Generation Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{short description|All of the people born and living at about the same time period, regarded collectively}} {{About|the social sciences concept|generation of electricity|Electricity generation|biological life stages|Biological life cycle|other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} [[File:Baby Mother Grandmother and Great Grandmother.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Four generations of one family: a baby boy, his mother, his maternal grandmother, and his maternal great-grandmother. (2008)]] A '''generation''' is all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Generation|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/generation?q=Generation|website=Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary}}</ref> It also is "the average period, generally considered to be about 20–30 years, during which children are born and grow up, become adults, and begin to have children."<ref name="AMA">{{cite journal |date=June 2022 |title=Generational Insights and the Speed of Change |url=https://www.ama.org/marketing-news/generational-insights-and-the-speed-of-change}}</ref> In [[kinship]], ''generation'' is a structural term, designating the parent–child relationship. In [[biology]], ''generation'' also means [[biogenesis]], [[reproduction]], and [[procreation]]. ''Generation'' is also a synonym for ''birth/age [[Cohort (statistics)|cohort]]'' in [[demography|demographics]], [[marketing]], and [[social science]], where it means "people within a delineated population who experience the same significant events within a given period of time."<ref name="Pilcher">{{cite journal |last=Pilcher |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Pilcher |date=September 1994 |title=Mannheim's Sociology of Generations: An undervalued legacy |url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/201/articles/94PilcherMannheimSocGenBJS.pdf |url-status=live |journal=British Journal of Sociology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=481–495 |doi=10.2307/591659 |jstor=591659 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329102523/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/201/articles/94PilcherMannheimSocGenBJS.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> The term ''generation'' in this sense, also known as ''[[social generation]]s'', is widely used in popular culture and is a basis of [[sociological analysis]]. Serious analysis of generations began in the nineteenth century, emerging from an increasing awareness of the possibility of permanent social change and the idea of youthful rebellion against the established social order. Some analysts believe that a generation is one of the fundamental social categories in a society; others consider generation less important than class, gender, race, and education. ==Etymology== The word ''generate'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''generāre'', meaning "to beget".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/generate |title=Generate | Define Generate at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |date=15 June 1995 |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011051029/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/generate |url-status=live }}</ref> The word ''generation'' as a ''[[Cohort (statistics)|group or cohort]]'' in [[social science]] signifies the entire body of individuals born and living at about the same time, most of whom are approximately the same age and have similar ideas, problems, and attitudes (e.g., [[Beat Generation]] and [[Lost Generation]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/generation|title=Definition of generation | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010203503/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/generation|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Familial generation<!--'Familial generation' redirects here-->== [[File:Lynch Armenia Five generations.png|thumb|left|Five generations of one [[Armenians|Armenian]] family—a child with her mother, grandmother, great-grandmother and great-great-grandmother. (photograph dated from book published in 1901)]] [[File:Orthodox priest family.jpg|thumb|Three generations of an [[Clerical marriage|Eastern Orthodox priest family]] from [[Jerusalem]], {{circa|1893}}]] A '''familial generation'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> is a group of living beings constituting a single step in the line of descent from an ancestor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Generation|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generation|publisher=Miriam-Webster|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905111349/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generation|url-status=live}}</ref> In developed nations the [[generation time|average familial generation length]] is in the high 20s and has even reached 30 years in some nations.<ref name="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Social Policy Division [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/49/41919586.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302044722/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/49/41919586.pdf|date=2 March 2018}} SF2.3: Mean age of mothers at first childbirth. Retrieved 15 April 2011.</ref> Factors such as greater [[industrialisation]] and demand for cheap labour, [[urbanisation]], delayed first [[pregnancy]] and a greater uncertainty in both employment income and relationship stability have all contributed to the increase of the generation length from the late 18th century to the present. These changes can be attributed to social factors, such as [[GDP]] and state policy, [[globalization]], automation, and related individual-level variables, particularly a woman's educational attainment.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bedasso|first1=Biniam Egu|url=http://www.uneca.org/acgs/mdgs/Education_Empirical_report.pdf |title=Investing in education as a means and as an end: exploring the microfoundations of the MDGs |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601030316/http://www.uneca.org/acgs/mdgs/Education_Empirical_report.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2012 |df=dmy |date=March 2008 |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa}}</ref> Conversely, in less-developed nations, generation length has changed little and remains in the low 20s.<ref name="OECD"/><ref name="NCHS">Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db21.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125130852/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db21.pdf|date=25 November 2017}} Delayed childbearing: More women are having their first child later in life. NCHS data brief, no 21. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</ref> An [[Intergenerational conflict|intergenerational rift]] in the [[nuclear family]], between the parents and [[Siblings|two or more of their children]], is one of several possible [[Dysfunctional family#Dynamical|dynamics of a dysfunctional family]]. Coalitions in families are subsystems within families with more rigid boundaries and are thought to be a sign of family dysfunction.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 3127252|year = 2011|last1 = Whiteman|first1 = S. D.|title = Theoretical Perspectives on Sibling Relationships|journal = Journal of Family Theory & Review|volume = 3|issue = 2|pages = 124–139|last2 = McHale|first2 = S. M.|last3 = Soli|first3 = A.|pmid = 21731581|doi = 10.1111/j.1756-2589.2011.00087.x}}</ref> == Social generation == Social generations are cohorts of people born in the same date range and who share similar cultural experiences.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mannheim |first1=k |title=Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge |date=1952 |publisher=RKP |location=London}}</ref> The idea of a social generation has a long history and can be found in ancient literature,<ref name="Biggs 2007 695–711">{{cite journal |last=Biggs |first=Simon|title=Thinking about generations: Conceptual positions and policy implications.|journal=Journal of Social Issues |year=2007 |volume=63|issue=4|pages=695–711 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00531.x}}</ref> but did not gain currency in the sense that it is used today until the 19th century. Prior to that the concept "generation" had generally referred to family relationships and not broader social groupings. In 1863 the French [[lexicographer]] [[Emile Littré]] had defined a generation as "all people coexisting in society at any given time."<ref name=Wohl203>{{Cite book | last=Wohl | first=Robert | title=The generation of 1914 | year=1979 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn=9780674344662 | pages=203–209 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLe3e3FDXQkC&q=wohl%201914&pg=PA1 | access-date=31 October 2020 | archive-date=18 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618144448/https://books.google.com/books?id=YLe3e3FDXQkC&q=wohl+1914&pg=PA1 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|19}} Several trends promoted a new idea of generations, as the 19th century wore on, of a society divided into different categories of people based on age. These trends were all related to the processes of [[modernisation]], [[industrialisation]], or [[westernisation]], which had been changing the face of Europe since the mid-18th century. One was a change in mentality about time and social change. The increasing prevalence of [[Age of Enlightenment|enlightenment]] ideas encouraged the idea that society and life were changeable, and that civilization could [[Social progress|progress]]. This encouraged the equation of youth with social renewal and change. Political rhetoric in the 19th century often focused on the renewing power of youth influenced by movements such as [[Young Italy]], [[Young Germany]], [[Sturm und Drang]], the [[German Youth Movement]], and other [[romantic movement]]s. By the end of the 19th century, European intellectuals were disposed toward thinking of the world in generational terms—in terms of youth rebellion and emancipation.<ref name=Wohl203 /> One important contributing factor to the change in mentality was the change in the economic structure of society. Because of the rapid social and economic change, young men particularly were less beholden to their fathers and family authority than they had been. Greater social and economic mobility allowed them to flout their authority to a much greater extent than had traditionally been possible. Additionally, the skills and wisdom of fathers were often less valuable than they had been due to technological and social change.<ref name=Wohl203 /> During this time, the period between [[childhood]] and [[adulthood]], usually spent at university or in military service, was also increased for many [[white-collar worker]]s. This category of people was very influential in spreading the ideas of youthful renewal.<ref name=Wohl203 /> Another important factor was the breakdown of traditional social and regional identifications. The spread of [[nationalism]] and many of the factors that created it (a national press, linguistic homogenisation, [[public education]], suppression of local particularities) encouraged a broader sense of belonging beyond local affiliations. People thought of themselves increasingly as part of a society, and this encouraged identification with groups beyond the local.<ref name=Wohl203 /> [[Auguste Comte]] was the first philosopher to make a serious attempt to systematically study generations. In ''Cours de philosophie positive'', Comte suggested that social change is determined by generational change and in particular conflict between successive generations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/201/articles/85JaegerGenInHistHISTTHEO.pdf |title=Hans Jaeger. Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversy. Translation of "Generationen in der Geschichte: Überlegungen zu einer umstrittenen Konzeption," originally published in Geschichte und Gesellschaft 3 (1977), 429–452. p 275. |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=17 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117003017/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/201/articles/85JaegerGenInHistHISTTHEO.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As the members of a given generation age, their "instinct of social conservation" becomes stronger, which inevitably and necessarily brings them into conflict with the "normal attribute of youth"—innovation. Other important theorists of the 19th century were [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Wilhelm Dilthey]]. === Generational theory === The sociologist [[Karl Mannheim]] was a seminal figure in the study of generations. He elaborated a [[theory of generations]] in his 1923 essay ''The Problem of Generations''.<ref name="Pilcher" /> He suggested that there had been a division into two primary schools of study of generations until that time. Firstly, positivists such as Comte measured social change in designated life spans. Mannheim argued that this reduced history to "a chronological table". The other school, the "romantic-historical" was represented by Dilthey and [[Martin Heidegger]]. This school focused on the individual qualitative experience at the expense of social context. Mannheim emphasised that the rapidity of social change in youth was crucial to the formation of generations, and that not every generation would come to see itself as distinct. In periods of rapid social change a generation would be much more likely to develop a cohesive character. He also believed that a number of distinct sub-generations could exist.<ref name="Pilcher" /> According to Gilleard and Higgs, Mannheim identified three commonalities that a generation shares:<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Gilleard| first1=Chris| last2=Higgs| first2=Paul| title=The third age: Class, cohort or generation?|journal=Ageing and Society| year=2002| volume=22| issue=3| pages=369–382| doi=10.1017/s0144686x0200870x| s2cid=145549764}}</ref> * Shared temporal location: generational site or birth cohort * Shared historical location: generation as actuality or exposure to a common era * Shared sociocultural location: generational consciousness or [[entelechy]] Authors [[William Strauss]] and [[Neil Howe]] developed the [[Strauss–Howe generational theory]] outlining what they saw as a pattern of generations repeating throughout American history. This theory became quite influential with the public and reignited an interest in the sociology of generations. This led to the creation of an industry of consulting, publishing, and marketing in the field<ref name="COHE">{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Hoover |url=http://chronicle.com/article/The-Millennial-Muddle-How/48772/ |title=The Millennial Muddle |publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713233331/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Millennial-Muddle-How/48772/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (corporations spent approximately 70 million dollars on generational consulting in the U.S. in 2015).<ref name="Menand-2021"/> The theory has alternatively been criticized by social scientists and journalists who argue it is non-[[falsifiability|falsifiable]], [[determinism|deterministic]], and unsupported by rigorous evidence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=David |author-link=David Brooks (cultural commentator) |title=What's the Matter With Kids Today? Not a Thing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/11/05/reviews/001105.05brookst.html |access-date=8 March 2018 |publisher=The New York Times |date=5 November 2000 |archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113163037/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/11/05/reviews/001105.05brookst.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Generation Gaps |first=Michael |last=Lind |date=January 26, 1997 |publisher=The New York Times Book Review |access-date=8 March 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/01/26/reviews/970126.26lindlt.html?_r=1 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120456/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/01/26/reviews/970126.26lindlt.html?_r=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Generation Gap: More Myth Than Reality |first=Frank |last=Giancola |date=1 December 2006 |publisher=Human Resource Planning |access-date=July 5, 2018 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-157194740.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705175737/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-157194740.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref> There are psychological and sociological dimensions in the sense of belonging and identity which may define a generation. The concept of a generation can be used to locate particular birth cohorts in specific historical and cultural circumstances, such as the "[[Baby boomers]]".<ref name="Biggs 2007 695–711"/> Historian Hans Jaeger shows that, during the concept's long history, two schools of thought coalesced regarding how generations form: the "pulse-rate hypothesis" and the "imprint hypothesis."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaeger |first1=Hans |title=Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversial Concept |journal=History and Theory |date=1985 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=273–292 |url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/201/articles/85JaegerGenInHistHISTTHEOCrOCR.pdf |doi=10.2307/2505170 |jstor=2505170 |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305193145/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/201/articles/85JaegerGenInHistHISTTHEOCrOCR.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the pulse-rate hypothesis, a society's entire population can be divided into a series of non-overlapping cohorts, each of which develops a unique "peer personality" because of the time period in which each cohort came of age.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strauss |first1=William |last2=Howe |first2=Neil |title=Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584–2069 |date=1991 |publisher=Harper |location=New York}}</ref> The movement of these cohorts from one life-stage to the next creates a repeating cycle that shapes the history of that society. A prominent example of pulse-rate generational theory is Strauss and Howe's theory. Social scientists tend to reject the pulse-rate hypothesis because, as Jaeger explains, "the concrete results of the theory of the universal pulse rate of history are, of course, very modest. With a few exceptions, the same goes for the partial pulse-rate theories. Since they generally gather data without any knowledge of statistical principles, the authors are often least likely to notice to what extent the jungle of names and numbers which they present lacks any convincing organization according to generations."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaeger |first1=Hans |title=Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversial Concept |journal=History and Theory |date=1885 |volume=24 |issue=3 |page=283 |url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/201/articles/85JaegerGenInHistHISTTHEOCrOCR.pdf |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305193145/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/201/articles/85JaegerGenInHistHISTTHEOCrOCR.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Social scientists follow the "imprint hypothesis" of generations (i.e., that major historical events—such as the [[Vietnam War]], the [[September 11 attacks]], the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], etc.—leave an "imprint" on the generation experiencing them at a young age), which can be traced to Karl Mannheim's theory. According to the imprint hypothesis, generations are only produced by specific historical events that cause young people to perceive the world differently than their elders. Thus, not everyone may be part of a generation; only those who share a unique social and biographical experience of an important historical moment will become part of a "generation as an actuality."<ref>{{cite book |last= Mannheim |first= Karl | chapter= The Problem of Generations |date=1952 |title= Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge: Collected Works, Volume 5 |editor1-last = Kecskemeti | editor1-first= Paul | location= New York |publisher= Routledge |pages=276–322}}</ref> When following the imprint hypothesis, social scientists face a number of challenges. They cannot accept the labels and chronological boundaries of generations that come from the pulse-rate hypothesis (like Generation X or Millennial); instead, the chronological boundaries of generations must be determined inductively and who is part of the generation must be determined through historical, quantitative, and qualitative analysis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hart-Brinson |first1=Peter |title=The Gay Marriage Generation: How the LGBTQ Movement Transformed American Culture |date=2018 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York}}</ref> While all generations have similarities, there are differences among them as well. A 2007 [[Pew Research Center]] report called "Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change" noted the challenge of studying generations: <blockquote>Generational analysis has a long and distinguished place in social science, and we cast our lot with those scholars who believe it is not only possible, but often highly illuminating, to search for the unique and distinctive characteristics of any given age group of Americans. But we also know this is not an exact science. We are mindful that there are as many differences in attitudes, values, behaviors, and lifestyles within a generation as there are between generations. But we believe this reality does not diminish the value of generational analysis; it merely adds to its richness and complexity.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Millennials. Confident, Connected. Open to Change.|editor-last1=Taylor|editor-first1=Paul|editor-last2=Keeter|editor-first2=Scott|url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1501/millennials-new-survey-generational-personality-upbeat-open-new-ideas-technology-bound|pages=5|date=24 February 2010|access-date=24 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227045407/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1501/millennials-new-survey-generational-personality-upbeat-open-new-ideas-technology-bound|archive-date=27 February 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref></blockquote> Another element of generational theory is recognizing how youth experience their generation, and how that changes based on where they reside in the world. "Analyzing young people's experiences in place contributes to a deeper understanding of the processes of individualization, inequality, and of generation."<ref>{{Cite book|title = Youth and Generation|last = Dan Woodman|first = Johanna Wyn|publisher = Sage|year = 2015|isbn = 9781446259047|pages = 164}}</ref> Being able to take a closer looks at youth cultures and subcultures in different times and places adds an extra element to understanding the everyday lives of youth. This allows a better understanding of youth and the way generation and place play in their development.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Youth and Generation Rethinking Change and Inequity in the Lives of Young People|last1 = Woodman|first1 = Dan|publisher = Sage Publications Ltd|year = 2015|isbn = 9781446259047|location = London|pages = 122|last2 = Wyn|first2 = Johanna}}</ref> It is not where the birth cohort boundaries are drawn that is important, but how individuals and societies interpret the boundaries and how divisions may shape processes and outcomes. However, the practice of categorizing age cohorts is useful to researchers for the purpose of constructing boundaries in their work.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grenier |first=Amanda |title=Crossing age and generational boundaries: Exploring intergenerational research encounters |journal=Journal of Social Issues |year=2007 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=713–727 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00532.x}}</ref> === Generational tension === {{Main|Generation gap}} Norman Ryder writing in ''[[American Sociological Review]]'' in 1965 shed light on the [[sociology]] of the discord between generations by suggesting that society "persists despite the mortality of its individual members, through processes of demographic metabolism and particularly the annual infusion of birth cohorts". He argued that generations may sometimes be a "threat to stability" but at the same time they represent "the opportunity for social transformation".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Norman |title=The cohort as a concept in the study of social change |journal=American Sociological Review |year=1965 |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=843–861 |doi=10.2307/2090964 |jstor=2090964 |pmid=5846306}}</ref> Ryder attempted to understand the dynamics at play between generations. Amanda Grenier in a 2007 essay published in ''[[Journal of Social Issues]]'' offered another source of explanation for why generational tensions exist. Grenier asserted that generations develop their own linguistic models that contribute to misunderstanding between age cohorts, "Different ways of speaking exercised by older and younger people exist, and may be partially explained by social historical reference points, culturally determined experiences, and individual interpretations".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grenier |first=Amanda |title=Crossing age and generational boundaries: Exploring intergenerational research encounters |journal=Journal of Social Issues |year=2007 |volume=63 |issue=4 |page=718 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00532.x}}</ref> Karl Mannheim in his 1952 book ''Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge'' asserted the belief that people are shaped through lived experiences as a result of social change. Howe and Strauss also have written on the similarities of people within a generation being attributed to social change. Based on the way these lived experiences shape a generation in regard to values, the result is that the new generation will challenge the older generation's values, resulting in tension. This challenge between generations and the tension that arises is a defining point for understanding generations and what separates them.<ref>Mannheim, Karl. (1952) 'The problem of generations', in K. Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, London: RKP</ref> ==List of social generations{{anchor|List_of_named_generations}}== === Western world === [[File:Generation_timeline.svg|thumb|450px|Timeline of generations in the Western world – retirement age and life expectancy are approximate]] The [[Western world]] includes parts of [[Western Europe]], [[North America]], and [[Australasia]]. Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but very general. The contemporary characterization of these cohorts used in media and advertising borrows, in part, from the Strauss–Howe generational theory<ref name="COHE" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaney |first1=Damien |last2=Touzani |first2=Mourad |last3=Ben Slimane |first3=Karim |title=Marketing to the (new) generations: summary and perspectives |journal=Journal of Strategic Marketing |date=2017 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=179 |doi=10.1080/0965254X.2017.1291173 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and generally follows the logic of the [[#Generational theory|pulse-rate hypothesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaeger |first1=Hans |s2cid=3680078 |title=Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversial Concept |journal=History and Theory |date=1985 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=273–292|doi=10.2307/2505170 |jstor=2505170 }}</ref> *The '''[[Lost Generation]]''', also known as the "Generation of 1914" in Europe,<ref name=Wohl>{{Cite book | last=Wohl | first=Robert | title=The generation of 1914 | year=1979 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, MA | isbn=9780674344662 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLe3e3FDXQkC&q=wohl%201914&pg=PA1 | access-date=31 October 2020 | archive-date=18 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618144426/https://books.google.com/books?id=YLe3e3FDXQkC&q=wohl+1914&pg=PA1 | url-status=live }}</ref> is a term originating from [[Gertrude Stein]] to describe those who fought in [[World War I]]. The Lost Generation is defined as the cohort born from 1883 to 1900 who came of age during World War I and the [[Roaring Twenties]].<ref name=howe>{{Cite book | last1=Howe | first1=Neil | author-link1=William Strauss | last2=Strauss | first2=William | author-link2=Neil Howe | title=Generations: The History of Americas Future. 1584 to 2069 | year=1991 | publisher=William Morrow and Company | location=New York | isbn=0688119123 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/generationshisto00stra_0/page/247 247–260] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/generationshisto00stra_0/page/247 }}</ref> *The '''[[Greatest Generation]]''', also known in American usage as the "G.I. Generation",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Safire |first1=William |title=Generation What? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30wwln-safire-t.html |access-date=20 February 2019 |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106044324/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30wwln-safire-t.html |archive-date=6 January 2018}}</ref> includes the [[veterans]] who fought in [[World War II]]. They were born from 1901 to 1927;<ref>{{cite web |title=The Generation Gap in American Politics |date=March 2018 |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/03/01122435/03-01-18-Generations-release.pdf |access-date=20 February 2019 |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808044537/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/03/01122435/03-01-18-Generations-release.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> older G.I.s (or the [[Interbellum Generation]]) came of age during the Roaring Twenties, while younger G.I.s came of age during the [[Great Depression]] and World War II. Journalist [[Tom Brokaw]] wrote about American members of this cohort in his book ''[[The Greatest Generation (book)|The Greatest Generation]]'', which popularized the term.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Hunt | first = Tristram | date = 6 June 2004 | title = One last time they gather, the Greatest Generation | work = [[The Observer]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jun/06/secondworldwar | access-date = 24 August 2009 | location = London | archive-date = 13 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130713201248/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/jun/06/secondworldwar | url-status = live }}</ref> *The '''[[Silent Generation]]''', also known as the "Lucky Few", is the cohort who came of age in the [[postwar|post–World War II era]]. They were born from 1928 to 1945.<ref>{{cite news|title=Generations and Age|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/topics/generations-and-age/|access-date=26 May 2018|publisher=Pew Research|date=1 March 2018|archive-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528171442/http://www.pewresearch.org/topics/generations-and-age/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/methodology/demographic-research/definitions/|title=Definitions - Pew Research Center|website=www.pewresearch.org|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216215337/http://www.pewresearch.org/methodology/demographic-research/definitions/|archive-date=2017-02-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the U.S., this group includes most of those who may have fought the [[Korean War]] and many of those who may have fought during the [[Vietnam War]]. *'''[[Baby boomers]]''' (often shortened to Boomers), are the people born following World War II from 1946 to 1964. Increased birth rates were observed during the [[post–World War II baby boom]], making them a relatively large demographic cohort.<ref>See: *{{cite web|last1=Brandon|first1=Emily|title=The Youngest Baby Boomers Turn 50|url=http://money.usnews.com/money/retirement/articles/2014/06/16/the-youngest-baby-boomers-turn-50|website=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102174509/http://money.usnews.com/money/retirement/articles/2014/06/16/the-youngest-baby-boomers-turn-50|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|title=Baby Boomers|url=http://www.history.com/topics/baby-boomers|publisher=History.com|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217204419/http://www.history.com/topics/baby-boomers|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|last1=Fry|first1=Richard|title=This year, Millennials will overtake Baby Boomers|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/16/this-year-millennials-will-overtake-baby-boomers/|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=10 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110201452/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/16/this-year-millennials-will-overtake-baby-boomers/|url-status=live}} *{{Cite book |first1=Neil |last1=Howe |first2=William |last2=Strauss |title=Generations: The History of Americas Future, 1584 to 2069 |year=1991 |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/generationshisto00stra_0/page/299 299–316] |isbn=9780688119126 |url=https://archive.org/details/generationshisto00stra_0/page/299 }} *{{Cite book | last = Owram | first = Doug | year = 1997 | title = Born at the Right Time | isbn = 9780802080868 | publisher = Univ Of Toronto Press | location = Toronto | page = xiv | url = https://archive.org/details/bornatrighttimeh0000owra }} *{{Cite book | last = Jones | first = Landon | year = 1970 | title = Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation | publisher = Coward, McCann and Geoghegan | location = New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=National Population Projections | website=census.gov | date=1997-07-31 | url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/natproj.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970731033738/http://www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/natproj.html | archive-date=1997-07-31 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> In the U.S., many older boomers may have fought in the [[Vietnam War]] or participated in the [[counterculture of the 1960s]], while younger boomers (or [[Generation Jones]]) came of age in the "malaise" years of the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/opinion/baby-boomers-trump.html|title=Opinion | Mr. Jones and Me: Younger Baby Boomers Swing Left|first=Jennifer Finney|last=Boylan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 June 2020|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216072328/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/opinion/baby-boomers-trump.html|url-status=live}}</ref> *'''[[Generation X]]''' (or Gen X for short) is the cohort following the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born between 1965 and 1980.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vol. 33, No. 1: Generations |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/styleandsubstance/2020/02/02/vol-33-no-1-generations/ |newspaper=WSJ |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629220903/https://blogs.wsj.com/styleandsubstance/2020/02/02/vol-33-no-1-generations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different [[subcultures]] or [[counterculture]]s since the 1950s. In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of a drop in birth rates following the baby boom.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Identity">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2WmSCOBR2IC&dq=%22Generation+X%22+%22baby+bust%22&pg=PA307 | title=Encyclopedia of Identity | isbn=9781412951531 | last1=Jackson Ii | first1=Ronald L. | last2=Hogg | first2=Michael A. | date=29 June 2010 }}</ref> *'''[[Millennials]]''', also known as Generation Y<ref name="Horovitz">{{cite news|last=Horovitz|first=Bruce|title=After Gen X, Millennials, what should next generation be?|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/advertising/story/2012-05-03/naming-the-next-generation/54737518/1|access-date=24 November 2012|newspaper=USA Today|date=4 May 2012|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901215431/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/advertising/story/2012-05-03/naming-the-next-generation/54737518/1|url-status=live}}</ref> (or Gen Y for short), are the generation following Generation X who grew up around the [[turn of the century|turn of the]] [[3rd millennium]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=9199317 | year=2022 | last1=Grazziotin-Soares | first1=R. | last2=Ardenghi | first2=D. M. | title=Drawings to explore faculties' and students' perceptions from different generations cohorts about dental education: A pilot study | journal=BDJ Open | volume=8 | issue=1 | page=17 | doi=10.1038/s41405-022-00109-5 | pmid=35705540 }}</ref> This generation is typically defined as those born from 1981 to 1996.<ref name="guides.loc.gov">{{cite web |last1=Burclaff |first1=Natalie |title=Research Guides: Doing Consumer Research: A Resource Guide: Generations |url=https://guides.loc.gov/consumer-research/market-segments/generations |website=guides.loc.gov |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="canstatistics">{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=A generational portrait of Canada's aging population from the 2021 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/98-200-X/2021003/98-200-X2021003-eng.cfm |website=statcan.gc.ca |access-date=18 July 2022 |date=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-06 |title=Millennials cheer New Zealand lawmaker's 'OK, Boomer' remark |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-millennials-idUSKBN1XG2YT |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref><ref name="uscensus">{{cite web |title=2019 Data Show Baby Boomers Nearly 9 Times Wealthier Than Millennials |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/08/wealth-inequality-by-household-type.html |website=Census.gov |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> The Pew Research Center reported that Millennials surpassed the Baby Boomers in U.S. numbers in 2019, with an estimated 71.6 million Boomers and 72.1 million Millennials.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/28/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers-as-americas-largest-generation/|title=Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America's largest generation|last=Fry|first=Richard|date=April 28, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428233813/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/28/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers-as-americas-largest-generation/|url-status=live}}</ref> *'''[[Generation Z]]''' (or Gen Z for short and colloquially as "Zoomers"), are the people succeeding the Millennials. [[Pew Research Center]] describes Generation Z as spanning from 1997 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dimock |first=Michael |title=Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Both the United States [[Library of Congress]] and [[Statistics Canada]] have cited Pew's definition of 1997–2012 for Generation Z.<ref name="guides.loc.gov"/><ref name="canstatistics"/> In a 2022 report, the [[U.S. Census]] designates Generation Z as those born 1997 to 2013.<ref name="uscensus"/> The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] uses 1996 to 2010 to define Generation Z in a 2022 publication.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title=2021 Census shows Millennials overtaking Boomers |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/2021-census-shows-millennials-overtaking-boomers |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201051428/https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/2021-census-shows-millennials-overtaking-boomers |url-status=live }}</ref> *'''[[Generation Alpha]]''' (or Gen Alpha for short) are the generation succeeding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media typically use the early 2010s as starting birth years and the mid-2020s as ending birth years. Generation Alpha is the first to be born entirely in the 21st century.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Perano|first=Ursula|url=https://www.axios.com/generation-alpha-millennial-children-63438b10-6817-483e-8472-38810df77880.html|title=Meet Generation Alpha, the 9-year-olds shaping our future|date=August 8, 2019|work=Axios|access-date=September 6, 2019|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808235523/https://www.axios.com/generation-alpha-millennial-children-63438b10-6817-483e-8472-38810df77880.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2015, there were some two-and-a-half million people born every week around the globe, and Gen Alpha is expected to reach nearly two billion in size by 2025.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Alex|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/19/fashion/meet-alpha-the-next-next-generation.html|title=Meet Alpha: The Next 'Next Generation'|date=September 19, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 7, 2019|department=Fashion|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228172712/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/19/fashion/meet-alpha-the-next-next-generation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Other areas=== * In [[Armenia]], people born after the country's independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991 are known as the "Independence generation". * In [[Bulgaria]], people born in the final years of communism and early years of capitalism (mid-1980s to mid-1990s) are known as "the children of the transition". They are believed to have had a difficult time adapting to the many changes in the country that occurred during the time they were growing into adulthood. Regime and economic changes and shifts from eastern to western cultural values and influences, among other factors, were things their parents, being from previous generations, could not prepare them for.{{No source|date=December 2022}} * In the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], the generation of people born in [[History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)|Czechoslovakia]] during the [[baby boom]] which started in the early 1970s, during the period of "[[Normalization (Czechoslovakia)|normalization]]" are called "[[Husák's Children|Husák's children]]". The generation was named after the President and long-term [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Communist]] leader of Czechoslovakia, [[Gustáv Husák]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/baby-boom-and-immigration-prop-up-czech-population/r~i:article:508527/|title=Baby boom and immigration prop up Czech population|date=2007-09-20|website=Aktuálně.cz|language=cs|access-date=2019-02-09|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124216/https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/baby-boom-and-immigration-prop-up-czech-population/r~i:article:508527/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was due to his political program to boost the growth of population. * In the [[China|People's Republic of China]], the "[[Post-80s]]" (Chinese: 八零后世代 or 八零后) (born-after-1980 generation) are those who were born in the 1980s in urban areas of mainland China. Growing up in modern China, the Post-80s has been characterised by its optimism for the future, newfound excitement for [[consumerism]] and [[entrepreneurship]] and acceptance of its historic role in transforming modern China into an [[World economy|economic]] power.<ref name="Yan 2006 255-262">{{cite journal|last=Yan|first=Yunxiang|title=Little Emperors or Frail Pragmatists? China's '80ers Generation.|journal=Current History|year=2006|volume=105|issue=692|pages=255–262|doi=10.1525/curh.2006.105.692.255 |doi-access=free}}</ref> There is also the similarly named "[[Post-90s]]" (Chinese: 九零后), those born in the post-[[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen]] era of the 1990s.<ref name="womenofchina.cn">{{cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/141532-1.htm|title=Post-90s Graduates Changing the Workplace|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jingdaily.com/brands-struggle-to-connect-with-chinas-post-90s-generation/19296/ |title=Brands Struggle To Connect With China's 'Post-90s' Generation |work=Jing Daily|date=2 July 2012 }}</ref> A broader generational classification would be the "one-child generation" born between the introduction of the [[one-child policy]] in 1980 and its softening into a "[[two-child policy]]" in 2013. The lack of siblings has had profound psychological effects on this generation, such as [[egoism]] due to always being at the centre of parents' attention as well as the stress of having to be the sole provider once the parents retire. * People born post-1980s in [[Hong Kong]] are for the most part different from the same generation in mainland China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=12&art_id=93121&sid=26708529&con_type=3&d_str=20100115&fc=4 |title=Post 80s rebels with a cause |newspaper=The Standard |first=Coleen |last=Lee |date=15 January 2010 |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629173954/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=12&art_id=93121&sid=26708529&con_type=3&d_str=20100115&fc=4 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> The term "[[Post-80s#Post-'80s in Hong Kong|Post-80s]]" <small>(zh: [[:zh:八十後 (香港)|八十後]])</small> came into use in [[Hong Kong]] between 2009 and 2010, particularly during the [[opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link]], during which a group of young activists came to the forefront of Hong Kong's political scene.<ref>Kwong wing-yuen (ed.), Zhan zai dan de yi bian, Xianggang bashihou, Hong Kong, UP Publications Limited, 2010, pp. 16–32.</ref> They are said to be "[[Post-materialism|post-materialist]]" in outlook, and they are particularly vocal in issues such as urban development, culture and heritage, and political reform. Their campaigns include the fight for the preservation of [[Lee Tung Street]], the Star Ferry Pier and the Queen's Pier, Choi Yuen Tsuen Village, real political reform (on 23 June), and a citizen-oriented Kowloon West Art district. Their discourse mainly develops around themes such as [[anti-colonialism]], [[sustainable development]], and democracy. *In [[Hungary]], the re-criminalization of abortion and the childless-tax policies implemented by [[Anna Ratkó]] in the early-1950s resulted in a minor baby boom (roughly 1953–1956) known as the "Ratkó era" (''[[:hu:Ratkó-korszak]]'') or the "Ratkó children."<ref>Michelle Sawyer, [https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2010/sawyer_michelle.pdf Women’s Reproductive Rights under State Socialism In Hungary: The Ratkó Era, 1950-1956], Central European University, 2010</ref><ref>Erzsébet Földházi, [https://demografia.hu/en/publicationsonline/index.php/demographicportrait/article/download/893/655/658 Structure and Future of Hungary’s Population], in Monostori, J. - Őri, P. - Spéder, Zs. (eds.) ''Demographic Portrait of Hungary'' (HDRI, Budapest: 2015), 211–224</ref> * In [[India]], generations tend to follow a pattern similar to the broad Western model, although there are still major differences, especially in the older generations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.harvardbusiness.org/erickson/2009/02/global_generations_focus_on_in.html |title=Generational Differences Between India and the U.S |publisher=Blogs.harvardbusiness.org |date=28 February 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225230933/http://blogs.harvardbusiness.org/erickson/2009/02/global_generations_focus_on_in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One interpretation sees [[Partition of India|India's independence]] in 1947 as India's major generational shift. People born in the 1930s and 1940s tended to be loyal to the new state and tended to adhere to "traditional" divisions of society. Indian "boomers", those born after independence and into the early 1960s, witnessed events like the [[Indian Emergency]] between 1975 and 1977 which made a number of them somewhat skeptical of the government. * In [[Israel]], where most [[Ashkenazi Jews]] born before the end of [[World War II]] were [[Holocaust survivors]], children of survivors and people who survived as babies are sometimes referred to as the "second generation (of Holocaust survivors)" (Hebrew: דור שני לניצולי שואה, ''dor sheni lenitsolei shoah''; or more often just דור שני לשואה, ''dor sheni lashoah'', literally "second generation to the Holocaust"). This term is particularly common in the context of psychological, social, and political implications of the individual and national [[transgenerational trauma]] caused by [[the Holocaust]]. Some researchers have also found signs of trauma in third-generation Holocaust survivors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5214219|title=New Israeli Study Finds Signs of Trauma in Grandchildren of Holocaust Survivors|date=2012-04-16|work=Haaretz|access-date=2019-02-26|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226172752/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5214219|url-status=live}}</ref> * In [[Northern Ireland]], people born after the signing of the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in 1998, generally regarded as the end of [[the Troubles]], are colloquially known as "Peace Babies". * In [[Norway]], the term "the dessert generation" has been applied to the baby boomers and every generation afterwards.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://snl.no/dessertgenerasjon | title=Dessertgenerasjon | date=25 November 2022 }}</ref> * In [[Russia]], characteristics of Russian generations are determined by fateful historical events that significantly change either the foundations of the life of the country as a whole or the rules of life in a certain period of time. Names and given descriptions of Russian generations: the Generation of Winners,<ref>Tsvetkova G.A. Richly, beautifully, happily: the cultural strategies of everyday live "Generation Winners // Educational sciences – 2013 №6. {{ISSN|2072-2524}} [https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21516313] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218112002/https://elibrary.ru/item.asp%3Fid%3D21516313|date=18 December 2019}}.</ref> the generation of the [[Cold War]], the generation of [[Perestroika]], the first non-Soviet generation (the children of Perestroika, the Witnesses of Perestroika), the digital generation.<ref>Miroshkina M.R. "Interpretations of the Generations Theory in the Context of Russian Education" // ''Yaroslavl Pedagogical Herald'', 2017, №6 [https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/interpretatsii-teorii-pokoleniy-v-kontekste-rossiyskogo-obrazovaniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218112005/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/interpretatsii-teorii-pokoleniy-v-kontekste-rossiyskogo-obrazovaniya|date=18 December 2019}}.</ref> * In [[Singapore]], people born before 1949 are referred to as the "[[Pioneer Generation Package|Pioneer Generation]]" for their contributions to Singapore during the nation's earliest years. Likewise, those born between 1950 and 1959 are referred to as the "[[Merdeka Generation Package|Merdeka Generation]]" as their formative years were during the [[Self-governance of Singapore|political turbulence of the 1950s to 1960s]] in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/270-million-in-medisave-top-ups-for-eligible-pioneer-generation-and-merdeka-generation|title=$270 million in Medisave top-ups for eligible Pioneer Generation and Merdeka Generation seniors in July|date=13 June 2019|publisher=The Straits Times|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103224533/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/270-million-in-medisave-top-ups-for-eligible-pioneer-generation-and-merdeka-generation|url-status=live}}</ref> * In [[South Africa]], people born after the [[1994 South African general election|1994 general election]], the first after [[apartheid]] was ended, are often referred to in media as the "born-free generation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/07/south-africans-first-election-born-free-born-after-apartheid|title=South Africans vote in first election for 'born free' generation|first=David|last=Smith|work=The Guardian|date=8 May 2014|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305051858/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/07/south-africans-first-election-born-free-born-after-apartheid|url-status=live}}</ref> People born after the year 2000 are often referred to as "Ama2000",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siphosworld.wordpress.com/2019/12/31/ama2000-generation-z/|title=# Ama2000 – Generation Z|last=Malefane|first=Sipho|date=2019-12-31|website=Sipho's reflexions|access-date=2020-02-05|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205080409/https://siphosworld.wordpress.com/2019/12/31/ama2000-generation-z/|url-status=live}}</ref> a term popularized by music and a Coca-Cola advert.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGV5pH5qITU|title=Summer Yama 2000 #RefreshWherevs|website=YouTube|access-date=5 February 2020|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421042456/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGV5pH5qITU&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> * In [[South Korea]], generational cohorts are often defined around the democratization of the country, with various schemes suggested including names such as the "democratization generation", [[386 generation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2008/04/180_18529.html |title=Fiasco of 386 Generation |work=The Korea Times |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328184023/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2008/04/180_18529.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="eastwest">{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/shinsedae-conservative-attitudes-of-a-new-generation-in-south-korea-and-the-impact-on-the-korean-presidential-election/ |title=Shinsedae: Conservative Attitudes of a 'New Generation' in South Korea and the Impact on the Korean Presidential Election |publisher=Eastwestcenter.org |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915155227/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/shinsedae-conservative-attitudes-of-a-new-generation-in-south-korea-and-the-impact-on-the-korean-presidential-election/ |archive-date=15 September 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> (named after [[Intel 386]] computer in the 1990s to describe people in their late 30s and early 40s who were born in the 1960s, and attended university/college in the 1980s, also called the "June 3, 1987 generation"), that witnessed the June uprising, the "April 19 generation" (that struggled against the [[Syngman Rhee]] regime in 1960), the "June 3 generation" (that struggled against the normalization treaty with Japan in 1964), the "1969 generation" (that struggled against the constitutional revision allowing three presidential terms), and the ''shin-se-dae'' ("new") generation.<ref name="eastwest" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/08/26/200908260078.asp |title=Social cohesion Ideological differences divide generations |newspaper=The Korea Herald |date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205154755/http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/08/26/200908260078.asp |archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Jip | first=Choi Jang | title=Democratization, Civil Society, and the Civil Social Movement in Korea | journal=Korea Journal | volume=40 | issue=3 | date=2019-05-15 | issn=1225-4576 | pages=26–57 | url=https://www.ekoreajournal.net/sysLib/down.php?file=..%2FUPLOAD%2FT_articles%2FPDF4033 | access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> The term ''Shin-se-dae generation'' refers to the generation following Millennials in the Korean language. The ''Shin-se-dae generation'' are mostly free from ideological or political bias.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sun Young|first1=Park|title=Shinsedae: Conservative Attitudes of a 'New Generation' in South Korea and the Impact on the Korean Presidential Election|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/shinsedae-conservative-attitudes-of-a-new-generation-in-south-korea-and-the-impact-on-the-korean-presidential-election/ |department=East-West Centre|publisher=Hankook Ilbo|access-date=22 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915155227/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/shinsedae-conservative-attitudes-of-a-new-generation-in-south-korea-and-the-impact-on-the-korean-presidential-election/|archive-date=15 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * In [[Sweden]], it is common to talk about people based on the decades of their births: "40-talist" (a person that was born in the 1940s), "50-talist" (a person that was born in the 1950s), etc. * In [[Taiwan]], the term [[Strawberry generation]] refers to Taiwanese people born after 1981 who "bruise easily" like strawberries—meaning they can not withstand social pressure or work hard like their parents' generation; the term refers to people who are insubordinate, spoiled, selfish, arrogant, and sluggish in work. * In [[Turkey]], it is common to talk about people based on the decades of the time they were teens. * In [[Spain]], although in general terms there is a certain assimilation to the generational structure of Strauss and Howe (and uncritically the majority of the media use it), there are substantial differentials, for historical reasons that (as established by the Generations theory) have marked the successive age cohorts in the Century XX. Firstly, neutrality during the First World War, which prevented it from suffering that social and cultural impact. Secondly, the Civil War and the subsequent dictatorship, which lasted four decades and, especially during its first decades, imposed strong political, social and cultural repression. And thirdly, neutrality during World War II. Thus, the sociologists [[Artemio Baigorri]] and [[Manuela Caballero]] insert, between the Silent Generation and the Baby Boom Generation (which they also call the Protest Generation), what they call the Franco Generation (1929–1943), whose childhood and early youth was marked by war, post-war scarcity and repression.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Glocalising the theory of generations: The case of Spain|last1=Caballero|first1=Manuela|last2=Baigorri|first2=Artemio|journal=Time & Society|volume=28|issue=1|pages=333–357|doi=10.1177/0961463X18783374|year=2019}}</ref> ===Other terminology=== The term generation is sometimes applied to a cultural movement, or more narrowly defined group than an entire demographic. Some examples include: [[File:"Geração à Rasca" Banner.jpg|thumb|right|''Geração à Rasca'' demonstration in Lisbon, 2011]] * The [[Stolen Generations]], refers to children of [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islander]] descent, who were forcibly removed from their families by Australian federal and state government agencies and church missions, under Acts of their respective parliaments between approximately 1869 and 1969.<ref>[https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/education/track-history-timeline-stolen-generations, Track the History Timeline on the Australian Human Rights]</ref> * The [[Beat Generation]], refers to a popular American cultural movement widely cited by social scholars as having laid the foundation of the pro-active American counterculture of the 1960s. It consisted of Americans born between the two world wars who came of age in the rise of the automobile era, and the surrounding accessibility they brought to the culturally diverse, yet geographically broad and separated nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.online-literature.com/periods/beat.php|title=The Beat Generation|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710101322/http://www.online-literature.com/periods/beat.php|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Generation Jones]] is a term coined by [[Jonathan Pontell]] to describe the [[Cohort (statistics)|cohort]] of people born between 1954 and 1965. The term is used primarily in [[English-speaking countries]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Jensen, J.B. | year = 2007 | title = Future consumer tendencies and shopping behaviour: The development up until 2015-17. Research paper No. 1 | place = Denmark | publisher = Marianne Levinsen & Jesper Bo Jensen | pages = 13–17 | url = http://uk.fremforsk.dk/vis_bog.asp?AjrdcmntId=179 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130122103446/http://uk.fremforsk.dk/vis_bog.asp?AjrdcmntId=179 | archive-date = 22 January 2013 | df = dmy-all }}{{Cite news | last = Seigle | first = Greg | title = Some Call It 'Jones' | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = 6 April 2000 | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/52287975.html?dids=52287975:52287975&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT | access-date = 18 February 2007 | archive-date = 23 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023005649/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/52287975.html?dids=52287975:52287975&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="scoop">{{cite news|title=Press Release: Generation Jones is driving NZ Voter Volatility|publisher=Scoop Independent News (NZ)|date=13 September 2005|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0509/S00161.htm|access-date=18 February 2007|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722125857/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0509/S00161.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Pontell defined Generation Jones as referring to the second half of the [[post–World War II baby boom]].<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2000/10/15/wpres115.xml|title=Generation Jones comes of age in time for election|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=15 October 2000|access-date=12 June 2009|location=London|first=David|last=Wastell|archive-date=7 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307092653/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2000%2F10%2F15%2Fwpres115.xml|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term also includes first-wave [[Generation X]]. * [[MTV Generation]], a term referring to the adolescents and young adults of the 1980s and early-mid 1990s who were heavily influenced by the [[MTV]] television channel. It is often used synonymously with [[Generation X]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The MetLife Study of Gen X: The MTV Generation Moves into Mid-Life|url=https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/studies/2013/mmi-gen-x.pdf|access-date=1 July 2017|publisher=MetLife|date=April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021014452/https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/studies/2013/mmi-gen-x.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Raphelson|first1=Samantha|title=From GIs To Gen Z (Or Is It iGen?): How Generations Get Nicknames|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/10/06/349316543/don-t-label-me-origins-of-generational-names-and-why-we-use-them|access-date=1 July 2017|publisher=NPR|date=6 October 2014|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701053025/http://www.npr.org/2014/10/06/349316543/don-t-label-me-origins-of-generational-names-and-why-we-use-them|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/31/mtv.20/index.html |title=MTV: Rewinding 20 years of music revolution |publisher=CNN |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=11 February 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024551/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/31/mtv.20/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * In Europe, a variety of terms have emerged in different countries particularly hard hit following the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]] to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects.<ref name=Itano>{{cite news|last=Itano|first=Nicole|title=In Greece, education isn't the answer|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/europe/090514/greece-education-isnt-the-answer|access-date=28 January 2013|newspaper=Global Post|date=14 May 2009|archive-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520181616/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/europe/090514/greece-education-isnt-the-answer|url-status=live}}</ref> ** ''The Generation of 500'' is a term popularized by the [[Media in Greece#Mass media|Greek mass media]] and refers to educated [[Greek people|Greek]] [[twixter]]s of urban centers who generally fail to establish a [[career]]. Young adults are usually forced into [[underemployment]] in temporary and occasional jobs, unrelated to their educational background, and receive the minimum allowable base [[salary]] of €500. This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the [[Economy of Greece#2010–2018 government debt crisis|Greek debt crisis]] and participated in the [[2010–2011 Greek protests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15117098,00.html|title=Γενιά των 600 € και "αγανακτισμένοι" της Μαδρίτης - βίοι παράλληλοι; - Πολιτική |date=2011-05-30 |work=DW.COM|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903170233/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15117098,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ** In Spain, they are referred to as the ''[[:es:Mileurista|mileuristas]]'' (for €1,000, "the thousand-euro-ists").<ref>{{cite news|last=Pérez-Lanzac|first=Carmen|title=1,000 euros a month? Dream on…|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/03/12/inenglish/1331575980_208983.html|access-date=28 January 2013|newspaper=El Pais|date=12 March 2012|archive-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522001117/http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/03/12/inenglish/1331575980_208983.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ** In Portugal, they are called the ''[[:pt:Geração à Rasca|Geração à Rasca]]'' (the "Scraping-By Generation"); a twist on the older term ''[[:pt:Geração rasca|Geração Rasca]]'' ("the Lousy Generation") used by detractors to refer to student demonstrations in the 1990s against Education Ministers [[:pt:António Couto dos Santos|António Couto dos Santos]] and later [[Manuela Ferreira Leite]]. ** In France, they are called ''Génération précaire'' ("The Precarious Generation"). ** In Italy the term "generation of 1,000 euros" is used. * [[Xennials]], Oregon Trail Generation, and Generation Catalano are terms used to describe individuals born during Generation X/Millennial [[cuspers|cusp]] years. ''Xennials'' is a portmanteau blending the words Generation X and Millennials to describe a microgeneration of people born from the late 1970s to early 1980s.<ref name="Miller">{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Ryan|title=Are you a Xennial? How to tell if you're the microgeneration between Gen X and Millennial.|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/12/20/xennials-millennials-generation-x-microgeneration/2369230002/|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801093415/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/12/20/xennials-millennials-generation-x-microgeneration/2369230002/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Anna|first1=Garvey|title=The Biggest Difference Between Millennials and My Generation|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anna-garvey/the-biggest-and-best-difference-between-millennials_b_7438370.html|access-date=1 July 2017|work=Huffington Post|date=25 May 2016|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925010008/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anna-garvey/the-biggest-and-best-difference-between-millennials_b_7438370.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Xennials">{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/06/28/xennials_a_23006562/ |title=Xennials, The Microgeneration Between Gen X And Millennials |last=D'Souza |first=Joy |date=28 June 2017 |work=[[Huffington Post]] |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629071701/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/06/28/xennials_a_23006562/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/life/culturebox/2011/10/generation_catalano_the_generation_stuck_between_gen_x_and_the_m.single.html | title = Generation Catalano | last = Shafrir | first = Doree | date = 24 October 2011 | website = Slate | publisher = The Slate Group | access-date = 1 July 2017 | archive-date = 1 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170701223253/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/culturebox/2011/10/generation_catalano_the_generation_stuck_between_gen_x_and_the_m.single.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/06/28/xennials_a_23006562/|title=If You Don't Fit In With Gen X or Millennials You Might Be A Xennial"Ok Boomer"|date=2017-06-28|website=HuffPost Canada|access-date=2019-03-23|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323083012/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/06/28/xennials_a_23006562/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Zillennials]], Zennials, Snapchat Generation, and MinionZ are terms used to describe individuals born during the Millennial/Generation Z [[cuspers|cusp]] years. ''Zillennials'' is a portmanteau blending the words Millennials and Generation Z to describe a microgeneration of people born from the early 1990s to the early 2000s.<ref name="Zennials">{{cite book |author1=Hannah L. Ubl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZuqDgAAQBAJ |title=Managing Millennials For Dummies |author2=Lisa X. Walden |author3=Debra Arbit |date=24 April 2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-31022-8 |page=266 |chapter=Chapter 13: Making Adjustments for Ages and Life Stages}}</ref> ==Criticism== [[Philip N. Cohen]], a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, criticized the use of "generation labels", stating that the labels are "imposed by survey researchers, journalists or marketing firms" and "drive people toward stereotyping and rash character judgment." Cohen's [[open letter]] to the [[Pew Research Center]], which outlines his criticism of generational labels, received at least 150 signatures from other demographers and social scientists.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Philip N.|date=2021-07-07|title=Opinion {{!}} Generation labels mean nothing. It's time to retire them.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/07/07/generation-labels-mean-nothing-retire-them/|access-date=2021-08-30|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> [[Louis Menand]], writer at ''[[The New Yorker]]'', stated that "there is no empirical basis" for the contention "that differences within a generation are smaller than differences between generations." He argued that generational theories "seem to require" that people born at the tail end of one generation and people born at the beginning of another (e.g. a person born in 1965, the first year of Generation X, and a person born in 1964, the last of the Boomer era) "must have different values, tastes, and life experiences" or that people born in the first and last birth years of a generation (e.g. a person born in 1980, the last year of Generation X, and a person born in 1965, the first year of Generation X) "have more in common" than with people born a couple years before or after them.<ref name="Menand-2021">{{cite magazine |last1=Menand |first1=Louis |title=It's Time to Stop Talking About "Generations" |magazine=The New Yorker |date=11 October 2021 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/10/18/its-time-to-stop-talking-about-generations |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> In 2023, after a review of their research and methods, and consulting with external experts, [[Pew Research Center]] announced a change in their use of generation labels to "avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes or oversimplifying people’s complex lived experiences", and said that, going forward, they will only conduct generational analysis when historical data is available that allows them to "compare generations at similar stage of life" and "won’t always default to using the standard generational definitions and labels."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Kim |title=How Pew Research Center will report on generations moving forward |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/22/how-pew-research-center-will-report-on-generations-moving-forward/ |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Society}} * [[Age set]] * [[Cusper]] * [[Generational accounting]] * [[Generationism]] * [[Intergenerational equity]] * [[Intergenerationality]] * [[Transgenerational design]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite web|publisher=Pew Center|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/16/this-year-millennials-will-overtake-baby-boomers/|date= January 16, 2015|title=This Year, Millennials Will Overtake Baby Boomers|author=Fry, Richard}} * {{cite web|publisher=Society for Cultural Anthropology|url=https://culanth.org/fieldsights/846-generation|date= April 6, 2016|title=Generation|author=Ialenti, Vincent}} * [http://docupedia.de/zg/Jureit_generation_v2_en_2017 Ulrike Jureit: "Generation, Generationality, Generational Research"], version: 2, in: ''Docupedia Zeitgeschichte'', 09. August 2017 == External links == * {{Wiktionary inline|generation}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Generation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Demographics]] [[Category:Cultural generations]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! 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