeal.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and an inaccessible faculty. The latter stereotype is a central plot element of ''[[The Paper Chase (film)|The Paper Chase]]'' and appears in ''[[Legally Blonde]]''. In response to the above criticisms, HLS eventually implemented the once-criticized<ref name="autogenerated3" /> but now dominant approach pioneered by Dean [[Robert Maynard Hutchins|Robert Hutchins]] at [[Yale Law School]], of shifting the competitiveness to the admissions process while making law school itself a more cooperative experience. Robert Granfield and Thomas Koenig's 1992 study of Harvard Law students that appeared in ''The Sociological Quarterly'' found that students "learn to cooperate with rather than compete against classmates," and that contrary to "less eminent" law schools, students "learn that professional success is available for all who attend, and that therefore, only neurotic 'gunners' try to outdo peers."<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Citation |first1=Robert |last1=Granfield |first2=Thomas |last2=Koenig |year=2005 |title=Learning Collective Eminence: Harvard Law School and the Social Production of Elite Lawyers |journal=Sociological Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=503β20 |doi=10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00140.x }}</ref> ===21st century=== [[File:1 martha minow commencement 2010 harvard.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|right|[[Martha Minow]], dean, 2009β2017]] Under Kagan, the second half of the 2000s saw significant academic changes since the implementation of the Langdell curriculum. In 2006, the faculty voted unanimously to approve a new first-year curriculum, placing greater emphasis on problem-solving, administrative law, and international law. The new curriculum was implemented in stages over the next several years,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2008/winter/feature_1.php |title=Issues Archive | Harvard Law Today |publisher=Law.harvard.edu |access-date=March 10, 2015 |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228052931/http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2008/winter/feature_1.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/07/education/07harvard.html | work=The New York Times | title=Harvard Law Decides to Steep Students in 21st-Century Issues | first=Jonathan D. | last=Glater | date=October 7, 2006 | access-date=May 4, 2010 | archive-date=June 5, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605134057/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/07/education/07harvard.html | url-status=live }}</ref> with the last new course, a first year practice-oriented problem solving workshop, being instituted in January 2010. In late 2008, the faculty decided that the school should move to an Honors/Pass/Low Pass/Fail (H/P/LP/F) grading system, much like those in place at Yale and at [[Stanford Law School]]. The system applied to half the courses taken by students in the Class of 2010 and fully started with the Class of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mystal |first=Elie |url=http://abovethelaw.com/2008/10/hls-grade-reform-splitting-the-baby-was-the-only-call/ |title=HLS Grade Reform: Splitting the Baby Was The Only Call |date=October 28, 2008 |publisher=Above the Law |access-date=March 10, 2015 |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708113026/http://abovethelaw.com/2008/10/hls-grade-reform-splitting-the-baby-was-the-only-call/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, Kagan was appointed [[Solicitor General of the United States|solicitor general of the United States]] by President [[Barack Obama]] and resigned the deanship. On June 11, 2009, Harvard University president, [[Drew Gilpin Faust]] named [[Martha Minow]] as the new dean. She assumed the position on July 1, 2009. On January 3, 2017, Minow announced that she would conclude her tenure as dean at the end of the academic year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/03/harvard-law-school-dean-step-down/jmpkWN2VR3XbzDpA1k2vPL/story.html|title=Harvard Law School dean to step down |newspaper=The Boston Globe|access-date=January 4, 2017|archive-date=January 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104143454/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/03/harvard-law-school-dean-step-down/jmpkWN2VR3XbzDpA1k2vPL/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2017, [[John F. Manning]] was named as the new dean, effective as of July 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/06/john-manning-named-dean-of-harvard-law-school/ |title=John Manning to lead Harvard Law School |publisher=Harvard Gazette |date=June 1, 2017 |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102002312/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/06/john-manning-named-dean-of-harvard-law-school/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2017, the school unveiled a plaque acknowledging the indirect role played by [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] in its history: {{blockquote|In honor of the enslaved whose labor created wealth that made possible the founding of {{nobr|Harvard Law School}} ''May we pursue the highest ideals of law and justice in {{nobr|their memory}}''<ref>{{cite news |last=Meyers |first=Alyssa |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/09/08/harvard-law-school-unveils-plaque-acknowledge-slave-labor/IHVNzT0fmEk9ezdZhnLqDI/story.html |title=Harvard Law unveils plaque to acknowledge slave labor |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=September 8, 2017 |access-date=October 6, 2017 |archive-date=October 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070047/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/09/08/harvard-law-school-unveils-plaque-acknowledge-slave-labor/IHVNzT0fmEk9ezdZhnLqDI/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ==Reputation== HLS was ranked as the fifth best law school in the United States by ''U.S. News & World Report'' in its 2023 rankings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings |title=2023 Best Law Schools |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320195829/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings |archive-date=March 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://magoosh.com/lsat/2019/top-law-schools/|title = Top (T14) Law Schools in the US (2021-2022)|date = June 27, 2021|access-date = February 14, 2020|archive-date = February 14, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200214025311/https://magoosh.com/lsat/2019/top-law-schools/|url-status = live}}</ref> HLS was ranked first in the world by QS World University Rankings in 2023.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Law|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2019/law-legal-studies|website=QS World University Rankings|access-date=15 January 2020|archive-date=January 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120205417/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2019/law-legal-studies|url-status=live}}</ref> It is ranked first in the world by the 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2019 - Law |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/law.html |website=Academic Ranking of World Universities |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713045723/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/law.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> HLS has graduated the largest number of U.S. Supreme Court justices and U.S. attorneys general. HLS is the best represented law school in the current U.S. Congress and among the law faculty at U.S. law schools. In November 2022, the law school made a joint decision along with Yale Law School to withdraw from the ''U.S. News & World Report'' Best Law Schools rankings, citing the system's "flawed methodology."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Korn |first=Melissa |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Yale and Harvard Law Schools Abandon U.S. News Rankings |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yale-law-school-abandons-u-s-news-rankings-citing-flawed-methodology-11668607649 |access-date=2022-11-17 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=November 16, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Employment== According to the school's employment summary for 2020 graduates, 86.8% were employed in bar passage required jobs and another 5.3% were employed in J.D. advantage jobs.<ref name="hls.harvard.edu2">{{Cite web |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/content/uploads/2021/04/ABA-Summary-Profile-Class-of-2020.pdf |title=ABA Summary Profile Class of 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2022 |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101022448/https://hls.harvard.edu/content/uploads/2021/04/ABA-Summary-Profile-Class-of-2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> {{bar box |float= |title= ABA Employment Summary for 2020 Graduates<ref name="hls.harvard.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://hls.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ABA-Summary-Profile-Class-of-2020.pdf|website=hls.harvard.edu|title=EMPLOYMENT SUMMARY FOR 2020 GRADUATES|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |titlebar=#AAF |width=450px |left1=Employment Status |right1=Percentage |caption=Total of 570 Graduates |bars= {{bar percent|Employed β Bar Passage Required|green|86.84}} {{bar percent|Employed β J.D. Advantage|blue|5.26}} {{bar percent|Employed β Professional Position|orange|1.75}} {{bar percent|Employed β Non-Professional Position|teal|0.0}} {{bar percent|Employed β Undeterminable|brown|0.0}} {{bar percent|Pursuing Graduate Degree Full Time|purple|0.0}} {{bar percent|Unemployed β Start Date Deferred|blue|0.0}} {{bar percent|Unemployed β Not Seeking|Sienna|1.23}} {{bar percent|Unemployed β Seeking|red|1.23}} {{bar percent|Employment Status Unknown|silver|0.0}} }} ==Costs== The cost of tuition for the 2022β2023 school year (9 month term) is $72,430. A Mandatory HUHS Student Health Fee is $1,304, bringing the total direct costs for the 2022β2023 school year to $73,734.<ref>{{Cite web |last=School |first=Harvard Law |title=Cost of Attendance |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/sfs/financial-aid-policy-overview/student-financial-aid-budget/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en}}</ref> The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Harvard Law for the 2021β2022 academic year is $104,200.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lsd.law/Harvard-Law-School|title=Harvard Law School|website=LSData|access-date=June 30, 2022|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701015640/https://www.lsd.law/Harvard-Law-School|url-status=live}}</ref> {{anchor|Heraldic shield}} ==Coat of arms== [[File:Coat of arms (seal, emblem, shield) of Harvard Law School.png|150px|thumb|The coat of arms of Harvard Law School which was retired in 2016.]] The [[Harvard Corporation|governing body]] of the university voted to retire the law school's [[coat of arms]]. The school's shield incorporated the three garbs of wheat from the armorial bearings of [[Isaac Royall Jr.]], a university benefactor who had endowed the first professorship in the law school. The shield had become a source of contention among a group of law school students, who objected to the Royall family's history of slave ownership.<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/03/14/harvard-law-school-ditch-controversial-shield-with-elements-from-slave-owning-family/UIYgbyviFdwwGKjexZgWqN/story.html Harvard Law School to ditch controversial shield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420215034/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/03/14/harvard-law-school-ditch-controversial-shield-with-elements-from-slave-owning-family/UIYgbyviFdwwGKjexZgWqN/story.html |date=April 20, 2016 }} Steve Annear. Boston Globe. March 14, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/03/15/the-harvard-law-shield-tied-to-slavery-is-already-disappearing-after-corporation-vote/ The Harvard Law shield tied to slavery is already disappearing, after corporation vote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421052835/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/03/15/the-harvard-law-shield-tied-to-slavery-is-already-disappearing-after-corporation-vote/ |date=April 21, 2016 }}. Susan Svrluga. Washington Post. March 15, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016</ref> The president of the university and dean of the law school, acting upon the recommendation of a committee formed to study the issue, ultimately agreed with its majority decision,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/us/harvard-law-to-abandon-crest-linked-to-slavery.html?_r=0 Harvard Law to Abandon Crest Linked to Slavery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130025225/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/us/harvard-law-to-abandon-crest-linked-to-slavery.html?_r=0 |date=November 30, 2016 }} Anemona Hartocollis. New York Times. March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016</ref> that the shield was inconsistent with the values of both the university and the law school. Their recommendation was ultimately adopted by the Harvard Corporation and on March 15, 2016, the shield was ordered retired.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/03/15/the-harvard-law-shield-tied-to-slavery-is-already-disappearing-after-corporation-vote/ The Harvard Law shield tied to slavery is already disappearing, after corporation vote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421052835/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/03/15/the-harvard-law-shield-tied-to-slavery-is-already-disappearing-after-corporation-vote/ |date=April 21, 2016 }}. Susan Svrluga. Washington Post. March 14, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shammas|first1=Michael|title=After Months of Advocacy and Debate, Harvard Law Recommends Shield Change|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/03/harvard-law-recommends-shield-change/|website=The Harvard Law Record|access-date=January 3, 2018|date=2016-03-04|archive-date=January 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102031921/http://hlrecord.org/2016/03/harvard-law-recommends-shield-change/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://today.law.harvard.edu/harvard-corporation-agrees-to-retire-hls-shield/ Harvard Corporation agrees to retire HLS shield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419190054/http://today.law.harvard.edu/harvard-corporation-agrees-to-retire-hls-shield/ |date=April 19, 2016 }} Harvard Law Today. March 14, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016</ref> On August 23, 2021, it was announced that a new emblem was approved by the Harvard Corporation. The new design features Harvard's traditional motto, {{lang|la|[[Veritas#Mottos|Veritas]]}} ([[Latin]] for 'truth'), resting above the Latin phrase ''Lex et Iustitia'', meaning 'law and justice'. According to the HLS Shield Working Group's final report, the expanding or diverging lines, some with no obvious beginning or end, are meant to convey a sense of broad scope or great distance β the limitlessness of the school's work and mission. The radial lines also allude to the latitudinal and longitudinal lines that define the arc of the earth, conveying the global reach of the Law School's community and impact. The multifaceted, radiating form β a form inspired by architectural details found in both Austin Hall and Hauser Hall β seeks to convey dynamism, complexity, inclusiveness, connectivity, and strength. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.law.harvard.edu/harvard-law-school-unveils-new-shield/|title=Harvard Law School unveils new shield|access-date=August 25, 2021|archive-date=August 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825002956/https://today.law.harvard.edu/harvard-law-school-unveils-new-shield/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Student organizations and journals== Harvard Law School has more than 90 student organizations that are active on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hls.harvard.edu/dept/dos/student-organizations-and-journals/|title=Student Organizations and Journals|website=Hls.harvard.edu|access-date=December 17, 2017|archive-date=December 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219042508/http://hls.harvard.edu/dept/dos/student-organizations-and-journals/|url-status=live}}</ref> These organizations include the student-edited journals, ''[[Harvard Law Record]]'', and the HLS Drama Society, which organizes the annual ''[[Harvard Law School Parody]]'', the [[Harvard Legal Aid Bureau]] as well as other political, social, service, and athletic groups. HLS Student Government is the primary governing, advocacy, and representative body for Law School students. In addition, students are represented at the university level by the [[Harvard Graduate Council]]. ===''Harvard Law Review''=== {{more citations needed section|date=March 2016}} Students of the [[Juris Doctor]] (JD) program are involved in preparing and publishing the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'', one of the most highly cited university [[law review]]s, as well as several other law journals and an independent student newspaper. The ''Harvard Law Review'' was first published in 1887 and has been staffed and edited by some of the school's most notable alumni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harvardlawreview.org/hlr_497.php|title=The Harvard Law Review β Glimpses of Its History as Seen by an Aficionado β The Harvard Law Review β Glimpses of Its History as Seen by an Aficionado|date=January 17, 1987|publisher=Harvardlawreview.org|access-date=March 10, 2015|archive-date=May 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511064139/http://www.harvardlawreview.org/hlr_497.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the journal, the Harvard Law Review Association, in conjunction with the Columbia Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and ''[[Yale Law Journal]]'' also publishes ''[[Bluebook|The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation]]'', the most widely followed authority for legal citation formats in the United States. The [[student newspaper]], the ''[[Harvard Law Record]]'', has been published continuously since the 1940s, making it one of the oldest law school newspapers in the country, and has included the exploits of fictional law student Fenno for decades.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABA names Harvard Law Record best law school newspaper|url=https://today.law.harvard.edu/aba-names-harvard-law-record-best-law-school-newspaper/|publisher=Harvard Law School|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-date=February 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072419/https://today.law.harvard.edu/aba-names-harvard-law-record-best-law-school-newspaper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shammas|first1=Michael|title=Donate to the Harvard Law Record|url=http://hlrecord.org/2015/09/20082-2/|website=Harvard Law Record|publisher=The Harvard Law Record|access-date=February 4, 2018|date=2015-09-09|archive-date=February 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184335/http://hlrecord.org/2015/09/20082-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation, formerly known as the ''Harvard Law School Corporate Governance Blog'', is one of the most widely read law websites in the country. ''Harvard Human Rights Reflections,'' which is hosted by the Human Rights Program'','' is a widely read discussion platform for critical engagement with the human rights project. It features legal arguments, advocacy pieces, applied research, practitioner's notes and other forms of reflections related to human rights law, theory, and practice. The ''Harvard Law Bulletin'' is the [[magazine of record]] for Harvard Law School.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Publications|url=https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/communications/publications/|url-status=live|access-date=March 4, 2021|website=Harvard Law School|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302160239/https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/communications/publications/}}</ref> The ''Harvard Law Bulletin'' was first published in April 1948. The magazine is currently published twice a year, but in previous years has been published four or six times a year. The magazine was first published online in fall 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schoenfeld|first=Lesley|date=January 12, 2021|title=Harvard Law School Graduates: A Biographical Research Guide|url=https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=310666&p=2072537|url-status=live|access-date=March 4, 2021|website=[[Harvard Law School Library]]|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804032642/https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=310666&p=2072537}}</ref> === Harvard Law School student journals === * ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' * ''[[Harvard Business Law Review]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hblr.org/ |title=Harvard Business Law Review (HBLR) |access-date=December 6, 2018 |archive-date=December 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227211410/http://www.hblr.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review]]'' * ''Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://harvardblackletter.org/ |title=Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal (BLJ) |access-date=August 3, 2019 |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805200810/https://harvardblackletter.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Harvard Environmental Law Review]]'' * ''Harvard Human Rights Journal'' * ''[[Harvard International Law Journal]]'' * ''Harvard Journal of Law & Gender'' (formerly ''Women's Law Journal'') * ''[[Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy]]'' * ''[[Harvard Journal of Law & Technology]]'' * ''Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law'' * ''[[Harvard Journal on Legislation]]'' * ''Harvard Latin American Law Review'' * ''[[Harvard Law & Policy Review]]'' * ''Harvard National Security Journal'' * ''Harvard Negotiation Law Review'' * ''Unbound: Harvard Journal of the Legal Left'' === Research programs and centers === {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * Animal Law & Policy Program<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal Law & Policy Program {{!}} Harvard Law School |url=https://animal.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324185836/https://animal.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Harvard Law School - ALPP |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=home {{!}} Berkman Klein Center |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322161043/https://cyber.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=cyber.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> * Center on the Legal Profession (CLP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center on the Legal Profession (CLP) - Harvard Law School |url=https://clp.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323204803/https://clp.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Harvard CLP |language=en}}</ref> * [[Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://charleshamiltonhouston.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324185930/https://charleshamiltonhouston.org/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race & Justice |language=en-US}}</ref> * Child Advocacy Program (CAP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Advocacy Program |url=https://cap.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190430/https://cap.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Child Advocacy Program |language=en-US}}</ref> * Criminal Justice Policy Program (CJPP)<ref>{{Cite web |last=School |first=Harvard Law |title=Research Programs and Centers: Alphabetical Listing |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty-research/research-programs-and-centers-alpha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319143130/https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty-research/research-programs-and-centers-alpha/ |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en}}</ref> * East Asian Legal Studies Program (EALS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Asian Legal Studies at Harvard Law School |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/eals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190056/http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/eals/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=www.law.harvard.edu}}</ref> * Environmental & Energy Law Program<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Environmental & Energy Law Program |url=http://eelp.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190041/https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en-US}}</ref> * Foundations of Private Law<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on the Foundations of Private Law |url=http://blogs.harvard.edu/privatelaw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190112/https://blogs.harvard.edu/privatelaw/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Project on the Foundations of Private Law |language=en-US}}</ref> * Harvard Initiative on Law and Philosophy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Initiative on Law and Philosophy |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/lawandphilosophy/home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816140632/https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/lawandphilosophy/home |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=projects.iq.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> * Harvard Law School Project on Disability (HPOD)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Law School Project on Disability |url=https://hpod.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327165911/https://hpod.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Harvard Law School Project on Disability |language=en-US}}</ref> * [https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/ Human Rights Program] (HRP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights @ Harvard Law {{!}} Bridging Theory and Practice |url=https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323191014/https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Human Rights @ Harvard Law |language=en-US}}</ref> * Institute for Global Law and Policy (IGLP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Law School {{!}} Institute for Global Law and Policy |url=http://iglp.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331174318/https://iglp.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=iglp.law.harvard.edu}}</ref> * John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business<ref>{{Cite web |title=HLS The John M. Olin Center |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025071842/http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/ |archive-date=October 25, 2009 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=www.law.harvard.edu}}</ref> * The Julis-Rabinowitz Program on Jewish and Israeli Law<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julis-Rabinowitz Program on Jewish and Israeli Law |url=https://pjil.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025201533/https://pjil.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Julis-Rabinowitz Program on Jewish and Israeli Law |language=en-US}}</ref> * Labor and Worklife Program (LWP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labor and Worklife Program |url=https://lwp.law.harvard.edu/home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516045903/https://lwp.law.harvard.edu/home |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=lwp.law.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> * The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School {{!}} Petrie-Flom Center |url=https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328055755/https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 28, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School |language=en-US}}</ref> * Program in Islamic Law (PIL)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-06 |title=Program in Islamic Law |url=https://pil.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410220239/https://pil.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=pil.law.harvard.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> * Program on Biblical Law and Christian Legal Studies (PBLCLS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBLCLS |url=https://pblcls.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302144523/https://pblcls.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Harvard Law School Program on Biblical Law and Christian Legal Studies |language=en-US}}</ref> * Program on Behavioral Economics and Public Policy<ref>{{Cite web |last=School |first=Harvard Law |title=Program on Behavioral Economics and Public Policy |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty-research/research-programs-and-centers/program-on-behavioral-economics-and-public-policy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190122/https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty-research/research-programs-and-centers/program-on-behavioral-economics-and-public-policy/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en}}</ref> * Program on Corporate Governance<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program on Corporate Governance |url=https://pcg.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190401/https://pcg.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=pcg.law.harvard.edu}}</ref> * Program on Institutional Investors (PII)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program on Institutional Investors at Harvard Law School |url=http://www.pii.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417133653/http://www.pii.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=www.pii.law.harvard.edu}}</ref> * Program on International Financial Systems (PIFS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIFS |url=https://www.pifsinternational.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190402/https://www.pifsinternational.org/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=www.pifsinternational.org}}</ref> * Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (PILAC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=HLS PILAC |url=https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190402/https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=HLS PILAC |language=en-US}}</ref> * Program on Law and Society in the Muslim World<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://pls.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302144512/https://pls.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Program on Law and Society in the Muslim World |language=en-US}}</ref> * Program on Negotiation (PON)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Negotiation and Leadership |url=https://www.pon.harvard.edu/category/courses-and-training/3-day/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317140219/https://www.pon.harvard.edu/category/courses-and-training/3-day/ |archive-date=March 17, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=PON - Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School |language=en-US}}</ref> * Shareholder Rights Project (SRP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shareholder Rights Project at Harvard Law School |url=http://www.srp.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320041240/http://www.srp.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 20, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=www.srp.law.harvard.edu}}</ref> * Systemic Justice Project (SJP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Systemic Justice Project |url=https://systemicjustice.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190404/https://systemicjustice.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=The Systemic Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> * Tax Law Program<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Law School Tax Law Program |url=https://tax.law.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190403/https://tax.law.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=Harvard Law School Tax Law Program |language=en-US}}</ref> {{div col end}} ==Notable people== ===Alumni=== {{Main|List of Harvard Law School alumni}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header_align = center | caption_align = center | footer_align = left | image1 = President Barack Obama.jpg | width1 = 166 | caption1 = President [[Barack Obama]] | image2 = President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg | width2 = 170 | caption2 = President [[Rutherford Hayes]] }} Harvard's prestige and large class size have enabled it to graduate a large number of distinguished alumni. [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], the 19th president of the United States, graduated from HLS. Additionally, [[Barack Obama]], the 44th [[president of the United States]], graduated from HLS and was president of the ''Harvard Law Review''. His wife, [[Michelle Obama]], is also a graduate of Harvard Law School. Past presidential candidates who are HLS graduates include [[Michael Dukakis]], [[Ralph Nader]] and [[Mitt Romney]]. Eight sitting [[United States Senate|U.S. senators]] are alumni of HLS: Romney, [[Ted Cruz]], [[Mike Crapo]], [[Tim Kaine]], [[Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)|Jack Reed]], [[Chuck Schumer]], [[Tom Cotton]], and [[Mark Warner]]. Other legal and political leaders who attended HLS include former president of [[Taiwan]], [[Ma Ying-jeou]], and former vice president [[Annette Lu]]; the incumbent [[List of prime ministers of Luxembourg|Prime Minister of Luxembourg]], [[Luc Frieden]]; the incumbent [[Chief Justice of India]], [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]; the incumbent [[Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal|Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong]], [[Andrew Cheung Kui-nung]]; former [[Chief Justice|chief justice]] of the [[Republic of the Philippines]], [[Renato Corona]]; [[Chief Justice of Singapore]] [[Sundaresh Menon]]; former president of the [[World Bank Group]], [[Robert Zoellick]]; former [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations high commissioner for human rights]], [[Navanethem Pillay]]; the former [[president of Ireland]], [[Mary Robinson]]; [[Lady Arden]], [[Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]]; [[Solomon Areda Waktolla]], Judge of the [[United Nations Dispute Tribunal]], Judge of the Administrative Tribunal of the [[African Development Bank]] and Former Deputy Chief Justice of the [[Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia]]. He is also member of the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] at [[Hague]], [[Netherlands]]. [[Lobsang Sangay]] is the first elected [[sikyong]] of the [[Tibetan Government in Exile]]. In 2004, he earned a [[Doctor of Juridical Science|S.J.D.]] degree from Harvard Law School and was a recipient of the 2004 Yong K. Kim' 95 Prize of excellence for his dissertation "Democracy in Distress: Is Exile Polity a Remedy? A Case Study of Tibet's Government-in-exile". [[List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices|Sixteen]] of the school's graduates have served on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], more than any other law school. Four of the current nine members of the court graduated from HLS: the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice]], [[John G. Roberts|John Roberts]]; [[Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court|associate justices]] [[Neil Gorsuch]]; [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]]; and [[Elena Kagan]], who also served as the [[dean of Harvard Law School]], from 2003 to 2009. Past Supreme Court justices from Harvard Law School include [[Antonin Scalia]], [[David Souter]], [[Harry Blackmun]], [[William J. Brennan]], [[Louis Brandeis]], [[Felix Frankfurter]], [[Lewis F. Powell Jr.|Lewis Powell]] (LLM), and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]], among others. [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] attended Harvard Law School for two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/justices/ruth_bader_ginsburg|title=Ruth Bader Ginsburg|website=Oyez.org|access-date=December 17, 2017|archive-date=March 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319002445/http://www.oyez.org/justices/ruth_bader_ginsburg/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header_align = center | caption_align = center | footer_align = left | image1 = LearnedHand1910a.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = [[Learned Hand]] | image2 = Judge Henry Friendly.jpg | width2 = 137 | caption2 = [[Henry Friendly]] | image3 = Richard Posner at Harvard University.jpg | width3 = 156 | caption3 = [[Richard Posner]] }} Attorneys General [[Loretta Lynch]], [[Alberto Gonzales]], and [[Janet Reno]], among others, and noted federal judges [[Richard Posner]] of the [[Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals]], [[Michael Boudin]] of the [[First Circuit Court of Appeals]], [[Joseph A. Greenaway]] of the [[Third Circuit Court of Appeals]], [[Laurence Silberman]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals]], [[Lawrence VanDyke]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals]], and [[Pierre Leval]] of the [[Second Circuit Court of Appeals]], among many other judicial figures, graduated from the school. The former Commonwealth solicitor general of Australia and current justice of the [[High Court of Australia]], [[Stephen Gageler]], [[Senior Counsel|senior counsel]] graduated from Harvard with an LL.M.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://11thfloor.com.au/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723224520/http://www.11thfloor.com.au/barristers-stephengageler.shtml|title=Personal Injury Lawyers in Sydney, NSW | 11th Floor|archivedate=July 23, 2008|website=11thfloor}}</ref> Many HLS alumni are leaders and innovators in the business world. Its graduates include the current senior chairman of [[Goldman Sachs]], [[Lloyd Blankfein]]; former chief executive officer of [[Reddit]], [[Ellen Pao]]; current chairman of the board and majority owner of [[National Amusements]] [[Sumner Redstone]]; current president and CEO of [[TIAA-CREF]], [[Roger W. Ferguson Jr.]]; current CEO and chairman of [[Toys "R" Us]], [[Gerald L. Storch]]; and former CEO of [[Delta Air Lines]], [[Gerald Grinstein]], among many others. Legal scholars who graduated from Harvard Law include [[Payam Akhavan]], [[Henry Friendly]], [[William P. Alford]], [[Rachel Barkow]], [[Yochai Benkler]], [[Alexander Bickel]], [[Andrew Burrows]], [[Erwin Chemerinsky]], [[Amy Chua]], [[Sujit Choudhry]], [[Robert C. Clark]], [[Hugh Collins]], [[James Duane (professor)]], [[I. Glenn Cohen]], [[Ronald Dworkin]], [[Christopher Edley Jr.]], [[Melvin A. Eisenberg]], [[Susan Estrich]], [[Jody Freeman]], [[Gerald Gunther]], [[Andrew T. Guzman]], [[Louis Henkin]], [[William A. Jacobson]], [[Harold Koh]], [[Richard J. Lazarus]], [[Arthur R. Miller]], [[Gerald L. Neuman]], [[Eric Posner]], [[Richard Posner]], [[John Mark Ramseyer]], [[Jed Rubenfeld]], [[Lewis Sargentich]], [[John Sexton]], [[Jeannie Suk]], [[Kathleen Sullivan (lawyer)|Kathleen Sullivan]], [[Cass Sunstein]], [[Laurence Tribe]], [[Edwin R. Keedy]], [[C. Raj Kumar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/making-of-india-is-more-important/article8600626.ece|title='Making of India' is more important|first=Tabu|last=Agarwal|date=May 15, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=April 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404155033/https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/making-of-india-is-more-important/article8600626.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Tim Wu]]. In sports, [[David Otunga]] is the first and only Harvard Law alum to work for [[WWE]]. He is a two-time [[WWE Raw Tag Team Championship|WWE Tag Team Champion]]. Milton A. Rudin, a chief counsel and entertainment lawyer was a graduate of HLS in 1946, he had been working for 52 years with clients that included [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Lucille Ball]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Jackson family|the Jackson family]], and [[Frank Sinatra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=HLS News |title=In Memoriam β Summer 2000 |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/today/memoriam-summer-2000/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en-us}}</ref> ===Faculty=== {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[William P. Alford]] * [[Deborah Anker]] * [[Yochai Benkler]] * [[Robert C. Clark]] * [[I. Glenn Cohen]] * [[Susan P. Crawford]] * [[Noah Feldman]] * [[Roger Fisher (academic)|Roger Fisher]] * [[William W. Fisher]] * [[Jody Freeman]] * [[Charles Fried]] * [[Gerald Frug]] * [[Nancy Gertner]] * [[Mary Ann Glendon]] * [[Jack Goldsmith]] * [[Lani Guinier]] * [[David Alan Hoffman]] * [[Morton Horwitz]] * [[Vicki C. Jackson]] * [[David Kennedy (jurist)|David Kennedy]] * [[Duncan Kennedy (legal philosopher)|Duncan Kennedy]] * [[Randall Kennedy]] * [[Michael Klarman]] * [[Richard J. Lazarus]] * [[Lawrence Lessig]] * [[Kenneth W. Mack]] * [[John F. Manning]] * [[Frank Michelman]] * [[Martha Minow]] * [[Robert Harris Mnookin]] * [[Ashish Nanda]] * [[Charles Nesson]] * [[Gerald L. Neuman]] * [[Ruth Okediji]] * [[Charles Ogletree]] * [[John Mark Ramseyer]] * [[Mark J. Roe]] * [[Lewis Sargentich]] * [[Robert Sitkoff]] * [[Jeannie Suk]] * [[Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.]] * [[Cass Sunstein]] * [[Laurence Tribe]] * [[Mark Tushnet]] * [[Rebecca Tushnet]] * [[Roberto Unger]] * [[Adrian Vermeule]] * [[Steven M. Wise]] * [[Jonathan Zittrain]] {{div col end}} ====Former faculty==== {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Paul M. Bator]] * [[Joseph Henry Beale]] * [[Derrick Bell]] * [[Derek Bok]] * [[Stephen Breyer]] * [[Zechariah Chafee]] * [[Abram Chayes]] * [[Vern Countryman]] * [[Archibald Cox]] * [[Alan Dershowitz]] * [[Christopher Edley Jr.]] * [[Felix Frankfurter]] * [[Paul A. Freund]] * [[Lon Fuller]] * [[John Chipman Gray]] * [[Erwin Griswold]] * [[Lani Guinier]] * [[Henry M. Hart Jr.]] * [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] * [[Wendy Jacobs]] * [[Elena Kagan]] * [[Christopher Columbus Langdell]] * [[Daniel Meltzer]] * [[Soia Mentschikoff]] * [[Arthur R. Miller]] * [[Elisabeth Owens]] * [[John Palfrey]] * [[Roscoe Pound]] * [[John Rawls]] * [[Joseph Story]] * [[Kathleen Sullivan (lawyer)|Kathleen Sullivan]] * [[Elizabeth Warren]] * [[Joseph H. H. Weiler]] * [[Samuel Williston]] {{div col end}} ==In popular culture== ===Books=== ''[[The Paper Chase (Osborn novel)|The Paper Chase]]'' is a novel set amid a student's first ("One L") year at the school. It was written by [[John Jay Osborn, Jr.]], who studied at the school. The book was later turned into a film and a television series (see below). [[Scott Turow]] wrote a memoir of his experience as a first-year law student at Harvard, ''[[One L]]''. ===Film and television=== Several movies and television shows take place at least in part at the school. Most of them have scenes filmed on location at or around Harvard University. They include: * ''[[Love Story (1970 film)|Love Story]]'' (1970) * ''[[The Paper Chase (film)|The Paper Chase]]'' (1973) * ''[[The Paper Chase (TV series)|The Paper Chase]]'' (1978β1979, 1983β1986 television series) * ''[[Soul Man (film)|Soul Man]]'' (1986) * ''[[The Firm (1993 film)|The Firm]]'' (1993) * ''[[A Civil Action (film)|A Civil Action]]'' (1998) * ''[[How High]]'' (2001) * ''[[Legally Blonde]]'' (2001) * ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]'' (2002) * ''[[Love Story in Harvard]]'' (2004 Korean TV series) * ''[[Suits (U.S. TV series)|Suits (TV Series)]]'' (2011β2019) * ''[[On the Basis of Sex]]'' (2018) Many popular movies and television shows also feature characters introduced as Harvard Law School graduates. The central plot point of the TV series ''[[Suits (U.S. TV series)|Suits]]'' is that one of the main characters did not attend Harvard but fakes his graduate status in order to practice law. ==See also== {{Portal|United States}} <!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] --> * [[Ames Moot Court Competition]] * [[Harvard Association for Law & Business]] * [[Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society]] * [[List of Harvard University people]] * [[List of Ivy League law schools]] <!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Further reading== * {{cite news |first=Drake |last=Bennett |title=Crimson tide: Harvard Law School, long fractious and underachieving, is on the rise again β and shaking up the American legal world |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/10/19/crimson_tide/ |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=October 19, 2008 }} * {{Citation |publisher = Harvard Law School Association |title = Centennial History of the Harvard Law School, 1817β1917 |date = 1918 |ol = 7224560M }} * Chase, Anthony. "The Birth of the Modern Law School," ''American Journal of Legal History'' (1979) 23#4 pp. 329β48 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/844687 in JSTOR] * Coquillette, Daniel R. and Bruce A. Kimball. ''On the Battlefield of Merit: Harvard Law School, the First Century'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) 666 pp. * {{cite book |title=Making Elite Lawyers: Visions of Law at Harvard and Beyond |last=Granfield |first=Robert |year=1992 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York }} * Kimball, Bruce A. "The Proliferation of Case Method Teaching in American Law Schools: Mr. Langdell's Emblematic 'Abomination,' 1890β1915," ''History of Education Quarterly'' (2006) 46#2 pp. 192β240 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20462057 in JSTOR] * Kimball, Bruce A. '"Warn Students That I Entertain Heretical Opinions, Which They Are Not To Take as Law': The Inception of Case Method Teaching in the Classrooms of the Early C.C. Langdell, 1870β1883," ''Law and History Review'' 17 (Spring 1999): 57β140. * LaPiana, William P. ''Logic and Experience: The Origin of Modern American Legal Education'' (1994) * {{Citation |publisher = Lewis |location = New York |title = History of the Harvard Law School and of Early Legal Conditions in America |author = Warren, Charles |date = 1908 |ol = 7062252M |author-link = Charles Warren (U.S. author) }} + [https://archive.org/stream/historyofharvard02warruoft#page/n7/mode/2up v.2], [https://archive.org/stream/historyofharvard03warruoft#page/n5/mode/2up v.3] ==External links== {{Commons}} * {{official website|https://hls.harvard.edu/}} {{Harvard}} {{Law schools in New England}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Harvard Law School| ]] [[Category:1817 establishments in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1817]] [[Category:Law schools in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Environmental law schools]] [[Category:Harvard University schools|Law School]] [[Category:Universities and colleges in Cambridge, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Robert A. M. 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