Doctor of Science

{{Distinguish|Doctor of Sciences}}{{short description|Doctoral academic research degree}}
A '''Doctor of Science''' ({{lang-la|links=no|Scientiae Doctor}}; most commonly abbreviated '''DSc''' or '''ScD''') is a science doctorate awarded in a number of countries throughout the world. In some countries, a Doctor of Science is the degree used for the standard doctorate in the sciences; elsewhere a Doctor of Science is a "[[higher doctorate]]" awarded in recognition of a substantial and sustained contribution to scientific knowledge beyond that required for a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD).

== Africa ==

=== Algeria and Morocco ===
In Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia, all universities accredited by the state award a "Doctorate" in all fields of science and humanities, equivalent to a PhD in the United Kingdom or United States.

Some universities in these four Arab countries award a "Doctorate of the State" in some fields of study and science. A "Doctorate of the State" is slightly higher in esteem than a regular doctorate, and is awarded after performing additional in-depth post-doctorate research or achievement.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

== Asia ==

=== Japan ===

Similarly to in the US, Japanese universities offer both the PhD and the ScD as initial doctorates in science.

=== India ===
In India only a few prestigious universities offer ScD/DSc in science which is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and a doctoral defence. The oldest institute to award a [[D.Sc.|DSc]] degree in India is [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol29_1_6_SCGhosh.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324042848/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol29_1_6_SCGhosh.pdf |date=2020-03-24 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

=== Thailand ===
Higher education institutes in Thailand generally grant PhD as a doctoral research degree, some universities including [[Chulalongkorn University]] award DSc. In exception, [[Mahidol University]] can grant both PhD and DSc Doctoral students in Faculty of Science are always awarded PhD, but some other programs award DSc.{{Specify|reason=i do not believe that it is clear in the slightest what is meant by this sentence and there's no citation to verify or clarify with|date=March 2024}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=there's no citation in this section for any claims made; if the citation is at the bottom and not referenced, please use the tool to add it in}}

=== Uzbekistan ===
DSc or PhD degrees are awarded after dissertation and fulfilling the required publication number.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lex.uz/uz/docs/-3244217|title=O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi Huzuridagi Oliy Attestatsiya Komissiyasi Rayosatining Qarori – Ilmiy Darajalar Berish Tartibi To'g'risidagi Nizomni Tasdiqlash Haqida|website=lex.uz|access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref> In order to qualify for DSc, one is required to have attained a PhD. The higher education institutes in Uzbekistan also grant DSc degrees. As an example, the National University of Uzbekistan and the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences offer DSc in various fields.

== Europe ==

=== Austria, Germany, and Switzerland ===
In Germany, Austria, and the [[German-speaking Switzerland|German-speaking part]] of Switzerland, the most common doctoral degrees in [[Natural Sciences]] are the following:
* [[Dr. rer. nat.]]: Doctor rerum naturalium, literally "Doctor of the things of nature"
* Dr rer. medic.: Doctor rerum medicarum, Doctor of medical sciences
* Dr. sc. med.: Doctor scientiarum medicarum, Doctor of science in medicine
* Dr sc. nat.: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften, Doctor of [[Natural Sciences]]
* Dr sc. ETH: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften ETH, Doctor of Natural Sciences, awarded by [[ETH Zurich]], Switzerland.
* Dr phil. nat.: Doctor philosophiae naturalis, used only by [[Goethe University Frankfurt]] instead of Dr rer. nat; Doctor of Natural Sciences, awarded by Swiss universities.
* [[Dr.-Ing.]]: Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Doctor of Engineering), awarded by German universities in areas of technology and engineering.
* Dr mont.: Doctor rerum montanarum, awarded by the [[University of Leoben]] instead of Dr techn.
* Dr techn.: Doctor technicae, awarded by Austrian technical universities.
* Dr nat. techn.: Doctor rerum naturalium technicarum, awarded by the [[University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna]] instead of Dr techn.

In these countries there are some related doctoral degrees with very similar names, these are the:

* Dr sc. agr.: Doctor scientiarum agrariarum, Doctor of [[Agricultural science]]
* Dr sc. hum.: Doctor scientiarum humanarum, Doctor of [[Humanistic]] Sciences
* Dr sc. inf.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum, Doctor of Science in [[Informatics (academic field)|Informatics]]
* Dr sc. inf.med.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum medicæ, Doctor of Science in [[Medical Informatics]]
* Dr sc. inf.biomed.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum biomedicæ, Doctor of Science in [[Biomedicine|Biomedical]] Informatics
* Dr sc. math.: Doctor scientiarum mathematicarum, Doctor of [[Mathematics]]
* Dr scient. med.: Doctor scientiæ medicæ, Doctor of [[Medicine|Medical]] Sciences
* Dr sc. mus.: Doctor scientiae musicae, Doctor of [[Musicology]]
* Dr sc. oec.: Doctor scientiarum oeconomicarum, Doctor of [[Economics]]
* Dr sc. pol.: Doctor scientiarum politicarum, Doctor of [[Political Sciences]]
* Dr rer. pol.: Doctor rerum politicarum, Doctor of economics, business administration, or political science
* Dr sc. soc.: Doctor scientiae socialis, Doctor of [[Social Sciences]]

All of these doctoral degrees are equivalent to the PhD or ScD of the American system. Until [[German Reunification]], universities in East Germany also awarded the DrSc. However, the East German DrSc was not equivalent to the PhD since it was adopted to replace the German [[Habilitation]] and therefore was equivalent to this higher-level qualification. After reunification the Habilitation was reintroduced at universities in Eastern Germany.

The procedure of [[habilitation]] is normally required to receive officially the "venia docendi", which entitles the candidate to lecture at universities (''[[Privatdozent]]'', for men, or ''Privatdozentin'', for women). The academic degree after the successful habilitation is e.g. Dr. rer.nat. habil., by adding the suffix "habil." to the earlier received Doctors degree.

In Switzerland, the Dr sc. is a doctoral degree awarded only by the two [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Domain|Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology]] ([[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne|EPFL]] and [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich|ETHZ]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiv.ethlife.ethz.ch/articles/news/DoktortitelNeu.html|title=News: ETH Life - das tägliche Webjournal|website=archiv.ethlife.ethz.ch|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120425155756/http://archiv.ethlife.ethz.ch/articles/news/DoktortitelNeu.html|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> the [[University of Fribourg]] and the Department of Informatics of the [[University of Zurich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/teaching/studiengaenge/phd/red-tape/PVO_DInf08.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190722/http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/teaching/studiengaenge/phd/red-tape/PVO_DInf08.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-29 }}</ref> The Swiss Dr sc., like the DSc in the US, is equivalent to the PhD. It is earned with the approval of a committee on the basis of original research, publications, and extensive applied professional contributions and is awarded in doctoral level science and technology programs. Since 2004 the Dr sc. is the only doctoral degree awarded by the [[ETH Zurich]]. The {{Lang|fr|[[École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne]]|italic=no}} awards the degree ''Docteur ès sciences'', abbreviated ''Dr ès sc.''and translated into English as PhD.<ref>[https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19994202/index.html Ordinance on the doctorate conferred by the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114212448/https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19994202/index.html |date=2018-01-14 }} ([https://polylex.epfl.ch/files/content/sites/polylex/files/recueil_pdf/ENG/2.4.0.1_ordinance%20EDOC%20final_ANGL.pdf English translation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428003645/https://polylex.epfl.ch/files/content/sites/polylex/files/recueil_pdf/ENG/2.4.0.1_ordinance%20EDOC%20final_ANGL.pdf |date=2018-04-28 }}), [[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]], 1 September 2008 (page visited on 5 July 2017).</ref>

=== Poland ===
In Poland "Doctor of Sciences" or "Habilitation" ({{lang|pl|doktor habilitowany}} or {{lang|pl|dr hab.}} in Polish) is the degree higher than PhD and it is awarded for substantial accomplishments in teaching, research and service after getting the PhD degree (usually up to 8 years after PhD). It is very similar to the equivalent habilitation degree in Germany and Austria. It is also very similar (in terms of requirements) to associate professor with tenure.

The highest scientific degree in Poland is "professorship" or "full professor" ({{lang|pl|tytuł naukowy profesora, profesor tytularny}}), which is called a scientific title of professor. "Habilitation" has been a mandatory requirement for many years to apply for full professorship in Poland.

=== United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Pakistan and the Commonwealth ===
<!-- this section is linked to from [[Jack Drummond]] -->
In Ireland, the United Kingdom and the countries of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], such as Australia and India (in the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]]), the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) is one of the [[Higher doctorate#Higher Doctorates in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Commonwealth|Higher Doctorates]]. In some older universities it typically has precedence after Divinity, Laws or Civil Law, Medicine, and Letters, and above Music. The degree is conferred on a member of the university who has a proven record of internationally recognised scholarship. A candidate for the degree will usually be required to submit a selection of their publications that follow a consistent theme to the board of the appropriate faculty, which will decide if the candidate merits this accolade.<ref name=USQ>{{cite web |title=Higher Doctorates Procedure - University of Southern Queensland |url=https://policy.usq.edu.au/documents/13336PL |website=policy.usq.edu.au |publisher=University of Southern Queensland |access-date=1 March 2024|date=18 January 2022}}</ref> Quite often they will need to be a doctoral graduate of at least ten years standing and have a substantial research association with the awarding university.<ref name=USQ/>

The first University to admit an individual to this degree was the [[University of London]] in 1860.<ref>Pages xiii and xiv of ''The University of London and the World of Learning, 1836–1986'' by [[Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson]]. Published by Continuum International Publishing Group, 1990
{{ISBN|978-1-85285-032-6}}</ref> In 1893 [[Maria Gordon]] (née Ogilvie), was the first woman to receive this degree.<ref>{{cite book|last= Haines|first= Catharine M. C.|author2= Helen M. Stevens|title= International Women in Science|publisher= ABC-CLIO|year=2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain/page/115 115]|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain|url-access= registration|isbn=1-57607-090-5}}</ref>

In former times the doctorate in science was regarded as a greater distinction than a professorial chair and hence a professor who was also a DSc would be known as Doctor. The Doctor of Science may also be awarded as an honorary degree, that is, given to individuals who have made extensive contributions to a particular field and not for specific academic accomplishments. It is usual to signify this by adding DSc h.c. (for ''[[honoris causa]]'').

=== Other European Union countries ===
In the Czech Republic and Slovakia "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc behind the name), established in 1953, is equivalent to the degree of Doctor of Science in the sense in which the DSc is used in the Commonwealth. It is the highest academic qualification, different from both PhD and PhDr. titles. In the Czech Republic, DrSc has not been awarded since 2001; instead, since 2006, a "Doctor of Sciences" degree (DSc behind the name) has been awarded, not by universities but by the [[Czech Academy of Sciences]] mostly for research in the field of natural or formal science. In Slovakia, "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc) is awarded by the [[Slovak Academy of Sciences]].

In Hungary, "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc) is a higher doctorate degree and it is awarded by the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]].

In Finland, most doctoral degrees awarded in the fields of natural sciences, technology and economics are termed DSc degrees in English, with a suffix indicating the field of study. However, there is no translation of the term ''Doctor of Science'' to Finnish. For example, the proper translation for the doctorate in technology (''tekniikan tohtori'') would be DSc (Tech), whereas a doctorate in economics and business administration (''kauppatieteiden tohtori'') would be translated as DSc (Econ). When conversing or writing in English, the prefix ''Dr'' may be used to address a holder of a doctoral degree awarded in Finland. The degrees are equivalent to ''filosofian tohtori'' (FT, English: PhD), but FT is usually awarded only in general sciences, not in specializations like engineering, economics or medicine.

In France, the Doctor of Sciences degree (''doctorat ès sciences'' also called ''doctorat d'État'') was a [[higher doctorate]] in the fields of experimental and natural sciences, superseded in 1984 by the [[habilitation]].

In Denmark, Dr Scient. is a higher doctorate.

In Bulgaria, PhD is the highest education level and first science degree. Doctor of Science is the second and the highest science degree.

=== Other European countries ===
In the former [[Yugoslavia]], (Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia),<ref>[[Yugoslavia]]</ref> title ''doktor nauka'' or ''doktor znanosti'' (literally "doctor of science") is used in a much broader sense than DSc, simply referring to a field of academic study – from art history (''doktor znanosti/nauka povijesti umjetnosti''), philosophy (''doktor znanosti/nauka filozofije''), and literary studies (''doktor znanosti/nauka književnosti'') to hard sciences such as molecular biology (''doktor znanosti/nauka molekularne biologije''). It is therefore formally recognized as a PhD degree.

Starting in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/ua/cardnpd?docid=248945529|title=Урядовий портал - найновіші надходження документів КМУ|date=17 September 2016|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917233058/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/ua/cardnpd?docid=248945529|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> in [[Ukraine]] Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, {{lang-uk|links=no|Доктор філософії}}) is the highest education level and first science degree. "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc {{lang-uk|links=no|Доктор наук}}) is the second and the highest science degree, awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine.

In [[Belarus]] "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc, {{lang-be|links=no|Доктар навук}}) is the highest level of education that follows a PhD. Is awarded by [[Higher Attestation Commission|The Higher Attestation Commission]] under the aegis of the [[President of Belarus|President of the Republic of Belarus]].

== North America ==

=== United States ===
In the United States, the formally recognized traditional ''Doctor of Science'' is an academic research [[doctorate|doctoral]] degree awarded by research universities. The academic research ScD (or DSc) is considered by both the [[United States Department of Education]] and the [[National Science Foundation]] to be equivalent to the more commonly awarded PhD and not higher than a PhD as is the case in some European countries.<ref name="degrees">{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/doctorate.doc |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Research Doctorate Degrees |work=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=2012-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127015732/http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/doctorate.doc |archive-date=January 27, 2012 }}</ref>

The first North American ScD was inaugurated by [[Harvard University]] in 1872, when graduate studies first began at Harvard, and where the PhD and ScD degrees were introduced in the same year.<ref name="firstdrscience">{{cite web| url = http://www-hugsas.harvard.edu/publications/handbook/history.html| title = History and Organization| work = Harvard and Radcliffe and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences| access-date = 2007-11-07| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070727053138/http://www-hugsas.harvard.edu/publications/handbook/history.html| archive-date = 2007-07-27}}</ref> The Doctor of Science research degree is earned with the formal dissertation defense and approval of a committee on the basis of original research and publications, and it is awarded predominantly in doctoral-level science programs, such as engineering, medical and health sciences, and [[health economics]].<ref name="equivalent">{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-research-doctorate.html |title=Research Doctorate Programs |work=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=2007-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107093349/http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-research-doctorate.html |archive-date=November 7, 2007 }}</ref>

Although rarer than the Doctor of Philosophy, the Doctor of Science is awarded by institutions including the following:

* [[Harvard University]]<ref name="harvarddegrees">{{cite web|url = http://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/degree-abbreviations|title = Degree Abbreviations|work = Harvard University|access-date = 2015-10-23|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030081032/http://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/degree-abbreviations|archive-date = 2015-10-30}}</ref>
* [[Columbia University]]<ref name="columbiadegrees">{{cite web|title=Doctoral Degrees: Eng.Sc.D. and Ph.D.|url=http://bulletin.engineering.columbia.edu/doctoral-degrees-engscd-and-phd|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120831205656/http://bulletin.engineering.columbia.edu/doctoral-degrees-engscd-and-phd|archive-date=2012-08-31|access-date=2012-08-30|work=Columbia University}}</ref>
* [[Middle Georgia State University]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doctor of Science in Information Technology (DScIT) General Information: Middle Georgia State University|url=https://www.mga.edu/computing/doctorate-information-technology.php|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.mga.edu|archive-date=2021-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903125227/https://www.mga.edu/computing/doctorate-information-technology.php|url-status=live}}</ref> 
* [[Johns Hopkins University]]<ref name="jhudegrees">{{cite web| url = http://www.jhsph.edu/academics/academicprograms/doctoral/| title = Doctoral programs at the school| work = Johns Hopkins University| access-date = 2007-11-07| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102235519/http://www.jhsph.edu/academics/academicprograms/doctoral/| archive-date = 2007-11-02}}</ref> 
* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]],<ref name="aeroastro.mit.edu">{{cite web|url=http://aeroastro.mit.edu/graduate-program/doctoral-degree|title=Doctoral Degree - MIT AeroAstro|website=aeroastro.mit.edu|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003204511/http://aeroastro.mit.edu/graduate-program/doctoral-degree|archive-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="mitdegrees">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/CHEME/resources/gradstudents/handbook/doctoral-degrees.html |title=Doctoral degrees |work=MIT |access-date=2010-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604161127/http://web.mit.edu/CHEME/resources/gradstudents/handbook/doctoral-degrees.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 }}</ref> 
* [[Capitol Technology University]]
* [[Bowie State University]]<ref name="doctorofscienceincomputerscience">{{cite web|title=Doctor Of Science in Computer Science|url=https://bowiestate.edu/academics/colleges/college-of-arts-and-sciences/departments/computer-science/graduate/dsc-computer-sci/|access-date=2018-08-27|archive-date=2020-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024070405/https://bowiestate.edu/academics/colleges/college-of-arts-and-sciences/departments/computer-science/graduate/dsc-computer-sci/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* [[Towson University]]<ref>Information Technology Doctor of Science. ''Towson University.'' 2013 {{cite web |url=http://grad.towson.edu/program/doctoral/ait-scd/index.asp |title=Information Technology Doctor of Science(D.Sc.) - Towson University |access-date=2013-09-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054148/http://grad.towson.edu/program/doctoral/ait-scd/index.asp |archive-date=2013-09-21 }}
</ref> 
* [[Tulane University]]<ref name="tulaneuniversity">{{cite web| url = http://www.sph.tulane.edu/hsm/pages/programs/scd.htm| title = Tulane University Executive Doctor of Science (ScD)| work = Tulane University| access-date = 2010-05-25| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100611173526/http://www.sph.tulane.edu/hsm/pages/programs/scd.htm| archive-date = 2010-06-11}}</ref> 
* [[University of Baltimore]]<ref name="universityofbaltimore">{{cite web| url = http://www.ubalt.edu/cas/graduate-programs-and-certificates/degree-programs/ds-in-information-and-interaction-design/| title = University of Baltimore Doctor of Science in Information and Interaction Design (D.S.)| work = University of Baltimore| access-date = 2015-05-14| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150418141213/http://www.ubalt.edu/cas/graduate-programs-and-certificates/degree-programs/ds-in-information-and-interaction-design/| archive-date = 2015-04-18}}</ref> 
* [[Marymount University]]<ref>" Catalog 2019-2020" http://marymount.smartcatalogiq.com/2019-2020 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923030707/https://marymount.smartcatalogiq.com/2019-2020/ |date=2022-09-23 }}</ref>
* [[Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions]]<ref name="RMUdegrees">{{cite web|title=Doctorate of Science in Health Science|url=https://rmuohp.edu/academics/doctor-of-science-in-health-science/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003511/https://rmuohp.edu/academics/doctor-of-science-in-health-science/|archive-date=2017-11-13|access-date=2017-11-12|work=Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions}}</ref>
* [[Aspen University|Aspen University in Computer Science]]<ref name="aspendegrees">{{cite web|title=Doctorate of Science in Computer Science|url=http://www.aspen.edu/degrees/doctoral-degree/doctorate-of-science-in-computer-science|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909022615/http://www.aspen.edu/degrees/doctoral-degree/doctorate-of-science-in-computer-science|archive-date=2017-09-09|access-date=2017-09-24|work=Aspen University}}</ref> 
* [[Jacksonville State University]] in [[emergency management]]<ref name="jacksonvillestatedegrees">{{cite web|title=DSc in Emergency Management|url=http://www.jsu.edu/graduate/programs/emergencymgt_dsc/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035808/http://www.jsu.edu/graduate/programs/emergencymgt_dsc/index.html|archive-date=2017-09-25|access-date=2017-09-24|work=Jacksonville State University}}</ref>  
* [[Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership]] in [[Jewish studies]].<ref name="spertusinstitutedegrees">{{cite web|title=Spertus Institute's Doctor of Science in Jewish Studies|url=http://www.spertus.edu/jewishstudies/doctor-science-jewish-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132655/https://www.spertus.edu/jewishstudies/doctor-science-jewish-studies|archive-date=2017-09-25|access-date=2017-09-24|work=Spertus Institute}}</ref>
* [[The George Washington University]]<ref name="gwudegrees">{{cite web|title=GW Graduate Programs Near You - Programs - Doctor of Science in Computer Science - Program Curriculum|url=http://nearyou.gwu.edu/cs-dsc/curriculum.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620080835/http://nearyou.gwu.edu/cs-dsc/curriculum.html|archive-date=2013-06-20|access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref> (although as of 2011 the university decided to offer only the more widely recognized PhD degree)

A few university doctoral research programs offer both the ScD and PhD degrees in the same academic field, such as [[Johns Hopkins University]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]],<ref name="aeroastro.mit.edu"/><ref name="mitdegrees"/> with identical requirements for obtaining either. Currently, research programs that offer the formal research ScD but not the PhD degree for a given field include several doctoral programs at [[Harvard University]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/06.05/42-degrees.html |title=357th Commencement: Harvard confers 6,966 degrees and 104 certificates — the Harvard University Gazette |access-date=2009-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120034617/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/06.05/42-degrees.html |archive-date=2009-01-20 }}</ref> [[Boston University]], [[Capitol Technology University]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capitol-college.edu/academics/graduate-academics/information-assurance-dsc |title=Information Assurance (DSC) &#124; Capitol College |access-date=2011-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130071202/http://www.capitol-college.edu/academics/graduate-academics/information-assurance-dsc |archive-date=2011-11-30 }}</ref><ref>Capitol Technology University {{cite web |url=http://captechu.edu/node/112 |title=Graduate Academics &#124; Capitol Technology University |access-date=2017-07-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724065509/https://www.captechu.edu/node/112 |archive-date=2017-07-24 }} .  Accessed 2017 July 2.</ref><ref>The Doctor of Science (DSc) degree is offered in Information Assurance.  ''Capitol College 2012—2013 Catalog'', p. 56.</ref> Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and [[Dakota State University]].<ref name="dsudegrees">{{cite web | url = http://www.dsu.edu/doctor-of-science/index.aspx | title = Dakota State University D.Sc. Program: Information Systems | work = Dakota State University | access-date = 2011-11-06 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111109004927/http://www.dsu.edu/doctor-of-science/index.aspx | archive-date = 2011-11-09 }}</ref> The [[University of Baltimore]], School of Information Arts and Technologies offers an ScD degree in Information and Interaction Design, a program focused on usable design/user experience (UX) and Human Computer Interaction (HCI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubalt.edu/cas/graduate-programs-and-certificates/degree-programs/ds-in-information-and-interaction-design/|title=D.S. in Information and Interaction Design - University of Baltimore|website=www.ubalt.edu|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928025820/http://www.ubalt.edu/cas/graduate-programs-and-certificates/degree-programs/ds-in-information-and-interaction-design/|archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>

There are programs where the ScD and PhD have different degree requirements, though the two degrees are officially considered equivalent. The Engineering school at [[Washington University in St. Louis]], for example, requires four more graduate courses, which can be completed in one year in conjunction with research duties, in the DSc program than the PhD degree, while the PhD requires teaching assistance services. The [[Johns Hopkins University]] also offers both PhD and ScD in certain programs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jhsph.edu/academics/academicprograms/doctoral/|title=Doctoral Programs|first=Carlos|last=Ballena|website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618124633/http://www.jhsph.edu/academics/academicprograms/doctoral/|archive-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> with only minor differences in university administration of the degrees. In some institutions, the ScD has been converted to the PhD.<ref name="harvardbiostats">{{cite web | url = http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/now/jun13/biostatistics.html| title = HSPH Department of Biostatistics Now Offering PhD Degree | work = Harvard School of Public Health | access-date = 2007-11-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070816010534/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/now/jun13/biostatistics.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-08-16}}</ref> For instance, the doctoral degree in [[biostatistics]] at Harvard recently converted from ScD to PhD, even though the doctoral degree structure and requirements have remained identical.<ref name="harvardbiostats"/>

=== Mexico ===
{{see also|List of universities in Mexico}}

In Mexico the PhD level is considered a doctoral degree (level 8) similar to the doctorate degrees in Canada and the United States. The ''Doctor of Sciences'' degree is instead recognized as a ''Higher Degree'' (Grado Proprio).

== Russia and other post-communist states ==
{{main|Doctor of Sciences}}
In Russia as well as in some other former [[Communist Bloc]] countries, the status of Russian ''[[Doktor nauk]]'' (literally 'Doctor of Sciences') is considered a post-doctoral degree. The degree has no American equivalent but rather is similar to German [[Habilitation]].

== South America ==

=== Argentina ===
{{see also|List of universities in Argentina}}

In [[Science and technology in Argentina|Argentina]] the formal title ''Doctor of Science'' would be attributed to different fields of the hard or soft sciences. To get into an Argentine PhD program the applicant must have experience in research and at least an Engineering, [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] or master's degree:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spuweb.siu.edu.ar/studyinargentina/pages/study1603.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421161753/http://spuweb.siu.edu.ar/studyinargentina/pages/study1603.php|url-status=dead|title=Doctorate in Sciences at the ''Latin American docta'' serch:''Doctorado Ciencias''|archivedate=April 21, 2010}}</ref>

==== Applied sciences ====
* Doctorate of Agronomic Sciences ([[University of Buenos Aires]], [[NU of LP]], [[NU of C]], [[NU of R]], [[NU of MP]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Sciences in Lacteal Technology ([[NU of the L]])
* Doctorate of Sciences in Material Technology ([[NU of the S]], [[NU of MP]])
* Doctorate of Computer Sciences ([[University of Buenos Aires]], [[NU of C]], [[NU of SL]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Engineering Sciences ([[NU of C]], [[NU of Cu]], [[NU of RC]], [[NU of the S]], [[ITBA]])
* Doctorate of Geological Sciences ([[NU of C]], [[NU of Cu]], [[NU of SJ]], [[NU of SL]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Informatics Sciences ([[NU of LP]])
* Doctorate of Basic Sciences Applied ([[NU of Q]])
* Doctorate of Science and Technology ([[NU of GS]])
* Doctorate of Geological Sciences ([[University of Buenos Aires]])
* Doctorate of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ([[NU of SAM]])
* Doctorate of Systems Control ([[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Economics Sciences ([[NU of LM]])
* Doctorate of Economy ([[NU of LP]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Geography ([[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of History ([[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Chemical Engineering ([[NU of the S]])

==== Basic sciences ====
* Doctorate of Biological Sciences ([[U of BA]], [[NU of LP]], [[NU of C]], [[NU of R]], [[NU of the L]], [[NU of Cu]], [[NU of RC]], [[NU of MP]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Biological Chemistry Sciences ([[U of BA]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Molecular Biology Sciences ([[U of BA]])
* Doctorate of Mathematics Sciences ([[U of BA]], [[NU of LP]], [[NU of SL]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Chemistry Sciences ([[NU of LP]], [[NU of R]], [[NU of C]], [[NU of RC]], [[NU of MP]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Physics Sciences ([[U of BA]], [[NU of LP]], [[NU of MP]], [[NU of SAM]], [[NU of the S]])
* Doctorate of Natural Sciences ([[U of BA]], [[NU of LP]])
* Doctorate of Philosophy ([[NU of the S]])

=== Brazil ===
In Brazil only the Doctor in Sciences (DSc) category is recognized as a higher doctorate,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/1682209/doutor-e-quem-faz-doutorado |title=Doutor é quem faz Doutorado :: Notícias JusBrasil |language=pt |publisher=Jusbrasil.com.br |access-date=2011-08-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023316/http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/1682209/doutor-e-quem-faz-doutorado |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> generally followed by the concentration area (program field).

This kind of doctorate is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and thesis defense. This doctorate is comparable to a PhD program found in other countries. In the state of São Paulo, the doctorate title is the second highest academic title given by the state's universities (University of São Paulo (USP), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and São Paulo State University (UNESP)) and most Federal Universities, such as the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP). The highest academic title is the ''Livre-Docência'', which is not equivalent to the German Habilitation, since "Livre-Docência" is not a requisite to be a professor in Brazilian universities, and German Habilitation is a requisite to be a professor in German universities. However, "Live-Docencia" is a requisite to be promoted to Associate Professor / "full" Professor (Professor Titular) at several of those public research Universities.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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{{Academic degrees}}
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[[Category:Higher doctorates]]