Gospel of John Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Book of the New Testament}} {{About|the book in the New Testament|the films|The Gospel of John (2003 film)|and|The Gospel of John (2014 film)}} {{Redirect|John (book)|other uses|John (disambiguation)}} {{Redirect|Book of John|other uses|Book of John (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Johannine epistles}} {{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} [[File:P52 recto.jpg|thumb|John 18:31–33 on [[Rylands Library Papyrus P52|Papyrus 52]] (''recto''; {{Circa|AD 150}}).]] {{Books of the New Testament}} {{John}} The '''Gospel of John'''{{Efn|The book is sometimes called the '''Gospel according to John''', or simply '''John'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPouAEACAAJ |title=ESV Pew Bible |publisher=Crossway |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4335-6343-0 |location=Wheaton, IL |page=886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093159/https://www.google.com/books/edition/ESV_Pew_Bible_Black/HiPouAEACAAJ |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> (which is also its most common form of abbreviation).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Book Abbreviations |url=https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100743/https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=Logos Bible Software}}</ref>}} ({{lang-grc|Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ἰωάννην|translit=Euangélion katà Iōánnēn}}) is the fourth of the four [[canonical gospels]] in the [[New Testament]]. It contains a highly schematic account of the [[ministry of Jesus]], with seven "signs" culminating in the [[raising of Lazarus]] (foreshadowing the [[resurrection of Jesus]]) and seven "I am" discourses (concerned with issues of the [[Split of early Christianity and Judaism|church–synagogue debate]] at the time of composition){{sfn|Lindars|1990|p=53}} culminating in [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]]' proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God".{{sfn|Witherington|2004|p=83}} The gospel's concluding verses set out its purpose, "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."{{sfn|Edwards|2015|p=171}}{{sfn|Burkett|2002|p=215}} John reached its final form around AD 90–110,{{sfn|Lincoln|2005|p=18}} although it contains signs of origins dating back to AD 70 and possibly even earlier.{{sfn|Hendricks|2007|p=147}} Like the three other gospels, it is anonymous, although it identifies an unnamed "[[disciple whom Jesus loved]]" as the source of its traditions.{{sfn|Reddish|2011|pp=13}}{{sfn|Burkett|2002|p=214}} It most likely arose within a "[[Johannine community]]",{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=41}}{{sfn|Bynum|2012|p=15}} and – as it is closely related in style and content to the three [[Johannine epistles]] – most scholars treat the four books, along with the [[Book of Revelation]], as a single corpus of [[Johannine literature]], albeit not from the same author.{{sfn|Harris|2006|p=479}} ==Authorship== {{Main|Authorship of the Johannine works#Gospel of John}} ===Composition=== The Gospel of John, like all the gospels, is anonymous.{{sfn|O'Day|1998|p=381}} John 21:22<ref>{{bibleverse|John|21:22}}</ref> references a [[disciple whom Jesus loved]] and John 21:24–25<ref>{{bibleverse|John|21:24–25}}</ref> says: "This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them, and we know that his testimony is true..."{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=41}} Early Christian tradition, first found in [[Irenaeus]] ({{circa|130|202}} AD), identified this disciple with [[John the Apostle]], but most scholars have abandoned this hypothesis or hold it only tenuously;{{sfn|Lindars|Edwards|Court|2000|p=41}} there are multiple reasons for this conclusion, including, for example, the fact that the gospel is written in good Greek and displays sophisticated theology, and is therefore unlikely to have been the work of a simple fisherman.{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p=115}} These verses imply, rather, that the core of the gospel relies on the testimony (perhaps written) of the "disciple who is testifying", as collected, preserved and reshaped by a community of followers (the "we" of the passage), and that a single follower (the "I") rearranged this material and perhaps added the final chapter and other passages to produce the final gospel.{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=41}} Most scholars estimate the final form of the text to be around AD 90–110.{{sfn|Lincoln|2005|p=18}} Given its complex history there may have been more than one place of composition, and while the author was familiar with Jewish customs and traditions, their frequent clarification of these implies that they wrote for a mixed Jewish/Gentile or Jewish context outside [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} The author may have drawn on a "signs source" (a collection of miracles) for chapters 1–12, a "passion source" for the story of Jesus's arrest and crucifixion, and a "sayings source" for the discourses, but these hypotheses are much debated.{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=187–188}} The author seems to have known some version of Mark and Luke, as the Gospel of John shares with them some items of vocabulary and clusters of incidents arranged in the same order,{{sfn|Lincoln|2005|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Fredriksen|2008|p=unpaginated}} but key terms from those gospels are absent or nearly so, implying that if the author did know them they felt free to write independently.{{sfn|Fredriksen|2008|p=unpaginated}} The Hebrew scriptures were an important source,{{sfn|Valantasis|Bleyle|Haugh|2009|p=14}} with 14 direct quotations (versus 27 in Mark, 54 in Matthew, 24 in Luke), and their influence is vastly increased when allusions and echoes are included,{{sfn|Yu Chui Siang Lau|2010|p=159}} but the majority of John's direct quotations do not agree exactly with any known version of the Jewish scriptures.{{sfn|Menken|1996|p=11–13}} Recent arguments by [[Richard Bauckham]] and others that the Gospel of John preserves eyewitness testimony have not won general acceptance.{{sfn|Eve|2016|p=135}}{{sfn|Porter|Fay|2018|p=41}} ===Setting: the Johannine community debate=== For much of the 20th century, scholars interpreted the Gospel of John within the paradigm of a hypothetical "[[Johannine community]]",{{sfn|Lamb|2014|p=2}} meaning that the gospel was held to have sprung from a late-1st-century Christian community excommunicated from the Jewish synagogue (probably meaning the Jewish community){{sfn|Hurtado|2005|p=70}} on account of its belief in Jesus as the promised Jewish messiah.{{sfn|Köstenberger|2006|p=72}} This interpretation, which saw the community as essentially sectarian and standing outside the mainstream of early Christianity, has been increasingly challenged in the first decades of the 21st century,{{sfn|Lamb|2014|p=2-3}} and there is currently considerable debate over the social, religious and historical context of the gospel.{{sfn|Bynum|2012|p=7,12}} Nevertheless, the Johannine literature as a whole (made up of the gospel, the three Johannine epistles, and Revelation), points to a community holding itself distinct from the Jewish culture from which it arose while cultivating an intense devotion to Jesus as the definitive revelation of a God with whom they were in close contact through the [[Paraclete]].{{sfn|Attridge|2008|p=125}} ==Structure and content<!--'Book of Glory' and 'Book of glory' redirect here-->== {{Anchor|Structure and content}}<!-- There are several redirects to this section. Keep anchor to avoid messing them up. --> [[File:Christ Taking Leave of the Apostles.jpg|thumb|right|Jesus giving the [[Farewell Discourse]] to his 11 remaining disciples, from the [[Maestà of Duccio]], 1308–1311]] {{further|Prologue to John|Book of Signs|John 21}} The majority of scholars see four sections in the Gospel of John: a [[Prologue to John|prologue]] (1:1–18); an account of the ministry, often called the "[[Book of Signs]]" (1:19–12:50); the account of Jesus' final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection, sometimes called the '''Book of Glory'''{{sfn|Moloney|1998|p=23}} or '''Book of Exaltation'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> (13:1–20:31);{{sfn|Köstenberger|2015|p=168}} and a conclusion (20:30–31); to these is added an epilogue which most scholars believe did not form part of the original text (Chapter 21).{{sfn|Moloney|1998|p=23}} Disagreement does exist; some scholars such as Richard Bauckham argue that John 21 was part of the original work, for example.{{sfn|Bauckham|2008|p=126}} *The prologue informs readers of the true identity of Jesus, the Word of God through whom the world was created and who took on human form;{{sfn|Aune|2003|p=245}} he came to the Jews and the Jews rejected him, but "to all who received him (the circle of Christian believers), who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God."{{sfn|Aune|2003|p=246}} *Book of Signs (ministry of Jesus): Jesus calls his disciples and begins his earthly ministry.{{sfn|Van der Watt|2008|p=10}} He travels from place to place informing his hearers about God the Father in long discourses, offering eternal life to all who will believe, and performing miracles which are signs of the authenticity of his teachings, but this creates tensions with the religious authorities (manifested as early as 5:17–18), who decide that he must be eliminated.{{sfn|Van der Watt|2008|p=10}}{{sfn|Kruse|2004|p=17}} *The Book of Glory tells of Jesus's return to his heavenly father: it tells how he prepares his disciples for their coming lives without his physical presence and his prayer for himself and for them, followed by his betrayal, arrest, trial, crucifixion and post-resurrection appearances.{{sfn|Kruse|2004|p=17}} *The conclusion sets out the purpose of the gospel, which is "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."{{sfn|Edwards|2015|p=171}} *Chapter 21, the addendum, tells of Jesus' post-resurrection appearances in Galilee, the [[miraculous catch of fish]], the prophecy of the [[Saint Peter|crucifixion of Peter]], and the fate of the [[Beloved Disciple]].{{sfn|Edwards|2015|p=171}} The structure is highly schematic: there are seven "signs" culminating in the [[raising of Lazarus]] (foreshadowing the [[resurrection of Jesus]]), and seven "I am" sayings and discourses, culminating in Thomas's proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God" (the same title, {{lang|la|dominus et deus}}, claimed by the Emperor [[Domitian]], an indication of the date of composition).{{sfn|Witherington|2004|p=83}} ==Theology== [[File:P52 recto.jpg|thumb|The [[Rylands Library Papyrus P52|Rylands Papyrus]] is the oldest known New Testament fragment, dated to about 125–175 AD.<ref>Orsini, Pasquale, and Willy Clarisse (2012). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290628533 "Early New Testament Manuscripts and Their Dates: A Critique of Theological Palaeography"], in: Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 88/4 (2012), pp. 443-474, '''p. 470''': "...Tab. 1, 𝔓{{sup|52}}, 125-175 AD, Orsini–Clarysse..."</ref>]] ===Christology=== {{Further|Christology}} Scholars agree that while the Gospel of John clearly regards Jesus as divine, it just as clearly subordinates him to the one God.{{sfn|Hurtado|2005|pp=53}} According to [[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]], this Christology view in John, does not describe a subordinationist relation, but rather the authority and validity of the Son's "revelation" of the Father, the continuity between the Father and the Son. Dunn sees this view as intended to serve the Logos Christology,<ref name="Dunn">{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=James D. G. |title=Neither Jew nor Greek: A Contested Identity (Christianity in the Making, Volume 3) |date=2015 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-1-4674-4385-2 |page=353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVZeCwAAQBAJ |language=ar}}</ref> while others (e.g., [[Andrew Loke]]) see it as connected to the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|incarnation]] theme in John.<ref name="Loke">Loke, Andrew. "A Kryptic Model of the Incarnation." Ashgate Publishing, 2014, p. 28–30</ref> The idea of the [[Trinity]] developed only slowly through the merger of Hebrew monotheism and the idea of the messiah, Greek ideas of the relationship between God, the world, and the mediating Saviour, and the Egyptian concept of the three-part divinity.{{sfn|Hillar|2012|pp=132}} However, while the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the [[New Testament]], the New Testament possesses a [[triad (religion)|triadic]] understanding of God{{sfn|Hurtado|2010|pp=99–110}} and contains a number of [[Trinitarian formula]]s.{{sfn|Januariy|2013|p=99}}<ref> {{cite book |first = Archimandrite |last=Januariy |editor-last1 = Stewart |editor-first1 = Melville Y. |editor-link1 = Melville Y. Stewart |orig-date = 2003 |location = Dordrecht |chapter = The Elements of Triadology in the New Testament |title = The Trinity: East/West Dialogue |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xJzdBgAAQBAJ |series = Volume 24 of Studies in Philosophy and Religion |date = 9 March 2013 |publisher = Springer Science & Business Media |publication-date = 2013 |page = 100 |isbn = 978-94-017-0393-2 |access-date = 21 December 2021 |quote = Trinitarian formulas are found in New Testament books such as 1 Peter 1:2; and 2 Cor 13:13. But the formula used by John the mystery-seer is unique. Perhaps it shows John's original adaptation of Paul's dual formula. }} </ref> John's "high Christology" depicts Jesus as divine and pre-existent, defends him against Jewish claims that he was "making himself equal to God",<ref>{{bibleverse|John|5:18}}</ref>{{sfn|Hurtado|2005|p=51}} and talks openly about his divine role and echoing [[Yahweh]]'s "[[I Am that I Am]]" with seven "[[I am (biblical term)|I Am]]" declarations of his own.{{sfn|Harris|2006|pp=302–10}}{{Efn|The declarations are: * "I am the [[Bread of Life Discourse|bread of life]]"<ref>{{bibleverse|John|6:35|DRA|6:35}}</ref> * "I am the [[light of the world]]"<ref>{{bibleverse|John|8:12|DRA|8:12}}</ref> * "I am the gate for the sheep"<ref>{{bibleverse|John|10:7|DRA|10:7}}</ref> * "I am the [[good shepherd]]"<ref>{{bibleverse|John|10:11|DRA|10:11}}</ref> * "I am the resurrection and the life"<ref>{{bibleverse|John|11:25|DRA|11:25}}</ref> * "I am [[the way, the truth, and the life|the way and the truth and the life]]"<ref>{{bibleverse|John|14:6|DRA|14:6}}</ref> * "I am the [[true vine]]".<ref>{{bibleverse|John|15:1|DRA|15:1}}</ref>}} At the same time there is a similar stress as in [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] on the physical continuity on Jesus' resurrected body, as Jesus asks [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]] to "Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe."{{sfn|Cullmann|1965|p=11}}<ref>{{bibleverse|John|20:27}}</ref> ===Logos=== {{Main|Logos (Christianity)}} {{see also|John 1:1|In the beginning (phrase)}} In the prologue, the gospel identifies Jesus as the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] or Word. In [[Ancient Greek philosophy]], the term {{transliteration|grc|[[logos]]}} meant the principle of cosmic reason.{{sfn|Greene|2004|p=p37-}} In this sense, it was similar to the Hebrew concept of [[Sophia (wisdom)|Wisdom]], God's companion and intimate helper in creation.{{sfn|Dunn|2015|p=350-351}} The [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenistic Jewish]] philosopher [[Philo]] merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world. According to [[Stephen L. Harris|Stephen Harris]], the gospel adapted Philo's description of the Logos, applying it to Jesus, the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|incarnation]] of the Logos.{{sfn|Harris|2006|pp=302–310}} Another possibility is that the title {{transliteration|grc|logos}} is based on the concept of the divine Word found in the [[Targum]]s (Aramaic translation/interpretations recited in the synagogue after the reading of the Hebrew Scriptures). In the Targums (which all post-date the first century but which give evidence of preserving early material), the concept of the divine Word was used in a manner similar to Philo, namely, for God's interaction with the world (starting from creation) and especially with his people, e.g. Israel, was saved from Egypt by action of "the Word of the {{LORD}}," both Philo and the Targums envision the Word as being manifested between the cherubim and the Holy of Holies, etc.{{sfn|Ronning|2010|p=}} ===Cross=== The portrayal of Jesus' death in John is unique among the four gospels. It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|10:45}}, {{bibleverse|Romans|3:25}}</ref> but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the Father. Likewise, the three "passion predictions" of the Synoptic Gospels<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|8:31}}, {{bibleverse|Mark|9:31}}, {{bibleverse|Mark|10:33–34}} and pars.</ref> are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or "lifted up".<ref>{{bibleverse|John|3:14}}, {{bibleverse|John|8:28}}, {{bibleverse|John|12:32}}.</ref> The verb for "lifted up" ({{lang-grc|ὑψωθῆναι}}, {{transliteration|grc|hypsōthēnai}}) reflects the [[double entendre]] at work in John's theology of the cross, for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the [[crucifixion]] but also, at the same time, exalted and glorified.{{sfn|Kysar|2007a|p=49–54}} ===Sacraments=== {{Further|Sacrament}} Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to [[sacrament]]s, but current scholarly opinion is that there are very few such possible references, and that if they exist they are limited to [[baptism]] and the [[Eucharist]].{{sfn|Bauckham|2015b|p=83–84}} In fact, there is no institution of the Eucharist in John's account of the [[Last Supper]] (it is replaced with Jesus washing the feet of his disciples), and no New Testament text that unambiguously links baptism with rebirth.{{sfn|Bauckham|2015b|p=89,94}} ===Individualism=== In comparison to the synoptic gospels, the fourth gospel is markedly individualistic, in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church.{{sfn|Bauckham|2015a}}{{sfn|Moule|1962|p=172}} This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel.{{sfn|Bauckham|2015a}}{{Efn|{{harvnb|Bauckham|2015a}} contrasts John's consistent use of the third person singular ("The one who..."; "If anyone..."; "Everyone who..."; "Whoever..."; "No one...") with the alternative third person plural constructions the author could have used instead ("Those who..."; "All those who..."; etc.). He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue, serving a narrative purpose, whereas the later aphorisms serve a "paraenetic function".}} Emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John,{{sfn|Bauckham|2015a}} and there is a theme of "personal coinherence", that is, the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer "abides" in Jesus and Jesus in the believer.{{sfn|Moule|1962|p=172}}{{sfn|Bauckham|2015a}}{{Efn|See {{bibleverse|John|6:56|DRA}}, {{bibleverse|John|10:14–15|DRA|10:14–15}}, {{bibleverse|John|10:38|DRA|10:38}}, and {{bibleverse|John|14:10, 17, 20, 23|DRA|14:10, 17, 20, and 23}}.}} The individualistic tendencies of John could potentially give rise to a [[realized eschatology]] achieved on the level of the individual believer; this realized eschatology is not, however, to replace "orthodox", futurist eschatological expectations, but is to be "only [their] correlative."{{sfn|Moule|1962|p=174}} ===John the Baptist=== {{Further|John the Baptist}} John's account of John the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels. In this gospel, John is not called "the Baptist."{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005}} John the Baptist's ministry overlaps with [[Ministry of Jesus|that of Jesus]]; his [[baptism of Jesus]] is not explicitly mentioned, but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005}} The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it.{{sfn|Barrett|1978|p=16}} He subordinates John to Jesus, perhaps in response to members of John's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement.{{sfn|Harris|2006|p=}} In the Gospel of John, Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by [[Herod Antipas]]. He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John's own. The [[Jesus Seminar]] rated this account as black, containing no historically accurate information.{{sfn|Funk|1998|pp=365–440}} According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus.{{sfn|Funk|1998|p=268}} ===Gnosticism=== {{Further|Christian Gnosticism}} In the first half of the 20th century, many scholars, primarily including [[Rudolph Bultmann]], forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with [[Gnosticism]].{{sfn|Harris|2006|p=}} Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century, and so 2nd-century [[Proto-orthodox Christianity|Proto-Orthodox Christians]] concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it.{{sfn|Olson|1999|p=36}} To say the Gospel of John contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it.{{sfn|Kysar|2005|pp=88ff}} Bultmann, for example, argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John, the pre-existing Logos, along with John's duality of light versus darkness in the gospel were originally Gnostic themes that John adopted. Other scholars (e.g., [[Raymond E. Brown]]) have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the [[Book of Proverbs]], and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by [[Philo Judaeus]].{{sfn|Brown|1997}} The discovery of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] at [[Qumran]] verified the Jewish nature of these concepts.{{sfn|Charlesworth|2010|p=42}} [[April DeConick]] has suggested reading John 8:56 in support of a Gnostic theology;{{sfn|DeConick|2016|pp=13-}} however, recent scholarship has cast doubt on her reading.{{sfn|Llewelyn|Robinson|Wassell|2018|pp=14–23}} Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did.{{sfn|Most|2005|pp=121ff}} Gnosticism taught that salvation came from ''[[gnosis]]'', secret knowledge, and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge.{{sfn|Skarsaune|2008|pp=247ff}} The gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom, specifically belief in (literally belief {{em|into}}) Jesus.{{sfn|Lindars|1990|p=62}} John's picture of a supernatural savior who promised to return to take those who believed in him to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into Gnostic views.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=375}} It has been suggested that similarities between the Gospel of John and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish [[Apocalyptic literature]].{{sfn|Kovacs|1995}} ==Comparison with other writings== [[File:St. John the Evangelist (Rabbula Gospels).png|thumb|160px|A [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christian]] rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the [[Rabbula Gospels]].]] ===Synoptic gospels and Pauline literature=== The Gospel of John is significantly different from the [[synoptic Gospels|synoptic gospels]] in the selection of its material, its theological emphasis, its chronology, and literary style, with some of its discrepancies amounting to contradictions.{{sfn|Burge|2014|pp=236–237}} The following are some examples of their differences in just one area, that of the material they include in their narratives:{{sfn|Köstenberger|2013|p=unpaginated}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Material unique to the synoptic gospels !! Material unique to the fourth gospel |- | Narrative parables || Symbolic discourses |- | [[Logia]] and [[Chreia]] || Dialogues and Monologues |- | [[Messianic Secret]] || Overt messianism |- | Sadducees, elders, lawyers || "[[Antisemitism and the New Testament|The Jews]]" |- | [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]] || [[Maundy (foot washing)|Washing of the Feet]] |- | [[Kingship and kingdom of God|Gospel of the Kingdom]] || [[Born again|Spiritual rebirth]] |- | [[Consistent eschatology]] of [[Olivet Discourse]] || [[Realized eschatology]] of [[Farewell Discourse]] |- | [[Baptism of Jesus|John baptizing Jesus]] || John witnessing Jesus |- | [[Exorcism in Christianity|Exorcism of demons]] || [[Lazarus of Bethany#Raising of Lazarus|Raising of Lazarus]] |- | [[Christian views on Hades|Hades]] and [[Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna)|Gehenna]] || No concept or mention of hell |- | [[Nativity of Jesus]] || [[John 1#Hymn to the Word|"Hymn to the Word"]] prologue |- | [[Genealogy of Jesus]] || "[[Monogenēs|The only-begotten god]]" |- | [[Temptation of Christ|Temptation of Jesus]] || [[Lamb of God]] |- | [[Sermon on the Mount]] || Seven "I Am" declarations |- | [[Transfiguration of Jesus]] || Promise of the [[Paraclete]] |- | [[Ascension of Jesus]] || [[Doubting Thomas#Gospel account|Doubting Thomas]] |} In the Synoptics, the ministry of Jesus takes a single year, but in John it takes three, as evidenced by references to three Passovers. Events are not all in the same order: the date of the crucifixion is different, as is the time of Jesus' anointing in Bethany and the [[cleansing of the Temple]], which occurs in the beginning of Jesus' ministry rather than near its end.{{sfn|Burge|2014|pp=236–37}} Many incidents from John, such as the wedding in Cana, the encounter of Jesus with the Samaritan woman at the well, and the [[raising of Lazarus]], are not paralleled in the synoptics, and most scholars believe the author drew these from an independent source called the "[[signs gospel]]", the speeches of Jesus from a second "discourse" source,{{sfn|Reinhartz|2017|p=168}}{{sfn|Fredriksen|2008|p=unpaginated}} and the prologue from an early hymn.{{sfn|Perkins|1993|p=109}} The gospel makes extensive use of the Jewish scriptures:{{sfn|Reinhartz|2017|p=168}} John quotes from them directly, references important figures from them, and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses. The author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources: the Logos of the prologue (the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation), for example, was derived from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers, John 6 alludes not only to [[the exodus]] but also to Greco-Roman mystery cults, and John 4 alludes to [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] messianic beliefs.{{sfn|Reinhartz|2017|p=171}} John lacks scenes from the Synoptics such as Jesus' baptism,{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|1993|pp=1–30}} the calling of the Twelve, exorcisms, parables, and the Transfiguration. Conversely, it includes scenes not found in the Synoptics, including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana, the resurrection of Lazarus, Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, and multiple visits to Jerusalem.{{sfn|Burge|2014|pp=236–37}} In the fourth gospel, Jesus' mother [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] is mentioned in three passages, but not named.{{sfn|Williamson|2004|p=265}}{{sfn|Michaels|1971|p=733}} John does assert that Jesus was known as the "son of [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]]" in [[John 6:42|6:42]].<ref>{{Bibleref2|John|6:42|DRA}}</ref> For John, Jesus' town of origin is irrelevant, for he comes from beyond this world, from [[God the Father]].{{sfn|Fredriksen|2008}} While John makes no direct mention of Jesus' baptism,{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|1993|pp=1–30}}{{sfn|Burge|2014|pp=236–37}} he does quote [[John the Baptist]]'s description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a [[dove]], as happens at Jesus' baptism in the Synoptics.{{sfn|Zanzig|1999|p=118}}{{sfn|Brown|1988|pp=25-27}} Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent, including the [[Sermon on the Mount]] and the [[Olivet Discourse]],{{sfn|Pagels|2003}} and the [[Miracles of Jesus|exorcisms of demons]] are never mentioned as in the Synoptics.{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|1993|pp=1–30}}{{sfn|Thompson|2006|p=184}} John never lists all of the [[Twelve Disciples]] and names at least one disciple, [[Nathanael (follower of Jesus)|Nathanael]], whose name is not found in the Synoptics. [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]] is given a personality beyond a mere name, described as "[[Doubting Thomas]]".{{sfn|Most|2005|p=80}} Jesus is identified with the Word ("[[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]]"), and the Word is identified with {{transliteration|grc|theos}} ("god" in Greek);{{sfn|Ehrman|2005}} no such identification is made in the Synoptics.{{sfn|Carson|1991|p=117}} In Mark, Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret, but in John he is very open in discussing it, even referring to himself as "I AM", the title God gives himself in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] at his self-revelation to [[Moses]]. In the Synoptics, the chief theme is the [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)|Kingdom of God]] and the [[Kingdom of Heaven (Gospel of Matthew)|Kingdom of Heaven]] (the latter specifically in Matthew), while John's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice.{{sfn|Burge|2014|pp=236–37}}{{sfn|Thompson|2006|p=184}} In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom (using the term {{transliteration|grc|[[parousia]]}}, meaning "coming"), John presents a more individualistic, [[realized eschatology]].{{Sfn|Moule|1962|pp=172–74}}{{efn|''Realized eschatology'' is a [[Christian eschatology|Christian eschatological]] theory popularized by [[C. H. Dodd]] (1884–1973). It holds that the eschatological passages in the [[New Testament]] do not refer to future events, but instead to the [[ministry of Jesus]] and his lasting legacy.{{sfn|Ladd|Hagner|1993|p=56}} In other words, it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled.}} In the Synoptics, quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short, pithy sayings; in John, longer quotations are often given. The vocabulary is also different, and filled with theological import: in John, Jesus does not work "miracles", but "signs" which unveil his divine identity.{{sfn|Burge|2014|pp=236–37}} Most scholars consider John not to contain any [[parable]]s. Rather it contains [[metaphor]]ical stories or [[allegories]], such as those of the [[Good Shepherd]] and of the [[True Vine]], in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person, group, or thing. Other scholars consider stories like the childbearing woman<ref>{{Bibleref2|John|16:21|DRA}}</ref> or the dying grain<ref>{{Bibleref2|John|12:24|DRA}}</ref> to be parables.{{efn|See {{harvnb|Zimmermann|2015|pp=333–60}}.}} According to the Synoptics, the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple, while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus.{{sfn|Burge|2014|pp=236–37}} The [[Pharisees]], portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, are instead portrayed as sharply divided; they [[debate]] frequently in John's accounts. Some, such as [[Nicodemus]], even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus. This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees, who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief.{{sfn|Neusner|2003|p=8}} In place of the communal emphasis of the Pauline literature, John stresses the personal relationship of the individual to God.{{sfn|Bauckham|2015a}} ===Johannine literature=== The Gospel of John and the three [[Johannine epistles]] exhibit strong resemblances in theology and style; the [[Book of Revelation]] has also been traditionally linked with these, but differs from the gospel and letters in style and even theology.{{sfn|Van der Watt|2008|p=1}} The letters were written later than the gospel, and while the gospel reflects the break between the Johannine Christians and the Jewish synagogue, in the letters the Johannine community itself is disintegrating ("They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would have continued with us; but they went out..." - 1 John 2:19).{{sfn|Moloney|1998|p=4}} This secession was over [[Christology]], the "knowledge of Christ", or more accurately the understanding of Christ's nature, for the ones who "went out" hesitated to identify Jesus with Christ, minimising the significance of the earthly ministry and denying the salvific importance of Jesus's death on the cross.{{sfn|Watson|2014|p=112}} The epistles argue against this view, stressing the eternal existence of the Son of God, the salvific nature of his life and death, and the other elements of the gospel's "high" Christology.{{sfn|Watson|2014|p=112}} ===Historical reliability=== {{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}{{Further|Historicity of the Bible}} Jesus' teachings in the Synoptics greatly differ from those in the fourth gospel. Since the 19th century, scholars have almost unanimously accepted that the Johannine discourses are less likely to be historical than the synoptic parables, and were likely written for theological purposes.{{sfn|Sanders|1995|pp=57, 70–71}} Nevertheless, scholars generally agree that the fourth gospel is not without historical value. Some potential points of value include early provenance for some Johannine material, topographical references for [[Jerusalem]] and [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judea]], Jesus' crucifixion occurring prior to the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and Jesus' arrest in the [[Gethsemane|garden]] occurring after the accompanying deliberation of Jewish authorities.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=36–37}}{{sfn|Brown|Fitzmyer|Murphy|1999|pp=815,1274}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=}} Recent scholarship has argued for a more favourable reappraisal of the historical value of the Gospel of John and its importance for the reconstruction of the historical Jesus, based on recent archaeological and literary studies.{{sfn|Charlesworth|Pruszinski|2019|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2023|pp=179ff}} ==Representations== [[File:The last chapter by J. Doyle Penrose (1902).jpg|thumb|''[[Bede]] translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed'', by [[James Doyle Penrose]], 1902|alt=Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed, by James Doyle Penrose, 1902. Depicts the Venerable Bede as an elderly man with a long, white beard, sitting in a darkened room and dictating his translation of the Bible, as a younger scribe, sitting across from him, writes down his words. Two monks, standing together in the corner of the room, look on.]] The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions, [[Sketch comedy|skits]], [[play (theatre)|plays]], and [[Passion Play]]s, as well as in film. The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film ''The Gospel of John'', directed by David Batty and narrated by [[David Harewood]] and [[Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox]], with [[Selva Rasalingam]] as Jesus.{{update inline|date=August 2021}} The 2003 film ''[[The Gospel of John (film)|The Gospel of John]]'' was directed by [[Philip Saville]] and narrated by [[Christopher Plummer]], with [[Henry Ian Cusick]] as Jesus. Parts of the gospel have been set to music. One such setting is [[Steve Wariner|Steve Warner]]'s power anthem "Come and See", written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the [[Book of Signs]]. Additionally, some composers have made settings of the [[Passion of Jesus|Passion]] as portrayed in the gospel, most notably ''[[St John Passion]]'' composed by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], although some verses are borrowed from [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]. ==See also== {{columns list|colwidth=22em| * [[Authorship of the Johannine works]] * [[Chronology of Jesus]] * [[Egerton Gospel]] * [[Farewell Discourse]] * [[Free Grace theology]] * [[Gospel harmony]] * [[Last Gospel]] * [[List of Bible verses not included in modern translations]] * [[List of Gospels]] * [[Textual variants in the New Testament#Gospel of John|Textual variants in the Gospel of John]] }} == Notes == {{Notelist|30em}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Sources=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |author-last=Attridge |author-first=Harold W. |author-link=Harold W. Attridge |year=2008 |chapter=Part II: The Jesus Movements – Johannine Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA125 |editor1-last=Mitchell |editor1-first=Margaret M. |editor1-link=Margaret M. Mitchell |editor2-last=Young |editor2-first=Frances M. |editor2-link=Frances Young |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=125–143 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.008 |isbn=978-1-139-05483-6}} * {{Cite book |last = Aune |first = David E. |author-link = David Aune |chapter = John, Gospel of |title = The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year = 2003 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC |isbn = 978-0-664-21917-8 }} * {{Cite book | last = Barrett | first = C. K. | author-link = C. K. Barrett | title = The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text | publisher = [[Westminster John Knox Press]] | year = 1978 | location = Philadelphia | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-664-22180-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWR8DJ6C8KsC }} * {{Cite book |last1 = Barton |first1 = Stephen C. |editor1-last = Bauckham |editor1-first = Richard |editor1-link = Richard Bauckham |editor2-last = Mosser |editor2-first = Carl |title = The Gospel of John and Christian Theology |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2008 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3b2I8v2Gh8oC |isbn = 978-0-8028-2717-3 }} *{{Cite book |last1 = Bauckham |first1 = Richard |chapter = The Fourth Gospel as the Testimony of the Beloved Disciple |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3b2I8v2Gh8oC&pg=PA126 |editor1-last = Bauckham |editor1-first = Richard |editor2-last = Mosser |editor2-first = Carl |title = The Gospel of John and Christian Theology |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0-8028-2717-3 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple: Narrative, History, and Theology in the Gospel of John | last = Bauckham | first = Richard | publisher = Baker | isbn = 978-0-8010-3485-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQzjDM_L7-oC | date = 2007 }} * {{Cite book | title = Gospel of Glory: Major Themes in Johannine Theology | last = Bauckham | first = Richard | publisher = Baker Academic | location = Grand Rapids | year = 2015a | isbn = 978-1-4412-2708-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpIQBgAAQBAJ }} *{{Cite book |last1 = Bauckham |first1 = Richard |chapter = Sacraments and the Gospel of John |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rgkWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |editor1-last = Boersma |editor1-first = Hans |editor2-last = Levering |editor2-first = Matthew |title = The Oxford Handbook of Sacramental Theology |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2015b |isbn = 978-0-19-163418-5 }} * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Black |editor1-first=C. Clifton |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=D. Moody |editor3-last=Spivey |editor3-first=Robert A. |year=2019 |orig-date=1969 |title=Anatomy of the New Testament |chapter=John: The Gospel of Jesus' Glory |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MSHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |location=[[Minneapolis]] |publisher=[[Fortress Press]] |edition=8th |pages=129–156 |doi=10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.15 |isbn=978-1-5064-5711-6 |s2cid=242455133 |oclc=1082543536}} * {{Cite book | title=The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel | last = Blomberg | first = Craig | author-link = Craig Blomberg | publisher = InterVarsity Press | isbn = 978-0-8308-3871-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvcktkwnjxEC | date = 2011 }} * {{Cite book |title=Jesus the Purifier: John's Gospel and the Fourth Quest for the Historical Jesus |last=Blomberg |first=Craig L. |publisher=Baker Academic |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-4934-3996-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcB8EAAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite journal | title = John 4: 4–42: Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews and the Samaritans | last = Bourgel | first = Jonathan | journal = Journal of Theological Studies | year = 2018 | volume=69 | issue=1 | pages=39–65|url=https://www.academia.edu/37029909 | doi = 10.1093/jts/flx215 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Gospel According to John, Volume 1 | last = Brown | first = Raymond E. | author-link = Raymond E. Brown | year = 1966 | publisher = Doubleday | series = Anchor Bible series | volume = 29 | isbn = 978-0-385-01517-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olDuAAAAMAAJ }} * {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Raymond E.|title=The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIM0Q0bjgYkC&pg=PA25|year=1988|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-1283-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Raymond E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-oNIgAACAAJ|title=The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave: a Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels|date=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14009-5|language=en}} * {{Cite book | title = An Introduction to the New Testament | last = Brown | first = Raymond E. | year = 1997 | publisher = Anchor Bible | location = New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqpJCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 0-385-24767-2 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Raymond E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mwUAQAAIAAJ|title=The New Jerome Biblical Commentary|last2=Fitzmyer|first2=Joseph A.|author2-link=Joseph Fitzmyer|last3=Murphy|first3=Roland Edmund|date=1999|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-859836-5|author1-link=Raymond E. Brown}} * {{Cite book | title = The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus | last1 = Burge | first1 = Gary M. | editor1-last = Evans | editor1-first = Craig A. | year = 2014 | publisher = Routledge | chapter = Gospel of John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 | isbn = 978-1-317-72224-3 }} * {{Cite book | title = An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity | last = Burkett | first = Delbert | year = 2002 | publisher = Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&pg=PA215 | isbn = 978-0-521-00720-7 }} *{{Cite book |last1 = Bynum |first1 = Wm. Randolph |title = The Fourth Gospel and the Scriptures: Illuminating the Form and Meaning of Scriptural Citation in John 19:37 |publisher = BRILL |year = 2012 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=opHZRjy-8zMC |isbn = 978-90-04-22843-6 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Carson|first1=D. A.|title=The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Gospel According to John|date=1991|publisher=Wm. B. Eardmans|location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Cite book | title = An Introduction to the New Testament | last1 = Carson | first1 = D. A. | last2 = Moo | first2 = Douglas J. | year = 2009 | publisher = HarperCollins Christian Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV5FXRZo5c4C | isbn = 978-0-310-53955-1 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Charlesworth|first=James H.|author-link=James H. Charlesworth|title=The Historical Jesus in the Fourth Gospel: A Paradigm Shift?|journal=Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus|volume=8|issue=1|year=2010|pages=3–46|issn=1476-8690|doi=10.1163/174551909X12607965419559|url=https://jpcatholic.edu/NCUpdf/courses/BIBL526-Charlesworth_The_Historical_Jesus.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926074030/https://jpcatholic.edu/NCUpdf/courses/BIBL526-Charlesworth_The_Historical_Jesus.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-26 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite book |title=Jesus Research: The Gospel of John in Historical Inquiry |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-567-68135-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szqEDwAAQBAJ |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |editor-last2=Pruszinski |editor-first2=Jolyon G. R.}} * {{Cite book | title = Judaism in the New Testament: Practices and Beliefs | last1 = Chilton | first1 = Bruce | last2 = Neusner | first2 = Jacob | author2-link = Jacob Neusner | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izKMqNP2hygC | isbn = 978-1-134-81497-8 }} * {{Cite journal | title=Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation | last=Combs | first=William W. | journal=[[Grace Theological Journal]] | volume=8 | issue=2 | year=1987 | pages=195–212 |url=https://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Combs-NagHammadi-GTJ.htm | access-date=15 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094821/https://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Combs-NagHammadi-GTJ.htm | archive-date=21 October 2016 }} * {{Cite book |last = Culpepper |first = R. Alan |title = The Gospel and Letters of John |publisher = Abingdon Press |year = 2011 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5RXBD3meBAoC |isbn = 978-1-4267-5005-2 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | editor1-last = Cross | editor1-first = F. L. | editor1-link = F. L. Cross | editor2-last = Livingstone | editor2-first = Elizabeth A. | editor2-link = Elizabeth Livingstone | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | chapter = John, Gospel of St. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA887 | isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 }} * {{Cite book | title = Immortality and Resurrection | chapter = Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead | last1 = Cullmann | first1 = Oscar | editor1-last = Stendahl | editor1-first = Krister | publisher = [[Society of Biblical Literature]] | year = 1965 | pages=9–53 | isbn = 978-0020895206 }} * {{Cite book|last=DeConick|first=April D |editor1-first=April D |editor1-last=DeConick|editor2-first=Grant|editor2-last= Adamson|title=Histories of the Hidden God: Concealment and Revelation in Western Gnostic, Esoteric, and Mystical Traditions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-93599-4|chapter=Who is Hiding in the Gospel of John? Reconceptualizing Johannine Theology and the Roots of Gnosticism}} * {{Cite book | title=John and the Synoptics | chapter=The Q-Logion Mt 11, 27 / Lk 10, 22 and the Gospel of John | last=Denaux | first=Adelbert | editor-last=Denaux | editor-first=Adelbert | publisher=Leuven University Press | year=1992 | isbn=978-90-6186-498-1 | series=Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium | volume=101 | pages=113–47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5OwDM1Tu6MC |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5371617 }} * {{Cite book | last = Dunn | first = James D. G. | author-link = James Dunn (theologian) | title = The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zCh9SBb6Y8C&pg=PA177 | isbn = 978-0-8028-4498-9 | year = 1992 | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans }} * {{Cite book | title = Discovering John: Content, Interpretation, Reception | last1 = Edwards | first1 = Ruth B. | year = 2015 | publisher = Wm. B. 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D.|last= Greene|title=Christology in Culture Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEY5Oy5eo1EC&pg=PA37|year=2004|publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8028-2792-0}} * {{Cite book | title = Understanding the Bible | last = Harris | first = Stephen L. | year = 2006 | publisher = McGraw-Hill | edition = 7th | isbn = 978-0-07-296548-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAsoAAAACAAJ }} * {{cite book | title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible | editor1-last = Coogan | editor1-first = Michael D. | editor1-link = Michael Coogan | editor2-last = Brettler | editor2-first = Marc Z. | editor2-link = Marc Zvi Brettler | editor3-last = Newsom | editor3-first = Carol A. | editor3-link = Carol A. Newsom | editor4-last = Perkins | editor4-first = Pheme | editor4-link = Pheme Perkins | chapter = The Gospel According to John | last1 = Hendricks | first1 = Obrey M. Jr. | date = 2007 | publisher = Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. | location = [[Peabody, Massachusetts]] | edition = 3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyNiyGluEqEC | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyNiyGluEqEC&pg=RA2-PA146 | isbn = 978-1-59856-032-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Charles E. |year=2005 |chapter=Part III: The Evidence for a Johannine Corpus |title=The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/0199264589.003.0009 |pages=447–464 |isbn=978-0-19-926458-2 |oclc=475098055}} * {{Cite book |last = Hillar |first = Marian |title = From Logos to Trinity |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2012 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DMQgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |isbn = 978-1-139-50514-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Hurtado |first=Larry W. |author-link=Larry Hurtado |year=2005 |chapter=How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA13 |title=How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, UK]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |pages=13–55 |isbn=978-0-8028-2861-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Hurtado |first=Larry |title=God in New Testament Theology |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4267-1954-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aCaqJGgJvAC}} * {{Cite book |last1 = Keener |first1 = Craig S. |title = Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2019 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AnitDwAAQBAJ&q=%22most+scholars+today+doubt+that+any+eyewitnesses+directly+composed+the+gospels%22&pg=PT368 |isbn = 978-1-4674-5676-0 }} *{{Cite book |last1 = Kelly |first1 = Joseph F. |title = History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts |publisher = Liturgical Press |year = 2012 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=923-w0Knq-AC |isbn = 978-0-8146-5999-1 }} *{{Cite book |last1 = Köstenberger |first1 = Andreas |chapter = Destruction of the Temple and the Composition of the Fourth Gospel |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fWXC2krd_6IC&pg=PA69 |editor1-last = Lierman |editor1-first = John |title = Challenging Perspectives on the Gospel of John |publisher = Mohr Siebeck |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-3-16-149113-9 }} *{{Cite book |last1 = Köstenberger |first1 = Andreas |title = Encountering John |publisher = Baker Academic |year = 2013 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mRe-AgAAQBAJ |isbn = 978-1-4412-4485-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Köstenberger | first = Andreas J. | title = A Theology of John's Gospel and Letters: The Word, the Christ, the Son of God | publisher = Zondervan | year = 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvcQBwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0-310-52326-0 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Now Shall the Ruler of This World Be Driven Out: Jesus' Death as Cosmic Battle in John 12:20–36 | last = Kovacs | first = Judith L. | journal = Journal of Biblical Literature | year = 1995 | volume=114 | issue=2 | pages=227–47 | doi=10.2307/3266937 | jstor=3266937 }} * {{Cite book |last1 = Kruse |first1 = Colin G. |title = The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2004 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6JYgc2iH_skC |isbn = 978-0-8028-2771-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Kysar | first = Robert | title = Voyages with John: Charting the Fourth Gospel | year = 2005 | publisher = Baylor University Press | isbn = 978-1-932792-43-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ev5bp8lY04UC }} * {{Cite book | last = Kysar | first = Robert | title = John, the Maverick Gospel | year = 2007a | publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp | isbn = 978-0-664-23056-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br3ybb1X_KsC }} * {{Cite book | title = John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1: Critical Appraisals of Critical Views | chapter = The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John | last1 = Kysar | first1 = Robert | series = Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series | volume = 44 | editor1-last = Anderson | editor1-first = Paul N. | editor2-last = Just | editor2-first = Felix | editor3-last = Thatcher | editor3-first = Tom | publisher = [[Society of Biblical Literature]] | year = 2007b |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA80 | isbn = 978-1-58983-293-0 }} * {{Cite book | title=A Theology of the New Testament | last1=Ladd | first1=George Eldon | author1-link=George Eldon Ladd | last2=Hagner | first2=Donald Alfred | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | date=1993 | isbn=0-8028-0680-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC }} * {{Cite book |last1 = Lamb |first1 = David A. |title = Text, Context and the Johannine Community: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Johannine Writings |publisher = A&C Black |year = 2014 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w_MPAwAAQBAJ |isbn = 978-0-567-12966-6 }} * {{Cite book | title = Gospel According to St John: Black's New Testament Commentaries | last = Lincoln | first = Andrew T. | author-link = Andrew T. Lincoln | year = 2005 | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-4411-8822-9 }} * {{Cite book | title = John | last1 = Lindars | first1 = Barnabas | year = 1990 | publisher = A&C Black | series = New Testament Guides | volume = 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtjUAwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-85075-255-4 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Johannine Literature | last1 = Lindars | first1 = Barnabas | last2 = Edwards | first2 = Ruth | last3 = Court | first3 = John M. | year = 2000 | publisher = A&C Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC | isbn = 978-1-84127-081-4 }} * {{Cite journal|last1=Llewelyn|first1=Stephen Robert|last2=Robinson|first2=Alexandra|last3=Wassell|first3=Blake Edward|title=Does John 8:44 Imply That the Devil Has a Father?|journal=Novum Testamentum|volume=60|issue=1|year=2018|pages=14–23|issn=0048-1009|doi=10.1163/15685365-12341587|s2cid=166084766}} * {{Cite book |last = Martin |first = Dale B. |title = New Testament History and Literature |publisher = Yale University Press |year = 2012 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jUWUOwHHiiMC&pg=PT164 |isbn = 978-0-300-18219-4 }} *{{Cite book |last1 = Menken |first1 = M.J.J. |title = Old Testament Quotations in the Fourth Gospel: Studies in Textual Form |publisher = Peeters Publishers |year = 1996 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=drPgSxi20ZwC |isbn = 978-90-390-0181-3 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Text of New Testament | last1 = Metzger | first1 = Bruce M. | author1-link = Bruce M. Metzger | last2 = Ehrman | first2 = Bart D. | publisher = Рипол Классик |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lA4WAwAAQBAJ | date = 1985 | isbn = 978-5-88500-901-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Michaels | first = J. Ramsey | title = The Gospel of John | chapter = Verification of Jesus' Self-Revelation in His passion and Resurrection (18:1–21:25) | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | location = Grand Rapids | year = 1971 | isbn = 978-1-4674-2330-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWVyCgAAQBAJ }} * {{Cite book |last1 = Moloney |first1 = Francis J. |title = The Gospel of John |publisher = Liturgical Press |year = 1998 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2xDRFYKldboC |isbn = 978-0-8146-5806-2 }} * {{Cite book | title = Doubting Thomas | last = Most | first = Glenn W. |url=https://archive.org/details/doubtingthomas00glen | url-access = registration | year = 2005 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-01914-0 }} * {{Cite journal | title = The Individualism of the Fourth Gospel | last = Moule | first = C. F. D. | author-link = C. F. D. Moule | journal = Novum Testamentum | volume = 5 | issue = 2/3 | pages = 171–90 | date = July 1962 | doi = 10.2307/1560025 | jstor = 1560025 }} * {{Cite book | title = Invitation to the Talmud: A Teaching Book | last = Neusner | first = Jacob | publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-59244-155-6 | series = South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism | volume = 169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOBKAwAAQBAJ }} * {{Cite book |last1 = O'Day |first1 = Gail R. |chapter = John |editor1-last = Newsom |editor1-first = Carol Ann |editor2-last = Ringe |editor2-first = Sharon H. |title = Women's Bible Commentary |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year = 1998 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ymp4S2qZJ4cC |isbn = 978-0-664-25781-1 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform | last = Olson | first = Roger E. | publisher = InterVarsity Press | location = Downers Grove, Illinois | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-8308-1505-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QHRJNkbKJgC&q=The+story+of+Christian+theology+%3A+twenty+centuries+of+tradition+%26+reform | url-access = registration }} * {{Cite book |author-last=Ong |author-first=Hughson T. |year=2015 |chapter=The Gospel from a Specific Community but for All Christians: Understanding the Johannine Community as a "Community of Practice" |editor1-last=Porter |editor1-first=Stanley E. |editor1-link=Stanley E. Porter |editor2-last=Ong |editor2-first=Hughson T. |title=The Origins of John's Gospel |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Johannine Studies |volume=2 |pages=101–123 |doi=10.1163/9789004303164_007 |isbn=978-90-04-30316-4 |issn=2214-2800}} * {{Cite book | title = Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas | last = Pagels | first = Elaine | author-link = Elaine Pagels | publisher = Random House | location = New York | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-375-50156-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondbeliefsecr00page | url-access = registration }} * {{Cite book |author-last=Painter |author-first=John |author-link=John Painter (theologian) |year=2010 |chapter=Johannine Literature: The Gospel and Letters of John |editor-last=Aune |editor-first=David E. |editor-link=David Aune |title=The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament |location=[[Chichester, West Sussex]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |pages=344–372 |doi=10.1002/9781444318937.ch20 |isbn=978-1-4443-1893-7}} * {{Cite book | last = Perkins | first =Pheme | title = Gnosticism and the New Testament | publisher = Fortress Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-1-4514-1597-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewte00perk | url-access = registration }} * {{Cite book | title = John, His Gospel, and Jesus: In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice | last = Porter | first = Stanley E. | author-link = Stanley E. Porter | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | year = 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2llZCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0-8028-7170-1 }} *{{Cite book |last1 = Porter |first1 = Stanley E. |last2 = Fay |first2 = Ron C. |chapter = Introduction |editor1-last = Porter |editor1-first = Stanley E. |editor2-last = Fay |editor2-first = Ron C. |title = The Gospel of John in Modern Interpretation |publisher = Kregel Academic |year = 2018 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MOZoDwAAQBAJ |isbn = 978-0-8254-4510-1 }} * {{Cite book |last = Reddish |first = Mitchell G. |title = An Introduction to The Gospels |publisher = Abingdon Press |year = 2011 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC |isbn = 978-1-4267-5008-3 }} * {{Cite book |author-last=Reinhartz |author-first=Adele |author-link=Adele Reinhartz |year=2013 |chapter=Forging a New Identity: Johannine Rhetoric and the Audience of the Fourth Gospel |editor1-last=Krans |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |editor2-first=L. J. |editor3-last=Smit |editor3-first=Peter-Ben |editor4-last=Zwiep |editor4-first=Arie W. |title=Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=[[Novum Testamentum|Novum Testamentum: Supplements]] |volume=149 |pages=123–134 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA123 |doi=10.1163/9789004250369_009 |isbn=978-90-04-25026-0 |issn=0167-9732 |s2cid=171267332}} * {{Cite book |last1 = Reinhartz |first1 = Adele |chapter = The Gospel According to John |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I4stDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA |editor1-last = Levine |editor1-first = Amy-Jill |editor2-last = Brettler |editor2-first = Marc Z. |title = The Jewish Annotated New Testament |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-0-19-046185-0|edition=2nd }} * {{Cite book|last=Ronning|first=John L.|title=The Jewish Targums and John's Logos Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0rmwAEACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Hendrickson|isbn=978-1-59856-306-1}} * {{Cite book | title = The Historical Figure of Jesus | last = Sanders | first = E. P. | author-link = E. P. Sanders | year = 1995 | publisher = Penguin UK | isbn = 978-0-14-192822-7 <!--|url={{google books|id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|keywords="The Synoptics and John"|plainurl=yes}} --> }} * {{Cite book | title = The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John | last = Senior | first = Donald | year = 1991 | publisher = Liturgical Press | isbn = 978-0-8146-5462-0 | series = Passion of Jesus Series | volume = 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31BDFECBGF8C }} * {{Cite book | title = In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity | last = Skarsaune | first = Oskar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAlQTo4H4F4C | year = 2008 | publisher = InterVarsity Press | isbn = 978-0-8308-2670-4 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide | last1 = Theissen | first1 = Gerd | author1-link = Gerd Theissen | last2 = Merz | first2 = Annette | year = 1998 | orig-date = 1996 | publisher = Fortress Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC | isbn = 978-1-4514-0863-8 }} * {{Cite book | title = The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels | chapter = The Gospel According to John | last = Thompson | first = Marianne Maye | editor1-last = Barton | editor1-first = Stephen C. | year = 2006 | publisher = Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC&pg=PA182 | series = Cambridge Companions to Religion | isbn = 978-0-521-80766-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Tuckett | first = Christopher M. | chapter = Introduction to the Gospels | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D. G. | editor2-last = Rogerson | editor2-first = John William | title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible | year = 2003 | publisher = Eerdmans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC | isbn = 978-0-8028-3711-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1 = Valantasis |first1 = Richard |last2 = Bleyle |first2 = Douglas K. |last3 = Haugh |first3 = Dennis C. |title = The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |year = 2009 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_rFr9bGY5s4C |isbn = 978-0-7425-7069-6 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Van den Broek | first1 = Roelof | author-link1 = Roel van den Broek | last2 = Vermaseren | first2 = Maarten Jozef | title = Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONQUAAAAIAAJ | year = 1981 | publisher = E. J. Brill | location = Leiden | series = Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain | volume = 91 | isbn = 978-90-04-06376-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Van der Watt | first = Jan | title = An Introduction to the Johannine Gospel and Letters | publisher = Bloomsbury | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-567-52174-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nRJDwAAQBAJ }} * {{Cite book |last1 = Watson |first1 = Duane |chapter = Christology |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |editor1-last = Evans |editor1-first = Craig |title = The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus |publisher = Routledge |year = 2014 |isbn = 978-1-317-72224-3 }} * {{Cite book | title = Preaching the Gospel of John: Proclaiming the Living Word | last = Williamson | first = Lamar Jr. | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | location = Louisville | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-664-22533-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKl0EivRoEkC }} * {{Cite book | title = The New Testament Story | last = Witherington | first = Ben | year = 2004 | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZSyZi2vUQC | isbn = 978-0-8028-2765-4 }} * {{Cite book |last = Yu Chui Siang Lau |first = Theresa |chapter = The Gospels and the Old Testament |editor1-last = Harding |editor1-first = Mark |editor2-last = Nobbs |editor2-first = Alanna |title = The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UNIelnuGATgC |isbn = 978-0-8028-3318-1 }} * {{Cite book|last=Zanzig|first=Thomas |title=Jesus of History, Christ of Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMyiWpV-dx8C&pg=PA118|year=1999|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|isbn=978-0-88489-530-5}} * {{Cite book | title = Puzzling the Parables of Jesus: Methods and Interpretation | last = Zimmermann | first = Ruben | author-link = Ruben Zimmermann | publisher = Fortress Press | location = Minneapolis | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1-4514-6532-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ6qCgAAQBAJ }} {{refend}} ==External links== Online translations of the Gospel of John: * Over 200 versions in over 70 languages at ''[https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-American-Bible-Revised-Edition-NABRE-Bible/#booklist Bible Gateway]'' * David Robert Palmer, [http://www.bibletranslation.ws/trans/johnwgrk.pdf Translation from the Greek] * [http://www.bibletranslation.ws/trans/john.pdf Text of the Gospel with textual variants] * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/egerton.html The Egerton Gospel] text; compare with ''Gospel of John'' * [https://holy-bible.online/kjv.php?book=1%20John Online version of Book of John, KJV ] {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Gospel]]|||}} {{S-bef|before=[[Synoptic Gospels|Gospel]] of<br /> [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] }} {{S-ttl|title=[[New Testament]]<br />[[Books of the Bible]]}} {{S-aft|after=[[Acts of the Apostles|Acts<br />of the Apostles]]}} {{S-end}} {{Jesus footer}} {{Books of the Bible}} {{Gospel of John|state=expanded}} {{Subject bar |portal1 = Religion |portal2 = Christianity |portal3 = Bible |commons = yes |b = yes |q = yes |s = yes |v = Biblical Studies (NT)#The Gospels: The Life and Ministry of Jesus }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Gospel of John| ]] [[Category:1st-century Christian texts]] [[Category:2nd-century Christian texts]] [[Category:Catharism]] [[Category:Johannine literature]] [[Category:New Testament books|John]] [[Category:Texts in Koine Greek]] [[Category:Works of uncertain authorship]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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