Fasting

{{Short description|Willing abstinence from, or reduced consumption of, food and/or drink}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Distinguish|fast food}}

'''Fasting''' is the abstention from eating and sometimes drinking. From a purely [[physiology|physiological]] context, "fasting" may refer to the [[metabolism|metabolic]] status of a person who has not eaten overnight (see "[[Breakfast]]"), or to the metabolic state achieved after complete [[digestion]] and [[Nutrient|absorption]] of a meal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fasting {{!}} Definition, Description, Types, Benefits, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/fasting|access-date=2021-10-28|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Metabolic changes in the fasting state begin after absorption of a meal (typically 3–5 hours after eating).

A [[diagnostic fast]] refers to prolonged fasting from 1 to 100 hours (depending on age) conducted under observation to facilitate the investigation of a health complication, usually [[hypoglycemia]]. Many people may also fast as part of a medical procedure or a check-up, such as preceding a [[colonoscopy]] or [[surgery]], or before certain medical tests. [[Intermittent fasting]] is a technique sometimes used for [[weight loss]] that incorporates regular fasting into a person's [[dietary]] schedule. Fasting may also be part of a [[#Religious views|religious ritual]], often associated with specific scheduled fast days, as [[#Religious views|determined by the religion]], or by applied as a [[public demonstration]] for a given cause in a practice known as a [[hunger strike]].

== Health effects ==
{{See also|Starvation response|Intermittent fasting|Autophagy|Fasting and longevity}}

Alternate-day fasting (alternating between a 24-hour "fast day" when the person eats less than 25% of usual energy needs, followed by a 24-hour non-fasting "feast day" period) has been shown to  improve [[Circulatory system#Cardiovascular system|cardiovascular]] and metabolic [[biomarker]]s similarly to a [[calorie restriction diet]] in people who are [[overweight]], obese or have [[metabolic syndrome]].<ref name="Cioffi2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cioffi I, Evangelista A, Ponzo V, Ciccone G, Soldati L, Santarpia L, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F, Ghigo E, Bo S | display-authors = 6 | title = Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Journal of Translational Medicine | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 371 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30583725 | pmc = 6304782 | doi = 10.1186/s12967-018-1748-4 | type = Systematic review | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="harris">{{cite journal | vauthors = Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, Whittaker V, Sharp T, Lean M, Hankey C, Ells L | display-authors = 6 | title = Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 507–547 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29419624 | doi = 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003248 | url = https://research.tees.ac.uk/ws/files/6438175/621636.pdf | access-date = 23 October 2019 | url-status = live | s2cid = 46780578 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191030172956/https://research.tees.ac.uk/ws/files/6438175/621636.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name="mattson17">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M | title = Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 39 | pages = 46–58 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 27810402 | pmc = 5411330 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005 }}</ref><ref name="Papamichou2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Papamichou D, Panagiotakos DB, Itsiopoulos C | title = Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials | journal = Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 531–543 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 30952576 | doi = 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.02.004 | s2cid = 86497236 | type = Systematic review }}</ref>  

A 2021 review found that moderate alternate-day fasting for two to six months was associated with reductions of body weight, [[body mass index]], and cardiometabolic [[risk factor]]s in overweight or obese adults.<ref name="patikorn">{{Cite journal|last1=Patikorn|first1=Chanthawat|last2=Roubal|first2=Kiera|last3=Veettil|first3=Sajesh K.|last4=Chandran|first4=Viji|last5=Pham|first5=Tuan|last6=Lee|first6=Yeong Yeh|last7=Giovannucci|first7=Edward L.|last8=Varady|first8=Krista A.|last9=Chaiyakunapruk|first9=Nathorn|date=17 December 2021|title=Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558|journal=JAMA Network Open|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2139558|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558|pmid=34919135|pmc=8683964|issn=2574-3805}}</ref>

=== Medical application ===
{{See also|Preoperative fasting|Body cleansing|Nothing by mouth}}
Fasting is almost always practiced prior to surgery or other procedures that require [[general anesthesia]] because of the risk of [[pulmonary aspiration]] of gastric contents after induction of anesthesia (i.e., vomiting and inhaling the vomit, causing life-threatening [[aspiration pneumonia]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/WomensHealth/story?id=7161746&page=1 |title=Do You Need to Starve Before Surgery?  |date=25 March 2009 |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208095908/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/WomensHealth/story?id=7161746&page=1 |archive-date=8 February 2011 |access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/health/minutes/stories/2004/06/17/1137544.htm |title=Fasting before surgery – Health & Wellbeing |last=Norman |first=Dr |date=17 April 2003 |publisher=Abc.net.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529211055/http://www.abc.net.au/health/minutes/stories/2004/06/17/1137544.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yestheyrefake.net/anesthesia_full.htm |title=Anesthesia Information (full edition) &#124; From Yes They're Fake! |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=Yestheyrefake.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112015650/http://www.yestheyrefake.net/anesthesia_full.htm |archive-date=12 November 2010 |access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref> Additionally, certain medical tests, such as [[cholesterol]] testing ([[lipid panel]]) or certain [[blood glucose]] measurements require fasting for several hours so that a [[baseline (medicine)|baseline]] can be established.

=== Mental health ===
In one review, fasting improved [[alertness]], [[depression (mood)|mood]], and subjective feelings of well-being, possibly improving overall symptoms of [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and boosting cognitive performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fond |first1=G |last2=MacGregor |first2=A |last3=Leboyer |first3=M |last4=Michalsen |first4=A |year=2013 |title=Fasting in mood disorders: Neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature |url=http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00789122/document |url-status=live |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=209 |issue=3 |pages=253–258 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018 |pmid=23332541 |s2cid=39700065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165447/http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00789122/document |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>

=== Weight loss ===
{{Main|Intermittent fasting}}
There is little evidence to suggest that intermittent fasting for periods shorter than 24 hours is effective for sustained [[weight loss]] in obese adults.<ref name="unders">{{Cite book |last1=Whitney |first1=Eleanor Noss |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mib1CAAAQBAJ&pg=SA7-PA21 |title=Understanding Nutrition |last2=Rolfes |first2=Sharon Rady |date=2012 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1133587521 |language=en |access-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031451/https://books.google.de/books?id=Mib1CAAAQBAJ&pg=SA7-PA21 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anton |first1=Stephen D |last2=Moehl |first2=Keelin |last3=Donahoo |first3=William T |last4=Marosi |first4=Krisztina |last5=Lee |first5=Stephanie A |last6=Mainous |first6=Arch G |last7=Leeuwenburgh |first7=Christiaan |last8=Mattson |first8=Mark P|display-authors=3 |year=2017 |title=Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting |journal=Obesity |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=254–268 |doi=10.1002/oby.22065 |pmc=5783752 |pmid=29086496}}</ref>

===Longevity===

There is no [[evidence-based medicine|sound clinical evidence]] that fasting can promote [[longevity]] in humans.<ref name="lee">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee MB, Hill CM, Bitto A, Kaeberlein M |title=Antiaging diets: Separating fact from fiction |journal=Science |volume=374 |issue=6570 |pages=eabe7365 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34793210 |pmc=8841109 |doi=10.1126/science.abe7365}}</ref>

== Other effects ==
{{See also|Category:Food and drink appreciation}}
It has been argued that fasting makes one more appreciative of food,<ref name=unders/><ref name=Hunger/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonhardt |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xp-ITP3NFkC&pg=PA92 |title=Nine Habits of Happiness |publisher=DoctorZed Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=9780980625998 |language=en |access-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031336/https://books.google.de/books?id=5Xp-ITP3NFkC&pg=PA92 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA16 |title=Vegetarian Times |date=1 October 1985 |publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc. |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031302/https://books.google.de/books?id=lwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA16 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> and possibly drink.
<!--does fasting make people more resistant to food shortages? http://l-nutra.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/elsevier-february-2013.pdf https://books.google.de/books?id=JDg1JE6eascC&pg=PA201-->

== Political application ==
Fasting is often used to make a political statement, to [[protest]], or to bring awareness to a cause. A [[hunger strike]] is a method of [[non-violent resistance]] in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke feelings of guilt, or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. A ''spiritual fast'' incorporates personal spiritual beliefs with the desire to express personal principles, sometimes in the context of social injustice.<ref name="Garcia, M. 2007 p. 103">Garcia, M. (2007) ''The Gospel of Cesar Chavez: My Faith in Action'' Sheed & Ward Publishing p. 103</ref>

The political leader [[Gandhi]] undertook several long fasts as political and social protests. Gandhi's fasts had a significant impact on the [[British Raj]] and the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] population generally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harinarayanan|first=A.|date=1986|title=GANDHI'S FASTS : AN ANALYSIS (Summary)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141630|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=47|pages=696–698|jstor=44141630|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

In Northern Ireland in 1981, a prisoner, [[Bobby Sands]], was part of the [[1981 Irish hunger strike]], protesting for better rights in prison.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/18/newsid_2514000/2514727.stm ON THIS DAY 1981: Violence erupts at Irish hunger strike protest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417055938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/18/newsid_2514000/2514727.stm |date=17 April 2019 }}, ''[[BBC News]]''</ref> Sands had just been elected to the British Parliament and died after 66 days of not eating. 100,000 people attended his funeral, and the strike ended only after nine other men died. In all, ten men survived without food for 46 to 73 days.

[[César Chávez]] undertook several spiritual fasts, including a 25-day fast in 1968 promoting the principle of nonviolence and a fast of 'thanksgiving and hope' to prepare for pre-arranged civil disobedience by farm workers.<ref name="Garcia, M. 2007 p. 103" /><ref name="Shaw, R. 2008 p.92">Shaw, R. (2008)''Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the struggle for justice in the 21st century'' University of California Press, p.92</ref> Chávez regarded a spiritual fast as "a personal spiritual transformation".<ref>Espinosa, G. Garcia, M ''Mexican American Religions:Spirituality activism and culture''(2008) Duke University Press, p 108</ref> Other progressive campaigns have adopted the tactic.<ref>Shaw, R. (2008)''Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the struggle for justice in the 21st century'' University of California Press, p.93</ref>

== Religious views ==
{{Main|Fasting in religion}}
Fasting is practiced in various religions, and details of fasting practices differ.

[[Yom Kippur]], [[Tisha B'av]], [[Fast of Esther]], [[Fast of Gedalia|Tzom Gedalia]], the [[Seventeenth of Tammuz|Seventeenth of Tamuz]], the [[Tenth of Tevet]], and [[Fast of the Firstborn]] are examples of fasting in [[Judaism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=196&cid=330&search=fasting |title=History of the Fast |access-date=2016-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227090756/http://www.al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=196&cid=330&search=fasting |archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> Yom Kippur and Tisha B'Av are 25 hour fasts in which observers abstain from consuming any food or liquid from sunset until nightfall the next day and include other restrictions. The fasts of Esther, Gedalia, Tamuz, and Tevet all last from dawn until nightfall and therefore length varies depending on the time of the year. The Fast of the Firstborn is not biblically mandated and can therefore be ended early in the case of a [[seudat mitzvah]].  

[[Muslims]] fast during the month of [[Ramadan]] each year. The fast includes refraining from consuming any food or liquid from dawn until sunset. It is a religious obligation for all Muslims unless they are children or are physically unable to fast.

[[Lent]] is a common period of fasting in [[Christianity]]. [[Eastern Orthodox Christians]] fast during specified fasting seasons of the year, which include not only the better-known [[Great Lent]], but also fasts on every Wednesday and Friday (except on special holidays), together with extended fasting periods before Christmas (the [[Nativity Fast]]), after Easter (the [[Apostles Fast]]) and in early August (the [[Dormition Fast]]). Members of the [[Latter Day Saint movement|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] ([[Mormon]]s) generally abstain from food and drink for two consecutive meals in a 24-hour period on the first Sunday of each month and use the money they save for charity.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=The Law of the Fast |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/ldsorg/topics/fasting-and-fast-offerings/PD60001350_TMP_2016%20LeadMtg_The%20Law%20of%20the%20Fast_9-15-16%20KW.pdf |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]}}</ref>

Fasting is a feature of [[ascetic]] traditions in religions such as [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. [[Mahayana]] traditions that follow the [[Brahma's Net Sutra]] may recommend that the laity fast "during the six days of fasting each month and the three months of fasting each year".<ref>Brahma's Net Sutra, minor precept 30</ref> Members of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] observe a [[Nineteen Day Fast]] from sunrise to sunset during March each year.

== In alternative medicine ==

Although practitioners of [[alternative medicine]] promote "[[Detoxification (alternative medicine)|cleansing the body]]" through fasting,<ref name=Hunger>{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=Sharman Apt|last2=Russell|first2=Sharman|title=Hunger: An Unnatural History|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0786722396|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XT2WzJuNPZ8C&pg=PT35|access-date=22 January 2017|language=en|date=1 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031142/https://books.google.de/books?id=XT2WzJuNPZ8C&pg=PT35|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the concept of "detoxification“ is marketing myth with few scientific basis for its rationale or efficacy.<ref name=bda>{{cite web |url=https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/detoxdiets.pdf |publisher=British Dietetic Association |title=Detox diets |date=May 2016 |last=Porter |first=Sian |quote=The whole idea of detox is nonsense. The body is a well-developed system that has its own built-in mechanisms to detoxify and remove waste and toxins. Our body constantly filters out, breaks down and excretes toxins and waste products like alcohol, medications, products of digestion, dead cells, chemicals from pollution and bacteria |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017170537/https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/detoxdiets.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sbm2011">{{cite web | title=Fashionably toxic | author=David Gorski | website=Science-Based Medicine | date=23 May 2011 | url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/fashionable-toxins/ | access-date=29 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130001710/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/fashionable-toxins/ | archive-date=30 January 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

During the early 20th century, fasting was promoted by alternative health writers such as [[Hereward Carrington]], [[Edward H. Dewey]], [[Bernarr Macfadden]], [[Frank McCoy (author)|Frank McCoy]], [[Edward Earle Purinton]], [[Upton Sinclair]] and [[Wallace Wattles]].<ref name="Griffith 2000">Griffith, R. Marie. (2000). ''Apostles of Abstinence: Fasting and Masculinity during the Progressive Era''. ''[[American Quarterly]]'' 52 (4): 599-638.</ref> All of these writers were either involved in the [[Orthopathy|natural hygiene]] or [[new thought]] movement.<ref name="Griffith 2000"/> [[Arnold Ehret]]'s pseudoscientific Mucusless Diet Healing System espoused fasting.<ref name="Kuske 1983">Kuske, Terrence T. (1983). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780723670469500205 ''Quackery and Fad Diets''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420014820/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780723670469500205 |date=20 April 2019 }}. In Elaine B. Feldman. ''Nutrition in the Middle and Later Years''. John Wright & Sons. pp. 291-303. {{ISBN|0-7236-7046-3}}</ref>

[[Linda Hazzard]], a notable quack doctor, put her patients on such strict fasts that some of them died of [[starvation]]. She was responsible for the death of more than 40 patients under her care.<ref>Hall, Harriett. (2016). [https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/natural-medicine-starvation-and-murder-the-story-of-linda-hazzard/ "Natural Medicine, Starvation, and Murder: The Story of Linda Hazzard"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601162549/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/natural-medicine-starvation-and-murder-the-story-of-linda-hazzard/ |date=1 June 2019 }}. Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.medicalbag.com/home/features/despicable-doctors/linda-hazzard-the-starvation-doctor/ "Linda Hazzard: The “Starvation Doctor”"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601162549/https://www.medicalbag.com/home/features/despicable-doctors/linda-hazzard-the-starvation-doctor/ |date=1 June 2019 }}. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</ref>

In 1911, [[Upton Sinclair]] authored ''[[The Fasting Cure]]'', which made sensational claims of fasting curing practically all diseases, including [[cancer]], [[syphilis]], and [[tuberculosis]].<ref>Nash, Jay R. (1982). ''Zanies: The World's Greatest Eccentrics''. New Century Publishers. p. 339. {{ISBN|978-0832901232}}</ref><ref name="Gratzer 2005">Gratzer, Walter. (2005). ''Terrors of the Table: The Curious History of Nutrition''. Oxford University Press. p. 201. {{ISBN|0-19-280661-0}}</ref> Sinclair has been described as "the most credulous of faddists" and his book is considered an example of quackery.<ref name="Gratzer 2005"/><ref>Kang, Lydia; Pedersen, Nate. (2017). ''Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything''. Workman Publishing. p. 265. {{ISBN|978-0-7611-8981-7}}</ref> In 1932, physician [[Morris Fishbein]] listed fasting as a [[fad diet]] and commented that "prolonged fasting is never necessary and invariably does harm".<ref>Fishbein, Morris. (1932). [https://archive.org/details/1932FishbeinFadsAndQuackeryInHealing/page/n261 ''Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults'']. New York: Covici Friede. p. 253</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Science|Medicine|Food|Religion}}
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] -->
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Asceticism]]
* [[Autophagy]]
* [[Black Fast]]
* [[Calorie restriction]]
* [[Fasting and longevity]]
* [[Fasting in Jainism]]
* [[Force-feeding]]
* [[Inedia]]
* [[Santhara]]
* [[Weight loss]]
{{div col end}}
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Francis Gano Benedict]]. (1915). [https://archive.org/details/studyofprolonged00beneuoft/page/n6 ''A Study of Prolonged Fasting'']. Carnegie Institution of Washington.
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:The Sermon on the Mount (Bossuet)/Day 28|Day 28: Of Fasting]]|title=The Sermon on the Mount|year=1900|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|first=Jacques-Bénigne|last=Bossuet|author-link=Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet}}
* [[Joan Jacobs Brumberg]]. (1988). ''Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa As a Modern Disease''. Harvard University Press.
* [[Caroline Walker Bynum]]. (1987). ''Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women''. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-06329-7}}
* John Arthur Glaze. (1928). ''Psychological Effects of Fasting''. ''[[American Journal of Psychology]]'' 40 (2): 236–253.
* A. M. Johnstone. (2007). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00266.x ''Fasting – the ultimate diet?'']. ''[[Obesity Reviews]]'' 8 (3): 211–222.
* Walter Vandereycken, Ron Van Deth. (2001). ''From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls: The History of Self-Starvation''. Bloomsbury Academic.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Curlie|/Health/Alternative/Fasting_and_Cleansing/}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Fasting |volume=10 |pages=193–198 |short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE |wstitle=Fast |year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite CE1913 |last=O'Neill |first=James David |wstitle=Fast  |volume=5 |short=x}}

{{Fad diets}}
{{Naturopathy}}
{{Simple living}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fasting| ]]
[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Biologically based therapies]]
[[Category:Diets]]
[[Category:Eating behaviors]]
[[Category:Fad diets]]
[[Category:Naturopathy]]
[[Category:Religious food and drink]]