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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Geographic region of Tennessee}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | name = East Tennessee | image_skyline = {{photomontage | photo1a = Viewpoint along Alum Cave Trail ascending towards Mount LeConte, GSMNP, TN.jpg | photo1b = Neyland aerial view of checkerboard.jpg | photo2a = Knoxville TN skyline.jpg | photo3a = Chattanooga, Tennessee Skyline.JPG | photo3b = Norris Dam, Tennessee, United States.jpg | photo4a = Oak Ridge National Laboratory Aerial View 4.3 Ratio.jpg | photo4b = Sycamore-shoals-tn1.jpg | spacing = 1 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 310 | foot_montage = From top (left to right): [[Clingmans Dome]] in [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]], [[Neyland Stadium]] at the [[University of Tennessee]], skyline of [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]], skyline of [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]], [[Norris Dam]] and its [[Norris Lake (Tennessee)|reservoir]], [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]], [[Sycamore Shoals State Historic Area]] }} | image_caption = | image_map = File: Map of East Tennessee counties.png | mapsize = 275px | map_caption = The counties of East Tennessee highlighted in red | population_as_of = 2020 | seat_type = Largest city | seat = [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]] | population =2,470,105 | area_footnotes = | official_name = | settlement_type = [[Grand Divisions of Tennessee|Grand Division]] | area_land_sq_mi =13,558.27 | area_note = | subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Tennessee}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Tennessee|Counties]] | subdivision_name2 = | population_density_sq_mi =182.18 | nickname = East TN, East Tenn. | population_demonym = East Tennessean }} '''East Tennessee''' is one of the three [[Grand Divisions of Tennessee]] defined in state law. Geographically and socioculturally distinct, it comprises approximately the eastern third of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Tennessee]]. East Tennessee consists of 33 [[Counties of the United States|counties]], 30 located within the [[Eastern Time Zone]] and three counties in the [[Central Time Zone]], namely [[Bledsoe County, Tennessee|Bledsoe]], [[Cumberland County, Tennessee|Cumberland]], and [[Marion County, Tennessee|Marion]].<ref name=tnsos>{{cite web |title=Tennessee Blue Book 2015–2016 |url=https://sos.tn.gov/sites/default/files/Pg.%20639%20Three%20Grand%20Divisions.pdf |website=sos.tn.gov |publisher=[[Tennessee Secretary of State]] |access-date=June 5, 2021 |location=Nashville |page=639 |date=2015}}</ref> East Tennessee is entirely located within the [[Appalachian Mountains]], although the landforms range from densely forested {{convert|6000|ft|m|adj=on}} mountains to broad river valleys. The region contains the major cities of [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]] and [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]], Tennessee's third and fourth largest cities, respectively, and the [[Tri-Cities, Tennessee|Tri-Cities]], the state's sixth largest population center. During the [[American Civil War]], many East Tennesseans remained loyal to the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] even as the state seceded and joined the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. Early in the war, [[Southern Unionist|Unionist]] delegates unsuccessfully [[East Tennessee Convention|attempted to split]] East Tennessee into a separate state that would remain as part of the Union. After the war, a number of industrial operations were established in cities in the region. The [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA), created by Congress during the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] in the 1930s, spurred economic development and helped to modernize the region's economy and society. The TVA would become the nation's largest [[public utility]] provider. Today, the TVA's administrative operations are headquartered in Knoxville, and its power operations are based in Chattanooga. [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]] was the site of the world's first successful [[Enriched uranium|uranium enrichment]] operations, which were used to construct the world's first atomic bombs, two of which were [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|dropped on Imperial Japan]] at the end of [[World War II]].<ref name=oakridge>{{cite news |last1=Siner |first1=Emily |title=How The U.S. Created A 'Secret City' In Oak Ridge To Build The Atomic Bomb, 75 Years Ago |url=https://wpln.org/post/how-the-u-s-created-a-secret-city-in-oak-ridge-to-build-the-atomic-bomb-75-years-ago/ |access-date=June 5, 2021 |work=[[WPLN-FM]] |date=September 20, 2017 |location=Nashville}}</ref> The [[Appalachian Regional Commission]] further transformed the region in the late 20th century. East Tennessee is both geographically and culturally part of [[Appalachia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abramson |first1=Rudy |last2=Gowen |first2=Troy |last3=Haskell |first3=Jean |last4=Oxendine |first4=Jill |title=Encyclopedia of Appalachia |date=2006 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |location=Knoxville |isbn=9781572334564 |pages=xix-xxv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZsRAQAAMAAJ |access-date=July 23, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref> East Tennessee is home to the nation's most visited national park—the [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]]—and hundreds of smaller recreational areas. East Tennessee is often considered the birthplace of [[country music]], stemming from the [[Bristol sessions|1927 Victor recording sessions]] in [[Bristol, Tennessee|Bristol]], and throughout the 20th and 21st centuries has produced a steady stream of musicians of national and international fame.<ref name=apphandbook>Ted Olson and Ajay Kalra, "Appalachian Music: Examining Popular Assumptions". ''A Handbook to Appalachia: An Introduction to the Region'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), pp. 163–170.</ref> ==Geography== [[Image:Spring 018.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Hills in East Tennessee]] [[File:Mt. LeConte Clingmans Dome 05-31-20.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Mount Le Conte (Tennessee)|Mount Le Conte]] in East Tennessee's [[Great Smoky Mountains]]]] Unlike the geographic designations of regions of most U.S. states, the term East Tennessee has legal as well as socioeconomic and cultural meaning. Along with [[Middle Tennessee]] and [[West Tennessee]], it comprises one of the state's three [[Grand Divisions (Tennessee)|Grand Divisions]], whose boundaries are defined by state law. With a total land area of {{convert|13558.27|mi2|km2}}, comprises 32.90% of the state's land area and is the second-largest of the Grand Divisions, behind Middle Tennessee.<ref name=granddivisions>{{cite web |title=Grand Divisions |url=https://tennesseehistory.org/grand-divisions/ |website=tennesseehistory.org |publisher=Tennessee Historical Society |access-date=July 17, 2021 |location=Nashville |date=November 14, 2020}}</ref> The entirety of East Tennessee is both geographically and culturally part of [[Appalachia]] and the [[Appalachian Mountains]] and is usually considered part of the [[Upland South]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=John C. |title=Across this Land: A Regional Geography of the United States and Canada |publisher=JHU Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8018-6567-1|pages=101–116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQUbfAWhh-oC |via=Google Books}}</ref> East Tennessee borders [[North Carolina]] to the east, [[Virginia]] to the northeast, [[Kentucky]] to the north, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] to the south, and [[Alabama]] in the extreme southwest corner. According to custom, the boundary between East and Middle Tennessee roughly follows the dividing line between [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] and [[Central Time Zone]]. Exceptions to this rule are that [[Bledsoe County, Tennessee|Bledsoe]], [[Cumberland County, Tennessee|Cumberland]], and [[Marion County, Tennessee|Marion]] Counties are legally defined as part of East Tennessee, despite being within the Central Time Zone. [[Sequatchie County, Tennessee|Sequatchie County]], located between Marion and Bledsoe Counties, is legally part of Middle Tennessee but is often considered part of East Tennessee. Sequatchie County has also been defined as part of East Tennessee in the past, and Marion County has been included in Middle Tennessee. Some of the northeastern counties of Middle Tennessee that supported the Union during the American Civil War, including [[Fentress County, Tennessee|Fentress]] and [[Pickett County, Tennessee|Pickett]], are sometimes culturally considered part of East Tennessee. Fentress County in particular has been widely viewed by many as East Tennessee because it is located on the western edge of the Knoxville television market as opposed to Pickett County which is in the northeastern tip of Nashville television market. ===Topography=== [[Image:East-tennessee-landforms.png|thumb|upright=1.1|East Tennessee's major landforms]] East Tennessee is located within three major geological divisions of the Appalachian Mountains: the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] on the border with North Carolina in the east; the [[Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians]] (usually called the "[[Great Appalachian Valley]]" or "Tennessee Valley"{{efn|Not to be confused with the [[Tennessee Valley]], the [[drainage basin]] of the Tennessee River, part of which covers most of the Ridge-and-Valley region in East Tennessee.}}) in the center; and the [[Cumberland Plateau]] in the west, part of which is in Middle Tennessee. The southern tip of the [[Cumberland Mountains]] also extends into the region between the Cumberland Plateau and Ridge-and-Valley regions. Both the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains are part of the larger [[Appalachian Plateau]].{{sfn|Moore|1994|pp=68–72}} The Blue Ridge section comprises the western section of the Blue Ridge Province, the crests of which form most of the Tennessee-North Carolina border. At an average elevation of {{convert|5000|ft|m}} above sea level, this physiographic province contains the highest elevations in the state.{{sfn|Moore|1994|pp=57–58, 64, 68}} The Blue Ridge region is subdivided into several subranges—the [[Iron Mountains]], [[Unaka Range]],{{efn|The term "Unaka Range" is sometimes used to refer to the entirety of the Blue Ridge range in Tennessee and North Carolina}} and [[Bald Mountains]] in the north; the [[Great Smoky Mountains]] in the center; and the [[Unicoi Mountains]], [[Little Frog Mountain]], and [[Big Frog Mountain]] areas in the south.<ref>[{{Gnis3|1016314}} USGS GNIS – Unicoi Mountains], [{{Gnis3|1326903}} USGS GNIS – Bald Mountains], [{{Gnis3|1016311}} USGS GNIS – Unaka Mountains], [{{Gnis3|1310275}} USGS GNIS – Great Smoky Mountains].</ref> [[Clingmans Dome]], at {{convert|6643|ft|m}}, is the state's highest point and is located in the Great Smoky Mountains along the Tennessee-North Carolina border.{{sfn|Moore|1994|pp=57–58, 64, 68}} Most of the Blue Ridge section is heavily forested and protected by various state and federal entities, the largest of which include the [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]] and the [[Cherokee National Forest]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Lands and Indian Reservations – Tennessee |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/fed_lands_2003/tennessee_2003.pdf |publisher=United States Department of the Interior |access-date=June 20, 2021 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=2003 |via=University of Texas Libraries}}</ref> The [[Appalachian Trail]] enters Tennessee in the Great Smoky Mountains and roughly follows the border with North Carolina most of the distance to near the [[Roan Mountain (Roan Highlands)|Roan Mountain]], where it shifts entirely into Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appalachian Trail Map |url=https://www.nps.gov/appa/planyourvisit/upload/APPA%20Map.pdf |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=July 17, 2021 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> The Ridge-and-Valley division is East Tennessee's largest, lowest lying, and most populous section. It consists of a series of alternating and paralleling elongate ridges with broad river valleys in between, roughly oriented northeast-to-southwest. This section's most notable feature, the [[Tennessee River]], forms at the confluence of the [[Holston River|Holston]] and [[French Broad River|French Broad]] rivers in Knoxville and flows southwestward to Chattanooga. The lowest point in East Tennessee, at an elevation of approximately {{convert|600|ft|m}}, is found where the Tennessee River enters Alabama in Marion County.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/lsuz/Tennessee/ |title=Tennessee topographic map, elevation, relief |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Needed--> |website=topographic-map.com |publisher=<!--Needed--> |access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> Other notable rivers in the upper Tennessee watershed include the [[Clinch River|Clinch]], [[Nolichucky River|Nolichucky]], [[Watauga River|Watauga]], [[Emory River|Emory]], [[Little Tennessee River|Little Tennessee]], [[Hiwassee River|Hiwassee]], [[Sequatchie River|Sequatchie]], and [[Ocoee River|Ocoee]] rivers. Notable "ridges" in the Ridge-and-Valley range, which exceed elevations much greater than most surrounding ridges and are commonly referred to as mountains, include [[Clinch Mountain]], [[Bays Mountain]], and [[Powell Mountain]].{{sfn|Moore|1994|pp=57–58, 64, 68}} The Cumberland Plateau rises nearly {{convert|1000|ft|m}} above the Appalachian Valley, stretching from the Kentucky border in the north to the Georgia and Alabama borders in the south.{{sfn|Moore|1994|pp=57–58, 64, 68}} It has an average elevation of {{convert|2000|ft|m}} and consists mostly of flat-topped [[table (landform)|tablelands]], although the northern section is slightly more rugged.{{sfn|Moore|1994|pp=68–72}}<ref name=maertens>{{cite thesis |last=Maertens |first=Thomas Brock |date=June 10, 1980 |title=The Relationship of Maintenance Costs to Terrain and Climate on Interstate 40 in Tennessee |type=MSc |chapter= |publisher=The University of Tennessee |docket=ADA085221 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA085221.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627180437/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA085221.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> The plateau has many waterfalls and stream valleys separated by steep gorges.<ref name="npsgeo">{{cite web |title=Geology and History of the Cumberland Plateau |url=https://www.nps.gov/biso/planyourvisit/upload/webgeo.pdf |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=May 27, 2021}}</ref> The "Tennessee Divide" runs along the western part of the plateau, [[Drainage divide|separating the watersheds]] of the Tennessee and [[Cumberland River|Cumberland]] rivers. Plateau counties mostly east of this divide—i.e. Cumberland, [[Morgan County, Tennessee|Morgan]], and [[Scott County, Tennessee|Scott]]—are grouped with East Tennessee, whereas plateau counties west of this divide, such as [[Fentress County, Tennessee|Fentress]], [[Van Buren County, Tennessee|Van Buren]], and [[Grundy County, Tennessee|Grundy]], are considered part of Middle Tennessee. Most of the [[Sequatchie Valley]], a long narrow valley in the southeastern part of the Cumberland Plateau, is in East Tennessee.{{efn|Three counties— Bledsoe, Sequatchie, and Marion— are located in the Sequatchie Valley. These counties were traditionally part of East Tennessee. However, Sequatchie and Marion counties were reassigned to the Middle Tennessee grand division {{circa|1932}}. Marion County was later returned to East Tennessee, but Sequatchie County legally remains part of Middle Tennessee.<ref name=tnsos /><ref>{{cite web |title=Tennessee's Counties |url=http://www.state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/05-06/44-counties.pdf |website=state.tn.us |publisher=Tennessee Secretary of State |access-date=June 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302173734/http://www.state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/05-06/44-counties.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2006 |location=Nashville |page=507 |date=2005}}</ref>}} The part of the plateau east of the Sequatchie Valley is called [[Walden Ridge]]. One notable detached section of the plateau is [[Lookout Mountain]], which overlooks Chattanooga.<ref>Lookout Mountain Conservancy, [http://www.lookoutmountainconservancy.org/www Lookout Mountain Conservancy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505031121/http://lookoutmountainconservancy.org/www |date=May 5, 2009 }}, Retrieved: August 17, 2009.</ref> West of Chattanooga, the Tennessee River flows through the plateau in the [[Tennessee River Gorge]]. The Cumberland Mountains begin directly north of the Sequatchie Valley and extend northward to the [[Cumberland Gap]] at the [[Tri-State Peak|Tennessee-Kentucky-Virginia tripoint]]. While technically a separate physiographic region, the Cumberland Mountains are usually considered part of the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee. The Cumberland Mountains reach elevations above {{convert|3500|ft|m}} in Tennessee, and their largest subrange is the [[Crab Orchard Mountains]]. The [[Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail State Park|Cumberland Trail]] traverses the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cumberland Trail State Scenic Trail – 2020 |url=https://ctsst.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ae4ff34c7bc742e7a6c6e5b738f65c2c |website=arcgis |publisher=Cumberland Trails Conference |access-date=July 17, 2021 |date=2020}}</ref> ===Counties=== {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} *[[Anderson County, Tennessee|Anderson]] *[[Bledsoe County, Tennessee|Bledsoe]] *[[Blount County, Tennessee|Blount]] *[[Bradley County, Tennessee|Bradley]] *[[Campbell County, Tennessee|Campbell]] *[[Carter County, Tennessee|Carter]] *[[Claiborne County, Tennessee|Claiborne]] *[[Cocke County, Tennessee|Cocke]] *[[Cumberland County, Tennessee|Cumberland]] *[[Grainger County, Tennessee|Grainger]] *[[Greene County, Tennessee|Greene]] *[[Hamblen County, Tennessee|Hamblen]] *[[Hamilton County, Tennessee|Hamilton]] *[[Hancock County, Tennessee|Hancock]] *[[Hawkins County, Tennessee|Hawkins]] *[[Jefferson County, Tennessee|Jefferson]] *[[Johnson County, Tennessee|Johnson]] *[[Knox County, Tennessee|Knox]] *[[Loudon County, Tennessee|Loudon]] *[[Marion County, Tennessee|Marion]] *[[McMinn County, Tennessee|McMinn]] *[[Meigs County, Tennessee|Meigs]] *[[Monroe County, Tennessee|Monroe]] *[[Morgan County, Tennessee|Morgan]] *[[Polk County, Tennessee|Polk]] *[[Rhea County, Tennessee|Rhea]] *[[Roane County, Tennessee|Roane]] *[[Scott County, Tennessee|Scott]] *[[Sevier County, Tennessee|Sevier]] *[[Sullivan County, Tennessee|Sullivan]] *[[Unicoi County, Tennessee|Unicoi]] *[[Union County, Tennessee|Union]] *[[Washington County, Tennessee|Washington]] {{div col end}} The Official Tourism Website of Tennessee has a definition of East Tennessee slightly different from the legal definition; the website excludes Cumberland County while including [[Grundy County, Tennessee|Grundy]] and [[Sequatchie County, Tennessee|Sequatchie]] Counties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnvacation.com|title=Tennessee Vacations – Tennessee Dept. of Tourism|website=Tennessee Vacation}}</ref> ==Climate== {{#lst:Chattanooga, Tennessee|weather box}} {{#lst:Knoxville, Tennessee|weather box}} Most of East Tennessee has a [[humid subtropical climate]], with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Blue Ridge and Cumberland Mountains, which are classified as a cooler [[oceanic climate|mountain temperate]] or [[humid continental climate]].<ref name=Climate>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A1.pdf |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |access-date=December 19, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114202025/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A1.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2009}}</ref> As the highest-lying region in the state, East Tennessee averages slightly lower temperatures than the rest of the state and has the highest rate of snowfall, which averages more than {{convert|80|in|cm}} annually in the highest mountains, although many of the lower elevations often receive no snow.<ref name="Tennessee Agriculture">{{cite web |url=http://www.agclassroom.org/kids/stats/tennessee.pdf |title=A look at Tennessee Agriculture |publisher=Agclassroom.org |access-date=November 1, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614025708/http://www.agclassroom.org/kids/stats/tennessee.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://weather.com/safety/winter/news/snowiest-places-most-snow |title=The Snowiest Places in Each State |publisher=The Weather Channel |first=Nick |last=Wiltgen |date=October 27, 2016 |access-date=July 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604025229/https://weather.com/safety/winter/news/snowiest-places-most-snow |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The lowest recorded temperature in state history, at {{convert|-32|F|C}}, was recorded at [[Mountain City, Tennessee|Mountain City]] on December 30, 1917.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nashville Weather Records (1871–Present) |url=https://www.weather.gov/ohx/otherrecords |website=weather.gov |publisher=National Weather Service |access-date=May 27, 2021 |location=Nashville}}</ref> Fog is common, especially in the Ridge-and-Valley region, and often presents a significant hazard to motorists.<ref>{{cite book |last = Speaks |first = Dewaine A. |author-link = |date = August 5, 2019 |title = Historic Disasters of East Tennessee |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j2ijDwAAQBAJ |location = Mount Pleasant, South Carolina |publisher = Arcadia Publishing |pages = 17–23 |isbn = 9781467141895 |via = Google Books}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{US Census population |1790= 25030 |1800= 73419 |1810= 101367 |1820= 138023 |1830= 196357 |1840= 224259 |1850= 260397 |1860= 301001 |1870= 332547 |1880= 428704 |1890= 543091 |1900= 640222 |1910= 732471 |1920= 814648 |1930= 960133 |1940= 1101099 |1950= 1288886 |1960= 1377281 |1970= 1486765 |1980= 1768149 |1990= 1832138 |2000= 2108133 |2010= 2327544 |2020= 2470105 |estimate= |estyear= |align-fn=center |footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} East Tennessee is the second most populous and most densely populated of the three Grand Divisions. At the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] it had 2,470,105 inhabitants living in its 33 counties, an increase of 142,561, or 6.12%, over the [[2010 United States census|2010]] figure of 2,327,544 residents. Its population was 35.74% of the state's total, and its population density was {{convert|182.18|PD/sqmi|PD/sqkm}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2010|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref> Prior to the 2010 census, East Tennessee was the most populous of the Grand Divisions but was surpassed by Middle Tennessee, which contains the rapidly-growing [[Nashville metropolitan area|Nashville]] and [[Clarksville metropolitan area|Clarksville]] metropolitan areas. Demographically, East Tennessee is one of the regions in the United States with one of the highest concentrations of people who identify as [[White Americans|White]] or [[European American]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Chokshi|first=Niraj|date=June 30, 2014|title=Diversity in America's counties, in 5 maps|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/06/30/diversity-in-americas-counties-in-5-maps/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> In the 2010 census, every county in East Tennessee except for Knox and Hamilton, the two most populous counties, had a population that was greater than 90% White.<ref name=factfinder/> In most counties in East Tennessee, persons of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] origins outnumber African Americans, which is uncommon in the Southeastern United States.<ref name=factfinder>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2019-09-19|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> Large African American populations are found in Chattanooga and Knoxville, as well as considerable populations in several smaller cities.<ref name=factfinder/> ===Cities and metropolitan areas=== The major cities of East Tennessee are Knoxville, which is near the geographic center of the region; Chattanooga, which is in southeastern Tennessee at the Georgia border; and the "Tri-Cities" of [[Bristol, Tennessee|Bristol]], [[Johnson City, Tennessee|Johnson City]], and [[Kingsport, Tennessee|Kingsport]], located in the extreme northeastern part of the state. Of the ten [[List of metropolitan areas of Tennessee|metropolitan statistical areas in Tennessee]], six are in East Tennessee. [[Combined statistical area]]s include Knoxville-Morristown-Sevierville, [[Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton combined statistical area|Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton]], and Tri-Cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Bulletin-18-04.pdf|title=OMB Bulletin No. 18-04: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas|publisher=[[United States Office of Management and Budget]]|date=September 14, 2018|access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> Knoxville, with about 190,000 residents, is the state's third largest city and contains the state's third largest metropolitan area, with about 1 million residents.<ref name=PopEstCities/><ref name=metro>{{cite web |url= https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |title= Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010–2019 |website= U.S. Census Bureau |date= June 18, 2020 |access-date= June 29, 2020}}</ref> Chattanooga, with a population of more than 180,000, is the state's fourth largest city and anchors a metropolitan area with more than 500,000 residents, of whom approximately one-third live in Georgia.<ref name=PopEstCities/><ref name=metro/> The Tri-Cities, while defined by the [[Office of Management and Budget]] as the [[Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol metropolitan area|Kingsport-Bristol]] and [[Johnson City metropolitan area, Tennessee|Johnson City]] metropolitan areas, are usually considered one population center, which is the third-most populous in East Tennessee and the fifth-largest statewide. Most of East Tennessee's population is found in the Ridge-and Valley region, including that of its major cities. Other important cities in the Ridge and Valley region include [[Cleveland, Tennessee|Cleveland]], [[Athens, Tennessee|Athens]], [[Maryville, Tennessee|Maryville]], [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]], [[Sevierville, Tennessee|Sevierville]], [[Morristown, Tennessee|Morristown]], and [[Greeneville, Tennessee|Greeneville]]. The region also includes the [[Cleveland metropolitan area, Tennessee|Cleveland]] and [[Morristown metropolitan area, Tennessee|Morristown]] metropolitan areas, each of which contain more than 100,000 residents. The Blue Ridge section of the state is much more sparsely populated, its main cities being [[Elizabethton, Tennessee|Elizabethton]], [[Pigeon Forge, Tennessee|Pigeon Forge]], and [[Gatlinburg, Tennessee|Gatlinburg]]. [[Crossville, Tennessee|Crossville]] is the largest city in the plateau region, which is also sparsely populated. Most residents of the East Tennessee region commute by car with the lack of alternative modes of transportation such as commuter rail or regional bus systems. Residents of the metropolitan areas for Knoxville, Morristown, Chattanooga, and the Tri-Cities region have an estimated one-way commute of 23 minutes.<ref name="commute2017">{{cite web |last1=Staff |title=East Tennessee cities ranks in top 5 for longest commute times |url=https://www.wate.com/news/local-news/east-tennessee-cities-ranks-in-top-5-for-longest-commute-times/ |website=[[WATE-TV]] |access-date=January 4, 2022 |date=December 13, 2017}}</ref> {{Largest cities | country = East Tennessee | stat_ref = Source:<ref name=PopEstCities>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-cities-and-towns.html|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2010–2019|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Counties of Tennessee{{!}}County | city_1 = Knoxville, Tennessee{{!}}Knoxville | div_1 = Knox County, Tennessee{{!}}Knox | pop_1 = 190,740 | img_1 = Knoxville TN skyline.jpg | city_2 = Chattanooga, Tennessee{{!}}Chattanooga | div_2 = Hamilton County, Tennessee{{!}}Hamilton | pop_2 = 181,099 | img_2 = Downtown chattanooga.JPG | city_3 = Johnson City, Tennessee{{!}}Johnson City | div_3 = Washington County, Tennessee{{!}}Washington | pop_3 = 71,046 | img_3 = Johnson_City.jpg | city_4 = Kingsport, Tennessee{{!}}Kingsport | div_4 = Sullivan County, Tennessee{{!}}Sullivan | pop_4 = 55,442 | img_4 = Fun Fest Balloons Kings View.jpg | city_5 = Cleveland, Tennessee{{!}}Cleveland | div_5 = Bradley County, Tennessee{{!}}Bradley | pop_5 = 47,356 | img_5 = | city_6 = Maryville, Tennessee{{!}}Maryville | div_6 = Blount County, Tennessee{{!}}Blount | pop_6 = 31,907 | img_6 = | city_7 = Oak Ridge, Tennessee{{!}}Oak Ridge | div_7 = Anderson County, Tennessee{{!}}Anderson | pop_7 = 31,402 | img_7 = | city_8 = Morristown, Tennessee{{!}}Morristown | div_8 = Hamblen County, Tennessee{{!}}Hamblen | pop_8 = 30,431 | img_8 = | city_9 = Bristol, Tennessee{{!}}Bristol | div_9 = Sullivan County, Tennessee{{!}}Sullivan | pop_9 = 27,147 | img_9 = | city_10 = Farragut, Tennessee{{!}}Farragut | div_10 = Knox County, Tennessee{{!}}Knox | pop_10 = 23,506 | img_10 = }} ==Congressional districts== East Tennessee includes all of the state's [[Tennessee's 1st congressional district|1st]], [[Tennessee's 2nd congressional district|2nd]], and [[Tennessee's 3rd congressional district|3rd]] congressional districts and part of the [[Tennessee's 4th congressional district|4th]] district. The 1st District is concentrated around the Tri-Cities region and Upper East Tennessee. The 2nd District includes Knoxville and the mountain counties to the south. The 3rd District includes the Chattanooga area and the counties north of Knoxville (the two areas are connected by a narrow corridor in eastern Roane County). The 4th, which extends into an area southeast of Nashville, includes several of East Tennessee's Cumberland Plateau counties. ==History== ===Native Americans=== Much of what is known about East Tennessee's prehistoric Native Americans comes as a result of the Tennessee Valley Authority's reservoir construction, as federal law required archaeological investigations to be conducted in areas that were to be flooded. Excavations at the [[Icehouse Bottom]] site near [[Vonore, Tennessee|Vonore]] revealed that Native Americans were living in East Tennessee on at least a semi-annual basis as early as 7,500 B.C.<ref name=chapman>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Jefferson |author1-link=Jefferson Chapman |title=Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History |journal=Publications in Anthropology |date=1985 |volume=41 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Tennessee |location=Knoxville}}</ref> The region's significant [[Woodland period]] (1000 B.C. – 1000 A.D.) sites include [[Mialoquo#Rose Island|Rose Island]] (also near Vonore) and [[Moccasin Bend]] (near Chattanooga).<ref name=chapman /><ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1965&ResourceType=District|title=Moccasin Bend Archeological District|access-date=July 1, 2008|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310082850/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1965&ResourceType=District|archive-date=March 10, 2009}}</ref> During what archaeologists call the [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian period]] (c. 1000–1600 A.D.), East Tennessee's indigenous inhabitants were living in complex [[agrarian societies]] at places such as [[Toqua (Tennessee)|Toqua]] and [[Hiwassee Island]], and had formed a minor chiefdom known as [[Chiaha]] in the French Broad Valley.{{sfn|Satz|1979|pp=8–11}} [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] expeditions led by [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]], [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano|Tristan de Luna]], and [[Juan Pardo (explorer)|Juan Pardo]] all visited East Tennessee's Mississippian-period inhabitants during the 16th century.<ref name=hudson>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Charles M. |author-link=Charles M. Hudson |date=2005 |title=The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566–1568 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyAD-F3Q85kC |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |pages=10–13, 36–40, 104 |isbn=9780817351908 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Some of the Native peoples who are known to have inhabited the region during this time include the [[Muscogee|Muscogee Creek]], [[Yuchi]], and [[Shawnee]].{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=16-17}}{{sfn|Satz|1979|pp=8–11}} By the early 18th century, most Natives in Tennessee had disappeared, very likely wiped out by diseases introduced by the Spaniards, leaving the region sparsely populated.{{sfn|Satz|1979|pp=8–11}} The [[Cherokee]] began migrating into what is now East Tennessee from what is now [[Virginia]] in the latter 17th century, possibly to escape expanding European settlement and diseases in the north.{{sfn|Satz|1979|pp=34–35}} The Cherokee established a series of towns concentrated in the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee valleys that became known as the [[Overhill Cherokee|Overhill towns]], since traders from [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]], and Virginia had to cross over the mountains to reach them. Early in the 18th century, the Cherokee forced the remaining members of other Native American groups out of the state. ===Pioneer period=== [[Image:Cantilever-barn-moa-tn1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Early settlers of East Tennessee developed and constructed a unique type of double-[[cantilever]] barn, like this one in [[Norris, Tennessee|Norris]], which evolved from an earlier design in [[Pennsylvania]].]] The first recorded Europeans to reach the area were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers: [[Hernando de Soto]] in 1540–1541, [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano|Tristan de Luna]] in 1559, and [[Juan Pardo (explorer)|Juan Pardo]] in 1566–1567.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=25–26}}{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|pp=4–5}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hudson |first1=Charles M. |last2=Smith |first2=Marvin T. |last3=DePratter |first3=Chester B. |last4=Kelley |first4=Emilia |author1-link=Charles M. Hudson|title=The Tristán de Luna Expedition, 1559–1561 |journal=Southeastern Archaeology |date=1989 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=31–45 |jstor=40712896 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> Pardo recorded the name "Tanasqui" from a local Native American village, which evolved into the state's current name.<ref name=hudson/> In 1673, [[Abraham Wood]], a British fur trader, sent an expedition led by James Needham and Gabriel Arthur from [[Fort Henry (Virginia)|Fort Henry]] in the [[Colony of Virginia]] into Overhill Cherokee territory in modern-day northeastern Tennessee.{{sfn|Finger|2001|pp=20–21}} Needham was killed during the expedition and Arthur was taken prisoner, and remained with the Cherokees for more than a year.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=27–28}} [[Longhunter]]s from Virginia explored much of East Tennessee in the 1750s and 1760s in expeditions which lasted several months or even years.{{sfn|Finger|2001|pp=40–42}} The Cherokee alliance with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] during the [[French and Indian War]] led to the construction of [[Fort Loudoun (Tennessee)|Fort Loudoun]] in 1756 near present-day [[Vonore, Tennessee|Vonore]], which was the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee.{{sfn|Finger|2001|p=35}} Fort Loudoun was the westernmost British outpost to that date and was designed by [[John William Gerard de Brahm]] and constructed by forces under Captain Raymond Demeré.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=32–33}} Shortly after its completion, Demeré relinquished command of the fort to his brother, Captain Paul Demeré.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|p=33}} Hostilities erupted between the British and the Overhill Cherokees into [[Anglo-Cherokee War|an armed conflict]], and a [[siege of Fort Loudoun|siege of the fort]] ended with its surrender in 1760.{{sfn|Finger|2001|pp=36–37}} The next morning, Paul Demeré and many his men were killed in an ambush nearby, and most of the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|p=36}} A [[Timberlake Expedition|peace expedition]] led by [[Henry Timberlake]] in 1761 provided later travelers with invaluable knowledge regarding the location of the Overhill towns and the customs of the Overhill Cherokee. The end of the French and Indian War in 1763 brought a stream of explorers and traders into the region, among them additional longhunters. In an effort to mitigate conflicts with the Natives, Britain issued the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] which forbade settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Middlekauff |first1=Robert |title=The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-1951-6247-9 |pages=58–60 |edition=Revised Expanded |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nya0ODz-B-cC&pg=PA58}}</ref> Despite this proclamation, migration across the mountains continued, and the first permanent European settlers began arriving in northeastern Tennessee in the late 1760s.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|p=8}}{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=43–44}} In 1769 [[William Bean]], an associate of famed explorer [[Daniel Boone]], built what is generally acknowledged as Tennessee's first permanent Euro-American residence in Tennessee along the [[Watauga River]] in present-day [[Johnson City, Tennessee|Johnson City]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coffey |first1=Ken |title=The First Family of Tennessee |url=http://graingertnhistory.com/story_2/#more-5 |website=Grainger County Historic Society |publisher=Thomas Daugherty |access-date=August 20, 2020 |date=October 19, 2012 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811133037/http://graingertnhistory.com/story_2/#more-5 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="brown">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Fred |title=Marking Time |date=2005 |location=Knoxville |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=9781572333307 |pages=99–101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sem9B2acPfkC |access-date=October 17, 2020 |format=Paperback |via=Google Books}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, [[James Robertson (explorer)|James Robertson]] and a group of migrants from North Carolina (some historians suggest they were refugees of the [[Regulator Movement|Regulator wars]]) formed the Watauga Settlement at [[Sycamore Shoals]] in modern-day [[Elizabethton, Tennessee|Elizabethton]] on lands leased from the Cherokees. In 1772, the Wataugans established the [[Watauga Association]], which was the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians and the germ cell of the state of Tennessee.{{sfn|Finger|2001|pp=45–47}} Most of these settlers were English or of primarily [[English Americans|English descent]], but nearly 20% of them were [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]].{{sfn|Corlew|1981|p=106}} In 1775, the settlers reorganized themselves into the [[Washington District, North Carolina|Washington District]] to support the cause of the [[Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War|American Revolutionary War]], which had begun months before.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=60–61}} The following year, the settlers petitioned the Colony of Virginia to annex the Washington District to provide protection from Native American attacks, which was denied. Later that year, they petitioned the government of North Carolina to annex the Washington District, which was granted in November 1776.{{sfn|Finger|2001|pp=64–68}} In 1775, [[Richard Henderson (jurist)|Richard Henderson]] negotiated a series of treaties with the Cherokee to sell the lands of the Watauga settlements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Archibald|author-link=Archibald Henderson (professor)|date=1920|title=The Conquest of the Old Southwest: The Romantic Story of the Early Pioneers Into Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Kentucky, 1740–1790|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=no5BAAAAYAAJ|location=New York City|publisher=[[The Century Company]]|pages=212–236|via=Google Books}}</ref> Later that year, Daniel Boone, under Henderson's employment, blazed a trail from [[Fort Chiswell]] in Virginia through the [[Cumberland Gap]], which became part of the [[Wilderness Road]], a major thoroughfare for settlers into Tennessee and Kentucky.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|p=197}} That same year, a faction of Cherokees led by [[Dragging Canoe]]— angry over the tribe's appeasement of European settlers— split off to form what became known as the [[Chickamauga Cherokee|Chickamauga faction]], which was concentrated around what is now Chattanooga.{{sfn|Satz|1979|p=66}} The next year, the Chickamauga, aligned with British loyalists, attacked Fort Watauga.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=65–67}} The warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin [[Nancy Ward]] spared many settlers' lives from the initial attacks.<ref name="king07">{{cite book|editor-last1=King|editor-first1=Duane H.|title=The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake : The Story of a Soldier, Adventurer, and Emissary to the Cherokees, 1756–1765|date=2007|publisher=Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press|location=[[Cherokee, North Carolina]]|isbn=9780807831267|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHr-cf5j0AEC&pg=PA122|access-date=March 28, 2015|via=Google Books}}</ref> In spite of Dragging Canoe's protests, the Cherokee were continuously induced to sign away most of the tribe's lands to the U.S. government. During the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]], the Wataugans supplied 240 militiamen (led by [[John Sevier]]) to the frontier force known as the [[Overmountain Men]], which defeated [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|British loyalists]] at the [[Battle of Kings Mountain]] in 1780.{{sfn|Finger|2001|pp=84–88}} Tennessee's first attempt at statehood was the [[State of Franklin]], formed in 1784 from three Washington District counties.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=73–74}} Its capital was initially at [[Jonesborough, Tennessee|Jonesborough]] and later [[Greeneville, Tennessee|Greeneville]], and eventually grew to include eight counties. After several unsuccessful attempts at statehood, the State of Franklin rejoined North Carolina in 1788.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=81–83}} North Carolina ceded the region to the federal government, which designated it as the [[Southwest Territory]] on May 26, 1790.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=86–87}} [[William Blount]] was appointed as the territorial governor by President [[George Washington]], and Blount and [[James White (general)|James White]] established Knoxville as the territory's capital in 1791.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|pp=16–17}} The Southwest Territory recorded a population of 35,691 in the [[1790 United States census|first United States census]] that year, about three-fourths of whom resided in what is now East Tennessee.{{sfn|Lamon|1980|p=4}} In addition to the English and Scotch-Irish settlers, there were also Welsh families who settled in East Tennessee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.<ref>The Welsh of Tennessee by Y Lolfa, 2012. Pg. 19 – {{ISBN|9781847714299}}</ref> A larger group of settlers, entirely of English descent, arrived from Virginia's [[Middle Peninsula]]. They arrived as a result of large landowners buying up land and expanding in such a way that smaller landholders had to leave the area to prosper.<ref>Tennessee History: The Land, The People And the Culture. University of Tennessee Press, 1998. Pg. 19, 33–34 – {{ISBN|9781572330009}}</ref><ref>First Families of Tennessee: A Register of Early Settlers and Their Present-day Descendants by The East Tennessee Historical Society, 2000 pg. 77</ref> ===Antebellum period=== During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a [[Cherokee treaties|series of land cessions]] were negotiated with the Cherokees as settlers pushed south of the Washington District.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/olli/class-materials/Spring2016CITWeek3.pdf |title=Treaties and Land Cessions Involving the Cherokee Nation |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 12, 2016 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |access-date=May 20, 2021}}</ref> The 1791 [[Treaty of Holston]], negotiated by William Blount, established terms of relations between the United States and the Cherokees. The [[Treaty of Tellico|First Treaty of Tellico]] established the boundaries of the Treaty of Holston, and a series of treaties over the next two decades ceded small amounts of Cherokee lands to the U.S. government. In the Calhoun Treaty of 1819, the U.S. government purchased Cherokee lands between the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee Rivers. In anticipation of forced removal of the Cherokees, white settlers began moving into Cherokee lands in southeast Tennessee in the 1820s and 1830s. East Tennessee was home to one of the nation's first [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] movements, which arose in the early 19th century. [[Quaker]]s, who had migrated to the region from Pennsylvania in the 1790s, formed the Manumission Society of Tennessee in 1814. Notable supporters included [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] clergyman [[Samuel Doak]], [[Tusculum College]] cofounder [[Hezekiah Balch]], and [[Maryville College]] president Isaac Anderson. In 1820, [[Elihu Embree]] established ''The Emancipator''— the nation's first exclusively abolitionist newspaper— in Jonesborough.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lamon |first=Lester C. |title=Blacks in Tennessee, 1791–1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/blacksintennesse0000lamo |url-access=registration |pages=7–9 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-87049-324-9 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> After Embree's death, [[Benjamin Lundy]] established the ''Genius of Universal Emancipation'' in Greeneville in 1821 to continue Embree's work. By the 1830s, however, the region's abolitionist movement had declined in the face of fierce opposition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodheart |first1=Lawrence B. |title=Tennessee's Antislavery Movement Reconsidered: The Example of Elihu Embree |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |date=Fall 1982 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=224–238 |jstor=42626297 |publisher=Tennessee Historical Society |location=Nashville}}</ref> The geography of East Tennessee, unlike parts of Middle and West Tennessee, did not allow for large [[plantation complexes in the Southern United States|plantation complexes]], and as a result, slavery remained relatively uncommon in the region.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|p=210}} In the 1820s, the Cherokees established a [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|government modeled on the U.S. Constitution]], and located their capitol at [[New Echota]] in northern Georgia.<ref name=corn>{{cite book|last=Corn|first=James F.|date=1959|title=Red Clay and Rattlesnake Springs: A History of the Cherokee Indians of Bradley County, Tennessee|location=Marceline, Missouri|publisher=[[Walsworth Publishing Company]]|pages=67–70}}</ref> In response to restrictive laws passed by the Georgia legislature, the Cherokees in 1832 moved their capital to the [[Red Clay State Historic Park|Red Clay Council Grounds]] in what is now [[Bradley County, Tennessee|Bradley County]], a short distance north of the border with Georgia.<ref name=corn/> A total of eleven general councils were held at the site between 1832 and 1838, during which the Cherokees rejected multiple compromises to surrender their lands east of the [[Mississippi River]] and move west.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lillard|first=Roy G.|date=1980|title=Bradley County|url=https://archive.org/details/tennesseecountyh06lill|publisher=Memphis State University Press|isbn=0-87870-099-4|oclc=6934932|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The 1835 [[Treaty of New Echota]] which was not approved by the National Council at Red Clay, stipulated that the Cherokee relocate to [[Indian Territory]] in present-day [[Oklahoma]], and provided a grace period until May 1838 for them to voluntarily migrate. In 1838 and 1839, U.S. troops [[Cherokee removal|forcibly removed]] nearly 17,000 Cherokees and about 2,000 Black people the Cherokees enslaved from their homes in southeastern Tennessee to Indian Territory. An estimated 4,000 died along the way.{{sfn|Satz|1979|p=103}} The operation was orchestrated from [[Fort Cass]] in [[Charleston, Tennessee|Charleston]], which was constructed on the site of the [[Indian agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mtsuhistpres.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Hiwassee-River-Heritage-Center-Phase-II-Exhibit-Final-Panels-merged-compressed.pdf|title=Fort Cass|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2013|website=mtsuhistpress.org|publisher=[[Middle Tennessee State University]]|location=Murfreesboro, Tennessee|access-date=2020-11-07|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108035059/https://www.mtsuhistpres.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Hiwassee-River-Heritage-Center-Phase-II-Exhibit-Final-Panels-merged-compressed.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[Cherokee language]], the event is called ''Nunna daul Isunyi'', meaning "the Trail Where We Cried", and it is commonly known as the [[Trail of Tears]].{{sfn|Satz|1979|p=103}} The arrival of the railroad in the 1850s brought immediate economic benefits to East Tennessee, primarily to Chattanooga, which had been founded in 1839. Chattanooga quickly developed into a nexus between the mountain communities of Southern Appalachia and the cotton states of the Deep South, being referred to as the Gateway to the Deep South. In 1843, copper was discovered in the [[Copper Basin (Tennessee)|Copper Basin]] in the extreme southeast corner of the state, and by the 1850s, large [[copper mining in the United States|industrial-scale mining operations]] were taking place, making the Copper Basin one of the most productive copper mining districts in the nation.<ref name=waters>{{cite news|last=Waters|first=Jack|date=<!--Not given, probably 1990s-->|title=Mining the Copper Basin in Southeast Tennessee|url=http://www.telliquah.com/History2.htm|work=The Tellico Plains Mountain Press|location=Tellico Plains, Tennessee|access-date=2008-05-30}}</ref> ===Civil War=== {{further|Tennessee in the American Civil War}} {{further|East Tennessee Convention}} [[File:1861 Secession vote in East Tennessee by county.svg|right|thumb|Map showing the June 1861 Ordinance of Secession vote in East Tennessee by county. No data could be found for [[Cumberland County, Tennessee|Cumberland]] and [[Union County, Tennessee|Union counties]].]] [[File:East Tennessee Crossing - Battle of Bean Station Re-enactment - NARA - 7718106.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A reenactment of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]'s [[Battle of Bean's Station]] in [[Bean Station, Tennessee|Bean Station]]]] The [[American Civil War]] sentiments of East Tennesseans were among the most complex of any region in the nation. Because of the rarity of slavery in the region, many East Tennesseans were suspicious of the aristocratic Southern [[planter class]] that dominated the [[Southern Democrats|Southern Democratic Party]] and most Southern state legislatures. For this reason, [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] support ran high in East Tennessee in the years leading up to the war, especially in Knox and surrounding counties. In 1860, slaves composed about 9% of East Tennessee's population, compared to 25% statewide.<ref name="Lamon116"/> When Tennessee voted on a referendum calling for secession in February 1861, which failed, more than 80% of East Tennesseans voted against it, including majorities in every county except [[Sullivan County, Tennessee|Sullivan]] and [[Meigs County, Tennessee|Meigs]]. In June 1861, nearly 70% of East Tennesseans voted against the state's second ordinance of secession which succeeded statewide. Along with Sullivan and Meigs, however, there were pro-secession majorities in Monroe, Rhea, Sequatchie, and Polk counties.<ref name=lacy>Eric Lacy, ''Vanquished Volunteers: East Tennessee Sectionalism from Statehood to Secession'' (Johnson City, Tenn.: East Tennessee State University Press, 1965), pp. 122–126, 217–233.</ref> There were also pro-secession majorities within the cities of Knoxville and Chattanooga, although these cities' respective counties voted decisively against secession.<ref name=ezzell>Timothy Ezzell, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=226 Chattanooga]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref><ref>William MacArthur, Jr., ''Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South'' (Tulsa, Oklahoma: Continental Heritage Press, 1982), 42–44.</ref> In June 1861, the [[Southern Unionist|Unionist]] [[East Tennessee Convention]] met in Greeneville, where it drafted a petition to the [[Tennessee General Assembly]] demanding that East Tennessee be allowed to form a separate Union-aligned state split off from the rest of Tennessee, similar to [[West Virginia]].<ref name=lacy /> The legislature rejected the petition, however, and Tennessee Governor [[Isham Harris]] ordered Confederate troops to occupy East Tennessee.{{sfn|Temple|1899|pp=340–365}} In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas [[East Tennessee bridge burnings|burned bridges]] and attacked Confederate sympathizers throughout the region, leading the Confederacy to invoke [[martial law]] in parts of East Tennessee.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Madden |first1=David |title=Unionist Resistance to Confederate Occupation: The Bridge Burners of East Tennessee |journal=East Tennessee Historical Society Publications |date=1980 |volume=52 |pages=42–53}}</ref> Senator [[Andrew Johnson]] and Congressman [[Horace Maynard]]—who in spite of being from a Confederate state retained their seats in Congress—continuously pressed President [[Abraham Lincoln]] to send troops into East Tennessee, and Lincoln subsequently made the liberation of East Tennessee a top priority. ''[[Brownlow's Whig|Knoxville Whig]]'' editor [[William Gannaway Brownlow|William "Parson" Brownlow]], who had been one of slavery's most outspoken defenders, attacked secessionism with equal fervor and embarked on a speaking tour of the Northern states to rally support for East Tennessee.{{sfn|Corlew|1981|pp=34–35, 69–74}} In 1862, Lincoln appointed Johnson, a [[War Democrat]], as [[military governor]] of Tennessee.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|p=131}} Several crucial Civil War military campaigns took place in East Tennessee, although the region did not see any large-scale fighting until the second half of the war, unlike the rest of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=CWSAC Report |url=http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |website=Civil War Sites Advisory Commission |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001021/https://www.nps.gov/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |archive-date=December 19, 2018 |date=December 8, 1997 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After being defeated at the [[Battle of Chickamauga]] in northwest Georgia in September 1863, Union troops of the [[Army of the Cumberland]] under the command of [[William Rosecrans]] fled to Chattanooga.{{sfn|Temple|1899|pp=468–469}} Confederate troops under [[Braxton Bragg]] attempted to besiege the Union troops into surrendering, but two months later, reinforcements from the [[Army of the Tennessee]] under the command of [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], [[Joseph Hooker]], and [[George Henry Thomas]] arrived.<ref>{{cite book |last=Connelly |first=Thomas Lawrence |date=1979 |title=Civil War Tennessee: Battles and Leaders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xN9Um2IJKO0C |pages=77–79 |location=Knoxville |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=9780870492617 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Under the command of Hooker, the Union troops defeated the Confederates at the [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]] on November 24, and the following day Grant and Thomas completely ran the Confederates out of the city at the [[Battle of Missionary Ridge]].<ref>{{harvp|Connelly|1979|pp=80–82}}</ref> These battles came to be known as the [[Chattanooga campaign]] and marked a major turning point in the war, allowing Sherman to launch the [[Atlanta campaign]] from the city in the spring of 1864.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/atlanta-campaign |title=Atlanta Campaign |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Civil War On the Western Border |publisher=Missouri State Library |location=Jefferson City, Missouri |access-date=2021-07-27 |quote=}}</ref> A few days after the Chattanooga campaign concluded, Confederate General [[James Longstreet]] launched the [[Knoxville campaign]] in an effort to take control of the city. The campaign ended in a Union victory at the [[Battle of Fort Sanders]] on November 29, which was under the command of Union General [[Ambrose Burnside]],{{sfn|Temple|1899|pp=491–493}} although Longstreet defeated Union troops under the command of [[James M. Shackelford]] at the [[Battle of Bean's Station]] two weeks later.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hess |first1=Earl J. |title=The Knoxville Campaign: Burnside and Longstreet in East Tennessee |date=November 15, 2012 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |location=Knoxville |isbn=978-1-57233-924-8 |pages=207–220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3raeHWhCVZcC |access-date=May 11, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref> By the beginning of 1864, East Tennessee was largely under the control of the [[Union Army]]. Despite its Unionist leanings, however, it was the last part of the state to fall to the Union. ===Reconstruction and the Progressive Era=== [[Image:Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Millworkers in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]], photographed by [[Lewis Hine]] in 1910]] After the Civil War, Northern [[Capitalism|capitalists]] began investing heavily in East Tennessee, which helped the region's ravaged economy recover much faster than most of the South. Most new industry in Tennessee was constructed in East Tennessee during this time, and Chattanooga became one of the first industrialized cities in the South.<ref name=jsh/> Knoxville also experienced a modest manufacturing boom, and new factories were constructed in other small towns such as Kingsport, Johnson City, Cleveland, Morristown, and Maryville, making them amongst the first Southern cities to experience the results of the [[Industrial Revolution in the United States]].<ref name=jsh/> Other cities in the region, such as [[Lenoir City, Tennessee|Lenoir City]], [[Harriman, Tennessee|Harriman]], [[Rockwood, Tennessee|Rockwood]], [[Dayton, Tennessee|Dayton]], and [[Englewood, Tennessee|Englewood]], were founded as [[company town]]s during this period. The [[Burra Burra Mine (Ducktown, Tennessee)|Burra Burra Mine]]—established in the 1890s in the Copper Basin—was at its height one of the nation's copper mining operations.<ref name=gamineral>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamineral.org/writings/copperbasin-cochran.html|title=Minerals and Mining of the Copper Basin|last=Cochran|first=Kim|date=<!--Not given-->|website=gamineral.org|publisher=Georgia Mineral Society|access-date=May 30, 2008}}</ref> In 1899, the world's first [[Coca-Cola]] bottling plant was built in Chattanooga.<ref name="ezzell" /> In the early 1900s, railroad and sawmill innovations allowed logging firms such as the Little River Lumber Company and Babock Lumber to harvest the virgin forests of the Great Smokies and adjacent ranges. Coal mining operations were established in coal-rich areas of the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains, namely in Scott County, northern Campbell County, and western Anderson County. In the early 1890s, Tennessee's controversial [[Convict leasing|convict lease]] system sparked a miners' uprising in Anderson County that became known as the [[Coal Creek War]]. While the uprising was eventually crushed, it induced the state to do away with convict leasing, making Tennessee the first southern state to end the controversial practice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cotham |first1=Perry C. |title=Toil, Turmoil & Triumph: A Portrait of the Tennessee Labor Movement |date=1995 |publisher=Hillsboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781881576648 |pages=56–80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWiN4VbNBLQC |access-date=May 23, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Karin |title=A New South Rebellion: The Battle Against Convict Labor in the Tennessee Coalfields, 1871–1896 |date=1998 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |isbn=9780807867051 |pages=75–102, 184–205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSE6DwAAQBAJ |access-date=May 23, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Other ambitious ventures during the period included the construction of [[Ocoee Dam No. 1]] and [[Hales Bar Dam]] (completed in 1911 and 1913 respectively) by the forerunners of the [[Tennessee Electric Power Company]] (TEPCO).<ref name="jamesjones">James Jones, Jr., [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1369 TEPCO]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> In the 1920s, [[Eastman Chemical Company|Tennessee Eastman]]—destined to become the state's largest employer—was established in Kingsport, and in nearby [[Elizabethton, Tennessee|Elizabethton]] the German-owned [[Bemberg Corporation]] built two large [[rayon]] mills.<ref>James Fickle, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=683 Industry]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> Equally ambitious was the [[Aluminum Company of America]]'s establishment of a massive aluminum smelting operation at what is now [[Alcoa, Tennessee|Alcoa]] in 1914, which required the construction of a large plant and company town and the building of a [[Tapoco|series of dams along the Little Tennessee River]] to supply the plant with hydroelectric power.<ref name="parker">Russell Parker, "Alcoa, Tennessee: The Early Years, 1919–1939." ''East Tennessee Historical Society Publications'' Vol. 48 (1976), pp. 84–100.</ref> In the late 19th to early 20th century, leisure resorts oriented on mineral springs flourished in the region,<ref name="springs">{{cite book |last1=Sun |first1=P.C.P |last2=Criner |first2=J.H. |last3=Poole |first3=J.L. |title=Large Springs of East Tennessee |date=1963 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1755/report.pdf |access-date=October 7, 2021}}</ref> with the most popular being [[Tate Springs]] in Grainger County, which attracted many prestigious families of the era, including the [[Henry Ford|Ford]], [[Rockefeller family|Rockefeller]], [[Harvey S. Firestone|Firestone]], [[Studebaker#The five brothers|Studebaker]], and [[Mellon family|Mellon]] families.<ref name="tslaspring">{{cite web |title=Spring Histories |url=https://sharetngov.tnsosfiles.com/tsla/exhibits/tnresorts/spring_histories.htm |website=[[Tennessee State Library]] |access-date=December 21, 2020}}</ref> The region received international attention in the [[Mary (elephant)|public execution of a circus elephant via hanging]]. After killing its trainer in a circus performance in Kingsport, the elephant was transported to [[Erwin, Tennessee|Erwin]] in nearby Unicoi County and hanged in front of a crowd of roughly 2,500 residents. A picture of the undertaking was widely distributed by American pulp magazine ''[[Argosy (magazine)|Argosy]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brummette|first1=John|title=Trains, Chains, Blame, and Elephant Appeal: A Case Study of the Public Relations Significance of Mary the Elephant|journal=Public Relations Review |date=2012|volume=38|issue=3|pages=341–346|doi=10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.11.013}}</ref> In the 1920s, East Tennessee surpassed Middle Tennessee as the state's most populous Grand Division, primarily as a result of the larger African American population in that region fleeing to Northern industrial cities as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]].<ref name="Lamon116">{{harvp|Lamon|1980|p=116}}</ref> ===Great Depression, TVA, and World War II=== [[Image:Norris Dam engineering blueprint.png|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Engineering drawing|Engineering plans]] for [[Norris Dam]] in [[Anderson County, Tennessee|Anderson County]], the first project completed by the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] in 1936]] Over a period of two decades, the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA), created in 1933 at the height of the [[Great Depression]], drastically altered the economic, cultural, and physical landscape of East Tennessee. TVA sought to build a series of dams across the Tennessee River watershed to control flooding, bring cheap electricity to East Tennessee, and connect Knoxville and Chattanooga to the nation's inland waterways by creating a continuously navigable channel along the entirety of the Tennessee River. Starting with [[Norris Dam]] in 1933, the agency built 10 dams in East Tennessee (and five more across the border in North Carolina and Georgia) over a period of two decades. [[Melton Hill Dam|Melton Hill]] and [[Nickajack Dam|Nickajack]] were added in the 1960s, and the last, [[Tellico Dam]], was completed in 1979 after a [[Snail darter controversy|contentious five-year legal battle]] with environmentalists.<ref name=wheeler2>Bruce Wheeler, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1362 Tennessee Valley Authority]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> TVA also gained control of TEPCO's assets after a legal struggle in the 1930s with TEPCO president [[Jo Conn Guild]] and attorney [[Wendell Willkie]] that was eventually dismissed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref>Timothy Ezzell, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=579 Jo Conn Guild]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> TVA's construction of hydroelectric dams in East Tennessee would receive criticism with for what some have perceived as excessive use of its authority of [[eminent domain in the United States|eminent domain]] and an unwillingness to compromise with landowners. All of TVA's hydroelectric projects in East Tennessee were made possible through the use of eminent domain<ref name="slatee" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=TVA|url=https://tennesseehistory.org/tva/|url-status=live|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=[[Tennessee Historical Society]]|date=March 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185348/https://tennesseehistory.org/tva/ |archive-date=July 9, 2021 }}</ref> and required the removal of 125,000 Tennessee Valley residents.<ref name="gaventa">{{cite journal |author1=[[John Gaventa]] |title=Book Review, 'TVA and the Dispossessed: The Resettlement of Population in the Norris Dam Area' |journal=Tennessee Law Review |date=1982 |pages=979–983 |series=Symposium, the Tennessee Valley Authority |publisher=Tennessee Law Review Association |location=[[Knoxville, Tennessee]] |quote=Over the past fifty years the agency has had many opportunities to learn from its mistakes. Since 1933, over 125,000 residents have been displaced from their homesteads by TVA dam construction projects.}}</ref> Residents who refused to sell to the TVA were often forced by court orders and lawsuits.<ref name="slatee">{{cite news |last=Onion |first=Rebecca |date=September 5, 2013 |title=The Tennessee Valley Authority vs. the Family That Just Wouldn't Leave |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/09/tennessee-valley-authority-the-agency-s-fight-against-one-family-that-wouldn-t-sell-their-farm.html |work=Slate Magazine |access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> Several dam projects inundated historic Native American sites and American Revolution-era towns.<ref>[[Jefferson Chapman]], ''Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History'' (Tennessee Valley Authority, 1985).</ref><ref>Vicki Rozema, ''Footsteps of the Cherokees: A Guide to the Eastern Homelands of the Cherokee Nation'' (Winston-Salem: John F. Blair), 135.</ref> On some occasions, land that TVA had acquired through eminent domain that was expected to be inundated was not and was sold to private developers for the construction of planned communities such as [[Tellico Village, Tennessee|Tellico Village]] in Loudon County.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madden |first=Tom |date=July 2, 1981 |title=Private land TVA claimed for lake to be given away to developers |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/02/Private-land-TVA-claimed-for-lake-to-be-given-away-to-developers/4201362894400/ |work=[[UPI]] |location=Boca Raton, Florida |access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> East Tennessee's physiographic layout and rural nature made it the ideal location for the [[uranium enrichment]] facilities of the [[Manhattan Project]], the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]]'s top secret [[World War II]]-era initiative to build the first [[nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]]. Starting in 1942, the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] built what is now the city of Oak Ridge, and the following year work began on the enrichment facilities, [[K-25]] and [[Y-12 National Security Complex|Y-12]].<ref name=oakridge /> During the same period, Tennessee Eastman built the [[Holston Army Ammunition Plant|Holston Ordnance Works]] in Kingsport for the manufacture of an explosive known as [[Composition B]],<ref>Patricia Brake, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1536 World War II]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> and the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] constructed the [[Enterprise South Industrial Park|Volunteer Ordnance Works]] in Chattanooga to produce [[TNT]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=John |date=May 4, 2020 |title=3 In Your Town: The Bunkers at Enterprise South Nature Park |url=https://www.wrcbtv.com/story/42084598/3-in-your-town-the-bunkers-at-enterprise-south-nature-park |work=[[WRCB-TV]] |location=Chattanooga |access-date=October 7, 2021}}</ref> The ALCOA corporation, seeking to meet the wartime demand for aluminum (which was needed for aircraft construction), built its North Plant, which at the time of its completion was the world's largest plant under a single roof.<ref>Russell Parker, "Alcoa, Tennessee: The Years of Change, 1940–1960." ''East Tennessee Historical Society Publications'' Vol. 49 (1977), pp. 99–117.</ref> To meet the region's skyrocketing demand for electricity, TVA hastened its dam construction, completing [[Cherokee Dam|Cherokee]] and [[Douglas Dam|Douglas]] dams in record time and building the massive [[Fontana Dam]] just across the state line in North Carolina.<ref>Tennessee Valley Authority, ''The Douglas Project: A Comprehensive Report on the Planning, Design, Construction, and Initial Operations of the Douglas Project'', Technical Report No. 10 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), 1–12, 28.</ref> ===Mid-20th century to present=== [[File:Green-McAdoo-ClintonTN-enhanced.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A monument to 12 [[African Americans|African American]] students who integrated [[Clinton High School (Clinton, Tennessee)|Clinton High School]] in 1956]] [[File:Sunsphere 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[1982 World's Fair]] was held in [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]]]] In 1955, [[Oak Ridge High School (Tennessee)|Oak Ridge High School]] became the first public school in Tennessee to be [[School integration in the United States|integrated]]. This occurred one year after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled [[racial segregation]] to be unconstitutional in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. In 1956, judge [[Robert Love Taylor (judge)|Robert Love Taylor]] ordered nearby [[Clinton High School (Clinton, Tennessee)|Clinton High School]] to be integrated, and a crisis developed when pro-segregationists threatened violence, prompting Governor [[Frank G. Clement]] to send [[Tennessee National Guard]] troops to assist with the integration process.<ref>{{harvp|Lamon|1980|pp=100–101}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, federal investments into urbanized areas provided major cities of the East Tennessee region to establish [[urban renewal]] initiatives, often involving the demolition or [[redevelopment]] of blighted commercial areas or neighborhoods for new public buildings and [[Controlled-access highway|freeways]]. These projects would often involve the controversial removal and [[redlining]] of poverty-stricken and minority households.<ref name="Duncan">{{cite web |last1=Duncan |first1=Heather |title=Losing Home: When Urban Renewal Came to Knoxville |url=https://www.wuot.org/news/2021-05-13/losing-home-when-urban-renewal-came-to-knoxville |website=WUOT-FM |publisher=[[University of Tennessee]] |access-date=January 5, 2022 |date=May 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="jonsson">{{cite web |last1=Jonsson |first1=Patrik |last2=Robertson |first2=Noah |title=How Chattanooga is working to right the wrongs of urban renewal |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2021/0928/How-Chattanooga-is-working-to-right-the-wrongs-of-urban-renewal |website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date=January 5, 2022 |date=September 28, 2021}}</ref> In 1965, Congress created the [[Appalachian Regional Commission]] (ARC) to improve economic development and job opportunities in the Appalachian region. The program resulted in the construction of new and improved highways in East Tennessee through the [[Appalachian Development Highway System]] and brought new industries to rural, impoverished counties in the region that had previously been dependent on declining sectors such as coal mining and logging. With the investment of the ARC, several cities emerged as industrial hubs of the East Tennessee region, including Cleveland, Kingsport, Knoxville, and Morristown.<ref name="newman">{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=Anne |editor1-last=Kendrick |editor1-first=Elise |title=The Recruiters and the Recruited: How One Town Filled an Industrial Park |journal=Appalachia |date=1981 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJMHJyHZ6V8C&q=Morristown |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |location=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |language=en}}</ref> Beginning around this time, East Tennessee, along with the rest of the state, began to benefit from the nationwide [[Sun Belt]] phenomenon, which brought additional economic growth to the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schulman |first=Bruce J. |date=June 1993 |title=Review: The Sunbelt South: Old Times Forgotten |jstor=2703223 |journal=Reviews in American History |volume=21 |issue=2 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |pages=340–345 |doi=10.2307/2703223}}</ref> The region saw its most rapid growth in the 1970s. Chattanooga, however, began to decline in the 1960s and was declared by the Federal government to be the most polluted city in the country in 1969.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Micheli |first1=Robin |title=Rebooting Chattanooga's fortunes |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/11/18/hattanoogas-fortunes.html |access-date=October 4, 2021 |work=CNBC |date=November 18, 2013}}</ref> In the mid-1980s, the city leaders launched a program called "[[Vision 2000 (Chattanooga)|Vision 2000]]" which worked to revitalize and reinvent the city's economy and eventually resulted in a reversal of Chattanooga's decline.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wotapka |first1=Dawn |title=Chattanooga Reinvents Itself, at Its Own Pace |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303624004577341932764696276 |access-date=October 7, 2021 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 17, 2012 |location=New York City}}</ref> TVA's construction of the [[Tellico Dam]] in Loudon County became the subject of national controversy in the 1970s when the endangered [[snail darter]] fish was reported to be affected by the project.<ref name="TellicoTVA">{{cite web |title=Telling the Story of Tellico: It's Complicated |url=https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-history/built-for-the-people/telling-the-story-of-tellico-it-s-complicated |website=[[Tennessee Valley Authority]] |access-date=January 5, 2022}}</ref> After lawsuits by environmental groups, the debate was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court case ''[[Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill]]'' in 1978, leading to amendments of the [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Endangered Species Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill|url=https://www.justice.gov/enrd/tennessee-valley-authority-v-hill|access-date=May 18, 2021|website=[[United States Department of Justice]]|date=April 13, 2015|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519030038/https://www.justice.gov/enrd/tennessee-valley-authority-v-hill|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1982, a [[1982 World's Fair|World's Fair]] was held in Knoxville.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trieu|first=Cat|date=November 16, 2017|title=Remembering the 1982 World's Fair|url=https://www.utdailybeacon.com/arts_and_culture/lifestyle/remembering-the-1982-world-s-fair/article_7f68471c-ca7e-11e7-b14f-17dc38318998.html|work=The Daily Beacon|publisher=University of Tennessee|location=Knoxville|access-date=2021-04-25}}</ref> The fair was also known as the "Knoxville International Energy Exposition," and its theme was "Energy Turns the World." The fair attracted more than 11 million visitors during its six-month run and is the most recent world's fair to have been held in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=McCrary|first=Amy|date=May 28, 2016|title=The world came to Knoxville in May 1982|url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/life/2016/05/28/the-world-came-to-knoxville-in-may-1982/90993100/|work=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref> In 1996, the [[canoe slalom|whitewater slalom]] events of the [[Atlanta]] [[1996 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]] were held on the [[Ocoee River]] in Polk County. These are the only Olympic sporting events to have ever been held in Tennessee.<ref name="fontenay">{{cite web |last1=Fontenay |first1=Blake |title=Shooting the Rapids: How a Small East Tennessee Community Struck Olympic Gold |url=https://sos.tn.gov/tsla/tri-star-chronicles-shooting-rapids |website=[[Tennessee State Library]] |access-date=June 4, 2021 |date=April 22, 2016 |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604183107/https://sos.tn.gov/tsla/tri-star-chronicles-shooting-rapids |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Construction on US 25E at SR 160, 1976.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Highway construction of [[U.S. Route 25E]], part of the [[Appalachian Development Highway System]] plan, in [[Morristown, Tennessee|Morristown]], 1976.]] Several high profile disasters have occurred in East Tennessee since the latter 20th century. On May 13, 1972, the [[1972 Bean Station bus-truck collision|deadliest motor vehicle accident in state history]] occurred near [[Bean Station, Tennessee|Bean Station]] on [[U.S. Route 11W]] when a [[Semi-trailer truck|tractor-trailer]] and a [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound bus]] [[Head-on collision|collided head-on]], killing 14 and injuring 15.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greyhound Bus/Malone Freight Line, Inc. Truck Collision, U.S. Route 11W, Bean Station, Tennessee, May 13, 1972 |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAR7305.pdf |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |access-date=May 6, 2020 |date=October 25, 1973}}</ref> The accident prompted the rapid construction of additional four-lane arterial highways in the East Tennessee region throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, as well as placed a focus on the completion of Interstates 40, 75, and 81, which occurred in the mid-1970s.<ref name="blood">{{Cite news |last=Lakin |first=Matt |url=http://archive.knoxnews.com/news/local/blood-on-the-asphalt-11w-wreck-left-14-people-dead-ep-360225916-356724551.html/ |title=Blood on the asphalt: 11W wreck left 14 people dead |date=August 26, 2012 |work=Knoxville News Sentinel |access-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> On December 11, 1990, a [[1990 Interstate 75 fog disaster|99-vehicle collision]] occurred in dense fog on [[Interstate 75 in Tennessee|Interstate 75]] near [[Calhoun, Tennessee|Calhoun]], killing 12 and injuring 42, and was reportedly the largest motor vehicle accident in U.S. history at the time, in terms of the number of vehicles.<ref>{{cite report |author = National Transportation Safety Board |title = Multiple-vehicle collisions and fire during limited visibility (fog) on Interstate 75 near Calhoun, Tennessee December 11, 1990 |url = https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAR9202.pdf |date = September 28, 1992 |access-date = February 25, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = ''Forensic Files'': Killer Fog (Season 2, Episode 3) |url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1472364/ |website = IMDB |date = October 16, 1997 |access-date = January 12, 2019 }}</ref> On December 23, 2008, the [[Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill|largest industrial waste spill in United States history]] occurred at TVA's [[Kingston Fossil Plant]] when a [[levee|dike]] failed, releasing more than 1.1 billion gallons of [[fly ash|coal ash]] slurry into the [[Emory River|Emory]] and [[Clinch River]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/features/coal-disaster-killing-scores-rural-americans/ |title=A Lawyer, 40 Dead Americans, and a Billion Gallons of Coal Sludge |last=Sullivan |first=J.R .|date=September 2019 |work=Men's Journal |access-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102150952/https://www.mensjournal.com/features/coal-disaster-killing-scores-rural-americans/ |archive-date=2019-11-02 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bourne |first=Joel K. |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Coal's other dark side: Toxic ash that can poison water, destroy life and toxify people |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/coal-other-dark-side-toxic-ash |work=National Geographic |access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> The cleanup cost TVA more than $1 billion and was completed in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flessner |first=Dave |date=May 29, 2015 |title=TVA to auction 62 parcels in Kingston after ash spill cleanup completed |url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/business/aroundregion/story/2015/may/29/tvaucti62-parcels-kingstafter-ash-spill-clean/306796/ |work=Chattanooga Times Free Press |location=Chattanooga, TN |access-date=2019-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616180927/https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/business/aroundregion/story/2015/may/29/tvaucti62-parcels-kingstafter-ash-spill-clean/306796/ |archive-date=June 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Music== {{Main|Music of East Tennessee}} [[File:Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Musicians performing on the streets of [[Maynardville, Tennessee|Maynardville]], {{circa|1935}}]] [[Appalachian music]] has evolved from a blend of English and Scottish ballads, Irish and Scottish fiddle tunes, African-American blues, and religious music. In 1916 and 1917, British folklorist [[Cecil Sharp]] visited [[Flag Pond, Tennessee|Flag Pond]], [[Sevierville, Tennessee|Sevierville]], [[Harrogate, Tennessee|Harrogate]], and other rural areas in the region where he transcribed dozens of examples of "Old World" ballads that had been passed down generation to generation from the region's early English settlers.<ref>Cecil Sharp, Maud Karpeles (ed.), ''English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians'' (London: Oxford University Press, 1932), pp. 26, 77, 115, 183, 244, 310, etc.</ref> [[Uncle Am Stuart]], [[Charlie Bowman]], [[Clarence Ashley]], [[G. B. Grayson]], and [[Theron Hale]] were among the most successful early musicians from East Tennessee. In 1927, the [[Victor Talking Machine Company]] conducted a [[Bristol sessions|series of recording sessions]] in [[Bristol, Tennessee|Bristol]] that saw the rise of musicians such as [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]] and the [[Carter Family]]. Subsequent recording sessions, such as the [[Johnson City sessions]] in 1928 and the Knoxville St. James Sessions in 1930 proved lucrative, but by the late 1930s, the success of the [[Grand Ole Opry]] had lured much of the region's talent to Nashville. In the 1940s, the Grand Ole Opry and associated music labels began using "[[Country music|country]]" instead of "hillbilly" for their genre, hoping to attract a wider audience.<ref name=apphandbook /> [[Union County, Tennessee|Union County]] would prove influential to later developments in country music with musicians [[Roy Acuff]], [[Chet Atkins]], and [[Carl Smith (musician)|Carl Smith]] who were born in the county assisted with the international breakthrough of the genre, and the development of the [[Nashville sound]] and [[rockabilly]].<ref name="whitelightning">{{cite web |title=White Lightning Guide |url=https://www.tnvacation.com/sites/default/files/trail/pdf/WhiteLightning_Guide_Updated.pdf |website=Tennessee Department of Tourism Development |access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref> ==In popular culture== East Tennessee culture has been represented in several songs, television shows, and films. ''[[The Ford Show]]'', which ran on [[NBC]] from 1956 until 1961, was hosted by [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]] from [[Bristol, Tennessee|Bristol]]. [[Christy (TV series)|''Christy'']], a 1990s [[CBS]] television series, was based on village life in 1910s East Tennessee.<ref name="events">"One Week Out: Events coming next weekend," ''The Daily Times'' (Maryville, TN), June 13, 2008, Weekend section: ''"Although Cutter Gap does not exist, it is widely believed that Marshall based the village on the real community of Morgan Branch in nearby Cocke County. [[Townsend, Tennessee|Townsend]] served as Cutter Gap for the popular CBS television series 'Christy' in the mid-1990s."''</ref> The show, which was later developed into a television [[Christy: Return to Cutter Gap|movie series]], featured traditional mountain music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0540932/|title=Amazing Grace|date=May 5, 1994|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJDWOktGHJQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/LJDWOktGHJQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=JUDY COLLINS – "Christy" TV Series, "Down In the Valley"|last=Beta Hi-Fi Archive|date=September 29, 2009|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> "ChristyFest", held each summer, is dedicated to the [[Christy (novel)|novel]], musical,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigwalnutproductions.com/christy-the-musical.html|title=Christy, the Musical|website=Big Walnut Productions|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221150/http://www.bigwalnutproductions.com/christy-the-musical.html|archive-date=October 18, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> TV series, and movies, and includes live folk music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lib.unc.edu/ncnovels/index.php/category/genre/religiousinspirational/|title=Religious/Inspirational – Read North Carolina Novels|website=blogs.lib.unc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americantowns.com/tn/townsend/organization/christy-fest|title=Christy Fest – Townsend, TN|website=www.americantowns.com}}</ref> The television film ''[[Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors]]'' aired on NBC in 2015. The film was inspired by her 1971 [[Coat of Many Colors (song)|song]] and [[Coat of Many Colors|album]] of the same name, and recounts her childhood in the mountains of East Tennessee. The film was generally praised by critics, and received the Tex Ritter Award from the [[Academy of Country Music]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/dolly-parton-katy-perry-to-duet-on-acm-awards-20160321|title=Dolly Parton, Katy Perry to Duet on ACM Awards|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=March 21, 2016}}</ref> The folk hero [[Daniel Boone]], who helped explore East Tennessee, was honored in the soundtrack for the television series [[Daniel Boone (1964 TV series)#Soundtrack|''Daniel Boone'']], which ran from 1964 until 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/d/danielboone.shtml|title=DANIEL BOONE – Lyrics – International Lyrics Playground|website=lyricsplayground.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/22152238|title=Daniel Boone Theme Song|website=Vimeo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hwqdQ0SkjQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/8hwqdQ0SkjQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Daniel Boone Theme Song 1964|last=ScrambledEggs1969|date=October 10, 2012|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The last of three versions of the theme song was sung by [[The Imperials]], a Grammy-winning [[Christian music]] group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.danielboonetv.com/index.php?page=theme_song_lyrics |title=Daniel Boone Theme Song |access-date=March 20, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305071819/http://www.danielboonetv.com/index.php?page=theme_song_lyrics |archive-date=March 5, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edames.net/mingo.html|title=Mingo|date=June 28, 2008|access-date=March 20, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529180903/http://edames.net/mingo.html|archive-date=May 29, 2010}}</ref> [[The Ballad of Davy Crockett]] helped to popularize the 1955 film ''[[Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier]]''. First recorded and introduced on the television series ''[[Walt Disney anthology television series|Disneyland]]'' in 1954, it has been covered by a number of artists, most notably [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]]. The song's lyrics say [[Davy Crockett]] was "born on a mountaintop in Tennessee", but his actual birthplace was in [[Limestone, Tennessee]], the location of [[Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/t/theballadofdavycrockett.shtml|title=THE BALLAD OF DAVY CROCKETT – Lyrics – International Lyrics Playground|website=lyricsplayground.com}}</ref> In addition to his renowned frontier exploits and military service, Crockett served Tennessee as a state legislator and Congressman. ==Economy== Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, East Tennessee's economy relied heavily on [[subsistence agriculture]]. Agriculture still plays a vital role in Tennessee's economy. In the cities, however, manufacturing was the main source of prosperity and growth. In the years following the Civil War, Chattanooga became one of the first industrial cities in the South. Other cities in East Tennessee such as Knoxville, Kingsport, Cleveland, Maryville, and Morristown were among some of the first cities in Tennessee to experience the effects of the [[Industrial revolution in the United States]], and most manufacturing facilities constructed in the state in the latter 19th century located in East Tennessee.<ref name=jsh>{{cite journal|last=Belissary |first=Constantine G.|date=May 1953|title=The Rise of Industry and the Industrial Spirit in Tennessee, 1865–1885|jstor=2955013|journal=The Journal of Southern History|volume=19|issue=2|pages=193–215|doi=10.2307/2955013}}</ref> The region's economy remained predominantly agrarian during this time, however. === Business and industry === Major companies and businesses headquartered in East Tennessee include [[Pilot Flying J]], the Baptist Hospital system, [[Regal Cinemas]] in Knoxville, and [[BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee]], U.S. Xpress, [[Covenant Transport]], and [[Unum]] in Chattanooga, and Eastman Chemical in Kingsport. A variety of goods are manufactured in East Tennessee, including chemicals, foods and drinks, automotive components, and electronics. The largest manufacturer in the region is [[Eastman Chemical]] in Kingsport, with more than 10,000 employees, and other chemical companies operate several other chemical manufacturing facilities in the region. [[Volkswagen]] operates an [[Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant|assembly plant]] in Chattanooga, and several automotive parts manufacturers, including [[Denso]], operate plants in East Tennessee. [[Coca-Cola]] was first produced in Chattanooga in 1899, and many well-known food and drink brands originated and are made in East Tennessee, including [[Mayfield Dairy]] products, [[Moon Pie]], [[McKee Foods#Little Debbie|Little Debbie]], [[Mountain Dew]], [[Bush's Beans]], and [[M&M's]]. The region has emerged in recent years as one of the top locations for the legal production of [[moonshine]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Guttman |first=Amy |title=Moonshine As Moneymaker? Eastern Tennessee Will Drink To That |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/06/27/196218491/moonshine-as-moneymaker-eastern-tennessee-will-drink-to-that |work=NPR |location=Washington, D.C. |date=June 27, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2021}}</ref> East Tennessee is a top location where boats are manufactured, with companies such as [[Sea Ray]], [[MasterCraft]], and [[Malibu Boats]], operating facilities in the region.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaines |first=Jim|date=May 30, 2019|title=Tennessee boat industry thriving as buyers seek sport and luxury|url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/money/business/2019/05/27/tennessee-boat-business-growing-watersports-luxury-leading-way/1206684001/|work=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=June 6, 2021}}</ref> Other important products produced in East Tennessee include [[consumer electronics]], electrical equipment, and fabricated metal products. [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] (ORNL) and [[Y-12 National Security Complex]] in Oak Ridge are two of the largest employers in East Tennessee. ORNL conducts scientific research in [[materials science]], [[nuclear physics]], energy, [[supercomputer|high-performance computing]], [[systems biology]], and [[National security of the United States|national security]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving Big Problems |url=https://www.ornl.gov/sites/default/files/solving_big_problems_130514.pdf |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |access-date=May 28, 2021 |date=June 2013}}</ref> and is also the largest [[United States Department of Energy national laboratories|national laboratory]] in the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] (DOE) system by size, and has the third highest budget.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/03/f60/doe-fy2020-laboratory-table.pdf |title=Department of Energy FY 2020 Congressional Budget Request |date=March 2019 |publisher=Department of Energy |access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> Both ORNL and Y-12 also support many jobs through contracting firms in the area. Since the 1990s, the geographical area between Oak Ridge and Knoxville has been known as the Tennessee Technology Corridor, with more than 500 high-tech firms located in the region.<ref name="sherman">{{cite web |last1=Sherman |first1=Erik |title=Tennessee's Tech Corridor |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2596132/tennessee-s-tech-corridor.html |website=[[Computerworld]] |access-date=May 27, 2021 |date=July 27, 2000}}</ref> With the expanded smart grid in Chattanooga, and the fastest internet in the Western Hemisphere,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chattanoogagig.com/|title=Chattanooga Gig: Your Gig is Here.|website=chattanoogagig.com}}</ref> Chattanooga has begun to grow its technical and financial sectors with its burgeoning start-up scene.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/technology/fast-internet-service-speeds-business-development-in-chattanooga.html|title=Fast Internet Is Chattanooga's New Locomotive|first=Edward|last=Wyatt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> The town of [[Erwin, Tennessee|Erwin]], located in the Tri-Cities area, is home to [[Nuclear Fuel Services]], which operates a manufacturing and [[uranium enrichment]] facility converting [[Cold War]]-era weapons uranium into commercially usable reactor fuel for power plants around the United States, and is the largest supplier of uranium fuel for the [[United States Navy]] since 1960.<ref name="mansfield">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6863800,00.html| title=Tenn. Nuclear Fuel Problems Kept Secret| date=August 20, 2007| first=Duncan| last=Mansfield| accessdate=2007-08-21 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030125346/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-6863800,00.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-30| location=London| work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="campbell">{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Paige |title=Nuclear Confusion |url=https://appvoices.org/2012/02/21/nuclear-confusion/ |website=The Appalachian Voice |access-date=January 19, 2022 |date=February 21, 2012}}</ref> ===Energy=== [[File:Watts Bar-4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Watts Bar Nuclear Plant]] in [[Rhea County, Tennessee|Rhea County]] is home to the newest operating nuclear reactors in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blau |first=Max |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/20/us/tennessee-nuclear-power-plant/index.html |title=First new US nuclear reactor in 20 years goes live |work=CNN |publisher=Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |date=October 20, 2016 |access-date=2016-10-20 }}</ref>]] The [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA) has its administrative operations headquartered in Knoxville and power operations headquartered in Chattanooga, and provides nearly all of East Tennessee's electricity. TVA operates the [[Sequoyah Nuclear Plant|Sequoyah]] and [[Watts Bar Nuclear Plant|Watts Bar]] nuclear plants in [[Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee|Soddy-Daisy]] and [[Rhea County, Tennessee|Rhea County]], respectively, the [[Kingston Fossil Plant|Kingston]] and [[Bull Run Fossil Plant|Bull Run]] coal-fired plants, the latter of which is near Oak Ridge, the John Sevier [[combined cycle power plant|combined cycle]] natural gas-fired plant near [[Rogersville, Tennessee|Rogersville]], the [[Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant]] near Chattanooga, a [[Wind power in Tennessee#Buffalo Mountain|wind-powered facility near Oak Ridge]], and several [[hydroelectric power in the United States|hydroelectric]] dams in East Tennessee. The two newest civilian [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear power reactors]] in the United States are located at the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant. Unit 1 began operation in 1996 and Unit 2 started operating in 2016, making it the only new nuclear power reactor to begin operation in the United States in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mooney|first=Chris|date=June 17, 2016|title=It's the first new U.S. nuclear reactor in decades. And climate change has made that a very big deal|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/06/17/the-u-s-is-powering-up-its-first-new-nuclear-reactor-in-decades/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 4, 2020}}</ref> Officials at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the TVA are studying advancements in nuclear power as an energy source in a joint effort, including [[small modular reactor]]s.<ref name="smallmodreactor">{{cite web |title=ORNL, TVA sign agreement to collaborate on advanced reactor technologies |url=https://www.ornl.gov/news/ornl-tva-sign-agreement-collaborate-advanced-reactor-technologies |website=[[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] |access-date=October 7, 2020 |date=February 19, 2020}}</ref> ===Mining=== The Ridge-and-Valley region of East Tennessee is home to several of the largest deposits of [[zinc]] in the United States, including the Mossy Creek deposits in [[Jefferson County, Tennessee|Jefferson County]] and the [[Grainger County, Tennessee|Grainger]] and [[Hancock County, Tennessee|Hancock]] counties' deposits, respectively.<ref name="zincdeposits">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Tommy |title=Zinc Deposits in East Tennessee |journal=Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series |date=January 1, 1992 |volume=14 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/books/book/2115/chapter/114712631/Itinerary |access-date=January 5, 2022 |publisher=Society of Economic Geologists |doi=10.5382/GB.14.Ch1 |isbn=9781934969670}}</ref> [[Tennessee marble]], a rare crystalline form of [[limestone]], is found only in several deposits in the East Tennessee region in the entire world. Its strong resemblance to true marble when polished has made it a popular construction material found in several structures and monuments around the United States.<ref name=powell>{{cite web |first1=Wayne G |last1=Powell |url=http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/powell/613webpage/NYCbuilding/TennesseeMarble/TennesseeMarble.htm |title=Tennessee Marble |access-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> The stone occurs in belts of [[Ordovician]]-period rocks known as the [[Holston Formation]],<ref name=powell /> Tennessee marble achieved such popularity in the late-19th century that [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]], the stone's primary finishing and distribution center, became known as "The Marble City."<ref>"Ask Doc Knox," "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100703020837/http://blogs.metropulse.com/ask_dr_knox/2010/05/whats-with-all-this-marble-cit.html What's With All This 'Marble City' Business?]" ''Metro Pulse'' May 10, 2010. Accessed at the Internet Archive, October 5, 2015.</ref> ===Tourism=== [[File:Thunderhead (Dollywood) 03.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|Riders aboard the roller coaster [[Thunderhead (roller coaster)|Thunderhead]] at [[Dollywood]], one of the nation's most popular theme parks.<ref name="rhodes">{{cite web |last1=Rhodes |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Romano |first2=Andrea |title=These Are the Best Theme Parks in the United States |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/attractions/amusement-parks/tripadvisor-best-theme-parks-in-america |website=[[Travel + Leisure]] |access-date=January 30, 2021}}</ref>]] While the mountain springs of East Tennessee and the cooler upper elevations of its mountainous areas have long provided a retreat from the region's summertime heat, much of East Tennessee's tourism industry is a result of land conservation movements in the 1920s and 1930s. The [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]], established in 1934, led to a tourism boom in Sevier and Blount counties, effectively converting the tiny mountain hamlets of [[Gatlinburg, Tennessee|Gatlinburg]] and [[Pigeon Forge, Tennessee|Pigeon Forge]] into resort towns. Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most visited national park in the United States, receiving more than 14 million visitors annually. The park also anchors a massive tourism industry in nearby Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, and [[Sevierville, Tennessee|Sevierville]], which is the third largest in the state.<ref>{{cite report|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=August 2020|title=2019 Economic Impact of Travel on Tennessee|url=https://industry.tnvacation.com/sites/industry/files/component/pod/2019%20Economic%20Impact.pdf|publisher=Tennessee Department of Tourist Development|access-date=2021-04-18}}</ref> Attractions include [[Dollywood]] (the most visited ticketed attraction in Tennessee), [[Ober Gatlinburg]], and Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies. Other tourist attractions maintained by the [[National Park Service]] are [[Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area]] and [[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]], both in the Cumberland Mountains, [[Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park]], [[Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail]], [[Trail of Tears#Landmarks and commemorations|Trail of Tears National Historic Trail]], and the [[Manhattan Project National Historical Park]]. East Tennessee is home to several scenic roadways including the [[Foothills Parkway]], the [[East Tennessee Crossing Byway]], the [[U.S. Route 441 in Tennessee|Norris Freeway]], [[Tennessee State Route 63|Cumberland National Scenic Byway]], the [[U.S. Route 129 in Tennessee|Tail of the Dragon]], the [[Cherohala Skyway]], and the [[Ocoee Scenic Byway]].<ref name="scenicbyway">{{cite web |title=Tennessee Byways |url=https://nsbfoundation.com/blog/tennessee-byways/ |website=National Scenic Byway Foundation |access-date=September 13, 2020 |date=March 25, 2020}}</ref> The [[Appalachian Trail]], one of the world's most well-known hiking trails, was built in the mid-1930s and passes along the Tennessee-North Carolina border. The Cherokee National Forest was established during the same period and preserves most of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Tennessee that are not part of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The [[Ocoee River]] in Polk County attracts thousands of whitewater rafters each year and is the most rafted river in the nation. The nearby gentler Hiwassee River is also a top attraction in East Tennessee.<ref>{{cite news|last=Coco|first=Claudia|date=June 6, 2019|title=Rafting on the Ocoee River brings millions in revenue for Polk County|url=https://www.wrcbtv.com/story/40606983/rafting-on-the-ocoee-river-brings-millions-in-revenue-for-polk-co|work=[[WRCB-TV]]|location=Chattanooga, Tennessee|access-date=2020-06-29}}</ref> Reservoirs created in the aftermath of the TVA's hydroelectric projects in the upper East Tennessee region, including [[Cherokee Lake|Cherokee]], [[Douglas Lake|Douglas]], [[Fort Loudoun Lake|Fort Loudoun]], and [[Norris Lake (Tennessee)|Norris]] provide recreational opportunities on and along the shores via water sports, boating, fishing, and [[Holiday cottage|"second-home" development]].<ref name="TVA99">{{cite journal |title=Supporting a Thriving River System |journal=Tennessee Valley Authority Annual Report |date=1999 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFq_VeUhdIIC |access-date=October 7, 2021}}</ref> Attractions in Chattanooga include the [[Tennessee Aquarium]], the nation's largest freshwater aquarium, and [[Rock City (roadside attraction)|Rock City]], and [[Ruby Falls]] on Lookout Mountain, the latter two of which are perhaps best known for their unique advertisements painted on barn roofs across the southeast.<ref>Gary Jenkins, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=808 Lookout Mountain]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> The Tennessee Aquarium coincided with the revitalization of Chattanooga's riverfront, which helped to bolster the downtown districts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Morrison|first=Chloe|url=http://www.nooga.com/167888/hamilton-county-expected-to-bring-in-1-billion-in-tourism-revenue/|title=Hamilton County expected to bring in $1 billion in tourism revenue|date=September 24, 2014|work=Nooga.com}}</ref> The city has become an outdoor sports mecca, being heralded as the "Best Town Ever" by [[Outside (magazine)|''Outside'']] magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outsideonline.com/adventure-travel/best-towns/Sweet-HomeChattanooga.html|title=America's Best Towns 2011|date=August 29, 2011}}</ref> ==Transportation== ===Roads=== [[File:Appalachian Corridor S, Grainger County, TN.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[U.S. Route 25E]] serves as both Corridor S of the [[Appalachian Development Highway System]] and the [[East Tennessee Crossing Byway]].]] [[Interstate 75 in Tennessee|Interstate 75]] (I-75) enters East Tennessee in Chattanooga, runs northeast to Knoxville, and then turns north, passing through the Cumberland Mountains into Kentucky. [[Interstate 40 in Tennessee|Interstate 40]] (I-40) traverses the region in an east to west alignment, passing through Knoxville. I-40 and I-75 run [[concurrency (road)|concurrent]] for nearly {{convert|20|mi|km}} in Knoxville and carry more than 210,000 [[annual average daily traffic|vehicles per day]] at their busiest point, the highest traffic volume in Tennessee. [[Interstate 81 in Tennessee|Interstate 81]] (I-81) begins about {{convert|35|mi|km}} east of Knoxville, and runs northeast to Bristol. [[U.S. Route 23 in Tennessee|Interstate 26]] (I-26), while technically an east–west route, begins in Kingsport, runs south to Johnson City, and enters North Carolina to the south, crossing the Blue Ridge Mountains. [[Interstate 24 in Tennessee|Interstate 24]] (I-24) terminates in Chattanooga, and connects the region to Nashville. In Knoxville, both I-40 and I-75 each have auxiliary routes: [[Pellissippi Parkway|I-140]], [[Interstate 640|I-640]], and [[Interstate 275 (Tennessee)|I-275]]. Several designated corridors of the [[Appalachian Development Highway System]] are located in the region, including Corridors B, F, J, K, S, and V, which provide [[Limited-access road|expressway]] connection to Interstate Highways.<ref name="ADHS">{{cite web |title=ADHS Approved Corridors and Termini |url=https://www.arc.gov/adhs-approved-corridors-and-termini/ |website=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |access-date=October 7, 2021}}</ref> Other major surface routes in East Tennessee which are part of the [[National Highway System (United States)|National Highway System]] (NHS) are [[List of U.S. Highways in Tennessee|U.S. Routes]] [[U.S. Route 11W|11W]], [[U.S. Route 19 in Tennessee|19]], [[U.S. Route 25E|25E]], [[U.S. Route 27 in Tennessee|27]], [[U.S. Route 64 in Tennessee|64]], [[U.S. Route 321|321]], and [[U.S. Route 411|411]].<ref name=tdotmap>{{cite map|title = 2020 Official Transportation Map|year = 2020 |url = https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/tdot/maps/state-maps/2020_Transportation_Map.pdf|publisher = Tennessee Department of Transportation|access-date = June 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|title=National Highway System : Tennessee|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/nhs_maps/tennessee/tn_tennessee.pdf|date=September 30, 2020|publisher=Federal Highway Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=June 5, 2021}}</ref> ===Air, rail, and water=== Major airports in East Tennessee include [[McGhee Tyson Airport]] (TYS) in [[Alcoa, Tennessee|Alcoa]] outside of Knoxville, [[Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport]] (CHA), and [[Tri-Cities Regional Airport]] (TRI) in [[Blountville, Tennessee|Blountville]]. Several other [[general aviation]] airports are located in the region. [[Norfolk Southern Railway]] operates rail lines in East Tennessee, include multiple tracks that intersect in Knoxville and Chattanooga. The Tennessee River is the only [[Inland waterways of the United States|navigable waterway]] in East Tennessee via a lock-and-canal system at through several TVA hydroelectric dams.<ref>{{cite report |date=2019 |title=Economic Impact of Tennessee's Inland Waterways |url=https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/tdot/freight-and-logistics/HO_WaterwaysProfile_TN.pdf |publisher=National Waterways Foundation|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref> ==Higher education== The region's major public universities are the [[University of Tennessee|Knoxville]] and [[University of Tennessee at Chattanooga|Chattanooga]] campuses of the [[University of Tennessee system|University of Tennessee]] and [[East Tennessee State University]] in Johnson City. Private four-year institutions include [[Bryan College]], [[Carson–Newman University]], [[King University]], [[Lee University]], [[Lincoln Memorial University]], [[Maryville College]], [[Milligan University]], [[Johnson University]], [[Tennessee Wesleyan University]], and [[Tusculum University]]. Several public community colleges and vocational/technical schools also are located in the region, such as [[Northeast State Community College]] in Blountville, [[Walters State Community College]] in Morristown, [[Pellissippi State Community College]] near Knoxville, [[Chattanooga State Community College]], and [[Cleveland State Community College]]. The [[Tennessee College of Applied Technology]] has several campuses across the area. The University of Tennessee's athletic teams, nicknamed the "[[Tennessee Volunteers|Volunteers]]", or "Vols", are the region's most popular sports teams, and constitute a multimillion-dollar industry.<ref name=majors>John Majors and Ann Toplovich, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=474 College Football]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> The university's [[American football|football]] team plays at [[Neyland Stadium]], one of the nation's largest stadiums.<ref>[http://www.utsports.com/facilities/neyland-stadium.html Neyland Stadium] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120919161226/http://www.utsports.com/facilities/neyland-stadium.html |date=September 19, 2012 }}. UTsports.com, 2009. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> Neyland is flanked by the [[Thompson–Boling Arena]], which has broken several attendance records for college men's and women's basketball.<ref>[http://www.utsports.com/facilities/thompson-boling-arena.html Thompson-Boling Assembly Center & Arena] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130205094408/http://www.utsports.com/facilities/thompson-boling-arena.html |date=February 5, 2013 }}. UTsports.com, 2009. Retrieved: August 18, 2009.</ref> ==Legal structure== According to the [[Tennessee State Constitution|state constitution]], no more than two of the [[Tennessee Supreme Court]]'s five justices can come from any one Grand Division.<ref name=lyons>{{cite book |last1=Lyons |first1=William |last2=Scheb II |first2=John M. |last3=Stair |first3=Billy |date=2001 |title=Government and Politics in Tennessee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ac0Qtk_c7uoC |location=Knoxville |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=9781572331419 |pages=51–52 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The Supreme Court rotates meeting in courthouses in each of the three divisions. The Supreme Court building for East Tennessee is in Knoxville. A similar rule applies to certain other commissions and boards as well, to prevent them from showing a geographic and population bias. ==Politics== {| class="wikitable" class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:1em 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;" |+ '''East Tennessee vote by party in presidential elections<ref name="DL">{{cite web |title = Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections |url = http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ |access-date = August 26, 2018 }}</ref>''' |- ! Year ![[Republican Party (United States)|GOP]] ![[Democratic Party (United States)|DEM]] !Others |- | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2020 United States presidential election in Tennessee|2020]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2020&fips=26&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=Election results|date=2020 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref>''' | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''68.97%''' ''771,076'' | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|29.27% ''327,192'' | style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.76% ''19,671'' |- | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2016 United States presidential election in Tennessee|2016]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2016&fips=26&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=Election results|date=2016 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''69.26%''' ''638,260'' | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|25.96% ''239,241'' | style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|4.78% ''44,086'' |- | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2012 United States presidential election in Tennessee|2012]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2012&fips=26&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=Election results|date= 2012|website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''68.00%''' ''602,623'' | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|30.22% ''267,804'' | style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.78% ''15,760'' |- | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2008 United States presidential election in Tennessee|2008]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2008&fips=26&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=Election results|date=2008 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''65.28%''' ''610,413'' | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|33.22% ''310,586'' | style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.50% ''14,021'' |- | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2004 United States presidential election in Tennessee|2004]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2004&fips=26&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=Election results|date=2004 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''63.91%''' ''573,626'' | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|35.33% ''317,150'' | style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|0.76% ''6,783'' |- | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2000 United States presidential election in Tennessee|2000]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2000&fips=26&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=Election results|date=2000 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''58.34%''' ''449,014'' | style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|40.00% ''307,924'' | style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.66% ''12,772'' |} Politically, East Tennessee has historically been an outlier in Tennessee and the South. It is one of the few regions in the South that have consistently voted [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and one of the oldest Republican regions in the United States. Indeed, several counties in the region are among the few in the country to have never voted for a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] in a presidential election. The state's [[Tennessee's 1st congressional district|1st]] and [[Tennessee's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] congressional districts, anchored in the Tri-Cities and Knoxville respectively, are among the few ancestrally Republican regions in the South. The 1st has been held by Republicans or their predecessors without interruption since 1881, and for all but four years since 1859.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennessee's 1st Congressional District |url=https://voteview.com/district/Johnson%20City,%20TN |website=voteview.com |publisher=UCLA Department of Political Science |access-date=July 22, 2021 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref> The 2nd has been in the hands of Republicans or their predecessors since 1855.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennessee's 2nd Congressional District |url=https://voteview.com/district/Knoxville,%20TN |website=voteview.com |publisher=UCLA Department of Political Science |access-date=July 22, 2021 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref> Until the 1950s, congressmen from the 1st and 2nd Districts were among the few truly senior Republican congressmen from the South. Historically, Democrats were more competitive in the Chattanooga-based [[Tennessee's 3rd congressional district|3rd district]], but recent trends have made it almost as staunchly Republican as the 1st and 2nd districts. East Tennessee Republican leanings are rooted in its antebellum [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] sentiments (historian O.P. Temple actually traces this sentiment back to the anti-aristocratic [[Covenanters]] of Scotland).<ref name=temple>Oliver Perry Temple, ''East Tennessee and the Civil War'' (Cincinnati: R. Clarke, 1972), pp. 15–17, 547, 556–8.</ref> As in much of southern Appalachia, the region's [[yeoman]] farmers clashed with the large-scale planters and business interests that controlled the Democratic Party and dominated most southern state legislatures. East Tennesseans revered the likes of John Sevier and Davy Crockett and were drawn to the political philosophies of [[Henry Clay]] and [[Daniel Webster]].<ref name=temple /> They tended to reject the policies of the [[Southern Democrats]], who were deemed "aristocratic" (Andrew Jackson's popularity in the Chattanooga area— which he helped open to European-American settlement— created a stronger Democratic base in southeastern Tennessee, however). In the early 1840s, state Senator Andrew Johnson actually introduced a bill in the state legislature that would have created a separate state in East Tennessee.<ref>Eric Lacy, ''Vanquished Volunteers: East Tennessee Sectionalism from Statehood to Secession'' (Johnson City, Tenn.: East Tennessee State University Press, 1965), pp. 122–126.</ref> While the Whigs disintegrated in the 1850s, East Tennesseans continued their opposition to Southern Democrats with the [[Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)|Opposition Party]] and the [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union Party]], the latter capturing the state's electoral votes in 1860. Pro-Union sentiment during the Civil War (which was reinforced by the Confederate army's occupation of the region) evolved into support for President Abraham Lincoln. The congressmen from the 1st and 2nd districts were the only congressmen who did not resign when Tennessee seceded. The residents of those districts immediately identified with the Republicans after hostilities ceased and have supported the Republican Party ever since. The [[Radical Republican]] post-war policies of Governor Brownlow greatly polarized the state along party lines, with East Tennesseans mostly supporting Brownlow and Middle and West Tennesseans mostly rejecting him. The Southern Democrats regained control of the state government in the early 1870s, but Republican sentiment remained solid in East Tennessee, especially in the 1st and 2nd Districts. By the 1880s, the state's Democrats had an unwritten agreement with the state's Republicans whereby Republicans would split presidential patronage of Republican presidencies with the Democrats so long as the Democrats allowed them continued influence in state affairs.<ref name=langsdon /> In 1888, Pennsylvania-born [[Henry Clay Evans]] was elected to the congressional seat for the 3rd District. Evans, who rejected compromise and the splitting of presidential patronage with the state's Democrats, strongly supported a bill that would have turned over control of state elections to the federal government. In response, the state legislature [[gerrymandering|gerrymandered]] the 3rd District, ensuring Evans' defeat in 1890.<ref name=langsdon>Phillip Langsdon, ''Tennessee: A Political History'' (Franklin, Tenn.: Hillsboro Press, 2000), pp. 218–219.</ref> After 1901, more than a half-century passed without the state legislature redistricting, in spite of population shifts. In 1959, Memphis resident Charles Baker sued the legislature in hopes of forcing it to redraw the districts, culminating in the landmark [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] case ''[[Baker v. Carr]]''.<ref>John Vile, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=53 Baker v. Carr]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: August 27, 2009.</ref> In the decades after this case, the 3rd District has been redrawn several times, and a new [[Tennessee's 4th congressional district|4th District]] was carved in part out of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Districts. The 2000s round of redistricting made the 3rd more Republican and the 4th more Democratic.<ref>Dave Flessner, [http://timesfreepress.com/news/2009/may/20/lawmakers-redraw-districts-based-upon-2010-populat/?local Lawmakers to Redraw Districts Based Upon 2010 Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723215333/http://timesfreepress.com/news/2009/may/20/lawmakers-redraw-districts-based-upon-2010-populat/?local |date=July 23, 2011 }}. ''Chattanooga Times Free Press'', May 20, 2009. Retrieved: August 27, 2009.</ref> After the 2010 elections and the redistricting before 2012, though, the Republicans in control of state government made both the 3rd and 4th Districts significantly more Republican, and both are now among the most Republican districts in the country. ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Corlew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Folmsbee |first2=Stanley E. |last3=Mitchell |first3=Enoch |date=1981 |title=Tennessee: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/tennesseeshorthi0000corl_y4h1/ |location=Knoxville |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |edition=2nd |isbn=9780870496479 |ref={{sfnref|Corlew|1981}} |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite book |last=Finger |first=John R. |title=Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition |title-link=Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-253-33985-0 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gaventa |first1=John |date=1982 |title=Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osTx9nJZ9HoC |location=Urbana, Illinois |publisher=University of Illinois Press |edition=1st |isbn=9780252009853 |via=Google Books}} * {{cite book |last=Langsdon |first=Phillip R. |title=Tennessee: A Political History |date=2000 |publisher=Hillboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781577361251 |url=https://archive.org/details/tennesseepolitic0000lang |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite book |last=Moore |first=Harry |title=A Geologic Trip Across Tennessee by Interstate 40 |date=1994 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |location=Knoxville |isbn=9780870498329 |pages=55–56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbo-dSSnF4kC |access-date=May 14, 2021 |via=Google Books}} * {{cite book |last1=Safford |first1=James M. |author1-link=James M. Safford |title=Geology of Tennessee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teSZFz97uYAC |date=1869 |publisher=S.C. Mercer |location=Nashville |isbn=978-1-4585-0040-3 |via=Google Books}} * {{cite book |last=Satz |first=Ronald |title=Tennessee's Indian Peoples |url=https://archive.org/details/tennesseesindian0000satz |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |location=[[Knoxville, Tennessee]] |isbn=978-0-87049-285-3 |year=1979 |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite book|last=Temple|first=Oliver Perry|date=1899|title=East Tennessee and the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/easttennesseean00tempgoog|location=Cincinnati|publisher=[[Robert Clarke & Company]]|pages=340–365|isbn=1166069060|author-link=Oliver Perry Temple|via=Internet Archive}} {{refend}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630145820/http://www.east-tennessee-history.org/ East Tennessee Historical Society] *[https://www.tnvacation.com/east-tennessee "Travel and Discover East Tennessee"] at the Convention and Visitors Bureau * {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Tennessee/Regions/East_Tennessee/|East Tennessee}} {{Tennessee}} {{State of Franklin}} {{Tennessee in the Civil War}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|35.9|-84.1|display=title}} [[Category:East Tennessee| ]] [[Category:Geography of Appalachia]] [[Category:Regions of Tennessee]] [[Category:State of Franklin]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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