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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|President of Zimbabwe since 2017}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Emmerson Mnangagwa | image = Emmerson Mnangagwa Official Portrait (cropped).jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2017 | order = 3rd | office = President of Zimbabwe | vicepresident = [[Constantino Chiwenga]]<br />[[Kembo Mohadi]] | term_start = 24 November 2017 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Robert Mugabe]] | succcesesor = | office1 = President and First Secretary of [[ZANU-PF]] | 1blankname1 = | 1namedata1 = | term_start1 = 19 November 2017 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = [[Robert Mugabe]] | successor1 = | office2 = [[Vice-President of Zimbabwe|First Vice-President of Zimbabwe]] | president2 = [[Robert Mugabe]] | term_start2 = 12 December 2014 | term_end2 = 6 November 2017 | predecessor2 = [[Joice Mujuru]] | successor2 = [[Constantino Chiwenga]] | office3 = [[Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs|Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs]] | president3 = [[Robert Mugabe]] | deputy3 = [[Fortune Chasi]] | term_start3 = 11 September 2013 | term_end3 = 9 October 2017 | predecessor3 = [[Patrick Chinamasa]] | successor3 = [[Happyton Bonyongwe]] | president4 = [[Robert Mugabe]] | term_start4 = 31 December 1989 | term_end4 = 1 July 2000 | predecessor4 = [[Eddison Zvobgo]] | successor4 = [[Patrick Chinamasa]] | office5 = [[Ministry of Defence (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Defence]] | president5 = [[Robert Mugabe]] | term_start5 = 13 February 2009 | term_end5 = 11 September 2013 | predecessor5 = [[Sydney Sekeramayi]] | successor5 = [[Sydney Sekeramayi]] | office6 = [[Ministry of National Housing and Social Amenities (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Rural Housing and Social Amenities]] | president6 = [[Robert Mugabe]] | deputy6 = [[Joel Biggie Matiza]] | term_start6 = 9 April 2005 | term_end6 = 13 February 2009 | predecessor6 = | successor6 = [[Fidelis Mhashu]] | office7 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe|Speaker of Parliament]] | term_start7 = 18 July 2000 | term_end7 = 9 April 2005 | predecessor7 = [[Cyril Ndebele]] | successor7 = [[John Nkomo]] | office8 = [[Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office (Zimbabwe)|Minister of State for National Security]] | primeminister8 = [[Robert Mugabe]] | term_start8 = 1980 | term_end8 = 1988 | predecessor8 = Position established | successor8 = [[Sydney Sekeramayi]] | office9 = [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|Member of Parliament]] | term_start9 = 13 May 1980 | term_end9 = 2014 | successor9 = [[Auxillia Mnangagwa]] | constituency9 = [[Midlands Province|Midlands]] (1980–1985)<br />[[Kwekwe East]] (1985–1990)<br />[[Kwekwe (constituency)|Kwekwe]] (1990–2000)<br />Appointed (2000–2008)<br />[[Chirumanzu–Zibagwe]] (2008–2014) | birth_name = Dambudzo Mnangagwa | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|9|15|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Zvishavane|Shabani]], [[Southern Rhodesia]]<br/>(now [[Zvishavane]], [[Zimbabwe]]) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[ZANU–PF]] (1987–present) | otherparty = {{plainlist| * [[United National Independence Party|UNIP]] (1959–1962) * [[Zimbabwe African People's Union|ZAPU]] (1962–1963) * [[Zimbabwe African National Union|ZANU]] (1963–1987) }} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Jayne Matarise|September 1973|31 January 2002|end=d}} * [[Auxillia Mnangagwa|Auxillia Kutyauripo]] }} | children = 18<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mananavire |first1=Bridget |title=Mnangagwa has 18 children |journal=Nehanda Radio |date=May 25, 2018 |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/05/25/mnangagwa-has-18-children-report/}}</ref> (including [[David Kudakwashe Mnangagwa|David]]) | education = {{plainlist| * [[University of London]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) * [[University of Zambia]] * [[Egyptian Military Academy]] }} | signature = Emmerson Mnangagwa signature.png | relations = [[Tongai Mnangagwa]] (nephew) }} '''Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa''' ({{IPAc-en|US|m|ə|n|ə|ŋ|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|ɡ|w|ə|audio=En-us-Emmerson Mnangagwa from Zimbabwe pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}} {{respell|mə|nəng|GAH|gwə}}, <!-- tone info missing; refer to talk page for discussion on pronunciation -->{{IPA|sn|m̩naˈᵑɡaɡwa|lang}}; born 15 September 1942) is a [[Zimbabwe]]an politician who is serving as [[President of Zimbabwe]] since 24 November 2017. A member of [[ZANU–PF]] and a longtime ally of former President [[Robert Mugabe]], he held a series of cabinet portfolios and was Mugabe's [[Vice-President of Zimbabwe|Vice-President]] until November 2017, when he was dismissed before coming to power in [[2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état|a coup d'état]]. He secured his first full term as president in the disputed [[2018 Zimbabwean general election|2018 general election]]. Mnangagwa was re-elected in the [[2023 Zimbabwean general election|August 2023 general election]] with 52.6% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa wins second term|date=27 August 2023|access-date=28 August 2023|url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwes-president-mnangagwa-wins-second-term/video-66642155|website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa wins second term as Zimbabwe's president |url=https://swentr.site/africa/581900-zimbabwe-president-re-elected/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=RT International |language=en}}</ref> Mnangagwa was born in 1942 in [[Zvishavane|Shabani]], [[Southern Rhodesia]], to a large [[Shona people|Shona]] family. His parents were farmers, and in the 1950s he and his family were forced to move to [[Northern Rhodesia]] because of his father's political activism. There he became active in anti-colonial politics, and in 1963 he joined the newly formed [[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]], the militant wing of the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU). He returned to Rhodesia in 1964 as leader of the "Crocodile Gang", a group that attacked white-owned farms in the [[Eastern Highlands]]. In 1965, he bombed a train near Fort Victoria (now [[Masvingo]]) and was imprisoned for ten years, after which he was released and deported to the recently independent Zambia. He later studied law at the [[University of Zambia]] and practised as an attorney for two years before going to Mozambique to rejoin ZANU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mnangagwa's 'fake' law degree exposed?|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183128.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> In Mozambique, he was assigned to be [[Robert Mugabe]]'s assistant and bodyguard, and accompanied him to the [[Lancaster House Agreement]] which resulted in Zimbabwe's recognised independence in 1980. After independence, Mnangagwa held a series of senior cabinet positions under Mugabe. From 1980 to 1988, he was the country's first [[Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office (Zimbabwe)|Minister of State Security]], and oversaw the [[Central Intelligence Organisation]]. His role in the ''[[Gukurahundi]]'' massacres, in which thousands of [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]] civilians were killed during his tenure, is controversial. Mnangagwa was [[Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs|Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs]] from 1989 to 2000 and then [[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe|Speaker of the Parliament]] from 2000 until 2005, when he was demoted to [[Ministry of National Housing and Social Amenities (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Rural Housing]] for openly jockeying to succeed the aging Mugabe. He returned to favour during the [[2008 Zimbabwean general election|2008 general election]], in which he ran Mugabe's campaign, orchestrating political violence against the opposition [[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai]]. Mnangagwa served as [[Ministry of Defence (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Defence]] from 2009 until 2013, when he became justice minister again. He was also appointed First Vice-President in 2014 and was widely considered a leading candidate to succeed Mugabe. Mnangagwa's ascendancy was opposed by Mugabe's wife, [[Grace Mugabe]], and her [[Generation 40]] political faction. Mugabe dismissed Mnangagwa from his positions in November 2017, and he fled to [[South Africa]]. Soon after, General [[Constantino Chiwenga]], backed by elements of the [[Zimbabwe Defence Forces]] and members of Mnangagwa's [[Lacoste (political faction)|Lacoste]] political faction, launched a [[2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état|coup]]. After losing ZANU–PF's support, Mugabe resigned, and Mnangagwa returned to Zimbabwe to assume the presidency. Mnangagwa is nicknamed "{{lang|sn|Garwe}}" or "{{lang|sn|Ngwena}}", which means "the crocodile" in the [[Shona language]],<ref name=":61">{{Cite news |last=Bearak |first=Max |date=2017-11-22 |title=Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa, Mugabe's successor in Zimbabwe? |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/22/who-is-emmerson-the-crocodile-mnangagwa-mugabes-successor-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref><ref name="ShonaDict" /> initially because that was the name of the guerrilla group he founded, but later because of his political shrewdness. The faction within ZANU–PF that supports him is called [[Lacoste (political faction)|Lacoste]] after [[Lacoste|the French clothing company]], whose logo is a crocodile.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/16/africa/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa/index.html|title=A 'tyrant' who could be Zimbabwe's next president|first=James|last=Griffiths|work=CNN|date=21 November 2017|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Diseko|first=Lebo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42073481|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: Will he be different from Mugabe?|date=24 November 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> He is known in his home province of [[Midlands Province|Midlands]] as "the Godfather".<ref name=":10" /> Mnangagwa was included in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2018.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: The World's 100 Most Influential People|url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217559/emmerson-mnangagwa/|access-date=2020-09-22|magazine=Time|first=Evan|last=Mawarire|language=en-us}}</ref> == Early life and education == === Early childhood: 1942–1955 === Dambudzo Mnangagwa was born on 15 September 1942 in Shabani (now [[Zvishavane]]), a mining town in central [[Southern Rhodesia]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/16/world/africa/emmerson-mnangagwa-zimbabwe.html|title=A Strongman Nicknamed 'Crocodile' Is Poised to Replace Mugabe|last=de Freytas-Tamura|first=Kimiko|date=16 November 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=17 November 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41995876|title=The 'crocodile' who snapped back|date=15 November 2017|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|access-date=17 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/president-mnangangwas-early-days-political-career/|title=President Mnangangwa's early days, political career|date=2017-11-26|website=The Sunday News|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2015/12/30/mnangagwas-age-history-continue-to-mystify/|title=Mnangagwa's age, history continue to mystify|last=Kwaramba|first=Fungi|date=2015-12-30|work=Nehanda Radio|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref> His parents, Mafidhi and Mhurai Mnangagwa, were politically active farmers.<ref name=":2" /> He belonged to a large family; his grandfather had six wives and 32 sons (daughters were not counted), and Mnanganga himself is the third of ten siblings.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Manyukwe |first=Clemence |date=2014-12-11 |title=Profile: Emmerson Mnangagwa |url=http://www.chronicle.co.zw/profile-emmerson-mnangagwa/ |access-date=2018-07-09 |website=The Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=http://www.edmnangagwa.com/family/|title=Family|date=2017-11-16|work=E.D.Mnangagwa|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102059/http://www.edmnangagwa.com/family/|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father had two wives, having inherited his wife Mhurai's sister after the death of her husband.<ref name=":14" /> Mnangagwa thus had eight additional half-siblings who were also his cousins.<ref name=":14" /> The Mnangagwa family were members of the [[Karanga people]], the largest subgroup of Zimbabwe's majority [[Shona people|Shona]] ethnic group.<ref name=":1" /> As a child, Mnangagwa herded cattle and was permitted to visit the local chief's court, where he went to watch cases being heard in a traditional setting.<ref name=":14" /> His paternal grandfather, Mubengo Kushanduka, had a great influence on him during his formative years.<ref name=":14" /> Kushanduka had served in the court of the [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]] king [[Lobengula]] and fought in the [[Second Matabele War]] in the 1890s, and Mnangagwa enjoyed listening to him tell stories.<ref name=":14" /> By the late 1940s, Mnangagwa's father Mafidhi had become the acting chief of the village.<ref name=":14" /> In 1952, a white Land Development Officer arrived and confiscated some cattle from the villagers, including from an elderly woman who was left with just three.<ref name=":14" /> In response, Mafidhi's advisors removed a wheel from the officer's [[Land Rover]], resulting in Mafidhi's arrest.<ref name=":14" /> The District Commissioner said he did not want to fight or imprison him, and told him to go to [[Northern Rhodesia]].<ref name=":14" /> He complied, settling in the town of [[Mumbwa]] with a relative.<ref name=":14" /> Several years later, he sent for the rest of his family, including Mnangagwa, to join him.<ref name=":14" /> They arrived in Mumbwa by train in 1955, and over the years more extended relatives came to join them.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/president-designate-eds-timeline/|title=President-designate ED's timeline|date=2017-11-24|work=The Herald|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> There, Mnangagwa first met [[Robert Mugabe]] when Mugabe stayed with the Mnangagwa family for a time while working at a [[teachers' college]] in [[Lusaka]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/emmerson-mnangagwa-zimbabwe-crocodile-171124062910487.html|title=Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa, Zimbabwe's 'Crocodile'?. He murdered thousands of people from the matebeland during the gukurahundi era.|last=Marima|first=Tendai|date=24 November 2017|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera News]]|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Our Votes, Our Guns: Robert Mugabe and the Tragedy of Zimbabwe|last=Martin|first=Meredith|publisher=Public Affairs|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58648-186-5|location=New York|pages=23}}</ref> Mugabe inspired Mnangagwa to become involved in anti-colonial politics.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2017/01/last-days-robert-mugabe|title=The last days of Robert Mugabe|last=Fletcher|first=Martin|date=1 January 2017|work=[[New Statesman]]|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> === Education and early political activity: 1955–1962 === Mnangagwa, who had begun his primary education at Lundi Primary School in Shabani, resumed his studies at Myooye School in Mumbwa.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://www.edmnangagwa.com/education/|title=Education|date=2017-11-16|work=E.D.Mnangagwa|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102102/http://www.edmnangagwa.com/education/|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of his classmates at Myooye had three names, while Mnangagwa only had one, Dambudzo.<ref name=":16" /> After finding a book in the school library by the [[United States|American]] philosopher and poet [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], he decided to adopt the name "Emmerson" before his given name.<ref name=":16" /> After a short period at Myooye, Mnangagwa completed standards 4, 5, and 6 at Mumbwa Boarding School.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /> From 1958 to 1959, he attended Kafue Trade School in [[Kafue]], where he took a building course.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> Although his course at Kafue was supposed to last three years, in 1959 Mnangagwa decided to leave early and attend [[David Kaunda Technical High School|Hodgson Technical College]], one of the country's leading educational institutions.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> The college accepted only applicants with [[GCE Ordinary Level|Ordinary Levels]], which he lacked, so he took the entrance exam, and was admitted upon receiving a high score.<ref name=":13" /> At Hodgson, he enrolled in a four-year [[City and Guilds]] Industrial Building programme.<ref name=":13" /> He became involved in student anti-colonial politics, becoming an elected officer of the college's [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP) branch.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /> His activism sometimes turned violent, and in 1960 he was found guilty of setting one of the college's buildings on fire and expelled.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> After his expulsion, he started a construction company with three other men that lasted three months.<ref name=":13" /> He was tasked by UNIP leaders to organise and expand the party's presence in [[Chililabombwe|Bancroft]], a town in [[Copperbelt Province]], until the end of 1961.<ref name=":13" /> He then returned to [[Lusaka]], where he served as secretary of the UNIP Youth League while also working for a private company.<ref name=":13" /> == Revolutionary activity == === Recruitment and training: 1962–1964 === In 1962, Mnangagwa was recruited in Northern Rhodesia by [[Willie Musarurwa]] to join the [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU), a newly formed pro-independence party in Southern Rhodesia.<ref name=":15"/> He became a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] fighter for ZAPU's armed wing, the [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]] (ZIPRA), and was sent to [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] (now [[Tanzania]]) for training.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /> He stayed first in [[Mbeya]], and then at a new training camp in [[Iringa]], where he met leading black nationalists like [[James Chikerema]] and [[Clement Muchachi]].<ref name=":13" /> While there, he criticised the decisions of ZAPU's leader, [[Joshua Nkomo]], an offence for which a ZIPRA tribunal chaired by [[Dumiso Dabengwa]] sentenced him to death.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":58">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BenaAAAAQBAJ |title=Zimbabwe since the Unity Government |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781135742751 |editor-last=Chan |editor-first=Stephen |location=Oxford |pages=81 |language=en |editor-last2=Primorac |editor-first2=Ranka}}</ref> Two other ZAPU members of his same Karanga background, [[Simon Muzenda]] and [[Leopold Takawira]], the party's external affairs secretary, intervened to save his life.<ref name=":58" /> In April 1963, Mnangagwa and 12 other ZAPU members were sent via [[Dar es Salaam]] to [[Egypt]] for training at the [[Egyptian Military Academy]] in [[Cairo]]'s [[Heliopolis, Cairo|Heliopolis]] suburb.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2017/11/mnangagwa-zimbabwes-president-waiting/|title=Mnangagwa: Zimbabwe's President-in-waiting|date=2017-11-22|website=NewsDay Zimbabwe|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-11}}</ref> In August 1963, ten of the 13 trainees, including Mnangagwa, joined the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU), which had been formed earlier that month as a breakaway group from ZAPU.<ref name=":15" /> The ten stopped training for ZAPU and were subsequently detained by Egyptian authorities.<ref name=":13" /> During their detention, they contacted ZANU official [[Robert Mugabe]] in Tanganyika with the information that they intended to join ZANU and had been detained.<ref name=":13" /> Mugabe redirected Trynos Makombe, who was returning from [[China]], to Egypt to resolve the issue.<ref name=":13" /> Makombe secured their release and gave them plane tickets to Dar es Salaam.<ref name=":13" /> After arriving in Tanganyika in late August 1963, six of the eleven returned to Southern Rhodesia, while the other five, including Mnangagwa, were sent to briefly stay at a training camp in [[Bagamoyo]] run by [[FRELIMO]], the group seeking to liberate [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]] from Portuguese rule.<ref name=":13" /> Mnangagwa soon left Tanganyika to train for ZANU's militant wing, the [[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]] (ZANLA).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zimbabwe since the Unity Government|author=Chung, Fay|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-62484-8|editor1=Chan, Stephen|location=London|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZXdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 63]|chapter=Chapter 5. Emergence of a New Political Movement|editor2=Primorac, Ranka}}</ref> Part of the first group of ZANLA fighters sent overseas for training, he and four others were sent to [[Beijing]], where he spent the first two months studying at [[Peking University]]'s School of Marxism, run by the [[Chinese Communist Party]].<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=14 November 2017 |title=Who Is Emmerson Mnangagwa? |language=en |work=[[VOA News]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/who-is-emmerson-mnangagwa/4115612.html |access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20171122-zimbabwe-profile-emmerson-mnangagwa-crocodile-mugabe-grace|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa, the disgraced Mugabe loyalist who took his revenge|last=Dodman|first=Benjamin|date=22 November 2017|work=[[France 24]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite news|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/us-embassys-assessment-of-mnangagwa-in-1988/|title=US embassy's assessment of Mnangagwa in 1988|date=2012-04-12|work=The Insider|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> He then spent three months in combat training in [[Nanjing]] and studied at a school for [[military engineering]] before returning to Tanzania in May 1964.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12"/><ref name=":18" /> There, he briefly stayed at ZANLA's Itumbi Reefs training camp near [[Chunya District|Chunya]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLPjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|title=A Handful of Hard Men: The SAS and the Battle for Rhodesia|last=Wessels|first=Hannes|publisher=Casemate|year=2015|isbn=9781612003467|pages=23–24|language=en}}</ref> === The Crocodile Gang: 1964–1965 === Upon returning to Tanzania, Mnangagwa co-founded the [[Crocodile Gang]], a ZANLA guerrilla unit led by [[William Ndangana]] composed of the men he had trained within China: John Chigaba, Robert Garachani, Lloyd Gundu, Felix Santana, and Phebion Shonhiwa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=J. R. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUBYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT792 |title=So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=9781466934078 |pages=792 |language=en}}</ref> They were meant to be provided with weapons, but none were available.<ref name=":13" /> The group rushed to attend the ZANU Congress in the [[Mkoba]] suburb of [[Gweru|Gwelo]], arriving the day before it commenced on 21 May 1964.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nr8LVY7WCQoC |title=Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization |publisher=CODESRIA |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-86978-578-6 |location=Dakar |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":59">{{Cite journal |last=Ranger |first=Terence |date=1997 |title=Violence Variously Remembered: The Killing of Pieter Oberholzer in July 1964 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3172030 |journal=History in Africa |volume=24 |pages=273–286 |doi=10.2307/3172030 |jstor=3172030 |s2cid=159673826 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> At the congress, [[Ndabaningi Sithole]] was elected president, Takawira vice-president, [[Herbert Chitepo]] national chairman, Mugabe secretary-general, and [[Enos Nkala]] treasurer.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":123">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who |publisher=Books of Rhodesia |year=1977 |editor-last=Cary |editor-first=Robert |location=Bulawayo |language=en |chapter=Enos Mzombi Nkala |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Diana |chapter-url=https://www.colonialrelic.com/biographies/enos-mzombi-nkala/}}</ref> Shortly after the congress, three members of the Crocodile Gang were captured and arrested for smuggling guns into the country, while Lawrence Svosve went missing after being sent by Mnangagwa to Lusaka to retrieve some messages.<ref name=":13" /> Despite these losses, the Crocodile Gang remained active and was joined by Matthew Malowa, a ZANU member who had trained in Egypt.<ref name=":13" /> In addition to smuggling weapons into Rhodesia, ZANLA leaders tasked the Crocodile Gang with recruiting new members from the urban centres of [[Harare|Salisbury]], [[Masvingo|Fort Victoria]], [[Mberengwa District|Belingwe]], and [[Macheke]], and smuggling them through the border at [[Mutoko]] into Tanzania for training.<ref name=":13" /> The Crocodile Gang traveled back and forth on foot between Salisbury and Mutoko.<ref name=":13" /> Soon, party leaders at [[Sikombela]] sent the group a message urging them to take more extreme actions as a means of gaining publicity, with the hope that greater exposure would bring ZANU's efforts to the attention of the [[Organisation of African Unity]]'s Liberation Committee, which was meeting in Dar es Salaam at the time.<ref name=":13" /> The Crocodile Gang, now comprising Ndangana, Malowa, Victor Mlambo, James Dhlamini, Master Tresha, and Mnangagwa, met to make plans at Ndabaningi Sithole's house in the [[Highfield, Harare|Highfield]] suburb of Salisbury.<ref name=":13" /> On 4 July 1964, the Crocodile Gang [[Oberholzer murder|ambushed and murdered]] Pieter Johan Andries Oberholzer, a white factory foreman and police reservist, in [[Chimanimani|Melsetter]], near Southern Rhodesia's eastern border.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":59" /><ref name=":21">{{Cite news|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/cell-42-the-prison-that-couldnt-stop-eds-destiny/|title=Cell 42: The prison that couldn't stop ED's destiny|last1=Zindoga|first1=Tichaona|date=2018-01-27|work=The Herald|access-date=2018-07-11|last2=Mhaka|first2=Gibson|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dhlamini and Mlambo were caught and hanged for the crime; the others evaded capture.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":21" /> The event marked the first instance of violence in what became the [[Rhodesian Bush War]], and prompted the government to crack down on both ZANU and ZAPU. In August 1964, the administration of Prime Minister [[Ian Smith]] imprisoned Sithole, Takawira, [[Edgar Tekere]], Enos Nkala, and [[Maurice Nyagumbo]].<ref name=":60" /> ZANLA was left with [[Josiah Tongogara]] and Herbert Chitepo as its leaders.<ref name=":60">{{Cite book|title=Rainbow's End: A Memoir of Childhood, War, and an African Farm|last=St. John|first=Lauren|publisher=Scribner|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7432-8679-4|edition=First|location=New York City|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rainbowsendmemoi00stjo/page/n20 1]|url=https://archive.org/details/rainbowsendmemoi00stjo|url-access=registration}}</ref> Before Oberholzer's murder, the gang had already bombed the [[Nyanyadzi]] police station and attempted other ambushes after arriving in Southern Rhodesia via bus from [[Kitwe]], Northern Rhodesia.<ref name=":20" /> It continued its campaign of violence after the killing, setting up roadblocks to terrorize [[White people in Zimbabwe|whites]] and attacking white-owned farms in the country's [[Eastern Highlands]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=David |date=10 December 2014 |title=Man they called 'the Crocodile' is Robert Mugabe's favoured successor |language=en-GB |work=[[The Telegraph (UK)|The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/11286074/Man-they-called-the-Crocodile-is-Robert-Mugabes-favoured-successor.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/11286074/Man-they-called-the-Crocodile-is-Robert-Mugabes-favoured-successor.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The gang became known for its use of knives and for leaving green handwritten anti-government pamphlets at the scenes of its crimes.<ref name=":13" /> === Imprisonment: 1965–1975 === In late 1964, Mnangagwa blew up a train near Fort Victoria (now [[Masvingo]]), and was arrested by police inspectors in January 1965 at the Highfield home of Michael Mawema, who may have given them his location.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":28" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/chimurenga-ii-chroniclestorture-death-love-in-prison/|title=Chimurenga II Chronicles: Torture, death & love in prison|last1=Huni|first1=Munyaradzi|last2=Manzvanzvike|first2=Tendai|date=2016-04-03|website=The Sunday Mail|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-11}}</ref> He was given over to the [[Special Branch#Rhodesia|Rhodesia Special Branch]], which tortured him by hanging him upside down and beating him, an ordeal that reportedly caused him to lose hearing in his left ear.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Unspeakable Acts, Ordinary People: The Dynamics of Torture|author=Conroy, John|publisher=Knopf|year=2000|isbn=978-0-679-41918-1|location=New York|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NM_y3jOKzx8C&pg=PA176 176]}}</ref> He was convicted under Section 37(1)(b) of the [[Law and Order Maintenance Act]] and sentenced to death,<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> but his lawyers successfully argued that he was under 21, the minimum age for execution.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> Depending on which birth year is accepted for Mnangagwa, this claim might have been a lie.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":17"/><ref name=":15" /> Other sources state that a priest intervened on his behalf,<ref name=":2"/> or that he avoided execution because he was Zambian, not because of his age.<ref name=":17" /> Whatever the reason, Mnangagwa was instead sentenced to ten years in prison.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":23" /> Mnangagwa served the first year of his sentence in [[Harare Central Prison|Salisbury Central Prison]], followed by [[Grey Street Prison]] in [[Bulawayo]], and finally [[Khami Maximum Security Prison]] in Bulawayo, where he arrived on 13 August 1966 and spent the next six years and eight months.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":21" /> At Khami, he was given the number 841/66 and classified as "D" class, reserved for those considered most dangerous, and was held with other political prisoners, whom the government kept in a separate block of cells away from other inmates out of fear that they would influence them ideologically.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> Mnangagwa's cell, Cell 42, was in "B" Hall, which also housed future Vice-President [[Kembo Mohadi]] and the journalist [[Willie Musarurwa]].<ref name=":21" /> Mnangagwa's cell at Khami was austere, with double-thick walls and only a toilet bucket and Bible allowed inside.<ref name=":21" /> At first, while still on death row, he was allowed to leave his cell for only 15 minutes per day, during which he was expected to exercise, empty his toilet bucket, and have a shower in the communal washroom.<ref name=":21" /> The [[Rhodesia Prison Service]] maintained different facilities and rules for white and black prisoners, the latter being subject to significantly inferior conditions.<ref name=":21" /> Black inmates were given just two sets of clothes and were fed plain [[sadza]] and vegetables for every meal.<ref name=":21" /> During his first four years at Khami, Mnangagwa was assigned to hard labour.<ref name=":23" /> After [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] representatives visited the prison and complained to the government about the poor conditions of political prisoners, conditions were eased somewhat.<ref name=":23" /> Mnangagwa was then allowed to volunteer as a tailor, as he knew how to use a sewing machine.<ref name=":23" /> After two years mending inmates' clothes, he was made to rejoin other prisoners in hard labour, which involved crushing rocks in a large pit in the prison yard.<ref name=":23" /> Mnangagwa was discharged from Khami on 6 January 1972 and transferred back to Salisbury Central Prison, where he was detained alongside other revolutionaries, including Mugabe, Nkala, Nyagumbo, Tekere and [[Didymus Mutasa]].<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> There, he befriended Mugabe and attended his prison classes, after which he passed his [[GCE Ordinary Level|O-Levels]] and [[A-Level]]s.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /> Together, they studied law via [[Correspondence law school|correspondence]] courses.<ref name=":8" /> Mnangagwa initially wanted to pursue a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[economics]], but instead decided to study law. In 1972, he took his final examinations for a [[Bachelor of Laws]] through the [[University of London International Programmes]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/06/robert-mugabe-fires-vice-president-zimbabwes-succession-battle/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/06/robert-mugabe-fires-vice-president-zimbabwes-succession-battle/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Robert Mugabe fires vice president as Zimbabwe's succession battle intensifies|last=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=6 November 2017|work=[[The Telegraph (UK)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Mnangagwa and his lawyers discovered a loophole that would allow him to be deported after his release if he claimed to be Zambian.<ref name=":23" /> Even after his ten-year sentence expired, he remained in prison for several months while his papers were being processed.<ref name=":23" /> In 1975, after more than ten years in prison, including three in solitary confinement, he was released and deported to Zambia, where his parents were still living.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":28" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> He was brought to the [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]] border post and handed over to Zambian police, after which a ZANLA representative met him at the [[Victoria Falls Bridge]] and took him to Lusaka.<ref name=":13" /> === Legal studies and ZANU leadership: 1975–1980 === In Lusaka, Mnangagwa continued his education at the [[University of Zambia]], where he was active in the student board for politics, graduating with a postgraduate law degree.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":28" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pidgin/tori-42069531|title=Wetin you suppose know about new Zimbabwe President?|date=2017-11-24|work=BBC News Pidgin|access-date=2018-07-12|language= pcm}}</ref> He then completed his [[articling]] with the Lusaka-based law firm of the Rhodesian-born [[Enoch Dumbutshena]], who would later become Zimbabwe's first black judge.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2Jp-k0WVWAC&q=Enoch+Dumbutshena+Mnangagwa&pg=PA107|title=Against the Grain: Memoirs of a Zimbabwean Newsman|last=Nyarota|first=Geoffrey|date=2006|publisher=Zebra|isbn=9781770071124|pages=107–108; 117|language=en|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031358/https://books.google.ca/books?id=B2Jp-k0WVWAC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=Enoch+Dumbutshena+Mnangagwa&source=bl&ots=NK7Nx56djb&sig=HAlvldoiMKUeGnvn7I_HySOurPU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirvounodnXAhWp7IMKHVALD0EQ6AEITTAG#v=onepage&q=Enoch%20Dumbutshena%20Mnangagwa&f=false|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was admitted to the Zambian [[Bar (law)|bar]] in 1976.<ref name=":28" /> At the same time, Mnangagwa was also serving as the secretary for ZANU's Zambia Division, based in Lusaka.<ref name=":13" /> After a couple of years working for a private law firm, he moved to Mozambique.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":13" /> He visited [[Maputo]] at the request of [[Josiah Tongogara]], and on the basis of the friendship he had developed with Mugabe in prison, became a security chief for ZANU.<ref name=":9" /> While there, he met Mugabe again, and became his assistant and bodyguard.<ref name=":2" /> At the 1977 ZANU Congress in [[Chimoio]], he was elected special assistant to President Mugabe and a member of ZANU's National Executive.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /> In this capacity, Mnangagwa headed both the civil and military divisions of ZANU.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /> His deputy was [[Vitalis Zvinavashe]], head of security for the Military High Command but subordinate to Mnangagwa in the Central Committee's Department of Security.<ref name=":13" /> In 1979, Mnangagwa accompanied Mugabe to the negotiations in [[London]] that led to the signing of the [[Lancaster House Agreement]], which brought an end to Rhodesia's [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unrecognised independence]] and ushered in majority rule.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":13" /> In January 1980, Mnangagwa led the first group of civilian leaders, including Mutasa and [[Eddison Zvobgo]], as they made their way from Maputo into what would soon be the [[Zimbabwe|Republic of Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":13" /> == Post-independence political career == === Minister of State for National Security: 1980–1988 === On 12 March 1980, the month before Zimbabwe's independence, incoming Prime Minister Robert Mugabe named his first cabinet, in which Mnangagwa was named [[Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office (Zimbabwe)|Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":28" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ross |first=Jay |date=1980-03-12 |title=Mugabe Appoints Cabinet Designed To Placate Whites |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/03/12/mugabe-appoints-cabinet-designed-to-placate-whites/8b03f5f3-0bb7-4368-834e-29382342af9d/ |access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> Among other responsibilities, his portfolio oversaw the [[Central Intelligence Organisation]], the national [[intelligence agency]].<ref name=":3" /> In that position, Mnangagwa cultivated strong relationships with Zimbabwe's security establishment.<ref name=":6" /> After the head of [[Zimbabwe Defence Forces]], the Rhodesian holdover General [[Peter Walls]], was dismissed by Mugabe on 15 September 1980, Mnangagwa also took over as Chairman of the [[Joint Operations Command (Zimbabwe)|Joint Operations Command]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-17 |title=Zimbabwe's Army Chief Is Dismissed for Disloyalty |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/09/18/111294359.pdf |access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> In that role, he oversaw the integration of ZANLA and ZIPRA fighters with the existing units of the former [[Rhodesian Security Forces]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/2017-11-22-emmerson-mnangagwa-the-man-behind-the-coup/|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: the man behind the coup|date=22 November 2017|work=[[Financial Mail]]|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031959/https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/2017-11-22-emmerson-mnangagwa-the-man-behind-the-coup/|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead|language=en-US}}</ref> During this period, he also served as ZANU's secretary for national security.<ref name=":28" /> In the [[1985 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|1985 parliamentary election]], Mnangagwa ran as ZANU's candidate for the [[Kwekwe East]] constituency. He won with 86% of the vote, defeating [[Zimbabwe African People's Union|ZAPU]]'s Elias Hananda and the [[United African National Council]]'s Kenneth Kumbirayi Kaparepare, who respectively received 11% and 3%.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eU6OAAAAIAAJ |title=法學研究: 法律・政治・社会 |date=1998 |publisher=法学硏究会 |pages=18 |language=ja}}</ref> ====''Gukurahundi''==== [[File:Matabeleland.svg|thumb|The Gukurahundi took place in Zimbabwe's western Matabeleland region (pictured in red)]] While Mnangagwa was Minister of State for National Security, the [[5th Brigade (Zimbabwe)|5th Brigade]] of the [[Zimbabwe National Army]] killed thousands of [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]] civilians in the [[Matabeleland]] region of western Zimbabwe. These massacres, known as the ''[[Gukurahundi]]'', lasted from 1983 to 1987, and resulted in an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 deaths.<ref name="CCJP">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace |title=Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace: Report on the 1980s Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands |publisher=Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe and the Legal Resources Foundation (Zimbabwe) |year=1997 |editor=Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe |location=Harare, Zimbabwe |oclc=40480429 |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153012/https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hill77">{{cite book |title=The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown |last=Hill |first=Geoff |location=Johannesburg |publisher=Struik Publishers |year=2005|orig-year=2003 |isbn=978-1-86872-652-3 |page=77}}</ref> The extent of Mnangagwa's role in the genocide is disputed, with Mnangagwa himself denying any involvement.<ref name=":24">{{cite news|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-125093.html|title=US cables link Mnangagwa, Mugabe to Gukurahundi|date=31 December 2017|work=Bulawayo24 News|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="mg.co.za">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-24-00-gukurahundi-ghosts-haunt-mnangagwa|title=Gukurahundi ghosts haunt Mnangagwa|last=Allison|first=Simon|work=Mail & Guardian|date=24 November 2017|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> He asked in a 2017 interview, "How do I become the enforcer of the ''Gukurahundi''? We had the president, the minister of defence, the commander of the army, and I was none of that."<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":25">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-11-27-op-ed-mnangagwa-and-the-gukurahundi-fact-and-fiction/|title=Op-Ed: Mnangagwa and the Gukurahundi – fact and fiction|last=Doran|first=Stuart|date=2017-11-27|work=Daily Maverick|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Despite his denials, Mnangagwa is accused by many, including foreign governments, opposition politicians, and human rights groups, of playing a significant, or leading role in the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":61" /><ref name=":10" /> As national security minister, his CIO worked with the army to suppress ZAPU, ZANU's rival political party, which drew its support from Ndebele people.<ref name=":1" /> In the lead-up to the massacres, he delivered speeches attacking the opposition.<ref name="mg.co.za" /><ref name=":63" /><ref name=":64" /> In a 15 March 1983 speech at a rally in [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]], he described government opponents as "[[cockroach]]es" and "bugs" that required the government to bring in [[DDT]] (a [[pesticide]]) to remove them.<ref name="mg.co.za" /><ref name=":63">{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2017-11-23-zim-expats-remember-mnangagwas-role-in-gukurahundi-massacres/|title=Zim expats remember Mnangagwa's role in Gukurahundi massacres|last=Ndlangisa|first=Sabelo|work=TimesLIVE|date=23 November 2017|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=":64">{{cite news|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/africa/2017-11-23-mnangagwas-role-in-gukurahundi-massacres-not-forgotten-for-zim-expats/|title=Mnangagwa's role in Gukurahundi massacres not forgotten for Zim expats|last=Ndlangisa|first=Sabelo|work=SowetanLIVE|date=23 November 2017|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref> He also said that their villages should be burned.<ref name=":3" /> In another speech, he said: "Blessed are they who follow the path of government laws, for their days on earth shall be increased. But woe unto those who will choose the path of collaboration with dissidents, for we will certainly shorten their stay on earth."<ref name=":3" /> When the massacres began, Mnangagwa was tasked with explaining the violence to the international community, and made most of the public comments on behalf of the Zimbabwean government on the activities of the 5th Brigade.<ref name=":24" /> In addition, documents from both the [[United States Department of State]] and the [[Australia]]n embassy in Harare reveal Mnangagwa's knowledge of and role in the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2015/05/mugabe-exposed/|title=Mugabe's Gukurahundi role exposed|last=Samukange|first=Tinotenda|date=2015-05-18|website=NewsDay Zimbabwe|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref> While the 5th Brigade, which Mnangagwa did not directly oversee, carried out the vast majority of the killings, the CIO participated in other ways, including apprehending and interrogating alleged dissidents.<ref name=":25" /> Whereas the 5th Brigade targeted large numbers of Ndebele civilians, the CIO often focused on more specific targets, particularly ZAPU leaders and organizers.<ref name=":25" /> The CIO also provided information, including documents and surveillance intelligence, to the 5th Brigade and other segments of the government involved in the violence.<ref name=":25" /> The CIO gave Bush War-era ZIPRA personnel files to the 5th Brigade, which used them to seek out ex-ZANU and ZIPRA leaders in Matabeleland.<ref name=":25" /> In addition to focused violence and intelligence-sharing, CIO leaders also cooperated with other groups participating in the ''Gukurahundi'' through informal channels of communication.<ref name=":26" /> In Zimbabwe at the time, coordination between government agencies did not always occur within bureaucratic channels, but often through ethnic or political connections.<ref name=":25" /> Thus, as Mugabe's security minister, Mnangagwa's role was not necessarily restricted by the limitations of his ministry or the CIO.<ref name=":25" /> The ''Gukurahundi'' ended with the signing of the [[Unity Accord]] on 22 December 1987.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":27">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/landmarks-in-robert-mugabes-life-853020.html|title=Landmarks in Robert Mugabe's life|date=2008-06-24|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1989/10/22/apartheids-spies/78cac89e-ec8b-4c3e-87a7-8afc1c778c81|title=Apartheid's Spies|last=Berkeley|first=Bill|date=1989-10-22|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> The agreement, signed by Prime Minister Mugabe and ZAPU leader Joshua Nkomo, merged ZAPU into the ruling [[ZANU–PF|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front]] (ZANU–PF).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":27" /><ref name=":29" /> On 18 April 1988, Mugabe announced amnesty for all dissidents, and in return, Nkomo called on them to lay down their arms.<ref name=":27" /> In the late 1980s, a series of court cases exposed the existence of [[apartheid]] [[South Africa]]n spies within the CIO, who played a significant role in causing the ''Gukurahundi'' by providing distorted intelligence reports and purposely inflaming ethnic tensions.<ref name=":29" /> These spies, white holdovers from the Rhodesian era, contributed to South Africa's interest in destabilising the newly independent Zimbabwe. In particular, they sought to damage ZAPU and ZIPRA, which maintained close ties to the [[African National Congress]], the leading [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] group in South Africa.<ref name=":29" /> Mnangagwa admitted that the South Africa had a "major implant in intelligence under [[Ian Smith|Smith]]" and that Zimbabwe's post-independence government "initially left these implants".<ref name=":29" /> Asked why these agents were allowed to remain the CIO, he responded, "We had no choice. We could not allow our whole intelligence capability to collapse overnight."<ref name=":29" /> White CIO agents who cooperated with South Africa included [[Geoffrey Price (spy)|Geoffrey Price]], an agent responsible for Prime Minister Mugabe's personal security, who, along with a small cell of white agents, supplied information leading to South Africa's August 1981 assassination of [[Joe Gqabi]], an ANC representative in Zimbabwe.<ref name=":29" /> Another, [[Matt Calloway]], formerly the CIO's top agent in [[Hwange District]], was in 1983 identified by the Zimbabwean government as being involved a South African operation that recruited, trained, and armed disaffected Ndebeles and sent them back into Matabeleland as guerrillas.<ref name=":29" /> The violence they sparked contributed to the start of the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":29" /> A third was [[Kevin Woods]], an agent until 1986, who served as the CIO's top administrative officer in [[Bulawayo]] throughout much of the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":29" /> In 1988, Woods was arrested and charged with participating in a [[car bomb]] attack targeting an ANC representative in Bulawayo.<ref name=":29" /> At his trial, he confessed—freely, he said, because he feared interrogation methods which he was very familiar from his time at the CIO—to being a double agent for South Africa.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":29" /> Woods' confession, part of a high-profile case that reached Zimbabwe's [[Supreme Court of Zimbabwe|Supreme Court]], brought new attention to the wide scope of South Africa's infiltration of Zimbabwe's intelligence apparatus, especially in relation to the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":29" /> The Woods affair was embarrassing for Mnangagwa, and according to one source, caused Mugabe to remove him from the position of Minister of State Security.<ref name=":25" /> === Minister of Justice: 1988–2000 === In 1988, President Mugabe appointed Mnangagwa [[Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs|Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":28" /> According to a 1988 report by the U.S. embassy in Harare, Mugabe originally intended to name Mnangagwa Minister of Defence, but was persuaded not to by [[Nathan Shamuyarira]] and [[Sydney Sekeramayi]], the leaders of the "Group of 26", a clique that sought to increase the political power of members of the [[Zezuru]] people, a Shona subgroup.<ref name=":28" /> Shamuyarira and Sekeramayi objected to Mnangagwa's appointment to the post because he was Karanga, but did not oppose Mugabe's replacement appointee, [[Enos Nkala]], an Ndebele.<ref name=":28" /> Not coincidentally, Sekeramayi himself succeeded Mnangagwa as Minister of State for National Security.<ref name=":28" /> Instead, Mugabe appointed Mnangagwa Minister of Justice, succeeding [[Eddison Zvobgo]], another Karanga.<ref name=":28" /> Mnangagwa, who expected to be named Minister of Defence or [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Home Affairs]], considered this appointment a [[demotion]], as the ministry had already completed its most important tasks under Zvobgo's leadership.<ref name=":28" /> These included drafting the constitutional amendments that abolished the 20 seats in [[Parliament of Zimbabwe|Parliament]] reserved for [[White people in Zimbabwe|whites]] and establishing an executive [[President of Zimbabwe|presidency]], which both were completed in 1987.<ref name=":28" /> Mnangagwa was initially so disappointed with his cabinet role that he considered leaving politics and entering the private sector, but he ultimately accepted the new position.<ref name=":28" /> Mnangagwa ran for reelection to Parliament in the [[1990 Zimbabwean general election|1990 election]], this time in the newly created [[Kwekwe Central|Kwekwe]] constituency.<ref name=":49">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tz1EAQAAIAAJ|title=Report on the 1990 general and presidential elections|last1=Masendeke|first1=Anthony F.|last2=Mhlaba|first2=Luke|last3=Mafico|first3=Muriel U.|date=1991|publisher=University of Zimbabwe, Dept. of Political and Administrative Studies|language=en}}</ref> ZANU–PF ran a well-publicised and organised campaign in [[Kwekwe]], holding meetings between Mnangagwa and community leaders and putting up numerous posters.<ref name=":49" /> However, there were also reports of [[voter intimidation]] and harassment, including from [[ZANU–PF Women's League|Women's League]] members, some of whom said they were coerced into joining a demonstration against the [[Zimbabwe Unity Movement]], the opposition party contesting Mnangagwa's seat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kriger|first=Norma|date=January 2005|title=ZANU(PF) Strategies in General Elections, 1980–2000: Discourse and Coercion|journal=African Affairs|volume=104|issue=414|pages=1–34|jstor=3518631|doi=10.1093/afraf/adi016}}</ref> On election day, Mnangagwa won with 23,898 votes, while his little-known rival, ZUM candidate Sylvester Chibanda, received only 7,094 votes.<ref name=":49" /> Mnangagwa was reelected again in the [[1995 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|1995 parliamentary election]], in another race marked by voter intimidation.<ref name=":65" /> [[Election monitoring|Election monitors]] in Kwekwe reported that voters were told that if they did not vote with ZANU–PF, the ''Gukurahundi'' atrocities would be repeated against them.<ref name=":65">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCh9CL25Ic0C|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1996|isbn=9780160524806|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=306|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Kinshasa -Gombe.JPG|thumb|Kinshasa, where Mnangagwa was often based during the Second Congo War.]] While serving as justice minister, Mnangagwa was also acting [[List of Finance Ministers of Zimbabwe|Finance Minister]] from November 1995 to April 1996, after the previous minister, [[Bernard Chidzero]], stepped down for health reasons, and his successor [[Ariston Chambati]] died.<ref name=":4" /> He was also acting [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] for a short period.<ref name=":4" /> In 1998, Mnangagwa was put in charge of Zimbabwe's intervention in the [[Second Congo War]], in which the [[Zimbabwe National Army]] entered the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] on the side of Congolese President [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]].<ref name=":3" /> A 2000 article in the Zimbabwean magazine ''[[Moto (magazine)|Moto]]'' described Mnangagwa as Mugabe's [[heir apparent]], writing, "With the DRC issue at hand, it has been difficult to tell whether he is the Minister of Justice or the Minister of Defence as he has been shuttling between Harare and [[Kinshasa]]."<ref name=":30">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ywxAQAAIAAJ|title=Moto|date=2000|publisher=Mambo Press|language=en|issue=205–210}}</ref> During the war, Mnangagwa enriched himself through mineral wealth seized from the Congo.<ref name=":3" /> After [[Billy Rautenbach]], a Zimbabwean businessman, was placed in charge of [[Gécamines]], the Congolese state mining company, Mnangagwa began brokering deals between the company and Zimbabwean connections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/1318448/Kabila-is-gone-but-diamonds-are-forever.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/1318448/Kabila-is-gone-but-diamonds-are-forever.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Kabila is gone but diamonds are forever|last=Blair|first=David|date=2001-01-18|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> === Speaker of Parliament: 2000–2005 === Mnangagwa ran in the [[2000 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|2000 parliamentary election]] as the ZANU–PF candidate for the Kwekwe constituency.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":39">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2015/05/26/mnangagwa-cannot-win-elections|title=Mnangagwa cannot win elections|last=Tafirenyika|first=Mugove|date=2015-05-26|work=DailyNews Live|access-date=2018-10-24|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073801/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2015/05/26/mnangagwa-cannot-win-elections|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was defeated by [[Blessing Chebundo]] of the newly formed [[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]], who received 64% of the vote to Mnangagwa's 35%.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":39" /><ref name=":31">{{Cite news|url=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2000/7/article/zimbabwe-elects-new-speaker/260550.html|title=Zimbabwe Elects New Speaker|last=Chinaka|first=Chris|date=2000-07-20|work=The Moscow Times|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> Mnangagwa lost in spite of voter intimidation and violence by ZANU–PF, which included dousing Chebundo in petrol and attempting to burn him alive, as well as setting Chebundo's house on fire.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6506549.stm|title=Profile: Emmerson Mnangagwa|last=Winter|first=Joseph|date=2007-03-30|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> After his defeat, Mugabe appointed Mnangagwa to one of the 20 unelected seats in Parliament.<ref name=":39" /><ref name="Opts">Lebo Nkatazo, [http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/mnanga12.17704.html "After 2 defeats, Mnangagwa opts for rural constituency"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208120758/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/mnanga12.17704.html |date=8 February 2008 }}, Newzimbabwe.com, 5 February 2008.</ref> On 17 July 2000, Mugabe announced a new cabinet, from which Mnangagwa was conspicuously absent.<ref name=":31" /> His exclusion from the cabinet fanned speculation that Mnangagwa, widely seen as Mugabe's preferred successor, had lost favour with the president. However, the next day, when Parliament was sworn in, Mnangagwa was elected [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe|Speaker of the House of Assembly]], receiving 87 ballots against MDC candidate [[Mike Mataure]]'s 59 votes.<ref name=":31" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2361_00.htm|title=Zimbabwe: parliamentary elections Parliament, 2000|website=archive.ipu.org|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> The secret ballot election was the first competitive vote for speaker since the country's independence.<ref name=":31" /> Rather than having lost the president's favour, Mugabe likely excluded Mnangagwa from the cabinet because he was arranging for him to serve as speaker instead.<ref name=":31" /> In October 2000, Mnangagwa thwarted an attempt by the MDC members of Parliament to [[Impeachment|impeach]] Mugabe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe|last=Blair|first=David|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8264-5974-9|location=London and New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/degreesinviolenc0000blai/page/196 196]|url=https://archive.org/details/degreesinviolenc0000blai/page/196}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mugabe: Teacher, Revolutionary, Tyrant|last=Norman|first=Andrew|publisher=The History Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86227-491-4|location=Stroud|pages=86}}</ref> During his tenure as speaker, Mnangagwa continued to be subject to international scrutiny regarding his mining interests in the Congo during the Second Congo War. A 2001 [[United Nations]] report described him as "the architect of the commercial activities of ZANU–PF".<ref name=":32" /> A ''[[The Guardian]]'' article from the same year wrote that Mnangagwa "negotiated the swapping of Zimbabwean soldiers' lives for mining contracts".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/29/zimbabwe.chrismcgreal|title=An army guarding power and profits|last=McGreal|first=Chris|date=2001-05-29|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> In 2002, a report authored by a panel commissioned by the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] implicated him in the exploitation of mineral wealth from the Congo and for his involvement in making Harare a significant illicit diamond trading centre.<ref name=":33">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/22/world/un-study-says-armies-leave-corrupt-networks-in-congo.html|title=U.N. Study Says Armies Leave Corrupt Networks in Congo|date=2002-10-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":34">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2002/n0262179.pdf "Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"] United Nations, UN Doc: S/2002/1146, 16 October 2002</ref> The panel and recommended that Mnangagwa, along with 53 others, be subject to international travel bans and financial restrictions.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":34" /> The following year, he was placed under United States sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/03/10/03-5848/blocking-property-of-persons-undermining-democratic-processes-or-institutions-in-zimbabwe|title=Blocking property of persons undermining democratic processes or institutions in Zimbabwe|work=Federal Register|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> In December 2004, internal divisions within ZANU–PF became public when Mnangagwa, along with [[Jonathan Moyo]], the [[Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Information]], were censured at a party meeting for allegedly plotting against Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> The controversy began when Moyo hosted a meeting with other politicians in his home district of [[Tsholotsho District|Tsholotsho]] to discuss replacing Mugabe's choice for vice-president, [[Joice Mujuru]], with Mnangagwa.<ref name=":35">{{Cite news|url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/old/dec30_2004.html|title=Final nail in Moyo coffin|date=2004-12-29|work=Daily Mirror|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4191143.stm|title=Mugabe ministers in court battle|date=2005-01-20|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> They hoped that as vice-president, Mnangagwa would be in a superior position to become president when Mugabe stepped down, which they believed might happen as early as 2008.<ref name=":35" /><ref name=":36" /> The group also planned to replace ZANU–PF chair [[John Nkomo]] and party vice-president [[Joseph Msika]] with their preferred candidates.<ref name=":35" /> Despite President Mugabe's calls for unity, observers described the rivalry between supporters of Mnangagwa and Mujuru as the most serious division within ZANU–PF in 30 years.<ref name=":36" /> Mujuru garnered a large amount of support in ZANU–PF's [[Politburo of ZANU–PF|politburo]], [[central committee]], [[presidium]], and among the provincial party chairs.<ref name="ICG-2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/southern-africa/zimbabwe/b103-zimbabwe-waiting-for-the-future.pdf|title=Zimbabwe: Waiting for the Future|date=29 September 2014|series=Africa Briefing No. 103|publisher=International Crisis Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930210617/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/southern-africa/zimbabwe/b103-zimbabwe-waiting-for-the-future.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=9 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mnangagwa's support came from the senior ranks of the security establishment, as well as parts of ZANU–PF's parliamentary caucus and younger party members.<ref name="ICG-2014" /> The rivalry was ethnic as well as political: Mnangagwa drew his support from members of his ethnic group, the Karanga, while Mujuru's supporters were largely Zezuru.<ref name=":37">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/Mugabe-promotes-hard-liner-20050412|title=Mugabe promotes hard liner|date=2005-04-12|work=News24|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en}}</ref> At the ZANU–PF party congress held from 1–5 December 2004, Mujuru was named vice-president, while Moyo and other Mnangagwa proponents were disciplined.<ref name=":36" /> Moyo was removed from the cabinet and the politburu, and seven other party officials were penalized with suspensions, preventing them from running for Parliament in the upcoming elections.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":35" /><ref name=":36" /> Mnangagwa attempted to distance himself from the controversy, but nevertheless lost his title as [[ZANU–PF]]'s secretary for administration, an office he had held for four years and one that gave him the power to appoint his allies to important party positions.<ref name=":35" /><ref name=":36" /><ref name="chiefwhip">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/emmerson-mnangagwa-robert-mugabe-resigns-who-succeeds-zimbabwe-president-zanu-pf-crocodile-a8067796.html|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: After Robert Mugabe resigns, who is the Zanu-PF politician favourite to succeed him as Zimbabwe President?|last=Mortimer|first=Caroline|date=21 November 2017|access-date=25 November 2017|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> In what was considered a demotion, he was given the less influential position of secretary for legal affairs instead.<ref name="chiefwhip" /> === Minister of Rural Housing: 2005–2009 === In the [[2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|March 2005 parliamentary election]], Mnangagwa was again defeated by Blessing Chebundo in the Kwekwe constituency, this time with 46 percent of the votes to Chebundo's 54 percent.<ref name=":39" /><ref name="newsday2017-11-22a" /> Just as before, Mugabe appointed Mnangagwa to one of the unelected seats in Parliament.<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":37" /><ref name="newsday2017-11-22a">{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/mnangagwa-zimbabwes-president-in-waiting/ |title=Mnangagwa: Zimbabwe's President-in-waiting|date=22 November 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|author=Staff Reporter|work=Newsday Zimbabwe|publisher=Zimbabwe Situation|quote=In the March 2005 parliamentary election, he was again defeated by Chebundo in Kwekwe and Mugabe again appointed him a non-constituency MP. He was demoted to a lesser influential post of Rural Housing and Social Amenities minister in 2005 following the elevation of Joice Mujuru to the post of Vice-President.}}</ref> John Nkomo replaced Mnangagwa as Speaker of Parliament. In the new cabinet, Mugabe named Mnangagwa as [[Ministry of National Housing and Social Amenities (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Rural Housing and Social Amenities]].<ref name=":38">[http://www.sadocc.at/news/2005/2005-101.shtml "MP's sworn in, new ministers appointed"], SADOCC, 16 April 2005.</ref> This was widely seen as a demotion by Mugabe in retribution for Mnangagwa's involvement in the plot for him to become vice-president over Mujuru, the president's choice.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":38" /> In 2005, Mnangagwa helped carry out [[Operation Murambatsvina]], an initiative in which urban slums, home to many people who opposed Mugabe's rule, were destroyed, resulting in the homelessness of thousands of the urban poor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/22/who-is-emmerson-the-crocodile-mnangagwa-mugabes-successor-in-zimbabwe/|title=Analysis {{!}} Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa, Mugabe's successor in Zimbabwe?|last=Bearak|first=Max|date=22 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> By 2007, Mnangagwa was reportedly back in Mugabe's favour, and the president was now said to be dismayed at the political activities of Mnangagwa's rival, Vice-President Mujuru, and her husband, former army chief [[Solomon Mujuru]].<ref name=":32" /> ==== 2007 alleged coup d'état attempt ==== {{Main|2007 Zimbabwean alleged coup d'état attempt}} In May 2007, the Zimbabwean government announced that it had foiled an alleged [[coup d'état]] involving nearly 400 soldiers and high-ranking members of the military that would have occurred on either 2 or 15 June 2007.<ref name="matapo" /><ref name="leaders" /><ref name="theplot" /> The alleged leaders of the coup, all of whom were arrested, were retired army Captain [[Albert Matapo]], army spokesman [[Ben Ncube]], Major General [[Engelbert Rugeje]], and Air Vice Marshal [[Elson Moyo]].<ref name="matapo">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1940402.ece Coup 'plot' feeds Zimbabwe political tension], 16 June 2007. ''The Times''</ref><ref name="leaders">[http://allafrica.com/stories/200706141067.html Zimbabwe: Army investigates reports of coup plot], 14 June 2007. AllAfrica</ref><ref name="theplot">[http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/army22.16542.html Zimbabwe 'coup plotters' charged with treason] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413051940/http://newzimbabwe.com/pages/army22.16542.html |date=13 April 2014}}, 14 June 2007. AllAfrica</ref> According to the government, the soldiers planned on forcibly removing Mugabe from the presidency and asking Mnangagwa to form a government with the heads of the armed forces.<ref name="matapo" /><ref name="mutasa" /> Reportedly, the government first learned of the plot when a former army officer in [[Paris]], [[France]], who opposed the coup contacted police and gave them a map and list of those involved.<ref name="matapo" /><ref name="mutasa" /> Mnangagwa said that he had no knowledge of the plot, and called it "stupid".<ref name="matapo" /><ref name="mutasa">[http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=311446&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__africa/ Allegations of coup plot in Zimbabwe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210516/http://mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=311446&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__africa%2F |date=3 March 2016}}, 15 June 2007. Mail and Guardian Online</ref> Some analysts speculated that rival potential successors to Mugabe, such as former ZANLA leader Solomon Mujuru, may have been behind the scheme in an attempt to discredit Mnangagwa, who had for a number of years been seen as Mugabe's likely successor.<ref name=":30" /><ref name="matapo" /> [[Treason]] charges were laid against Matapo and other alleged plotters, but no [[trial]] ever took place for lack of [[Evidence#Law|evidence]].<ref name="IrishExaminer2007-06-16a">{{cite web |date=16 June 2007 |title=Zimbabwe: Alleged coup plotters deny treason charges |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/world/zimbabwe-alleged-coup-plotters-deny-treason-charges-315240.html |access-date=24 November 2017 |work=Irish Examiner}}</ref><ref name="TheZimbabwean2014-09-03a" /> Nevertheless, Matapo and six others (not including Ncube, Rugeje, or Moyo) ended up spending seven years in [[Chikurubi Prison]] before being released in 2014.<ref name="TheZimbabwean2014-09-03a">{{cite web |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2014/09/former-army-officer-breaks-silence/ |title=Former army officer breaks silence on coup accusations|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Zimbabwean|date=3 September 2014|access-date=16 November 2017 |quote=An army officer, who with six friends was abducted in May 2007 and ended up spending seven years in Chikurubi Prison, has broken his silence by speaking to The Zimbabwean this week. ... former Army Captain Albert Matapo ... and six others, Emmanuel Marara, Oncemore Mudzurahona, Partson Mupfure, Nyasha Zivuku, Rangarirai Mazivofa and Shingirai Webster Mutemachani, were abducted on May 29, 2007, at 108 Nelson Mandela Avenue, Harare, by people in plain clothes who identified themselves as CIO and army intelligence officers. ... 'We were abducted because we were in the process of forming a new political party which is now called United Crusade for Achieving Democracy (UCAD). ... Matapo said they were taken to an unknown destination where they suffered several forms of torture, including electrocution on the genitals. ... However, the treason trial did not commence due to lack of evidence and the seven men were released on March 1. ... They went ahead and formed their party, UCAD, which was launched on August 1 in Harare. ... 'There is no way normal people like us would remove Robert Mugabe and put Mnangagwa because they are one and the same. Mnangagwa can even be worse than Mugabe. ...' }}</ref> Matapo denied that he and the other accused plotters planning a coup, and said he had no interest in supporting Mnangagwa, whom he regarded as equally bad, if not worse, than Mugabe.<ref name="TheZimbabwean2014-09-03a" /> Instead, Matapo said that the group were simply trying to form a new political party, which they eventually did after their release from prison.<ref name="TheZimbabwean2014-09-03a" /> === 2008 election and return to favour === In the [[2008 Zimbabwean general election|March 2008 parliamentary election]], Mnangagwa stood as ZANU–PF's candidate in the newly created [[Chirumanzu–Zibagwe]] constituency in rural [[Midlands Province]].<ref name=":39" /><ref name="Opts" /> He won by a wide margin, receiving 9,645 votes against two MDC candidates, Mudavanhu Masendeke and Thomas Michael Dzingisai, who respectively received 1,548 and 894 votes.<ref name=":39" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/electoral203.17984.html|title=Zimbabwe election results 2008|date=1 April 2008|newspaper=New Zimbabwe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405183324/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/electoral203.17984.html|archive-date=5 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnangagwa was Mugabe's chief election agent during the [[2008 Zimbabwean general election|2008 presidential election]], and headed Mugabe's campaign behind the scenes.<ref name=":40">[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805090797.html "Mnangagwa Running Zanu PF Campaign"], ''Zimbabwe Independent'', 8 May 2008.</ref> Along with his team, Mnangagwa worked with party loyalists within the [[Joint Operations Command (Zimbabwe)|Joint Operations Command]] to ensure a Mugabe victory on election day.<ref name=":40" /> After Mugabe failed to win a majority in the initial vote, Mnangagwa organised a campaign of violence in the leadup to the [[Second round of voting in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election|second round of voting]] that caused opposition candidate [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] to withdraw from the election, securing Mugabe's continued rule.<ref name=":5" /> === Minister of Defence: 2009–2013 === After the [[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai]] won a majority of seats in Parliament in the 2008 election, Mnangagwa played a key role in brokering a power-sharing pact between ZANU–PF and the MDC–T. When the [[Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009|Government of National Unity]] was sworn in on 13 February 2009, Mnangagwa became [[Ministry of Defence (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Defence]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dzirutwe, MacDonald |title=Zimbabwe's MDC says senior official arrested |newspaper=Reuters |date=13 February 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE51C4VM20090213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214160208/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE51C4VM20090213 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/4614295/Zimbabwe-minister-arrested-as-cabinet-sworn-in.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/4614295/Zimbabwe-minister-arrested-as-cabinet-sworn-in.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Zimbabwe minister arrested as cabinet sworn in|last1=Berger|first1=Sebastien|date=2009-02-13|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=2018-10-24|last2=Thornycroft|first2=Peta|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Despite having coordinated a campaign of political violence against the MDC–T in 2008, and allegedly having been behind three separate attempts to assassinate Tsvangirai over the years, Mnangagwa spoke kindly about the country's coalition government in a 2011 interview.<ref name=":41">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/8584312/Emmerson-Mnangagwa-vs-Morgan-Tsvangirai-the-two-opposing-faces-of-Zimbabwe.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/8584312/Emmerson-Mnangagwa-vs-Morgan-Tsvangirai-the-two-opposing-faces-of-Zimbabwe.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa vs Morgan Tsvangirai: the two opposing faces of Zimbabwe|last=Freeman|first=Colin|date=2011-06-19|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He said, "a lot of things have happened that are positive ... we can work together without too many problems."<ref name=":41" /> In spite of his compliments of the unity government, Mnangagwa was accused by human rights groups of using his influence in the Joint Operations Command to mobilize violent pro-ZANU–PF groups ahead of the [[2013 Zimbabwean general election|2013 general election]].<ref name=":41" /> Mnangagwa denied that he was in charge of the JOC, calling the allegations "nonsense" and insisting that he wanted upcoming elections to be "free and fair".<ref name=":41" /> He also denied having any presidential ambitions, pointing out that ZANU–PF has procedures to choose a new president.<ref name=":41" /> In the election, Mugabe was re-elected President by a wide margin, and ZANU–PF regained its majority in the National Assembly. On 10 September 2013, Mugabe announced a new cabinet, appointing Mnangagwa to the post of Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, the office he previously held from 1989 to 2000.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news|title=Breaking news:President Mugabe Appoints New Cabinet |date=10 September 2013 |newspaper=The Herald |location=Harare, Zimbabwe |url=http://www.herald.co.zw/breaking-news-president-mugabe-set-to-announce-cabinet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912232417/http://www.herald.co.zw/breaking-news-president-mugabe-set-to-announce-cabinet/ |archive-date=12 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-13-00-mujurus-ring-takes-cabinet|title=Zim VP Mujuru's ring takes Cabinet|last=Munyaka|first=Takudzwa|date=2013-09-13|work=The Mail & Guardian|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}}</ref> Vice-President Joice Mujuru's faction of the party was seen as the victor in Mugabe's cabinet appointment, taking most key positions, including defence, which was previously held by Mnangagwa but was given to [[Sydney Sekeramayi]] in the new cabinet.<ref name=":43" /> By contrast, Mnangagwa's faction received only two key portfolios: [[Patrick Chinamasa]] as minister of finance, and Mnangagwa himself as justice minister.<ref name=":43" /> The political scientist Eldred Masunungure attributed the Mujuru faction's gains to its influence in the ZANU–PF presidium.<ref name=":43" /> Masunungure described Mnangagwa's move from being minister of defence to becoming minister of justice as a "significant blow, though the justice ministry is quite important".<ref name=":43" /> == Vice-President of Zimbabwe: 2014–2017 == [[File:Mnangagwa Speaking at Headlands.jpg|thumb|right|Mnangagwa speaking in 2015]] On 10 December 2014, President Mugabe appointed Mnangagwa as [[Vice-President of Zimbabwe|First Vice-President of Zimbabwe]], appearing to confirm his position as the presumed successor to Mugabe.<ref name=":66">{{Cite news |last=Dzirutwe |first=MacDonald |date=2014-12-10 |title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe names 'The Crocodile' Mnangagwa as deputy |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-politics-idUSKBN0JO1GW20141210 |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref> His appointment followed the dismissal of Mnangagwa's long-time opponent in the succession rivalry, [[Joice Mujuru]], who was cast into the political wilderness amidst allegations that she had plotted against Mugabe.<ref name=":66" /> Mnangagwa admitted he was not sure how the President would react to the allegations against Mujuru, but said he was satisfied with the outcome.<ref name=":47">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2015/02/23/mnangagwa-fingers-grace|title=Mnangagwa fingers Grace|last=Mbiba|first=Lloyd|date=2015-02-23|work=DailyNews Live|access-date=2018-10-27|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027101456/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2015/02/23/mnangagwa-fingers-grace|url-status=dead}}</ref> He added that he had not known he was going to be named vice-president until Mugabe announced it.<ref name=":47" /> Mnangagwa was sworn in as vice-president on 12 December 2014, while retaining his post as Minister of Justice.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2014 |title=Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa sworn into office, leads race to succeed Mugabe |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0JQ13Z20141212 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424123954/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0JQ13Z20141212 |archive-date=24 April 2015 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=President unveils new ministers |date=12 December 2014 |newspaper=The Herald |location=Harare, Zimbabwe |url=http://www.herald.co.zw/president-unveils-new-ministers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426210156/http://www.herald.co.zw/president-unveils-new-ministers/ |archive-date=26 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Soon afterward, it was reported that Mugabe had begun delegating some presidential duties to Mnangagwa.<ref>[http://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/5947/The_year_of_leaving_dangerously "The year of leaving dangerously"], ''Africa Confidential'', volume 56, number 1, 9 January 2015.</ref> On 11 January 2016, Mnangagwa became acting president while Mugabe was on his yearly vacation.<ref name=":45">{{Cite news|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/breakings-news-vp-mnangagwa-now-acting-president/|title=Latest: VP Mnangagwa now Acting President|date=2016-01-11|work=The Herald|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mnangagwa took over in this role from Second Vice-President [[Phelekezela Mphoko]], who had been acting president when Mugabe last went on vacation on 24 December 2015.<ref name=":45" /> The decision to have Mnangagwa serve as acting president seemed to rebut rumors that Mugabe favoured Mphoko over Mnangagwa.<ref name=":45" /> As vice-president, Mnangagwa focused on reviving Zimbabwe's agricultural sector and expanding the country's global trade connections. He helped negotiate trade deals with [[BRICS]] members [[Russia]], [[China]], and [[South Africa]]. In 2015, he also headed trade delegations to Europe to try and re-open trade ties that had been broken with the imposition of sanctions in 2001.<ref name=":8" /> In July 2016, Mnangagwa visited China, where he met with business leaders as well as [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] leaders and government officials, including Vice President [[Li Yuanchao]].<ref name=":46">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2016/03/24/mnangagwas-china-trip-angers-mugabe/|title=Mnangagwa's China trip angers Mugabe|last=Mambo|first=Elias|date=2016-03-24|website=The Zimbabwe Independent|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> During that trip, Mnangagwa did an interview with [[China Central Television]] in which he said that Zimbabwe had fallen behind in development and called for reform, which reportedly angered Mugabe, who saw it as criticism of his presidency.<ref name=":46" /> In 2016, Mnangagwa announced that the Zimbabwean government would launch "Command Agriculture", an agricultural initiative backed by the [[African Development Bank]].<ref name=":44">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/demystifying-command-agriculture/|title=Demystifying Command Agriculture|last=Gambara|first=Peter|date=2016-08-21|website=The Sunday Mail|language=en|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> The programme, which Mnangagwa said would receive [[United States dollar|US$]]500 million in funding, would involve 2,000 maize-growing small-scale and commercial farmers and would allow the government to determine how much maize is grown and the price at which it is sold.<ref name=":44" /> === Power struggles and dismissal === Until she was dismissed as vice-president, [[Joice Mujuru]] was widely seen as Mnangagwa's main rival to succeed Mugabe as president.<ref name="chiefwhip" /> However, with Mujuru and her key supporters having been purged from the government and the party, she was no longer a threat to Mnangagwa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-09 |title=Breaking News: VP Mujuru bites the dust |newspaper=The Herald |location= |url=http://www.herald.co.zw/breaking-news-vp-mujuru-bites-the-dust/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426204027/http://www.herald.co.zw/breaking-news-vp-mujuru-bites-the-dust/ |archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=":48">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/11/world/africa/robert-mugabe-names-emmerson-mnangagwa-vice-president.html|title=Zimbabwe Leader Picks Hard-Liner as Vice President|last=Cowell|first=Alan|date=2014-12-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Maponga |first=George |date=9 April 2015 |title=Zimbabwe: No Split in Zanu-PF, Says Mnangagwa |newspaper=The Herald |location= |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201504090223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429010444/http://allafrica.com/stories/201504090223.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |via=allAfrica |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mataire |first1=Lovemore |last2=Nyabunze |first2=Susan |date=7 April 2015 |title=Mujuru putschists vindicate expulsion |newspaper=The Herald |location= |url=http://www.herald.co.zw/mujuru-putschists-vindicate-expulsion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426204443/http://www.herald.co.zw/mujuru-putschists-vindicate-expulsion/ |archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> Prior to her dismissal, Mujuru had been the target of relentless disparagement by First Lady [[Grace Mugabe]], who accused her of corruption and incompetence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/emmerson-mnangagwa-sworn-in-as-zimbabwes-vice-president-712268|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa Sworn In As Zimbabwe's Vice-President|date=2014-12-12|work=NDTV|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> Because both found common cause in opposing Mujuru, by the time he became vice-president, the first lady was seen as an emergent political ally of Mnangagwa.<ref name=":48" /> However, by late 2015, Mnangagwa's political ambitions openly clashed with those of Grace Mugabe, who was by then seen as a potential successor to her husband.<ref name="chiefwhip" /><ref name=":50">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2015/09/vp-sets-cio-on-rivals/|title=VP sets CIO on rivals|date=2015-09-30|website=The Zimbabwean|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref> ZANU–PF was largely split between two factions: [[Generation 40]], or G40, led by Grace Mugabe, and the [[Lacoste (political faction)|Lacoste]] faction, thought to be led by Mnangagwa.<ref name=":10" /> Mnangagwa drew his support from war veterans and the country's military establishment, in part because of his past leadership of the Joint Operations Command, as well as his reputation in Zimbabwe as a cultivator of stability.<ref name="ICG-2014" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/06/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-vice-president-emmerson-mnangagwa-grace-mugabe|title=Robert Mugabe sacks vice-president to clear path to power for wife|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=6 November 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/zimbabwe0608/4.htm IV. Background], [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/zimbabwe0608/index.htm "Bullets for Each of You": State-Sponsored Violence since Zimbabwe's 29 March Elections]. Human Rights Watch. June 2008. {{ISBN|1-56432-324-2}}</ref> The first lady, a relative political newcomer and head of the [[ZANU–PF Women's League]], drew her support from younger, reform-minded party members who sought to replace the old guard.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/zimbabwe-president-grace-mugabe-robert-mugabe-654562|title=Can Robert Mugabe's wife, Grace, still be president of Zimbabwe?|last=Gaffey|first=Conor|date=2017-08-24|work=Newsweek|access-date=2017-11-15|language=en}}</ref> As the G40 faction set its sights on Mnangagwa, the Lacoste faction, largely made up of senior party members, pushed back.<ref name=":10" /> Mnangagwa used his leadership of Zimbabwe's Anti-Corruption Commission to try to discredit G40 leaders by targeting them with highly publicized criminal investigations.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":50" /> By 2016, Grace Mugabe was openly savaging Mnangagwa at political rallies and speaking events. Speaking to crowds at a February 2016 ZANU–PF rally in [[Chiweshe, Zimbabwe|Chiweshe]], she accused him of disloyalty and [[infidelity]], among other offences.<ref name=":51">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2016/02/mnangagwa-called-grace-a-prostitute/|title=Mnangagwa called Grace a prostitute?|date=2016-02-14|website=The Zimbabwean|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/02/13/grace-mauls-mnangagwa|title=Grace mauls Mnangagwa|last=Tafirenyika|first=Mugove|date=2016-02-13|website=DailyNews Live|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224024341/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/02/13/grace-mauls-mnangagwa|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charging him with feigning love for Mugabe, she mocked his presidential ambitions, rhetorically asking, "Didn't you hear there's no vacancy at [[State House, Harare|State House]]?"<ref name=":51" /><ref name=":52" /> The First Lady further accused Mnangagwa, or his allies, of trying to bomb her dairy farm (in fact, several army officers and fringe political activists were charged with the crime), and suggested that his supporters were behind a plot to murder her son.<ref name=":51" /><ref name=":52" /> Later that year, in November 2016, Mugabe declared that she was "already president" at a Women's League assembly, adding, "I plan and do everything with the president, what more do I want?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/im-already-president-grace-mugabe-claims-report-20161122|title=I'm already president, Grace Mugabe claims – report|date=2016-11-22|website=News24|language=en|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> Still, President Mugabe did not, at least publicly, take sides in the feud between his wife and Mnangagwa. In February 2017, after his 93rd birthday, Mugabe announced that he would not retire nor pick a successor, though he said he would let ZANU–PF pick a successor if the party saw fit.<ref name="93rdPledgeRemain">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/02/25/zimbabwe-mugabe-celebrate-93rd-birthday-pledges-to-remain-in-power/|title=Zimbabwe: Mugabe Celebrates 93rd Birthday, Pledges to Remain in Power|last1=Michael|first1=Dibie Ike|date=25 February 2017|publisher=[[Africanews]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050332/http://www.africanews.com/2017/02/25/zimbabwe-mugabe-celebrate-93rd-birthday-pledges-to-remain-in-power/|archive-date=26 February 2017|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-02-25/zimbabwes-mugabe-says-will-not-impose-successor-party-will-choose|title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe Says Will Not Impose Successor, Party Will Choose|last1=Bulawayo|first1=Philimon|date=25 February 2017|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] (from [[Reuters]])|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050302/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-02-25/zimbabwes-mugabe-says-will-not-impose-successor-party-will-choose|archive-date=26 February 2017|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In July 2017, Grace Mugabe publicly called on her husband to name an heir.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40740359|title=Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe urged by first lady to name heir|date=27 July 2017|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728150404/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40740359|archive-date=28 July 2017|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> On 11 August 2017, Mnanangwa was allegedly poisoned at a ZANU–PF rally in [[Gwanda]] led by President Mugabe.<ref name=":53">{{Cite web|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/mnangagwa-clarifies-poisoning-statement/|title=Mnangagwa clarifies poisoning statement|last=Mugabe|first=Tendai|date=2017-10-06|website=The Herald|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2017/08/mnangagwa-poisoning-details-emerge/|title=Mnangagwa poisoning details emerge|last=Mhlanga|first=Blessed|date=2017-08-21|website=NewsDay Zimbabwe|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> After falling ill, Mnangagwa was airlifted first to [[Gweru]], then to Harare, and finally to South Africa, where he underwent a minor surgery.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":54" /><ref name=":22">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41530924|title=Grace Mugabe warns of coup plot|date=6 October 2017|access-date=14 November 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|others=Additional political analysis by Shingai Nyoka of BBC News Harare|language=en-GB}}</ref> Doctors reportedly ruled out routine food poisoning, but detected traces of [[palladium]] in his liver, which would require [[detoxification]] treatments over the following two months.<ref name=":54" /> Still, Minister of Information [[Chris Mushohwe]] maintained that "stale food" could have been to blame, stating, "I don't know about that palladium... our official statement stands."<ref name=":54" /> Following the incident, rumors spread among supporters of Mnangagwa that Grace Mugabe had ordered the vice-president's poisoning via ice cream produced at a dairy farm she controlled.<ref name=":22" /> The emergence of such rumors resulted in criticism directed at Mnangagwa. Phelekezela Mphoko, the country's other vice-president, publicly rebuked Mnangagwa, accusing him of attempting to weaken the country, divide ZANU–PF, and undermine the president, and claiming that doctors had concluded that stale food was to blame.<ref name=":22" /> Grace Mugabe herself denied the rumors that she was involved and rhetorically asked, "Who is Mnangagwa, who is he?"<ref name=":22" /> Mnangagwa responded by pledging loyalty to ZANU–PF and President Mugabe, and said the rumors regarding Grace Mugabe's involvement were untrue, adding that he had not consumed any dairy products from the first lady's farm.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":22" /> On 9 October 2017, President Mugabe announced a new cabinet in which Mnangagwa, while maintaining the vice-presidency, lost his position as minister of justice to [[Happyton Bonyongwe]], the country's [[spymaster]].<ref name=":55">{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFKBN1CF0L3-OZATP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013044114/http://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFKBN1CF0L3-OZATP|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2017|title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe creates cyber ministry in cabinet reshuffle|last=Dzirutwe|first=MacDonald|date=10 October 2017|work=[[Reuters|Reuters Africa]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The previous week, Mnangagwa claimed that he had been poisoned at the August rally in Gwanda, in contrast to previous statements in which he said only that he had "fallen ill".<ref name=":55" /> That statement, coupled with President Mugabe's announcement several days later that he planned to review the performance of his ministers, led to speculation that a cabinet reshuffle could result in an unfavorable outcome for Mnangagwa.<ref name=":55" /> On 6 November 2017, Mugabe dismissed Mnangagwa as vice-president, in a move that positioned First Lady Grace Mugabe to succeed the aging president.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":56">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/world/africa/zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa.html|title=Mugabe Fires Vice President, Clearing Path to Power for Wife|last=Moyo|first=Jeffrey|date=6 November 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 November 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Information Minister [[Simon Khaya Moyo]] attributed the dismissal to Mnangagwa's "traits of disloyalty, disrespect, deceitfulness, and unreliability".<ref name=":56" /><ref>[http://news.sky.com/story/zimbabwes-robert-mugabe-fires-vice-president-emmerson-mnangagwa-11116606 "Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe fires vice president Emmerson Mnangagwa"], ''[[Sky News]]'', UK, 6 November 2017. Retrieved on 7 November 2017.</ref> Mnangagwa had been accused of undermining the president's authority and of plotting to take control of key government institutions.<ref name=":56" /> In a possible prelude to Mnangagwa's dismissal, two days earlier at a youth rally in Bulawayo, he had been cheered on by supporters, but was harshly rebuked by the president and first lady, who accused him of disloyalty.<ref name=":56" /> His removal was supported by Grace Mugabe and her G40 faction, and was a blow to the influence of the Lacoste faction, the military establishment, and the [[Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association|War Veterans Association]], which formed Mnangagwa's base of support.<ref name=":56" /> == 2017 coup d'état == {{Main|2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état}}On 8 November 2017, two days after his dismissal as vice-president, Mnangagwa fled Zimbabwe, first to [[Mozambique]] and then to South Africa, to escape what he called "incessant threats" against him and his family.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-08/mugabe-guts-zimbabwe-security-state-with-deputy-s-dismissal "Zimbabwe's Ousted Vice President Flees After Death Threats"], ''[[Bloomberg News]]'', USA, 8 November 2017. Retrieved on 8 November 2017.</ref> Around a week later, on 14 November 2017, elements of the Zimbabwean military gathered in Harare, seizing control of the [[Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation]] (ZBC) and key areas of the city.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41992351|title=Zimbabwe crisis: Army takes over, says Mugabe is safe|date=15 November 2017|access-date=15 November 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> The following day, Major General [[Sibusiso Moyo]], representing the [[Zimbabwe Defence Forces]], gave a live statement broadcast on the ZBC, the state broadcaster.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/zimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct/index.html|title=Zimbabwe army denies military takeover in live address on state TV|last1=McKenzie|first1=David|date=15 November 2017|access-date=15 November 2017|publisher=[[CNN]]|last2=Swails|first2=Brent|last3=Berlinger|first3=Joshua}}</ref> Moyo asserted that the military was not taking over and that President Mugabe was safe, and that the military was "targeting criminals" responsible for the country's problems.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/world/africa/zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa-chiwenga.html|title=Zimbabwe's Military, in Apparent Takeover, Says It Has Custody of Mugabe|last1=Moyo|first1=Jeffrey|date=14 November 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=15 November 2017|last2=Onishi|first2=Norimitsu|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-15 |title=Mugabe is 'safe and sound' Zimbabwe's army says |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KClcw5KPBqE |access-date=2023-01-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> On 19 November 2017, Mugabe was sacked by ZANU–PF, and Grace Mugabe and 20 of her high-ranking supporters were expelled from the party. Mnangagwa, who was in South Africa at the time, was chosen as the party's new leader, and was expected to soon become president.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2017 |title=Robert Mugabe set to hand over power to ex-VP Emmerson Mnangagwa 'imminently' – report |url=https://www.today.ng/news/africa/33348/robert-mugabe-set-hand-power-emmerson-mnangagwa-imminently-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119070546/https://www.today.ng/news/africa/33348/robert-mugabe-set-hand-power-emmerson-mnangagwa-imminently-report |archive-date=19 November 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |website=TodayNG}}</ref> President Mugabe was given a deadline of noon on November 20 to resign before impeachment proceedings would begin. Mugabe initially refused to step down, but ultimately resigned the next day before he could be impeached.<ref name="chiefwhip" /> ZANU–PF immediately nominated Mnangagwa as his successor, and it was announced that he would take over within 48 hours.<ref name="chiefwhip" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-42063744|title=As it happened: Mugabe resigns|date=2017-11-21|website=BBC News}}</ref> Mnangagwa returned to Zimbabwe on 22 November from South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-poised-swear-president-mnangagwa-51318794|title=Zimbabwe's incoming leader returns home to cheers|website=[[ABC News]]|access-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122222452/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-poised-swear-president-mnangagwa-51318794|archive-date=22 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ZBC confirmed that Mnangagwa would be sworn in on 24 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42077233|title='New democracy unfolding' in Zimbabwe|work=BBC News|date=22 November 2017}}</ref> The day before his inauguration, Mnangagwa urged his followers not to seek "vengeful retribution" against his political enemies, after calls emerged from his supporters to attack the Generation 40 faction.<ref name="RTE2017-11-24a2">{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1124/922496-zimbabwe/|title=Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa sworn in as president|date=24 November 2017|publisher=[[RTÉ]]|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> ==President of Zimbabwe== {{Update|section|date=October 2023}} ===Re-election=== Re-elected Aug 27, 2023 for second term.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Binley |first1=Alex |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: 'The Crocodile' wins second term as Zimbabwe president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66631185 |website=BBC News |date=27 August 2023 |publisher=BBC |access-date=10 October 2023 |ref=27}}</ref> ===Inauguration=== Mnangagwa was sworn in as President of Zimbabwe on 24 November 2017 at the [[National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)|National Sports Stadium]] in Harare, before a crowd of around 60,000.<ref name=":102">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/24/africa/mnangagwa-swearing-in-zimbabwe/index.html|title=Zimbabwe's 'Crocodile' Emmerson Mnangagwa sworn in as leader|last1=McKenzie|first1=David|date=24 November 2017|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=25 November 2017|last2=McKirdy|first2=Euan|last3=Dewan|first3=Angela}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42115622|title=Zimbabwe's new president Mnangagwa vows to 're-engage' with world|date=24 November 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> Entertainment was provided by Zimbabwean singer [[Jah Prayzah]], and attendees included several African leaders, foreign dignitaries, and domestic political figures, including opposition leaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Joice Mujuru]].<ref name="bbcnov242">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42100283|title=Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa takes power and vows to serve all citizens|date=24 November 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> Foreign leaders who attended included Vice-President [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] of Botswana, President [[Filipe Nyusi]] of Mozambique, Zambian President [[Edgar Lungu]] and former President [[Kenneth Kaunda]], and Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia [[Mohammad Bin Salman Al Saud]] and former Namibian presidents [[Sam Nujoma]] and [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] and current Vice-President [[Nickey Iyambo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=#Mugabe and Grace PICTURED with former Namibian presidents Nujoma and Pohamba |url=http://nehandaradio.com/2017/11/25/mugabe-pictured-former-namibian-presidents-nujoma-pohamba/ |website=Nehanda Radio |access-date=1 September 2021 |date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="AlJazzeera2017-11-24a" /> [[Rory Stewart]], the [[United Kingdom]]'s Minister of State for Africa and the first British minister to visit Zimbabwe in two decades, attended the inauguration, and issued a statement describing the change in leadership as "an absolutely critical moment" after Mugabe's "ruinous rule".<ref name="AlJazzeera2017-11-24a">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/171124062450311.html|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa sworn in as Zimbabwe president|first=Tendai |last=Marima |date=24 November 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|quote=The swearing-in ceremony was attended by a number of regional dignitaries and international diplomats, including Botswana's President Ian Khama, who received a huge welcome following his repeated calls in recent days to Mugabe to step down. Mozambican President Filipe Nyusi and his Zambian counterpart Edgar Lungu, as well as Zambia's former President Kenneth Kaunda were also in attendance. Also present was Rory Stewart, Africa minister for Britain, Zimbabwe's former colonial power. ... Before the ceremony, Stewart, the first British minister to visit Zimbabwe in two decades, described in a statement the change in leadership as "an absolutely critical moment" after Mugabe's "ruinous rule.}}</ref> Robert Mugabe and his wife Grace were notably absent, the official explanation being that the former president needed to rest.<ref name="bbcnov242" /><ref name="FT2017-11-24a" /> South African President [[Jacob Zuma]] was also absent, but was represented by his [[Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services (South Africa)|Telecommunications Minister]], [[Siyabonga Cwele]].<ref name="FT2017-11-24a">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9e097872-d0f9-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc|title=Mnangagwa sworn in as Zimbabwe's president|first1=Joseph |last1=Cotterill |first2=David |last2=Pilling |date=24 November 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|quote=The former president, who had ruled the country since independence from Britain in 1980, did not attend the ceremony. ... But a notable absence was South Africa's President Jacob Zuma, who sent his telecommunications minister to represent Zimbabwe's most important neighbour.}}</ref><ref name="Lagazettadelsudafrica2017-11-24a">{{cite web|url=http://www.lagazzettadelsudafrica.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2836:minister-cwele-to-represent-south-africa-at-president-mnangagwa-inauguration&catid=11&Itemid=124|title=Minister Cwele to represent South Africa at President Mnangagwa inauguration|date=24 November 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|publisher=La Gazzetta del Sudafrica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124101826/http://www.lagazzettadelsudafrica.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2836:minister-cwele-to-represent-south-africa-at-president-mnangagwa-inauguration&catid=11&Itemid=124|archive-date=24 November 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mnangagwa was sworn in by [[Chief Justice of Zimbabwe|Chief Justice]] [[Luke Malaba]].<ref name="bbcnov242" /> In his inaugural speech, he vowed to serve all citizens, reduce [[Corruption in Zimbabwe|corruption]], and revitalize the country's struggling economy.<ref name=":102" /> He distanced himself from President Mugabe by promising to "reengage with the world",<ref name=":11" /> but also paid tribute to his predecessor, praising him as "a father, mentor, comrade in arms, and my leader".<ref name=":102" /><ref name="bbcnov242" /> He also said that Mugabe's [[Land reform in Zimbabwe|post-2000 land reform programmes]] would be maintained, but that white farmers would be compensated for their seized land.<ref name="Telegraph2017-11-24a" /> Ahead of the [[2018 Zimbabwean general election|2018 general election]], Mnangagwa held a public meeting for an audience of [[white Zimbabweans]] in [[Borrowdale, Harare]] in which he was seen to concede that many white farms which had been seized under land reform programs had gone to government officials, soldiers and tribal chiefs who did not know much about farming, before asking whites to work with his government. The speech both drew mixed responses among opposition politicians and was seen by commentators as a shift from Mugabe's policies and an attempt to court white voters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwes-president-mnangagwa-woos-white-voters-with-reassurances/a-44773889|title = Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa woos white voters with reassurances | DW | 21.07.2018|website = [[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-54011620|title=Is Zimbabwe extending an olive branch to its white farmers?|work=BBC News|date=3 September 2020}}</ref> Mnangagwa called for an end to [[European Union]] and [[United States]] sanctions against top Zimbabwean military and ZANU–PF figures (including himself), and stated that the [[2018 Zimbabwean general election|2018 general election]] would be held as planned.<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Telegraph2017-11-24a">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/24/emmerson-mnangagwa-set-sworn-new-zimbabwe-president/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/24/emmerson-mnangagwa-set-sworn-new-zimbabwe-president/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=President Emmerson Mnangagwa promises to pay compensation for land grabs and clean up Zimbabwe's 'poisoned politics' as he is sworn in|first1=Roland |last1=Oliphant |first2=Peta|last2=Thornycroft|date=24 November 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|newspaper=Telegraph|quote=he ... called on the international community to lift sanctions in recognition of the country's "new start" ... and called for the EU and the United States to drop sanctions against top military and ZANU PF figures.}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/24/emmerson-mnangagwa-sworn-in-as-zimbabwes-president|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa promises 'free and fair' elections in Zimbabwe|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=24 November 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="News24-2017-11-23a">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/zimbabwes-new-leader-mnangagwa-still-under-us-sanctions-20171123|title=Zimbabwe's new leader Mnangagwa still under US sanctions|date=23 November 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|quote=Zimbabwe's incoming leader remains under United States sanctions for his activities as Robert Mugabe's deputy and enforcer.}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{see also|List of international presidential trips made by Emmerson Mnangagwa}} [[File:Ilham Aliyev met with Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa 01.jpg|thumb|Mnangagwa with Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] in January 2019]] [[File:Mnangagwa and Putin met during sidelines Russia-Africa Summit, 27 July 2023.jpg|thumb|Mnangagwa and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 27 July 2023]] On 18 January 2018, Mnangagwa signalled his desire to re-engage with the West by inviting the [[United Nations]], [[European Union]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] to monitor elections in Zimbabwe in 2018.<ref name="WestRelations">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/05ad2492-fc38-11e7-9b32-d7d59aace167|title=Zimbabwe's president seeks to build bridges with west|access-date=2018-01-19|language=en}}</ref> Additionally, Mnangagwa has signalled his wish to re-establish good [[United Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations|relations]] with the [[United Kingdom]] and additionally rejoin the Commonwealth, a prospect which he said was improved by the [[Brexit|British exit from the European Union]].<ref name="WestRelations" /> On 3 March 2021, newly inaugurated President [[Joe Biden]] of the [[United States]] issued a statement that criticizes Mnangawa for violent repressions of citizens and lack of democratic reforms, authorizing an extension of US sanctions on Zimbabwe through a US national emergency declared in [[s:Executive Order 13288|Executive Order 13288]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=A Letter on the Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to Zimbabwe|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/03/a-letter-on-the-continuation-of-the-national-emergency-with-respect-to-zimbabwe/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> Prior to the US's decision, Mnangawa had claimed the US has "no moral right to levy sanctions" on Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=US has 'no moral right to levy sanctions' on Zimbabwe, says President Mnangagwa|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20210119-united-states-has-no-moral-right-to-levy-sanctions-on-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-africa-capitol-attack-democracy|access-date=2022-01-25|website=RFI|language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, Mnangagwa attended the [[2023 Russia–Africa Summit]] in Saint Petersburg and met with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Gives Zimbabwe Leader Mnangagwa a Helicopter, and Grain |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-28/putin-gives-zimbabwe-leader-mnangagwa-a-helicopter-at-russia-africa-summit |work=Bloomberg |date=28 July 2023}}</ref> Mnangagwa voiced support for the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe and Uganda leaders meet with Russian President Putin |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/28/zimbabwe-and-uganda-leaders-meet-with-russian-president-putin/ |work=Africanews |date=28 July 2023}}</ref> Mnangagwa has set himself apart from historical world leaders being the first documented death row inmate to later become President and then ban the death penalty. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/zimbabwes-government-backs-a-move-to-abolish-the-death-penalty-having-last-hanged-someone-in-2005/ar-BB1hVBA8 | title=MSN | website=[[MSN]] }}</ref> ===Cabinet=== On 27 November 2017, Mnangagwa dissolved the [[Cabinet of Zimbabwe]] and appointed only two acting ministers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/headlines/mnangagwa-dissolves-cabinet-chinamasa-appointed-acting-finance-minister/|title=Mnangagwa dissolves cabinet, Chinamasa appointed Acting Finance Minister – The Zimbabwe Mail|date=27 November 2017}}</ref> Misheck Sibanda, Chief Secretary to the President and Cabinet, issued a statement saying: "To allow for uninterrupted services in critical ministries of government, the following have been appointed ministers in acting capacity until the announcement of a new cabinet: Honourable [[Patrick Chinamasa]] as acting minister of finance and economic development, and Honourable [[Simbarashe Mumbengegwi]] as acting minister of foreign affairs."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zimbabwes-new-president-appoints-interim-cabinet-12172064|title=Zimbabwe's new president appoints interim cabinet|work=IOL News|date=27 November 2017|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> His new cabinet was named on 30 November 2017.<ref name=":26">{{cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/main/mnangagwa-announces-new-cabinet/|title=Mnangagwa announces new Cabinet|date=30 November 2017|publisher=Zimbabwe Mail|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> ===Criticism=== On 3 December 2017, his new cabinet appointments were criticised which led to him replacing two of his [[Cabinet of Zimbabwe|cabinet ministers]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/President-Mnangagwa-criticised--over-Cabinet-appointments/1066-4212986-us0397/index.html|title=Zimbabwe leader criticised over Cabinet appointments|work=Daily Nation|access-date=2017-12-04|language=en-UK}}</ref> On 6 December 2017, Mnangagwa was criticised because members of the armed forces and police services drove vendors from the streets of [[Harare]] and took the goods which they were attempting to sell. Some of the vendors were heard saying Mnangagwa was worse than [[Robert Mugabe]] and that "Mugabe was in a way better, he never sent soldiers to take away our goods."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/zimbabwe/zimbabwean-vendors-pushed-from-streets-as-army-police-start-raids-12283212|title=Zimbabwean vendors pushed from streets as army, police start raids {{!}} IOL News|access-date=2017-12-06|language=en}}</ref> === Assassination attempt === {{Main|2018 Bulawayo bombing}} Whilst leaving the podium after addressing a rally at White City Stadium in [[Bulawayo]], the country's second-largest city, and ahead of the scheduled 31 July elections, a grenade was thrown at Mnangagwa and exploded. Mnangagwa escaped unharmed, although several members of the [[ZANU-PF]] party were injured, including his first and second vice-presidents—[[Constantino Chiwenga]] and [[Kembo Mohadi]]—as well as [[Marry Chiwenga]], the first vice-president's wife.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-44586218|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Zimbabwe President Mnangagwa says he was 'inches' from Bulawayo explosion|date=23 June 2018}}</ref> ===Fuel protests=== {{further|Zimbabwe fuel protests}} [[File:Zimbabwe inflation rate 2018 to 2019.svg|right|280px|thumb|A graph of data released by the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]] showing the spike in inflation in the months leading up to the fuel rate hike]] In January 2019, Mnangagwa announced fuel prices would be raised by 130% in an attempt to stop oil smuggling activities where offenders would buy petrol and transport it to surrounding countries. A financial and energy crisis stemmed from [[Zimbabwean bond coins]] and [[Zimbabwean bond notes|bills]], with a value purportedly tied to the [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]], but being in reality worth noticeably less. For this reason, the proxy currency was being treated as being at a greater value than its actual worth, resulting in artificially low prices; the exportation of fuel purchased with this currency for resale with profits by smugglers presented significant problems as [[hard currency]], which backs the proxy, is used by the nation to purchase all of Zimbabwe's oil from foreign countries, thus aggravating inflation and driving down the real value of the bond notes. As a measure to decrease the inflation rate, which had reached a peak of 18% in October 2018, the Mnangagwa government raised prices to effectively the highest in the world while keeping the bond currency, exceeding Hong Kong's fuel prices, the highest until that time;<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC World|last=Giles|first=Christopher|date=19 January 2019|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46878267|title=Reality Check: Why has Zimbabwe hiked petrol prices?}}</ref> nationwide protests broke out after the price increase was announced. The police and military responded with a crackdown that resulted in hundreds of arrests and 12 deaths.<ref name="moneyWeb">{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news-fast-news/death-toll-from-zimbabwe-protests-rises-to-12-rights-body-says/ |title=Death toll from Zimbabwe protests rises to 12, rights body says | date= 20 January 2019 |website=MoneyWeb |language=en-ZA |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> Mnangagwa stated that claims of misconduct by the security forces would be investigated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/mnangagwa-zimbabwe-vows-probe-protest-crackdown-190122061559113.html|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera News]]|title=Mnangagwa back in Zimbabwe, vows to probe protest crackdown|date=22 January 2019}}</ref> == Political positions == ===Indigenisation and black economic empowerment=== Mnangagwa has, since the early 1990s, played a key role in implementing the "Indigenisation and Black Economic Empowerment" initiative, as advised by prominent indigenous businessmen including Ben Mucheche, John Mapondera and [[Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo]] and the think tank and lobby group IBDC,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37377:ibdc-hails-president&catid=38:local-news&Itemid=131#.Ugwj7MwRjy0|title=IBDC hails President|date=11 August 2013|newspaper=The Sunday Mail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214084025/http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37377%3Aibdc-hails-president&catid=38%3Alocal-news&Itemid=131#.Ugwj7MwRjy0|archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> how to propel the policy from Local policy, Ministerial Policy, Government Policy & Development of a ministry specific to Indigenisation & Black Economic Empowerment, such as [[Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act|Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Bill]]. Mnangagwa believes that the national resources should be protected by the Zimbabwe Defence Forces.<ref>[http://www.gta.gov.zw/index.php/component/content/article/135-january-2013/7139-zdf-and-indigenization-intertwined- "ZDF & Indigenization Intertwined"]{{Dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> ===Anti-Indian sentiment=== In the months before the Zimbabwean election, amongst widespread economic mismanagement by the Zimbabwean government, Mnangagwa accused Zimbabwean Indians of hoarding basic goods, and threatened to seize their property.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2023| title = "Mnangagwa accuses Indian business people of hoarding basic goods, threatens to confiscate them" |url = https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2023/07/mnangagwa-accuses-indian-business-people-of-hoarding-basic-goods-threatens-to-confiscate-them/ | access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> == Personal life == Mnangagwa has been married twice and has nine children and more than a dozen grandchildren.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":57">{{Cite web|url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/03/23/mnangagwa-family-disclosures-raise-eyebrows/|title=Mnangagwa family disclosures raise eyebrows|last=Phiri|first=Gift|date=2018-03-23|website=Nehanda Radio|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> His first wife, [[Jayne Mnangagwa|Jayne Matarise]], was a cousin of ZANLA commander [[Josiah Tongogara]].<ref name=":57" /> They married in September 1973 and had six children together: Farai, Tasiwa, Vimbayi, Tapiwa, Tariro, and Emmerson Tanaka.<ref name=":57" /> His first two daughters, Farai and Tasiwa, were born in Zambia during the Bush War period.<ref name=":57" /> When Mnangagwa joined the ZANU leadership in Mozambique, Jayne initially remained in Zambia with the children, but later joined him there.<ref name=":57" /> After independence, she oversaw the family farm and a business of her own while her husband focused on his political career.<ref name=":57" /> Jayne Mnangagwa died on 31 January 2002 of [[cervical cancer]].<ref name=":57" /> While still married to Jayne, Mnangagwa began a relationship with [[Auxillia Mnangagwa|Auxillia Kutyauripo]].<ref name=":57" /> Their first son, Emmerson Jr., was born in 1984, followed by twins Sean and Collins.<ref name=":57" /> They reportedly married only after Jayne's death in 2002.<ref name=":57" /> Auxillia Mnangagwa, a former CIO officer and ZANU–PF Central Committee member, was elected to Parliament in 2015 for [[Chirumanzu–Zibagwe]], the seat her husband vacated when he became vice-president.<ref name=":57" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mahr|first=Krista|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/24/auxillia-mnangagwa-zimbabwes-little-known-new-first-lady-big/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/24/auxillia-mnangagwa-zimbabwes-little-known-new-first-lady-big/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Auxillia Mnangagwa: Zimbabwe's little-known new first lady with big shoes to fill|date=24 November 2017|work=[[The Telegraph (UK)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She did not run for reelection in the 2018 election, citing her desire to focus on her role as First Lady.<ref name=":57" /> In 2021, the President conferred on the First Lady the Order of the Star of Zimbabwe Gold Award as part of the national Heroes and Defence Forces Day celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ndoro |first1=Tim |title=President Grants First Lady "Order Of The Star Of Zimbabwe Gold" Award |url=https://iharare.com/president-grants-first-lady-order-of-the-star-of-zimbabwe-gold-award/ |website=Harare.com |date=6 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> His eldest child, Farai Mlotshwa, owns a real estate agency and is married to Gerald Mlotshwa, the lawyer of [[Phelekezela Mphoko]], a political rival of Mnangagwa's and a backer of the pro-Grace Mugabe Generation 40 faction.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mashaya|first=Blessings|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/04/18/mnangagwa-s-daughter-weds-mphoko-s-lawyer|title=Mnangagwa's daughter weds Mphoko's lawyer|date=18 April 2016|work=[[Daily News (Harare)|Daily News]]|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034632/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/04/18/mnangagwa-s-daughter-weds-mphoko-s-lawyer|url-status=dead}}</ref> His youngest daughter, Tariro, is a member of a female anti-poaching unit in the [[Zambezi|Zambezi Valley]] and was featured in ''[[Gonarezhou (film)|Gonarezhou]]'',<ref name=":57" /><ref name="Ndlovu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/gonarezhou-the-movie-comes-out-tops-in-hollywood/amp/|title=Gonarezhou The Movie Comes Out Tops In Hollywood|last=Ndlovu|first=Bruce|date=2020-03-01|website=The Sunday News|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> an anti-poaching film released February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasustainableconservation.com/2017/12/20/zimbabwe-mnangagwas-daughter-joins-anti-poaching-unit/|title=Zimbabwe – Mnangagwa's daughter joins anti-poaching unit|date=2017-12-20|website=Africa Sustainable Conservation News|language=en|access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Ndlovu"/> His youngest and only son with Jayne Matarise, Emmerson Tanaka, is a musician and [[Disc jockey|DJ]] known professionally as [[St Emmo]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> His eldest son and first child with Auxillia, Emmerson Jr., works in business and is active in the Midlands Province ZANU–PF Youth League. His twin sons, Sean and Collins, are an engineer and businessman, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laing|first=Aislinn|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/we-re-different-we-don-t-like-champagne-say-sons-of-zimbabwe-s-new-president-emmerson-mnangagwa-gw5bdlpwc|title = We're different. We don't like champagne, say new president's sons|date=2017-11-25|work=The Times|access-date=2020-04-04|language=en}}</ref> His son [[David Kudakwashe Mnangagwa]] is a youth member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe]] and the deputy minister of finance. His nephew [[Tongai Mnangagwa]] is also a minister in the [[Third Cabinet of Emmerson Mnangagwa]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chingono |first=Nyasha |date=2023-09-12 |title=Zimbabwe's president accused of nepotism after appointing son and nephew |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/12/zimbabwe-president-emmerson-mnangagwa-accused-of-nepotism-after-appointing-son-and-nephew |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In addition to his original farm in Masvingo Province, Mnangagwa also owns the Pricabe farm, which was given to him in 2002 as part of the land reform program, and is located close to Sherwood, Kwekwe.<ref name=":10" /> ==Honours== ;Honorary degrees {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%;"| Location ! style="width:20%;"| Date ! style="width:40%;"| School ! style="width:20%;"| Degree ! style="width:20%;"| Gave Commencement Address |- | {{Flagu|Zimbabwe}} || '''10 October 2018''' || [[University of Zimbabwe]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/uz-confers-president-with-honorary-doctorate/|title=UZ confers President with honorary doctorate|work=The Herald|date=11 October 2018|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iharare.com/ed-now-dr-mnangagwa/|title=ED now Dr. Mnangagwa as UZ awards him with Degree|date=10 October 2018}}</ref> || Yes |- | {{Flagu|Zambia}} || '''29 June 2019''' || [[University of Zambia]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2019/06/30/president-lungu-and-president-mnangagwa-receive-their-honorary-doctorates-from-unza/|title = Zambia : President Lungu and President Mnangagwa Receive their Honorary Doctorates from UNZA| date=30 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190703090410932|title = Honorary degrees for two presidents spark backlash|work=University World News|first=Kudzai|last=Mashininga|date=3 July 2019|access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> || Yes |- | {{Flagu|Zimbabwe}} || '''9 August 2019''' || [[Zimbabwe National Defence University]]|| [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Defence and Security Studies) (Ph.D) <ref>{{cite news |last1=Rumano |first1=Dorcas |title=President conferred with an Honorary PHD in Defence and Security Studies |url=https://www.hararepost.co.zw/en/the-news/local-news/2801-president-conferred-with-an-honorary-phd-in-defence-and-security-studies |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Harare Post}}</ref> || Yes <ref>{{cite web |author1=ZTN |title=Zim President dedicates doctorate to war heroes |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3YLIPbwt9w |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/C3YLIPbwt9w |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|website=YouTube |access-date=1 September 2021 |date=9 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |- | {{Flagu|Zimbabwe}} || '''4 October 2019''' || [[Chinhoyi University of Technology]] || [[Doctor of Engineering]] (D.Eng) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2019/10/05/mnangagwa-chasing-mugabes-record-number-of-degrees-gets-an-honorary-doctorate-degree/|title = Mnangagwa Chasing Mugabe's Record Number of Degrees, Gets an Honorary Doctorate Degree. – ZimEye}}</ref> || Yes |- | {{Flagu|Zimbabwe}} || '''8 November 2019''' || [[National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe|National University of Science and Technology]] || [[Doctor of Science]] (D.Sc) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cite.org.zw/nust-conferres-mnangagwa-with-honorary-degree/|title = NUST conferres Mnangagwa with honorary degree|date = 8 November 2019}}</ref> || Yes |- |} {{Incomplete list|date=March 2021}} ;Freedom of the City * {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} '''9 December 2020''': [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/victoria-falls-hands-freedom-of-the-city-honour-to-e-d/|title = Victoria Falls hands 'Freedom of the City' honour to E.D|work=Chronicle|date=9 December 2020|access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> {{Incomplete list|date=March 2021}} == Electoral history == {{Main|Electoral history of Emmerson Mnangagwa}} ==Offices== {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-new|reason=Zimbabwe established}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office (Zimbabwe)|Minister of State Security]]|years=1980–1988}} {{s-aft|after=unknown}} |- {{s-bef|before=unknown}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs|Minister of Justice and Legal Affairs]]|years=1989–2000}} {{s-aft|after=[[Patrick Chinamasa]]<br /><small>As Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs</small>}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Ariston Chambati]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Finance Ministers of Zimbabwe|Finance Minister]]<br /><small>Acting</small>|years=1995–1996}} {{s-aft|after=[[Herbert Murerwa]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=unknown}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of National Housing and Social Amenities (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Rural Housing and Social Amenities]]|years=2005–2009}} {{s-aft|after=[[Fidelis Mhashu]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Sydney Sekeramayi]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Defence (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Defence]]|years=2009–2013}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sydney Sekeramayi]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Patrick Chinamasa]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs (Zimbabwe)|Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs]]|years=2013–2017}} {{s-aft|after=[[Happyton Bonyongwe]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Joice Mujuru]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of Zimbabwe|First Vice-President of Zimbabwe]]|years=2014–2017}} {{s-vac|next=[[Constantino Chiwenga]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Robert Mugabe]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Zimbabwe]]|years=2017–''present''}} {{s-inc}} |- {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Robert Mugabe]]}} {{s-ttl|title=President and First Secretary of [[ZANU–PF]]|years=2017–''present''}} {{s-inc}} |- {{s-par|zw}} |- {{s-bef|before=Unknown}} {{s-ttl|title=Assembly Member<br />for [[Kwekwe Constituency|Kwekwe]]|years=?–[[2000 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|2000]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Blessing Chebundo]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Cyril Ndebele]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe|Speaker of the House of Assembly]]|years=2000–2005}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Nkomo]]}} |- {{s-new|reason=Constituency created from Chirumanzu Constituency}} {{s-ttl|title=Assembly Member<br />for [[Chirumanzu-Zibagwe (parliamentary constituency)|Chirumanzu-Zibagwe]]|years=[[2008 Zimbabwean general election|2008]]–2015}} {{s-aft|after=[[Auxillia Mnangagwa]]}} {{s-end}} ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="ShonaDict">{{cite encyclopedia|pages=66, 154|dictionary=Duramazwi: A Basic Shona-English Dictionary|publisher=Mambo|location=Gweru, Zimbabwe|date=1981|editor-last=Dale|editor-first=D.}}</ref> }} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last1=Ndlovu |first1=Ray |title=In the jaws of the crocodile:Emmarson Mnangagwa's rise to power |date=2018 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Cape Town |isbn=978-1776093489}} *{{cite news |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: The 'crocodile' who snapped back |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41995876 |access-date=20 May 2021 |publisher=BBC News |date=3 August 2018}} ==External links== {{wikiquote}} *{{Official website|http://www.theopc.gov.zw/}} {{Emmerson Mnangagwa|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes |list1 = {{Presidents of Zimbabwe}} {{Vice-Presidents of Zimbabwe}} {{Zimbabwe-Ministers of Defence}} {{Zimbabwe-Speakers of Parliament}} {{Zimbabwe-Ministers of Finance}} {{Zimbabwe government ministers 2009}} {{Zimbabwe government ministers}} {{Members of the 8th Parliament of Zimbabwe}} {{7th Parliament of Zimbabwe}} {{Members of the 5th Parliament of Zimbabwe}} {{Members of the 3rd Parliament of Zimbabwe}} {{Members of the 1st Parliament of Zimbabwe}} {{Heads of state of republics}} }} {{Portal bar|Biography|Law|Politics|Socialism}} {{Authority control}} {{Subject bar | commons = y | n = y | n-search = Emmerson Mnangagwa }} 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