Doctrine

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{{Short description|Codification of beliefs}}
'''Doctrine''' (from {{lang-la|[[Wikt:doctrina|doctrina]]}}, meaning "teaching, instruction") is a [[codification (law)|codification]] of beliefs or a body of [[teacher|teachings]] or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a [[belief system]]. The [[Etymology|etymological]] [[Greece|Greek]] analogue is "[[catechism]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100510202232/https://www.wordiq.com/definition/Doctrine Doctrine – Definition at ''WordIQ.com'' 2010]</ref>

Often the word ''doctrine'' specifically suggests a body of [[religion|religious]] principles as [[promulgated]] by a church. ''Doctrine'' may also refer to a principle of law, in the [[common-law]] traditions, established through a history of past decisions.

==Religious usage==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}} 
Examples of religious doctrines include:
* [[Christian theology]]: 
** Doctrines such as the [[Trinity]], the [[Virgin Birth (Christian doctrine)|virgin birth]] and [[atonement in Christianity|atonement]]
** The [[Salvation Army]] ''Handbook of Doctrine''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.salvationarmy.org/doctrine/handbookdoctrine|author=Salvation Army International Theological Council|title=Handbook of Doctrine|location=London|publisher=Salvation Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-85412-822-8}}</ref>
**[[Transubstantiation]] and [[Mariology of the Catholic Church|Marian teachings]] in [[Roman Catholic theology]]. The department of the [[Roman Curia]] which deals with questions of doctrine is called the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167462/Congregation-for-the-Doctrine-of-the-Faith |title=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (Roman Catholic Church) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=2013-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/curia/cdfboff.htm |title=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith |publisher=Ewtn.com |access-date=2013-03-07}}</ref>
** The distinctive [[Calvinist]] doctrine of [[Predestination (Calvinism)|"double" predestination]]
**The [[Methodist Church of Great Britain]] refers to the "doctrines to which the preachers of the Methodist Church are pledged" as ''doctrinal standards'' <ref>[https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-church/doctrine-of-the-methodist-church/ Doctrine of the Methodist Church], accessed 25 May 2018</ref> 
* ''[[Yuga]]'' in [[Hinduism]]
* Postulation or ''[[Syādvāda]]'' in [[Jainism]]
* The [[Four Noble Truths]] in [[Buddhism]]

[[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] doctrine generally comes from the writings of the [[Church Fathers]], which has been clarified in various [[Ecumenical council]]s. Short versions can be found in [[s:Blessed be God/Brief Statement Of Christian Doctrine|brief statements of Christian doctrine]], in prayer books.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Blessed be God/Brief Statement Of Christian Doctrine|Brief Statement Of Christian Doctrine]]|title=Blessed be God; a complete Catholic prayer book|year=1925|publisher=P. J. Kenedy & Sons|first=Very Rev. Charles J.|last=Callan}}</ref> Longer versions take the form of [[catechisms]]. [[Protestants]] generally reject [[Christian tradition]] and instead derive their doctrine [[Sola scriptura|solely from the Bible]].<ref name="Wisse 2017">{{cite book |author-last=Wisse |author-first=Maarten |year=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |chapter=PART I: Systematic Perspectives – ''Contra et Pro Sola Scriptura'' |editor1-last=Burger |editor1-first=Hans |editor2-last=Huijgen |editor2-first=Arnold |editor3-last=Peels |editor3-first=Eric |title=Sola Scriptura: Biblical and Theological Perspectives on Scripture, Authority, and Hermeneutics |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Studies in Reformed Theology |volume=32 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1163/9789004356436_003 |isbn=978-90-04-35643-6 |issn=1571-4799}}</ref>

==Philosophical usage==
* [[Epicurus]]' 40 Principal Doctrines, the first four of which make up the [[Tetrapharmakos]]{{Cn|date=September 2021}}

==Measure of religiosity==
According to sociologist [[Mervin F. Verbit|Mervin Verbit]], doctrine may be understood as one of the key components of [[religiosity]]. He divides doctrine into four categories: content, frequency (degree to which it may occupy the person's mind), intensity and centrality. Each of these may vary from one religion to the next, within that religious tradition.<ref>Verbit, M. F. (1970). The components and dimensions of religious behavior: Toward a reconceptualization of religiosity. American mosaic, 24, 39.</ref><ref>Küçükcan, T. (2010). Multidimensional Approach to Religion: a way of looking at religious phenomena. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 4(10), 60–70.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eskieserler.com/dosyalar/mpdf%20(1135).pdf |title=Microsoft Word - M-26.doc |access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref>

In this sense, doctrine is similar to [[Charles Y. Glock|Charles Glock]]'s "belief" dimension of religiosity.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Glock, Charles Y. |editor1-last=Faulkner |editor1-first=Joseph E. |title=Religion's Influence in Contemporary Society: Readings in the Sociology of Religion |date=1972-06-01 |publisher=Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co. |location=Ohio |isbn=978-0675091053 |page=39 (of 38-56) |chapter=On the Study of Religious Commitment}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Glock |first1=Charles Y. |title=Religious Education: On the Study of Religious Commitment |url=https://www5.galib.uga.edu/reserves/docs/scanner%20pc%20shelter/ill%20scans/michael/glock_on_the_study_of_religious_commitment.pdf |website=University of Georgia Libraries |archive-url=https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/results?vid=4&sid=92f06a21-a9ff-4455-bac2-cb635992e3de%40sessionmgr4007&bquery=glock+%22study+of+religious+commitment%22&bdata=JnR5cGU9MCZzZWFyY2hNb2RlPUFuZCZzaXRlPWVkcy1saXZl |archive-date=2020-09-27 |location=Survey Research Center, University of California, Berkeley |pages=98-110 (Volume 57, Issue 4) |date=July 1962}}</ref>

==Military usage==
The term also applies to the concept of an established procedure to execute an operation in [[war]]fare. The typical example is [[Military doctrine|tactical doctrine]] in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack.

Examples of [[military doctrine]]s include:
* ''[[Guerre de course]]''
* [[Hit-and-run tactics]]
* [[Alfred Mahan|Mahanian]] of late 19th up to mid-20th century
* [[Manhunt (military)|Manhunting doctrine]], or assured individual destruction
* [[Shock and awe]]
* [[Soviet deep battle]] of World War II
* [[Trench warfare]] of World War I
==Cold War doctrines==
The [[Cold War]] saw the enunciation of several strategic doctrines designed to contain Soviet expansion.

[[Carter Doctrine]] was announced in 1980 by American President [[Jimmy Carter]] after the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. It declared that any Soviet aggression towards the Persian Gulf would be considered a danger to the essential interests of the United States. This led to the creation of significant American military installations in the area and the formation of the [[Rapid Deployment Force]]. The proclamation reinforced the previous [[Truman Doctrine]] and [[Eisenhower Doctrine]] and to some extent it rejected the [[Nixon Doctrine]]. See also [[Reagan Doctrine]].<ref> Melvyn P. Leffler, "From the Truman Doctrine to the Carter Doctrine: Lessons and Dilemmas of the Cold War." ''Diplomatic History'' 7.4 (1983): 245-266.</ref>

==Peacekeeping doctrines==
In modern [[peacekeeping operations]], which involve both civilian and military operations, more comprehensive (not just military) doctrines are now emerging such as the 2008 [[United Nations]] peacekeeping operations' "Capstone Doctrine"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf|title=Peacekeeping Resource Hub|website=pbpu.unlb.org|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214105/https://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations.

==Political usage==
<!--This section is linked from [[Political doctrine]]-->
By definition, political doctrine is "[a] policy, position or principle advocated, taught or put into effect concerning the acquisition and exercise of the power to govern or administrate in society."<ref name="eionet">{{cite web|url=https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept?cp=6381&langcode=en&ns=1 |title=Political doctrine (definition) |publisher=Eionet.europa.eu |date=2012-07-20 |access-date=2013-03-07}}</ref> The term political doctrine is sometimes wrongly identified with political ideology. However, doctrine lacks ''the actional aspect'' of ideology. It is mainly a theoretical discourse, which "refers to a coherent sum of assertions regarding what a particular topic should be" (Bernard Crick). Political doctrine is based on a rationally elaborated set of values, which may precede the formation of a political identity ''per se''. It is concerned with philosophical orientations on a ''meta-theoretical'' level.<ref name="sferapoliticii">{{cite web | url=https://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/169/art09-Sandru.php | title=Ideology, Between the Concept and the Political Reality | publisher=Sfera Politicii nr. 169 | work=The Knowledge Based Society Project | access-date=March 10, 2013 | author=Dr. Daniel Șandru | archive-date=April 24, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424020537/http://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/169/art09-Sandru.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legal usage==
A [[legal doctrine]] is a body of interrelated rules (usually of [[common law]] and built over a long period of time) associated with a legal concept or principle. For example, the doctrine of [[frustration of purpose]] now has many tests and rules applicable with regards to each other and can be contained within a "bubble" of ''frustration''. In a court session a defendant may refer to the doctrine of justification.{{Cn|date=September 2021}}

It can be seen that a branch of law contains various doctrines, which in turn contain various ''rules'' or ''tests''. The test of ''non-occurrence of crucial event'' is part of the doctrine of ''frustration'' which is part of [[contract|contract law]]. Doctrines can grow into a branch of [[law]]; [[restitution]] is now considered a branch of [[law]] separate to [[contract]] and [[tort]].{{Cn|date=September 2021}}

==Doctor==
The title of Doctor in fact means "one with the authority to establish doctrine in his or her respective field of study"; a ''doctorate'' is a terminal academic degree that legally confers said authority within its respective field. For more information, see [[Doctor (title)]].

==See also==
* [[Betancourt Doctrine]]
* {{annotated link|Bush Doctrine}}
* {{annotated link|Carter Doctrine}}
* {{annotated link|Doxa}}
*{{annotated link|Dogma}}
* {{annotated link|Drago Doctrine}}
* {{annotated link|Eisenhower Doctrine}}
* {{annotated link|Giedroyc Doctrine}}
* {{annotated link|Hallstein Doctrine}}
* {{annotated link|Monroe Doctrine}}
* {{annotated link|Truman Doctrine}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}

[[Category:Doctrines| ]]
[[Category:Belief]]
[[Category:Dogma]]