Düsseldorf Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Capital of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany}} {{about|the city in Germany|the album|Düsseldorf (album){{!}}''Düsseldorf'' (album)|the cargo ship|SS Düsseldorf (1909){{!}}SS ''Düsseldorf'' (1909)|the fishing vessel and ''vorpostenboot''|German trawler V 607 Düsseldorf}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} {{Infobox German place |Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister |area_metro = <!-- Metropolitan area, in km². XXX.XX (no commas or other text) --> |Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 1 11 000 |pop_metro = 11300000 ([[Rhine-Ruhr]]) |pop_urban = 1220000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/Demografie-Monitoring_2013_bis_2018.pdf|title=Demografie-Monitoring Düsseldorf 2013 bis 2018|author=Amt für Statistik und Wahlen|language=German|access-date=7 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121110756/http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/amtlichebevoelkerungszahlen/rp1_juni09.html|archive-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> |year = <!-- Year founded (not "year of first recorded mention") --> |name = Düsseldorf |type = City |image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 280 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Nacht in Düsseldorf cropped.jpg | alt1 = Dusseldorf at night | caption1 = nightly view of Düsseldorf with illuminated [[Rheinturm|Rhine Tower]] and [[Rheinkniebrücke]] | image2 = GraphyArchy - Wikipedia 00667.jpg | alt2 = Neuer Zollhof | caption2 = [[Neuer Zollhof]] | image3 = GraphyArchy - Wikipedia 00589.jpg | alt3 = Ko-Bogen | caption3 = [[:de:Kö-Bogen|Kö-Bogen]] | image4 = GraphyArchy - Wikipedia 00579.jpg | alt4 = Standehaus | caption4 = [[Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen#The K21 in the Ständehaus|Ständehaus]] | image5 = Koenigsallee 2019 -WPWP.jpg | alt5 = Koenigsallee | caption5 =[[Königsallee]] | image6 = Königsallee in Düsseldorf Girardetbrücke bei Nacht.jpg | alt6 = Bridge Girardet | caption6 = Girardet Bridge | image7 = Düsseldorf Benrath - Schlosspark - Statuen 31 ies.jpg | alt7 = Palace Gardens | caption7 = Gardens of [[Benrath Palace]] }} |image_flag = File:Flagge der Landeshauptstadt Duesseldorf.svg |image_coa = Wappen der Landeshauptstadt Duesseldorf.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|14|N|6|47|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = North rhine w D.svg |state = North Rhine-Westphalia |region = Düsseldorf |elevation = 38 |area = 217.41 |postal_code = 40210–40629 |area_code = 0211, 0203, 02104 |licence = D |divisions = 10 boroughs, 50 quarters |website = {{URL|https://www.duesseldorf.de/}} |mayor = [[Stephan Keller (politician)|Stephan Keller]]<ref>[https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_obb_lr.shtml Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517032138/https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_obb_lr.shtml |date=17 May 2022 }}, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020–25 |party = CDU |ruling_party1 = CDU |ruling_party2 = Greens }} [[File:Banner Duesseldorf.svg|thumb|upright=0.3|Banner]] [[File:Logo Düsseldorf.svg|thumb|Logo of the city of Düsseldorf]] '''Düsseldorf''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʊ|s|əl|d|ɔːr|f}} {{respell|DUUSS|əl|dorf}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|dj|uː|s|-}} {{respell|DEWSS|-}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/dusseldorf|title=Dusseldorf|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013441/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/dusseldorf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Düsseldorf|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Dictionary.com|title=Düsseldorf Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dusseldorf|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203033939/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dusseldorf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf|lang|De-Düsseldorf.ogg}}; [[Low Franconian]] and [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]:{{efn|Ripuarian dialects are only spoken in the very south of the city, south of the [[Benrath line]].}} ''Düsseldörp'' {{IPA|li|ˈdʏsəldœʀ(ə)p|}};{{fix|text=tone?|date=March 2022}} archaic {{lang-nl|Dusseldorp}} {{IPA|nl|ˈdʏsəlˌdɔr(ə)p|}}) is the capital city of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], the most populous [[state of Germany]]. It is the second-largest city in the state after [[Cologne]], and the [[List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants|seventh-largest city in Germany]],{{efn|after [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]], [[Munich]], [[Cologne]], [[Frankfurt]] and [[Stuttgart]]}} with a population of 653,253.<ref>1,525,029 inhabitants for the Düsseldorf [[Larger Urban Zone]]</ref> The [[Düssel]], from which the city and the borough of [[Düsseltal]] take their name, divides into four separate branches within the city,{{efn|From north to south: Kittelbach, Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel, Brückerbach}} each with its own mouth into the Rhine. Most of Düsseldorf lies on the right bank of the Rhine, and the city has grown together with [[Neuss]], [[Ratingen]], [[Meerbusch]], [[Erkrath]] and [[Monheim am Rhein]]. Düsseldorf is the central city of the metropolitan region [[Rhine-Ruhr]], the [[List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP|second biggest metropolitan region by GDP]] in the European Union, that stretches from [[Bonn]] via [[Cologne]] and Düsseldorf to the [[Ruhr]] (from [[Duisburg]] via [[Essen]] to [[Dortmund]]). The ''-dorf'' suffix means "village" in German (English [[cognate]]: ''[[thorp]]''); its use is unusual for a settlement as large as Düsseldorf. Linguistically, Düsseldorf is the largest city in the German part of the [[Low Franconian]] area, dialects that are closely related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. [[Düsseldorf Airport]] is Germany's [[List of the busiest airports in Germany|fourth-busiest]] airport, serving as the most important international airport for the population of the densely populated [[Ruhr]], Germany's largest urban area. [[World's Most Livable Cities|Mercer's 2012 Quality of Living survey]] ranked Düsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world.<ref name="Mercer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/summary.htm?idContent=1128060 |title=Mercer's 2011 Quality of Living survey highlights — Global |date=15 June 2011 |work=Mercer |access-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513212442/http://www.mercer.com/summary.htm?idContent=1128060 |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/cities-best-live-lifestyle-real-estate-best-places-to-live.html|title=World's 20 Best Places To Live|magazine=Forbes.com|first=Matt|last=Woolsey|date=28 April 2009|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108090046/https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/cities-best-live-lifestyle-real-estate-best-places-to-live.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duesseldorf.de/presse/pld/d2008/d2008_07/d2008_07_28/08072813_160.pdf |title=Communla Administration of Düsseldorf, 28 of July 2008. |access-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806064622/http://www.duesseldorf.de/presse/pld/d2008/d2008_07/d2008_07_28/08072813_160.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anteon.de/images/stories/Anteon/Pressearchiv/IZ_280808.pdf|title=Immobilien Zeitung: ''Mehr Räume für die große Modenschau'' vom 28. August 2008, 1 March 2009.|access-date=16 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718195759/http://www.anteon.de/images/stories/Anteon/Pressearchiv/IZ_280808.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |title=Cushman & Wakefield: European Cities Monitor |access-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504012517/http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> and is headquarters to one [[Fortune Global 500]] and two [[DAX]] companies. [[Messe Düsseldorf]] organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.messe-duesseldorf.com/md-files/doc/MD_annual_report_2009.pdf |title=Messe Düsseldorf Annual Report |access-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713042013/http://www.messe-duesseldorf.com/md-files/doc/MD_annual_report_2009.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> As second largest city of the [[Rhineland]], Düsseldorf holds [[Rhenish Carnival]] celebrations every year in February/March, the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in [[Cologne Carnival|Cologne]] and [[Mainz carnival|Mainz]].<ref>[http://www.deal-magazin.com/index.php?cont=news&news=10153 2010 survey by Jones Lang LaSalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145908/http://www.deal-magazin.com/index.php?cont=news&news=10153 |date=24 February 2021 }}; accessed 8 December 2014. {{in lang|de}}</ref> There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the [[University of Düsseldorf|Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf]], the university of applied sciences ([[Hochschule Düsseldorf]]), the academy of arts ([[Kunstakademie Düsseldorf]], whose members include [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Emanuel Leutze]], [[August Macke]], [[Gerhard Richter]], [[Sigmar Polke]], and [[Andreas Gursky]]), and the university of music ([[Robert Schumann Hochschule|Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule Düsseldorf]]). The city is also known for its influence on electronic/experimental music ([[Kraftwerk]]) and [[Japanese community of Düsseldorf|its Japanese community]]. Düsseldorf is classified as a [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GaWC]] [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Beta|Beta+]] [[world city]]. ==History== {{for timeline|Timeline of Düsseldorf}} ===Early development=== When the [[Roman Empire]] was strengthening its position throughout Europe, a few [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] clung on in [[marsh]]y territory off the eastern banks of the [[Rhine]].<ref>Weidenhaupt, Hugo: ''Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Düsseldorf'', Triltsch-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1979; {{ISBN|3-7998-0000-X}}. {{in lang|de}}</ref> In the 7th and 8th centuries, the odd [[Agriculture|farming]] or [[fishing]] settlement could be found at the point where the small river [[Düssel]] flows into the Rhine. It was from such settlements that the city of Düsseldorf grew. [[File:Duesseldorf-Kupferstich-Merian.png|thumb|left|Düsseldorf in 1647]] [[File:Jan van der Heyden and Adriaen van de Velde - View of Düsseldorf with the church of St. Andrew in the centre.jpg|thumb|left|View of Düsseldorf with the church of [[St. Andreas, Düsseldorf|St. Andrew]] in the centre, 1667. The architectural elements were painted by [[Jan van der Heyden]] and the figures by [[Adriaen van de Velde]].]] [[File:Stadt Düsseldorf 1899.jpg|left|thumb|Bond of the town Düsseldorf, issued 26. July 1899<ref>Jörg Nimmergut: Historische Wertpapiere – Sinnvoll sammeln – garantiert gewinnen, p. 144-145, {{ISBN|3894410426}}</ref>]] The first written mention of Düsseldorf (then called ''Dusseldorp'' in the local [[Meuse-Rhenish|Low Rhenish]] dialect) dates back to 1135. Under [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa]] the small town of [[Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth|Kaiserswerth]] to the north of Düsseldorf became a well-fortified outpost, where soldiers kept a watchful eye on every movement on the Rhine. Kaiserswerth eventually became a suburb of Düsseldorf in 1929. In 1186, Düsseldorf came under the rule of the Counts of [[County of Berg|Berg]]. 14 August 1288 is one of the most important dates in the history of Düsseldorf. On this day the sovereign Count [[Adolf VIII of Berg]] granted the village on the banks of the Düssel [[town privileges]]. Before this, a bloody struggle for power had taken place between the [[Archbishop of Cologne]] and the count of [[County of Berg|Berg]], culminating in the [[Battle of Worringen]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} [[File:NRW, Dusseldorf, Rheinturm - view to Landtag.jpg|thumb|The [[Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia|state parliament]], seen from the top of the [[Rheinturm]]]] [[File:Rheinturm Düsseldorf NRW mit Sternschnuppe.jpg|thumb|Rheinturm Düsseldorf 70th Anniversary of the NRW state, illumination with [[Rheinkomet]]]] [[File:Dusseldorf Germany - Various scenes - 2014 Dec 27 28.webm|thumb|Various scenes around Düsseldorf in December, 2014]] The Archbishop of Cologne's forces were wiped out by the forces of the count of [[County of Berg|Berg]] who were supported by citizens and farmers of Cologne and Düsseldorf, paving the way for Düsseldorf's elevation to city status, which is commemorated today by a monument on the Burgplatz. The custom of turning cartwheels is credited to the children of Düsseldorf. There are variations of the origin{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} of the cartwheeling children. Today the symbol (Der Radschläger){{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} represents the story and every year the Düsseldorfers celebrate by having a cartwheeling contest. After this battle the relationship between the four cities deteriorated, because they were commercial rivals; it is often said that there is a kind of hostility between the citizens of Cologne and Düsseldorf. Today, it finds its expression mainly in a humorous form (especially during the Rhineland ''[[carnival|Karneval]]'') and in sports.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} A [[market square]] sprang up on the banks of the Rhine and the square was protected by [[Defensive wall|city walls]] on all four sides. In 1380, the dukes of [[Duchy of Berg|Berg]] moved their seat to the town and Düsseldorf was made regional capital of the Duchy of Berg. During the following centuries several famous landmarks were built, including the {{ill|Collegiate Church of St Lambertus|de|St. Lambertus (Düsseldorf)}}. In 1609, the ducal line of the [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]] died out, and after a virulent struggle over succession, Jülich and Berg fell to the [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach]] Counts of [[Palatinate-Neuburg]], who made Düsseldorf their main domicile, even after they inherited the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]], in 1685, becoming now [[Prince-elector]]s as Electors Palatine.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Under the art-loving [[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Johann Wilhelm II]] (r. 1690–1716), a vast [[art museum|art gallery]] with a huge selection of paintings and sculptures, were housed in the ''Stadtschloss'' (city castle). After his death, the city fell on hard times again, especially after Elector [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Charles Theodore]] inherited Bavaria and moved the electoral court to [[Munich, Germany|Munich]]. With him he took the [[collection (museum)|art collection]], which became part of what is now the [[Alte Pinakothek]] in Munich. Destruction and poverty struck Düsseldorf after the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. [[Napoleon]] made Berg a [[Grand Duchy of Berg|Grand Duchy]] and Düsseldorf its capital. [[Johann Christian Claudius Devaranne|Johann Devaranne]], a leader of [[Solingen]]'s resistance to Napoleon's conscription decrees, was executed here in 1813. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole [[Rhineland]] including Berg was given to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1815. The [[Rhine Province]]'s parliament was established in Düsseldorf.{{When|date=December 2014}} By the mid-19th century, Düsseldorf enjoyed a revival thanks to the [[Industrial Revolution]] as the city boasted 100,000 inhabitants by 1882; the figure doubled in 1892. ===World War I=== During [[World War I]] the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] (RNS) undertook the first [[Entente Powers|Entente]] strategic bombing missions on 22 September 1914, when it bombed the Zeppelin bases in Düsseldorf.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Madison |first=Rodney |title=Air Warfare, Strategic Bombing |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History |volume=1 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |pages=45–46 |isbn=1851094202}}; {{cite encyclopedia |last=Tilford | first=Earl H. Jr. |title=Air Warfare: Strategic Bombing |encyclopedia=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=1996 |pages=13–15 |isbn=0-81533-351-X}}</ref> ===Weimar Republic=== In 1920, Düsseldorf became the centre of the General Strike. On 15 April 1920, 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the [[Freikorps]].<ref>Birchall, Ian H./Pierre Broué/Brian Pearce, ''The German Revolution 1917–1923'', p. 278.<!-- publishing info; ISBN needed --></ref> ===World War II=== {{See also|Gau Düsseldorf|Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II}} During [[World War II]], Düsseldorf was the location of a Nazi prison with several [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] subcamps,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1109|title=Strafgefängnis und Untersuchungshaftanstalt Düsseldorf-Derendorf|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=31 March 2024|language=de}}</ref> five subcamps of the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] for mostly Polish and Russian prisoners, but also French, Dutch, Belgian, Czech, Italian, Yugoslavian,<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=330–336|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> and a camp for [[Sinti]] and Romani people (see ''[[Romani Holocaust]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1107|title=Lager für Sinti und Roma Düsseldorf|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=31 March 2024|language=de}}</ref> The Rabbi of the Düsseldorf Jewish Community fled to the Netherlands and died in KZ [[Auschwitz]] in 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/310937 |title=Israel National News 1 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803175038/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/310937 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was a target of [[strategic bombing during World War II]], particularly during the [[battle of the Ruhr|RAF bombing campaign in 1943]] when over 700 bombers were used in a single night. Raids continued late into the war. As part of [[Oil Campaign of World War II|the campaign against German oil facilities]], the RAF raid of 20–21 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Düsseldorf in mid-April 1945. The [[97th Infantry Division (United States)|United States 97th Infantry Division]] easily captured the city on 18 April 1945,<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'' (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 174.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> after the local [[German resistance to Nazism|German Resistance]] group launched [[Aktion Rheinland]]. ===German Federal Republic=== In 1946, Düsseldorf was made capital of the new [[Federation|federal state]] of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]. The city's reconstruction proceeded at a frantic pace and the economic transformation guided Düsseldorf's economic growth.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} ==Geography== ===Physical geography=== [[File:Düssel.png|thumb|The course of the Düssel from its source in the Düssel Hill Country (Düsselhügelland) ([[:de:Düsselhügelland|de]]) through the [[Neandertal (valley)|Neandertal]] to Düsseldorf, where it forms three [[River bifurcation|bifurcations]], dividing into the four branches (from north to south) Kittelbach, Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel and Brückerbach]] [[File:Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|Düsseldorf skyline]] Düsseldorf lies at the centre of the [[Lower Rhine]] basin, where the delta of the [[Düssel]] flows into the Rhine. The city lies on the east side of the Rhine, except [[District 4, Düsseldorf|District 4]] ([[Düsseldorf-Oberkassel|Oberkassel]], [[Düsseldorf-Niederkassel|Niederkassel]], [[Düsseldorf-Heerdt|Heerdt]] and [[Düsseldorf-Lörick|Lörick]]). Across the Rhine, the city of [[Neuss]] stands on the delta of the [[Erft]]. Düsseldorf lies southwest of the [[Ruhr]] urban area, and in the middle of the [[Rhine-Ruhr]] metropolitan region. Düsseldorf is built entirely on [[alluvium]], mud, sand, clay and occasionally gravel. The highest point in Düsseldorf is the top of Sandberg in the far eastern part of the city ([[Düsseldorf-Hubbelrath|Hubbelrath]] borough) at {{convert|165|m|ft|0}}. The lowest point is at the far northern end in [[Düsseldorf-Wittlaer|Wittlaer]] borough where the Schwarzbach enters the Rhine, with an average elevation of {{convert|28|m|ft|0}}. ===Adjacent cities and districts=== The following districts and cities border Düsseldorf (clockwise starting from the north): the [[Duisburg|City of Duisburg]], the [[Mettmann (district)|District of Mettmann]] ([[Ratingen]], [[Mettmann]], [[Erkrath]], [[Hilden]], [[Langenfeld, Rhineland|Langenfeld]], and [[Monheim am Rhein|Monheim]]), and the [[Rhein-Kreis Neuss|District of Neuss]] ([[Dormagen]], Neuss, and [[Meerbusch]]). ===Climate=== The city has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'', mild in relation to [[East Germany]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=401&cityname=D%25FCsseldorf%252C+North+Rhine-Westphalia%252C+Germany&units=|title=Düsseldorf, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2018-11-13|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308204631/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=401&cityname=D%FCsseldorf%2C+North+Rhine-Westphalia%2C+Germany&units=|url-status=live}}</ref> Like the rest of the lower [[Rhineland]], Düsseldorf experiences moderate winters with little snowfall and mild to warm summers. The average annual temperature is {{convert|11.0|C|F|0}} with an average yearly precipitation of {{convert|751|mm|in|0}}. The dominant wind direction is from the west with velocities in the range of 3 to 4 m/s (7–9 mph), with gusts of 3.5 −4.8 m/s (8–10.7 mph). The wind is calm (defined as being under 2 m/s or 4.5 mph) about 35% of the time, more frequently at night and in the winter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bezreg-duesseldorf.nrw.de/BezRegDdorf/autorenbereich/Dezernat_53/BarbaraAlnoch_Buber/Luftreinhalteplan_D__sseldorf__S__dliche_Innenstadt.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060922083154/http://www.bezreg-duesseldorf.nrw.de/BezRegDdorf/autorenbereich/Dezernat_53/BarbaraAlnoch_Buber/Luftreinhalteplan_D__sseldorf__S__dliche_Innenstadt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2006 |title=Bezirksregierung Düsseldorf – ''Luftreinhalteplan'' (2004) |access-date=1 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>''Klimaatlas – NRW'' (1989): Der Minister für Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalens, Düsseldorf.</ref> {{Weather box|width=auto | location = Düsseldorf (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) | metric first = Y | single line = Y |Jan record high C = 16.4 |Feb record high C = 21.0 |Mar record high C = 23.8 |Apr record high C = 28.8 |May record high C = 33.8 |Jun record high C = 36.8 |Jul record high C = 40.7 |Aug record high C = 38.5 |Sep record high C = 34.0 |Oct record high C = 27.7 |Nov record high C = 20.4 |Dec record high C = 16.3 |year record high C = 40.7 |Jan record low C = -20.8 |Feb record low C = -15.4 |Mar record low C = -16.1 |Apr record low C = -6.3 |May record low C = -1.1 |Jun record low C = 2.4 |Jul record low C = 4.8 |Aug record low C = 5.0 |Sep record low C = 0.7 |Oct record low C = -6.2 |Nov record low C = -9.4 |Dec record low C = -15.3 |year record low C= -20.8 |Jan high C = 6.0 |Feb high C = 7.2 |Mar high C = 11.1 |Apr high C = 15.6 |May high C = 19.4 |Jun high C = 22.5 |Jul high C = 24.7 |Aug high C = 24.2 |Sep high C = 20.1 |Oct high C = 15.2 |Nov high C = 10.0 |Dec high C = 6.6 | year high C = 15.2 |Jan mean C = 3.4 |Feb mean C = 4.0 |Mar mean C = 6.9 |Apr mean C = 10.5 |May mean C = 14.3 |Jun mean C = 17.3 |Jul mean C = 19.4 |Aug mean C = 18.9 |Sep mean C = 15.3 |Oct mean C = 11.2 |Nov mean C = 7.1 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 11.0 |Jan low C = 0.5 |Feb low C = 0.7 |Mar low C = 2.6 |Apr low C = 5.0 |May low C = 8.7 |Jun low C = 11.7 |Jul low C = 14.0 |Aug low C = 13.7 |Sep low C = 10.7 |Oct low C = 7.5 |Nov low C = 3.9 |Dec low C = 1.5 | year low C = 6.7 | precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 61.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 56.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 54.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 46.4 |May precipitation mm = 61.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 65.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 73.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 77.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 60.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 61.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 63.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 70.0 | year precipitation mm =750.7 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 17.5 |Feb precipitation days = 15.9 |Mar precipitation days = 16.1 |Apr precipitation days = 12.5 |May precipitation days = 13.9 |Jun precipitation days = 14.1 |Jul precipitation days = 14.6 |Aug precipitation days = 14.7 |Sep precipitation days = 14.2 |Oct precipitation days = 15.5 |Nov precipitation days = 17.2 |Dec precipitation days = 18.8 |year precipitation days = 185.1 |Jan sun = 56.9 |Feb sun = 73.1 |Mar sun = 125.0 |Apr sun = 172.6 |May sun = 202.0 |Jun sun = 199.3 |Jul sun = 208.2 |Aug sun = 193.9 |Sep sun = 149.5 |Oct sun = 109.8 |Nov sun = 62.5 |Dec sun = 47.1 |year sun = 1610.6 |Jan humidity = 81.6 |Feb humidity = 78.6 |Mar humidity = 73.5 |Apr humidity = 68.2 |May humidity = 68.5 |Jun humidity = 69.3 |Jul humidity = 68.8 |Aug humidity = 70.8 |Sep humidity = 76.5 |Oct humidity = 80.5 |Nov humidity = 83.6 |Dec humidity = 84.3 | year humidity =75.4 |unit snow days = 1.0 cm |Jan snow days = 3.4 |Feb snow days = 2.3 |Mar snow days = 0.7 |Apr snow days = 0 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0 |Nov snow days = 0.3 |Dec snow days = 1.8 |year snow days = 8.5 | source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230916125911/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Duesseldorf_10400.csv | archive-date = 16 September 2023 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Duesseldorf_10400.csv | title = Düsseldorf Climate Normals 1991–2020 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = 16 September 2023}}</ref> |source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst <ref>{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_germany/climate/ |title=Monatswerte Düsseldorf |access-date=14 December 2020 |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |date=2020 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185254/https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_germany/climate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> }} ==Demographics== {{see also|Japanese community of Düsseldorf}} {{historical populations|1555|3500|1703|7000|1800|12102|1871|69365|1895|175985|1905|253274|1919|407338|1925|432633|1933|498600|1939|541410|1950|500516|1956|654850|1961|703255|1970|662809|1980|590479|1990|575794|2000|569364|2010|588735|2015|612178|2019|621877|2022|653253|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.it.nrw/statistik|title=IT.NRW – Statistisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen|website=Landesbetrieb IT.NRW|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616073027/https://www.it.nrw/statistik|url-status=live}}</ref>}} {|class="infobox" style="float:right;" |colspan="2"|'''Largest groups of foreign residents''' <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistische Informationen |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk03.pdf |publisher=Amt 12 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423032923/http://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistische Informationen |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk04.pdf |publisher=Amt 12 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423052101/http://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk04.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistische Informationen |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk06.pdf |publisher=Amt 12 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423032918/http://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk06.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistische Informationen |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk07.pdf |publisher=Amt 12 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609171830/https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistische Informationen |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk08.pdf |publisher=Amt 12 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423032913/http://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk08.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistische Informationen |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk10.pdf |publisher=Amt 12 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327011734/https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtbezirke/Stadtbezirk10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistische Informationen |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtteile/Himmelgeist_092.pdf |publisher=Amt 12 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423032922/http://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/stadtteile/Himmelgeist_092.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EU-Ausländer in Duesseldorf |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/EU-Auslaender_in_Duesseldorf.pdf |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202010/https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/EU-Auslaender_in_Duesseldorf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! Nationality ||Population (31.12.2022) |- |{{flag|Turkey}} ||12,707 |- |{{flag|Greece}} ||10,388 |- |{{flag|Poland}} ||9,316 |- |{{flag|Japan}} ||8,329 |- |{{flag|Italy}}||7,799 |- |{{flag|Ukraine}} ||7,566 |- |{{flag|Syria}} ||5,230 |- |{{flag|Romania}} ||4,856 |- |{{flag|Morocco}} ||4,741 |- |{{flag|Spain}} ||4,477 |- |{{flag|Russia}} ||4,430 |- |{{flag|China}} ||4,175 |- |{{flag|North Macedonia}} ||3,842 |- |{{flag|Croatia}} ||3,720 |- |{{flag|France}} ||3,328 |- |{{flag|Iran}} ||3,162 |- |{{flag|Iraq}} ||2,879 |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} ||2,542 |- |{{flag|United Kingdom}} ||2,469 |- |{{flag|Serbia}} ||2,308 |} With a population of 653,253 within the city boundaries (31 December 2022),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/bevoelkerungszahlen_zensus/index.html|title=Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen|publisher=Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714144940/http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/bevoelkerungszahlen_zensus/index.html|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Düsseldorf is [[List of cities in Germany by population|Germany's sixth largest city]]. Its population surpassed the threshold of 100,000 inhabitants during the height of industrialisation in 1882, and peaked at just over 705,000 in 1962. The city then began to lose residents with many moving into neighbouring municipalities. However, since the late 1990s, the city's population has been slowly rising again. A total of 109,883<ref name="Statistisches Jahrbuch">{{cite web |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/statistisches_jahrbuch_2015.pdf |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf – Bevölkerung nach Nationalität |publisher=Duesseldorf.de |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325171507/https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/statistisches_jahrbuch_2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (18%) of Düsseldorf's population are foreigners (31 December 2008), the majority of whom come from within [[Europe]] (81,742). The largest [[minority group|national minorities]] are [[Turks in Germany|Turks]], [[Greeks in Germany|Greeks]], and [[Poles in Germany|Poles]]. Düsseldorf and its surroundings have the third-largest [[Japanese community of Düsseldorf|Japanese community]] in Europe and the largest in Germany (about 11,000 people).<ref name="virtualtourist.com"/><ref name="Japantag in Düsseldorf: Welcome"/> By 2019, the foreign population of Düsseldorf would grow to 152,255, or 23.6% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Düsseldorf |first=Landeshauptstadt |title=Statistische Daten |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/statistik-und-wahlen/statistik-und-stadtforschung/statistische-daten |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.duesseldorf.de |language=de}}</ref> 272,982 people, or 42.6% of residents had a migration background as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Düsseldorf |first=Landeshauptstadt |title=Statistische Daten |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/statistik-und-wahlen/statistik-und-stadtforschung/statistische-daten |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.duesseldorf.de |language=de}}</ref> Düsseldorf has the third-largest [[Jews in Germany|Jewish community]] in Germany, with about 7,000 members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/gemeinden/duesseldorf/|title=Düsseldorf {{!}} Jüdische Allgemeine|website=www.juedische-allgemeine.de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143448/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/gemeinden/duesseldorf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/nrw-region/juden-in-duesseldorf-nach-anschlag-von-halle-verunsichert_aid-46400081|title="Bleiben wir?": Juden in Düsseldorf nach Anschlag von Halle verunsichert|last=Zeitung|first=Aachener|website=Aachener Zeitung|date=10 October 2019|language=de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143457/https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/nrw-region/juden-in-duesseldorf-nach-anschlag-von-halle-verunsichert_aid-46400081|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wz.de/nrw/duesseldorf/antisemitismus-in-duesseldorf-juedische-schueler-werden-angefeindet_aid-26219237|title=Düsseldorf: Antisemitismus in Düsseldorf: Jüdische Schüler werden angefeindet|last=Zeitung|first=Westdeutsche|website=Westdeutsche Zeitung|date=22 August 2017|language=de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143452/https://www.wz.de/nrw/duesseldorf/antisemitismus-in-duesseldorf-juedische-schueler-werden-angefeindet_aid-26219237|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Government== ===Boroughs=== {{Main|Boroughs of Düsseldorf}} [[File:Düsseldorf Subdivisions.svg|300px|thumb|left]] Since 1975, Düsseldorf is divided into ten administrative boroughs. Each borough (''[[Stadtbezirk]]'') has its own elected borough council (Bezirksvertretung) and its own borough mayor (Bezirksvorsteher). The borough councils are advisory only. Each borough is further subdivided into quarters (''[[Stadtteil]]e''). There are 50 quarters in Düsseldorf.<ref>[https://www.duesseldorf.de/bv.html Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011305/https://www.duesseldorf.de/bv.html |date=10 October 2018 }}, Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf. Retrieved 3 November 2022. {{in lang|de}}</ref> {| class="toccolours" style="margin:2 auto; background:none;" | style="padding-right:1em;" | ; [[Borough 1 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 1]] (Stadtbezirk 1) : [[Düsseldorf-Altstadt|Altstadt]], [[Düsseldorf-Carlstadt|Carlstadt]], [[Düsseldorf-Derendorf|Derendorf]], [[Düsseldorf-Golzheim|Golzheim]], [[Düsseldorf-Pempelfort|Pempelfort]], [[Düsseldorf-Stadtmitte|Stadtmitte]] ; [[Borough 2 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 2]] (Stadtbezirk 2) : [[Düsseldorf-Düsseltal|Düsseltal]], [[Düsseldorf-Flingern|Flingern-Nord]], [[Düsseldorf-Flingern|Flingern-Süd]] ; [[Borough 3 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 3]] (Stadtbezirk 3) : [[Düsseldorf-Bilk|Bilk]], [[Düsseldorf-Flehe|Flehe]], [[Düsseldorf-Friedrichstadt|Friedrichstadt]], [[Düsseldorf-Hafen|Hafen]], [[Düsseldorf-Hamm|Hamm]], [[Düsseldorf-Oberbilk|Oberbilk]], [[Düsseldorf-Unterbilk|Unterbilk]], [[Düsseldorf-Volmerswerth|Volmerswerth]] ; [[Borough 4 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 4]] (Stadtbezirk 4) : [[Düsseldorf-Heerdt|Heerdt]], [[Düsseldorf-Lörick|Lörick]], [[Düsseldorf-Niederkassel|Niederkassel]], [[Düsseldorf-Oberkassel|Oberkassel]] ; [[Borough 5 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 5]] (Stadtbezirk 5) : [[Düsseldorf-Angermund|Angermund]], [[Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth|Kaiserswerth]], [[Düsseldorf-Kalkum|Kalkum]], [[Düsseldorf-Lohausen|Lohausen]], [[Düsseldorf-Stockum|Stockum]], [[Düsseldorf-Wittlaer|Wittlaer]] | ; [[Borough 6 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 6]] (Stadtbezirk 6) : [[Düsseldorf-Lichtenbroich|Lichtenbroich]], [[Düsseldorf-Mörsenbroich|Mörsenbroich]], [[Düsseldorf-Rath|Rath]], [[Düsseldorf-Unterrath|Unterrath]] ; [[Borough 7 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 7]] (Stadtbezirk 7) : [[Düsseldorf-Gerresheim|Gerresheim]], [[Düsseldorf-Grafenberg|Grafenberg]], [[Düsseldorf-Hubbelrath|Hubbelrath]], [[Düsseldorf-Knittkuhl|Knittkuhl]], [[Düsseldorf-Ludenberg|Ludenberg]] ; [[Borough 8 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 8]] (Stadtbezirk 8) : [[Düsseldorf-Eller|Eller]], [[Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld|Lierenfeld]], [[Düsseldorf-Unterbach|Unterbach]], [[Düsseldorf-Vennhausen|Vennhausen]] ; [[Borough 9 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 9]] (Stadtbezirk 9) : [[Düsseldorf-Benrath|Benrath]], [[Düsseldorf-Hassels|Hassels]], [[Düsseldorf-Himmelgeist|Himmelgeist]], [[Düsseldorf-Holthausen|Holthausen]], [[Düsseldorf-Itter|Itter]], [[Düsseldorf-Reisholz|Reisholz]], [[Düsseldorf-Urdenbach|Urdenbach]], [[Düsseldorf-Wersten|Wersten]] ; [[Borough 10 (Düsseldorf)|Borough 10]] (Stadtbezirk 10) : [[Düsseldorf-Garath|Garath]], [[Düsseldorf-Hellerhof|Hellerhof]] |} ===Mayor=== {{see also|List of mayors of Düsseldorf}} [[File:2020 Düsseldorf mayoral election (2nd round).svg|thumb|350px|Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election]] The current Mayor of Düsseldorf is Stephan Keller of the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU), who was elected in 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows: {{election table}} ! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate ! rowspan=2| Party ! colspan=2| First round ! colspan=2| Second round |- ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % |- | bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| | align=left| Stephan Keller | align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] | 83,425 | 34.1 | 118,308 | 56.0 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| | align=left| Thomas Geisel | align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] | 64,203 | 26.3 | 92,999 | 44.0 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| | align=left| Stefan Engstfeld | align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] | 42,463 | 17.4 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}| | align=left| Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann | align=left| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] | 30,584 | 12.5 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}| | align=left| Florian Josef Hoffmann | align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]] | 6,564 | 2.7 |- | bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}| | align=left| Udo Adam Bonn | align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] | 5,257 | 2.2 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}| | align=left| Dominique Mirus | align=left| [[Die PARTEI]] | 3,039 | 1.2 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Volt Europa}}| | align=left| Mark Schenk | align=left| [[Volt Europa#Germany|Volt Germany]] | 2,255 | 0.9 |- | | align=left| Claudia Krüger | align=left| Animal Welfare Here! | 1,939 | 0.8 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Free Voters}}| | align=left| Hans-Joachim Grumbach | align=left| [[Free Voters]] | 1,192 | 0.5 |- | | align=left| Celine Coldewe | align=left| Climate List Düsseldorf | 954 | 0.4 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| | align=left| Michael Baumeister | align=left| [[Independent politician|Independent]] | 947 | 0.4 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Pirate Party Germany}}| | align=left| Marc Olejak | align=left| [[Pirate Party Germany]] | 792 | 0.3 |- | | align=left| Markus Brakonier | align=left| German Sport Party | 383 | 0.2 |- | bgcolor={{party color|The Republicans (Germany)}}| | align=left| Andre Maniera | align=left| [[The Republicans (Germany)|The Republicans]] | 325 | 0.1 |- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 244,322 ! 98.8 ! 211,307 ! 99.3 |- ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 3,008 ! 1.2 ! 1,571 ! 0.7 |- ! colspan=3| Total ! 247,330 ! 100.0 ! 212,878 ! 100.0 |- ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 470,511 ! 52.6 ! 470,312 ! 45.3 |- | colspan=7| Source: [https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/aktuell/b111000kw2000.shtml State Returning Officer] |} ===City council=== [[File:2020 Düsseldorf City Council election.svg|thumb|350px|Results of the 2020 city council election]] The Düsseldorf city council (''Düsseldorfer Stadtrat'') governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows: {{election table}} ! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- |- | bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| | align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU) | 81,833 | 33.4 | {{decrease}} 3.3 | 30 | {{decrease}} 1 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| | align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne) | 58,881 | 24.0 | {{increase}} 10.3 | 22 | {{increase}} 11 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| | align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) | 43,949 | 17.9 | {{decrease}} 11.4 | 16 | {{decrease}} 8 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}| | align=left| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP) | 22,453 | 9.2 | {{increase}} 2.2 | 8 | {{increase}} 2 |- | bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}| | align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke) | 9,951 | 4.1 | {{decrease}} 1.1 | 4 | ±0 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}| | align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD) | 8,776 | 3.6 | {{increase}} 0.6 | 3 | {{increase}} 1 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Volt Europa}}| | align=left| [[Volt Europa#Germany|Volt Germany]] (Volt) | 4,512 | 1.8 | New | 2 | New |- | bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}| | align=left| [[Die PARTEI]] (PARTEI) | 4,371 | 1.8 | New | 2 | New |- | | align=left| [[Animal Welfare Here! (Tierschutz hier!)]] | 3,437 | 1.4 | New | 1 | New |- | bgcolor={{party color|Free Voters}}| | align=left| [[Free Voters]] (FW) | 2,212 | 0.9 | {{decrease}} 0.3 | 1 | ±0 |- | | align=left| Climate List Düsseldorf (Klimaliste) | 2,124 | 0.9 | New | 1 | New |- | colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey| |- | bgcolor={{party color|Pirate Party Germany}}| | align=left| [[Pirate Party Germany]] (Piraten) | 1,464 | 0.6 | {{decrease}} 1.1 | 0 | {{decrease}} 1 |- | | align=left| German Sport Party (DSP) | 642 | 0.3 | New | 0 | New |- | bgcolor={{party color|The Republicans (Germany)}}| | align=left| [[The Republicans (Germany)|The Republicans]] (REP) | 586 | 0.2 | {{decrease}} 0.4 | 0 | {{decrease}} 1 |- | | align=left| RESISTANCE 2020 We for Düsseldorf | 76 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New |- ! colspan=2| Valid votes ! 245,271 ! 99.2 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Invalid votes ! 2,085 ! 0.8 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Total ! 247,356 ! 100.0 ! ! 90 ! {{increase}} 8 |- ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 470,511 ! 52.6 ! {{increase}} 3.4 ! ! |- | colspan=7| Source: [https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/aktuell/a111000kw2000.shtml State Returning Officer] |} ==Economy== [[File:D medienhafen.jpg|thumb|[[Rheinturm]] and [[Frank Gehry|Gehry]]-buildings ''[[Der Neue Zollhof]]'' in [[Düsseldorf-Hafen|Hafen]]]] [[File:Düsseldorf Königsallee.jpg|thumb|Königsallee in [[Düsseldorf-Stadtmitte|Stadtmitte]]]] [[File:Duesseldorf Immermannstr bilingual streetname.jpg|thumb|Since 2021 the central street Immermannstraße has bilingual (German/Japanese) signs.]] Düsseldorf has become one of the top [[telecommunications]] centres in Germany. With two of the four big German providers of mobile frequencies, [[Vodafone|D2 Vodafone]] and [[E-Plus]], Düsseldorf leads the German [[mobile phone]] market. There are many foreign information and communication technology companies in Düsseldorf such as [[Huawei]], [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone|NTT]], [[Ericsson]], [[Oppo]], [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] and [[Xiaomi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strengthening the IT and digital location: Three Chinese tech corporations move to North Rhine-Westphalia|url=https://www.nrwinvest.com/en/about-us/press/detail/news/detail/News/strengthening-the-it-and-digital-location-three-chinese-tech-corporations-move-to-north-rhine-westp/|access-date=2020-06-08|website=www.nrwinvest.com|language=en|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814223513/https://www.nrwinvest.com/en/about-us/press/detail/news/detail/News/strengthening-the-it-and-digital-location-three-chinese-tech-corporations-move-to-north-rhine-westp/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 18 [[internet service provider]]s located in the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia. There are two airlines with headquarters in the city: [[Eurowings]] and formerly independent [[LTU International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ltu.de/kontakt/i_kontakt.html |title=Kontakt |access-date=30 March 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000606221616/http://www.ltu.de/kontakt/i_kontakt.html |archive-date=6 June 2000 }} [[LTU International]]; retrieved 21 June 2009.</ref> Many of the internet companies in Düsseldorf have their roots in the world of advertising: there are 400 [[advertising agency|advertising agencies]] in Düsseldorf, among them three of the largest in Germany: [[BBDO|BBDO Group]], [[Grey Global Group]] and [[Publicis]]. A number of affiliates of foreign agencies deserve mention as well, such as [[Ogilvy & Mather]], [[Dentsu]], [[Hakuhodo]], [[TBWA Worldwide|TBWA]], and [[DDB Worldwide|DDB]]. There are also about 200 [[publishing|publishing houses]] in Düsseldorf. [[Peek & Cloppenburg]] (fashion); [[Uniper]] (electricity generation); [[L'Oréal]] Germany (Cosmetics and Beauty); [[Henkel]] AG & Co. KGaA (Branded Consumer Goods and Industrial technologies); [[Metro AG|Metro]] (wholesale, retail); [[Ceconomy]] (retail); [[Esprit Holdings]] (fashion, headquarters in Ratingen near Düsseldorf); [[BASF]] Personal Care & Nutrition (formerly [[Cognis]] – chemicals, headquarters in Monheim near Düsseldorf, but production mainly in Düsseldorf).{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Daimler AG]] builds the [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] light commercial vehicles in Düsseldorf. Since the 1960s, there has been a strong relationship between the city and [[Japan]]. Many Japanese banks and corporations have their European headquarters in Düsseldorf – so many that Düsseldorf has the third largest [[Japanese community of Düsseldorf|Japanese community]] in Europe, after [[London]] and [[Paris]].<ref name="virtualtourist.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Germany/Land_Nordrhein_Westfalen/Duesseldorf-67466/Local_Customs-Duesseldorf-Japanese_Duesseldorf-BR-1.html|title=Japanese Düsseldorf|publisher=VirtualTourist.com|date=11 February 2003|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=19 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919220103/http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Germany/Land_Nordrhein_Westfalen/Duesseldorf-67466/Local_Customs-Duesseldorf-Japanese_Duesseldorf-BR-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Japantag in Düsseldorf: Welcome">{{cite web|url=http://www.japantag-duesseldorf-nrw.de/305.html?&L=1 |title=Japantag in Düsseldorf: Welcome |publisher=Japantag-duesseldorf-nrw.de |access-date=6 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217025744/http://www.japantag-duesseldorf-nrw.de/305.html?&L=1 |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}</ref> The "Kö", which stands for [[Königsallee (Düsseldorf)|Königsallee]] ("King's Avenue"), is a shopping destination. Some jewellery shops, designer labels, and galleries have their stores here. The Kö has among the highest rents for retail and office space in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comfort-gmbh.de/pressemitteilungen/21.03.2007.pdf |title=Modemetropole Mit Internationalem Chic |access-date=6 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809144413/http://comfort-gmbh.de/pressemitteilungen/21.03.2007.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2007}}</ref> === Financial center === The city is an important [[financial center]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finke|first=Tobias Rafael|date=2016|title=Deutschland, deine Finanzplätze|journal=Die Bank – Zeitschrift für Bankpolitik und Praxis|volume=8|pages=18–22}}</ref> More than 30,000 people work for the financial and insurance sector in Düsseldorf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/nn_217688/Statischer-Content/Rubriken/Beschaeftigung/Beschaeftigte/Beschaeftigte-nach-Regionen-Kreise-kreisefreie-Staedte-und-Agenturen-fuer-Arbeit.html|title=Regionalreport über Beschäftigte – Kreise und Agenturen für Arbeit|date=2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102220019/https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/nn_217688/Statischer-Content/Rubriken/Beschaeftigung/Beschaeftigte/Beschaeftigte-nach-Regionen-Kreise-kreisefreie-Staedte-und-Agenturen-fuer-Arbeit.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are around 170 national and [[global financial system|international financial institutions]], and about 130 insurance agencies, and one of Germany's eight [[stock exchange]]s. [[HSBC Trinkaus|HSBC]] has its German headquarters in Düsseldorf and employs 3.000 people. [[NRW.BANK]] is a development bank of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the largest state development bank in Germany. NRW.BANK was spun off from [[Portigon Financial Services|WestLB]] in 2002. Today [[Deutsche Bank]] and [[Commerzbank]] have major branches in Düsseldorf with about 2.000 employees. Düsseldorf is also the most important German financial center for Japanese credit institutions. [[MUFG Bank]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|SMBC]] and [[Mizuho Bank|Mizuho]] have their German headquarters in Düsseldorf. Also [[Santander Consumer Bank (Deutschland)|Santander]] has its German headquarters in the Düsseldorf region. Some major insurance companies like [[ERGO Group|ERGO]], a subsidiary of [[Munich Re]], and [[ARAG SE|ARAG]] are located in the city. Several other major financial service companies have their headquarters in the city. ===Media=== Important newspapers and journals such as ''[[Handelsblatt]]'', ''[[Rheinische Post]]'', ''Wirtschaftswoche'', ''Deutsches Wirtschaftsblatt'' and ''VDI-Nachrichten'' are published in Düsseldorf. Almost all of these papers are available online. Renowned filmmaking companies, such as Germany's biggest cinema enterprise, the Riech Group, and TV channels such as [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|WDR]] and [[QVC]] are located in Düsseldorf. The ''Film- und Medienstiftung NRW'' foundation supports the production of film and new media.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} With regard to movies and movie theatres in Düsseldorf, moviegoers are able to view movies in a range of different languages. Many mainstream movies are shown in English, Spanish, French, and German.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amazingcapitals.com/dusseldorf/things-to-do/stage-screen/movies|title=Movie theatres and cinemas showing original language films and movies, OV, OmU in Düsseldorf on Amazing Düsseldorf {{!}} Amazing Capitals|last=Garry|website=www.amazingcapitals.com|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009094820/http://www.amazingcapitals.com/dusseldorf/things-to-do/stage-screen/movies|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Transport== ===Düsseldorf Airport=== [[File:Duesseldorf international terminal.jpg|thumb|Düsseldorf Airport]] [[Düsseldorf Airport]], also referred to as Rhein-Ruhr Airport, is located {{convert|8|km|spell=in|abbr=off|0}} north of the city centre and can easily be reached by train or the [[Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] urban railway. There is a [[Düsseldorf Airport station|long-distance train station]] served by regional and national services, which is linked to the airport by the [[Düsseldorf SkyTrain|SkyTrain]], an automatic [[people mover]]. Another station situated under the terminal building carries the S-Bahn line ([[S11 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn)|S11]]) to [[Düsseldorf Central Station]], and to [[Cologne]] as well as a few selected night services. After those of Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin, Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth largest [[airport|commercial airport]], with 25.5 million passengers annually (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=derwesten.de |first=DerWesten- |date=2021-09-08 |title=Größte Flughäfen in Deutschland: DAS sind die Airports mit den meisten Passagieren in der Bundesrepublik |url=https://www.derwesten.de/panorama/vermischtes/groesste-flughaefen-in-deutschland-passagiere-verkehrsflughafen-passagieraufkommen-fluggesellschaft-drehkreuz-id233264561.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=www.derwesten.de |language=de |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093256/https://www.derwesten.de/panorama/vermischtes/groesste-flughaefen-in-deutschland-passagiere-verkehrsflughafen-passagieraufkommen-fluggesellschaft-drehkreuz-id233264561.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents, and is served by 70 airlines. The airport buildings were partly destroyed by a devastating fire caused by welding works in 1996, killing 17 people. It was completely rebuilt and the Skytrain installed. ===Railway=== [[File:StadtbahnD.png|thumb|right|Düsseldorf Straßenbahn and Düsseldorf Stadtbahn network, part of the [[Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr]]]] The city is a major hub in the [[Deutsche Bahn]] (DB) railway network. More than 1,000 trains stop in Düsseldorf daily. [[Düsseldorf Central Station]] at Konrad-Adenauer-Platz is located in [[Düsseldorf-Stadtmitte]]. Several [[Rhein-Ruhr S-Bahn]] lines connect Düsseldorf to other cities of [[Rhine-Ruhr]]. Local [[Trams in Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf Straßenbahn]] and [[light rail]] [[Düsseldorf Stadtbahn]] traffic, as well as local bus traffic, is carried out by the city-owned [[Rheinbahn]] which operates within the [[Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr|VRR]] [[public transport]] system. The light rail system also serves neighbouring cities and is partially operated underground. The Central Station and the Airport Station (Flughafen-Bahnhof) are connected to the national and [[High-speed rail in Europe|European high-speed systems]] (Intercity/Eurocity, IC/EC and [[InterCityExpress]]). ===Taxi=== [[File:PKW Mercedes W210 P4297201.JPG|thumb|left|Officially licensed taxis are always ivory coloured.]] In Düsseldorf there are 1320 officially licensed Taxis. According to the regulations, the cars are always in ivory colour. On the back window you always find a black number on a yellow patch. Credit card payment has to be accepted at the Taxi stands at Airport of Düsseldorf. The supply of taxis in Düsseldorf is over the German average.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Two taxi organisations cover the market.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} "Taxi-Düsseldorf" offers more than 1180 cabs in different sizes for max. 8 Passengers. The smaller one is "Rhein-Taxi" with more than 120 cabs. It is obligatory to carry out any journeys to destinations in the city and directly neighbouring cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/stadtrecht/3/33/33_202.shtml |title=Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf - Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung) |access-date=6 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113728/https://www.duesseldorf.de/stadtrecht/3/33/33_202.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2016 }} Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung) (German)</ref> ===Carsharing=== In addition to stationary car sharing, where vehicles must be returned to their original location after use, [[one-way carsharing]] vehicles have also been available for hire since 2012. These vehicles, which can be parked anywhere where parking is normally allowed within Düsseldorf, can be rented from Car2go, Greenwheels, Stadtmobil and DriveNow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/verkehrsmanagement/clever-unterwegs/carsharing.html|title=CarSharing|first=Landeshauptstadt|last=Düsseldorf|website=www.duesseldorf.de|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028134206/https://www.duesseldorf.de/verkehrsmanagement/clever-unterwegs/carsharing.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Autobahn=== North Rhine-Westphalia has the densest network of [[autobahn]]s in Germany and Düsseldorf is directly accessible via the [[Bundesautobahn 3|A3]], [[Bundesautobahn 44|A44]], [[Bundesautobahn 46|A46]], [[Bundesautobahn 52|A52]], [[Bundesautobahn 57|A57]], [[Bundesautobahn 59|A59]] and [[Bundesautobahn 524|A524]]. ===Cycling=== Düsseldorf is connected to some national and international cycling paths, including [[EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route]]. The city of Düsseldorf is a member of the German North Rhine-Westphalia District, Municipality and City Friends of Pedestrians and Cyclists Working Group, who bestowed upon Düsseldorf the title of "Friend of Cyclists City" in 2007, although the city still has a few gaps in the network of cycle paths in the eyes of many of its citizens. ==Culture and recreation== {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2014}} Elector [[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Jan Wellem]] and his wife [[Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici]] of Tuscany, were patrons of Düsseldorf's first significant cultural activities in the 17th and 18th centuries. [[Heinrich Heine]], whose 200th birthday was celebrated in 1997 and who originally had a proposed [[Heinrich Heine Memorial|memorial]] in the city dedicated to him; Clara and [[Robert Schumann]]; and [[Felix Mendelssohn]], are the most prominent artists related to the city, which is home to a distinguished [[Düsseldorf Academy of Fine Arts|Academy of Fine Arts]]. The Düsseldorf cultural scene comprises traditional and [[avant-garde]], classical and glamorous. The world-famous state art collection of North Rhine-Westphalia, the highly acclaimed [[Deutsche Oper am Rhein]] (opera), and the [[Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus]] (theatre), artistic home of [[Gustaf Gründgens]], are major elements of Düsseldorf's reputation as a centre of the fine arts. ===Beer=== {{More citations needed section|date=December 2014}} Düsseldorf is well known for its [[Altbier]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Unknown |url=http://www.brauer-bund.de/bierfans/sorten/alt.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429113232/http://www.brauer-bund.de/bierfans/sorten/alt.htm |archive-date=29 April 2007 |title=Altbier |publisher=Brauer-bund.de |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a hoppy beer which translates as ''old [style] beer'', a reference to the pre-[[lager]] brewing method of using a warm [[top-fermenting yeast]] like British pale ales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000838.html|title=Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter – Copper-bottom ales halt lager tide in Germany|publisher=Beerhunter.com|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214102307/http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000838.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Over time the Alt yeast adjusted to lower temperatures, and the Alt brewers would store or lager the beer after fermentation, leading to a cleaner, crisper beer. The name "altbier" first appeared in the 19th century to differentiate the beers of Düsseldorf from the new [[pale lager]] that was gaining a hold on Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/altbier.html|title=Altbier|publisher=Germanbeerinstitute.com|access-date=8 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313011829/http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/altbier.html|archive-date=13 March 2009}}</ref> Brewers in Düsseldorf used the pale malts that were used for the modern pale lagers, but retained the old ("alt") method of using warm fermenting yeasts. The first brewery to use the name Alt was Schumacher which opened in 1838.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dussbrew.htm#schumacher|title=Düsseldorf Breweries|publisher=Europeanbeerguide.net|access-date=8 July 2009|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929194654/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dussbrew.htm#schumacher|url-status=live}}</ref> The founder, Mathias Schumacher, allowed the beer to mature in cool conditions in wooden casks for longer than normal, and laid the foundation for the modern alt – amber coloured and lagered.<ref>Prost! The Story of German Beer, Horst D. Dornbusch, Brewers Publications, 1997, pp 109–110; {{ISBN|0-937381-55-1}}</ref> The result is a pale beer that has some of the lean dryness of a lager but with fruity notes as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dusspubs.htm|title=Düsseldorf Pub Guide: the best beer bars, pubs and brewpubs|publisher=Europeanbeerguide.net|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115125114/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dusspubs.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> There are five pub-breweries in Düsseldorf which brew Altbier on the premises: Füchschen, Schumacher, Schlüssel, Uerige and Brauerei Kürzer. Four of the five are in the historic centre of Düsseldorf (Altstadt); the other (Schumacher), between the Altstadt and Düsseldorf Central railway station (Hauptbahnhof), also maintains an establishment in the Altstadt, Im Goldenen Kessel, across the street from Schlüssel. Each (except Brauerei Kürzer) produces a special, secret, seasonal "Sticke" version in small quantities, though the names vary: Schlüssel spells it "Stike", without the "c", while Schumacher calls its special beer "Latzenbier", meaning "slat beer", possibly because the kegs from which it was poured had been stored on raised shelves.<ref name="Dornbusch">Horst Dornbusch, ''Altbier'', Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> Füchschen's seasonal is its Weihnachtsbier (Christmas beer), available in bottles starting mid-November, and served in the brewpub on [[Christmas Eve]].<ref name="Fuchschen Weihnachtsbier">{{cite web|url=http://www.fuechschen.de/htmlGB/start-frames-61.html |title=Fuchschen webpage on Weihnachtsbier |access-date=27 April 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127112721/http://www.fuechschen.de/htmlGB/start-frames-61.html |archive-date=27 January 2008 }}</ref> ===Music and nightlife=== [[File:Sensation White 2008 Silvester - LTU Arena, Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|[[Sensation White]] New Year's Eve party, [[Merkur Spiel-Arena|Esprit Arena]]]] Düsseldorf has been home to a number of influential music artists and bands, particularly in the [[Electronic music|electronic]] and [[krautrock]] genres, with [[Kraftwerk]] being the most prominent example. As one source describes, "This is the place where [[Neu!]] conceived the motorik beat, [[Harmonia (band)|Harmonia]] dreamed up ambient, [[Die Krupps]] expanded the idea of industrial, and where those brilliant mensch-maschines Kraftwerk, declared: 'We are the robots'."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollow |first=Christopher |date=2015-06-05 |title=How Dusseldorf became the birthplace of modern electronica |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/how-dusseldorf-became-the-birthplace-of-modern-electronica-20150602-13194w.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> Since the 1950s the "[[Kom(m)ödchen]]" has been one of the most prominent political cabarets of Germany. The city's best-known contribution to the culture of modern [[popular music]] is the influential avant-garde [[electronic music|electronic]] band [[Kraftwerk]]. Formed by two Düsseldorf-born musicians, [[Kraftwerk]] is internationally known as the most significant band in the history of [[post-war]] [[Music of Germany|German music]] and as pioneers in electronic music.<ref name="graun_kraftwerk">[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/jul/25/artsfeatures.popandrock Desperately seeking Kraftwerk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326150515/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/jul/25/artsfeatures.popandrock |date=26 March 2020 }}; "Kraftwerk [was] so far ahead of [its] time that the rest of the world...spent 25 years inventing new musical genres in an attempt to catch up. Another famous Synth-pop band to come from the city was [[Propaganda (band)|Propaganda]]. House, techno, hip-hop, trip-hop, synth-pop, trance, electroclash: Kraftwerk's influence looms over all of them. It's difficult to imagine what rock and pop music would sound like today if Kraftwerk had never existed", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 24 July 2003; accessed 8 December 2014.</ref> Other influential musical groups originating from Düsseldorf include [[Neu!]], formed in 1971 by [[Klaus Dinger]] and [[Michael Rother]], after their split from Kraftwerk,<ref name="The_Great_Rock_Discography">{{cite book|first=Martin Charles | last=Strong|title=The Great Rock Discography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DE9qW3YfHG4C|year=2002|publisher=Canongate|isbn=978-1-84195-312-0|page=687}}</ref> and [[La Düsseldorf]], also formed by Dinger in 1976 shortly after Neu! disbanded. Both groups had a significant influence on a variety of subsequent [[rock music|rock]], [[post-punk]], and [[electronic music]] artists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/neu!-mn0000387815/biography|title=Neu! {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=2017-01-05|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505163439/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/neu%21-mn0000387815/biography|url-status=live}}</ref> Internationally known [[power metal]] band [[Warlock (band)|Warlock]] was formed in Düsseldorf in 1982. Its frontwoman, [[Doro (musician)|Doro Pesch]], had a successful solo career in Europe and Asia since [[Warlock (band)|Warlock]] ended. The [[punk rock|punk band]] [[Die Toten Hosen]], the electronic act [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft|D.A.F.]], as well as the electronic/industrial pioneers [[Die Krupps]], all originated in Düsseldorf. Düsseldorf appears in several songs, including ''Düsseldorf'' by the British indie band [[Teleman]] and ''Wärst du doch in Düsseldorf geblieben'' by Danish singer [[Dorthe Kollo]]. === Fashion === Düsseldorf has been the [[fashion]] capital of Germany [[History of Germany (1945–1990)|for decades]] (it is also a major cultural center for the art and fashion scenes). Berlin, Germany's 'fashion capital' until 1945, lost its position because of its [[History of Berlin|special location]] within the [[Soviet occupation zone]]. After the [[monetary reform]] of June 20, 1948, fashionable clothes trends gained importance. [[Igedo]] organised fashion shows staged in Düsseldorf starting in March 1949.<ref>''Verkaufs- und Modewoche Düsseldorf'' (source: [[Der Spiegel]] [https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44445899.html 2/1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145426/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44445899.html |date=24 February 2021 }})</ref> <!---- There are famous designers that have made a name for themselves in Düsseldorf as well. Designers Sabine Schumacher, Peter O. Mahler, and Renate Harvan all design in Düsseldorf.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} ----> There are a number of schools dedicated to fashion design in Düsseldorf, among them ''Akademie Mode & Design'' ([[:de:AMD Akademie Mode & Design|de]]), ''Design Department'', and ''Mode Design College''<!--- https://www.modedesigncollege.de --->.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/fashion-shopping/fashion/|title=Fashion Schools |website=www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de|access-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406223337/http://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/fashion-shopping/fashion/fashion-schools/ |archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> ===Carnival=== {{main|Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria#Rhineland}} [[File:Düsseldorf Karneval 2013 (8465441391).jpg|thumb|[[Carnival|Carnival in Düsseldorf]]]] One of the biggest cultural events in Düsseldorf is the ''[[Carnival|Karneval]]'' (also referred to as the "fifth season") which starts every year on 11 November at 11:11 a.m., and reaches its climax on ''[[Rosenmontag]]'' (Rose Monday), featuring a huge parade through the streets of Düsseldorf. ''Karneval'' ends on ''Aschermittwoch'' ([[Ash Wednesday]]). ===Düsseldorf's cartwheeler=== {{Main|Düsseldorf's cartwheeler}} The ''Düsseldorfer Radschläger'' (''boy who does [[Cartwheel (gymnastics)|cartwheels]]'') is said to be the city's oldest tradition. The symbol of the cartwheeler can be found on souvenirs and various things in Düsseldorf have cartwheelers to thank for their names.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} ==== Legends of its origin and history ==== {{More citations needed section|date=December 2014}} The tradition cannot be linked to one specific historical event. Instead, there are several stories surrounding the beginnings of the Düsseldorf cartwheelers. Probably the most well known version is the [[Battle of Worringen]]. In the battle of 1288, [[Adolf VIII of Berg|Count Adolf]] devastatingly defeated the [[Archbishop]] of [[Cologne]]. As a consequence of this victory, Düsseldorf obtained [[town privileges]]. Inhabitants, especially children, ran joyfully on the streets and performed [[Cartwheel (gymnastics)|cartwheels]]. Another story talks about a wedding procession during which one of the wheels of the wedding carriage broke. In order to fend off the threat of bad luck, a boy supposedly jumped up to the carriage, took hold of the wheel and thus became a living part of the wheel. Whether the story is about the marriage of [[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Jan Wellem]] and [[Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici]] or the wedding of Margravine [[Jakobea of Baden]] and [[John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Johann Wilhelm]] is debatable. Another story gives an account of the wedding between Margrave Jacobe von Baden and Johann Wilhelm, in 1585. According to legend, she felt miserable about her marriage, but the cartwheelers who displayed their skills next to her carriage were able to make her smile. Numerous travelers were attracted to the city by great exhibitions – the forerunner of today's fairs – between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During this time the children who did cartwheels found out that it was a profitable source of income. The bourgeoisie accepted this in good humour as a symbolic act of local patriotism. In the beginning the lads shouted ''"för eene Penning schlage ich das Rad“'' (a cartwheel for a penny). The Jan Wellem monument returned to Düsseldorf at the end of the Second World War. The procession was accompanied by torches, fanfares and cartwheeling boys. =====Cartwheelers in the cityscape===== Cartwheelers can be found at several fountains within the city and near many small landmarks. The most famous is Cartwheeler's Fountain in ''Burgplatz'' ([[:de:Burgplatz (Düsseldorf)|de]]) with an inscription of a quote by Hans Müller-Schlösser: "''Radschläger wolle mer blieve, wie jeck et de Minschen och drieve''" (We will always remain cartwheelers, however crazy it drives people.) The fountain was designed by Alfred Zschorsch in 1954 and donated by ''Heimatverein Düsseldorfer Jonges'', which is a club devoted to the maintenance of local and regional traditions. There are other cartwheelers that decorate storm drains and the [[door knocker]] on the Church of Lambertus, designed by Friedrich Becker. He created the cartwheeler in front of the Schadow Arcades.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} The tradition has been kept alive by the ''Alde Düsseldorfer Bürgergesellschaft von 1920 e. V.'', a society founded in 1920, which organized the first cartwheeler competition on 17 October 1937. This event has been held annually since 1971<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.christmasmarkets.com/individual-christmas-market/dusseldorf-christmas-market/|title=Düsseldorf Christmas Market {{!}} Christmas Markets|newspaper=Christmas Markets|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109224141/http://www.christmasmarkets.com/individual-christmas-market/dusseldorf-christmas-market/|url-status=live}}</ref> in cooperation with the ''Stadtsparkasse'' (a local bank). Formerly held in the ''[[Königsallee]]'', it has taken place since 2006 on the ''Rheinwerft'', near the old part of town. This is a fixed date in the city's calendar of events. About 500 boys regularly participate in the event and girls have also taken part since 1971. In an art project ''Radschläger-Kunst'' (Cartwheeler Art) launched in 2001, over 100 cartwheeler sculptures were designed by various artists. The door knocker on the Church of Lambertus<ref>[[:de:St. Lambertus (Düsseldorf)#/media/Datei:Radschläger-Türklopfer an St. Lambertus in Düsseldorf.jpg|picture]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2020}} served as a model for the sculptures that are {{convert|2|m|0|abbr=off}} high, {{convert|2|m|0|abbr=off}} wide and {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} deep. They were positioned around the city centre. Some of the sculptures have been auctioned off to companies and private owners.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} === Christmas market === Every [[Christmas]], the city of Düsseldorf uses the city centre to host one of the largest Christmas gatherings in Germany. The Christmas festival occurs every year from 17 November until 23 December. This Christmas fest brings Düsseldorf a large portion of tourism every year as many people from nearby areas come to the city to drink [[mulled wine]] and hot chocolate and watch craftsman [[Glassblowing|blow glass]] and create art. The event contains many small wooden buildings all clustered in the middle of the city for all the citizens to enjoy. The event, to many visitors, has an old European feel, but is very lively. ===Cuisine=== [[File:Himmel und Erde (2).jpg|thumb|[[Himmel und Erde|Himmel un Äd]], "Heaven and Earth"]] Traditional meals in the region are Rheinischer [[Sauerbraten]] (a beef roast and sometimes horse marinated for a few days in vinegar and spices served with gravy and raisins) and [[Himmel und erde|Heaven and Earth]] (Himmel und Äd; [[black pudding]] with stewed apples mixed with [[mashed potato]]es). In winter the people like to eat Muscheln Rheinischer Art (Rhenish-style mussels) as well as [[Reibekuchen]] (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce). Also a special meal: Düsseldorfer Senfrostbraten (Steaks roasted with Düsseldorf mustard on top). Düsseldorf is known for its strong [[Dijon mustard|Dijon]]-like [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] served in a traditional pot called "Mostertpöttche", which was eternalised in a [[still life]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] in 1884.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://duesseldorf-altstadt.blogspot.com/2007/01/van-gogh-stilleben-mit-abb-senf.html |title=Düsseldorf Altstadt: Van Gogh, Stilleben mit ABB-Senf |publisher=Duesseldorf-altstadt.blogspot.com |date=25 January 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> The Rhine Metropolis is one of the most diverse areas in terms of culinary diversity. Düsseldorf, with the third largest Japanese community in Europe, not only provides a wide range of culinary cuisine but also has a solid foundation of Authentic Asian food in the city. Düsseldorf's exceptional culinary cuisine has been recognized and visited by the Worldwide leading travel guide of Lonely Planet. Along with a broad range of diverse cultural cuisine, Düsseldorf is also home to various Michelin starred restaurants that are world renowned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/duesseldorfs-culinary-side/|title=Düsseldorf's culinary side – Metropolis Düsseldorf – Düsseldorf Tourism|website=www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152903/https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/duesseldorfs-culinary-side/|archive-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> '''Halve Hahn''' – this dish is made from a half a double rye roll, which is another of the specialties of Düsseldorf, buttered, with a thick slice of aged Gouda cheese, onions, mustard, ground paprika and sour pickles. '''Himmel un Aad''' – a dish of mashed potatoes and apples along with slices of blutwurst. Caramelized onions are usually served with this meal. '''Reibekuchen''' is another famous dish from Düsseldorf; this dish is usually drizzled with Rübensyrup (beet syrup) and is served on pumpernickel slices along with applesauce.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://germanfood.about.com/od/German-Vegetables/g/Johannisbeeren-Red-Currant.htm|title=Johannisbeeren and Schwarze Johannisbeeren – Redcurrant – Red and Black Currant|newspaper=About.com Food|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152825/http://germanfood.about.com/od/German-Vegetables/g/Johannisbeeren-Red-Currant.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Literature=== The ''[[Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf]]'' is a German [[Literary award]] donated by the City of Düsseldorf in [[Northrhine-Westphalia]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Bergmann |url=http://www.duesseldorf.de/kulturamt/auszeichnungen/literatur.shtml |title=Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf |publisher=Duesseldorf.de |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135634/http://www.duesseldorf.de/kulturamt/auszeichnungen/literatur.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> The Prize for Literature in support of the City of Düsseldorf is awarded since 1972 by the Council of the City due to the decisions of the courts.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NDfs3Fhz0rwC&dq=F%C3%B6rderpreis+f%C3%BCr+Literatur+der+Landeshauptstadt+D%C3%BCsseldorf&pg=PA1427 ''Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423122457/https://books.google.com/books?id=NDfs3Fhz0rwC&dq=F%C3%B6rderpreis%20f%C3%BCr%20Literatur%20der%20Landeshauptstadt%20D%C3%BCsseldorf&pg=PA1427 |date=23 April 2023 }}, ''[[Kürschners Deutscher Literatur-Kalender]] 2010/2011: Band I: A-O. Band II: P-Z.''], Walter De Gruyter Incorporated, 2010, p. 1427.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> The ''Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf'' is given once a year to artists and groups, especially to the areas of poetry, writing, review and translation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Benutzername / E-Mail-|url=http://www.rp-online.de/region-duesseldorf/duesseldorf/nachrichten/kultur/duesseldorf-vergibt-kulturpreise-1.2630947|title=Düsseldorf vergibt Kulturpreise|date=7 December 2011|publisher=Rp-online.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185345/https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duesseldorf/kultur/duesseldorf-vergibt-kulturpreise_aid-13114345|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Rivalry with Cologne=== {{main|Rivalry between Cologne and Düsseldorf}} Düsseldorf and [[Cologne]] have had a "fierce regional rivalry".<ref name="Rivalry">{{cite news|title=Giving beer a home in the Rhineland|url=http://www.thelocal.de/society/20110728-36597.html|access-date=28 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Local]]|date=28 July 2011|archive-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028121120/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20110728-36597.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The rivalry includes [[Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria|carnival]] parades, [[Association football|football]], [[ice hockey]] and [[beer]].<ref name="Rivalry"/> People in Cologne prefer [[Kölsch (beer)|Kölsch]] while people in Düsseldorf prefer [[Altbier]].<ref name="Rivalry"/> Some Waiters and patrons will "scorn" and make a "mockery" of people who order Alt beer in Cologne and Kölsch in Düsseldorf.<ref name="Rivalry"/> The rivalry has been described as a "love-hate relationship".<ref name="Rivalry"/> ===Theatres=== [[File:Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus.jpg|thumb|Düsseldorf Schauspielhaus]] [[File:Tonhalle Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|Düsseldorf Tonhalle]] * Apollo (varieté, circus; shows do not require knowledge of [[German language]]) * [[Capitol Theater (Düsseldorf)|Capitol]] (musicals) * [[Deutsche Oper am Rhein]] (Opera; Ballet) * [[Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus]]; the theatre started with theatrical performances in 1585 * Düsseldorfer Marionetten-Theater * [[Merkur Spiel-Arena]] (Venue of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011]]) * [[Forum Freies Theater|FFT]] – Forum Freies Theater (intimate theatre) * Junges Theater in der Altstadt * Klangraum (20th-century classical music) * [[Kom(m)ödchen]] (Political cabaret) * Komödie Düsseldorf * Palais Wittgenstein * Puppentheater an der Helmholtzstraße (puppetry) * Robert-Schumann-Saal * Savoy-Theater * Seniorentheater in der Altstadt * Tanzhaus NRW (theatre for dance) * [[Tonhalle Düsseldorf]] ([[concert hall]] for [[classical music]], jazz, pop, cabaret) * Theater an der Kö * Theater an der Luegallee * Theateratelier Takelgarn * Theater Flin * Theater Glorreich ===Museums, arts and history institutes, and other attractions=== [[File:K20 Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|[[Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen]] – K20 (Grabbeplatz)]] [[File:K21 Staendehaus.jpg|thumb|Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen – K21 (Ständehaus)]] [[File:Aqua Zoo in Düsseldorf - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Düsseldorf AquaZoo]] [[File:Tour.jpg|thumb|[[Rheinturm]]]] [[File:Building of the Volkshochschule Düsseldorf and Stadtbibliothek Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|Building of the Folk high school (Volkshochschule) and the central library (Zentalbibliothek der Stadtbibliothek) of Düsseldorf]] * Akademie-Galerie (exhibition space of the Art Academy Düsseldorf) * Andreaskirche * Aquazoo-Löbbecke-Museum (aquarium and zoological museum)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dusseldorf_AquaZoo_Entrance.jpg |title=File:Dusseldorf AquaZoo Entrance.jpg – Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Commons.wikimedia.org |date=2010-07-31 |access-date=17 August 2014 |archive-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423071146/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dusseldorf_AquaZoo_Entrance.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> * TvTower<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dusseldorf-Tv_Tower2.JPG |title=File:Dusseldorf-Tv Tower2.JPG – Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Commons.wikimedia.org |date=2010-08-20 |access-date=17 August 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185252/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dusseldorf-Tv_Tower2.JPG |url-status=live }}</ref> * BRAUSE – Vereinsheim des Metzgerei Schnitzel Kunstvereins e.V. * Film museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.duesseldorf.de/kultur/filmmuseum/index.shtml |title=Filmmuseum |publisher=Duesseldorf.de |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928193117/http://www.duesseldorf.de/kultur/filmmuseum/index.shtml |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> * Filmstiftung NRW (NRW Film Foundation) * [[Forum NRW]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]-Museum * Heinrich-Heine-Institut * Heinrich Heine Birth-house * [[:de:Hetjens Museum|Hetjens Museum]] (German museum of ceramics) * [[Imai – inter media art institute]] * [[Institut Français]] Düsseldorf * Institut für Kunstdokumentation und Szenografie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iks-medienarchiv.de/|title=iks-medienarchiv.de|publisher=iks-medienarchiv.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185302/http://www.iks-medienarchiv.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> (Institute for Art Documentation and Scenography) * [[Julia Stoschek|Julia Stoschek Collection]]<ref>[http://www.julia-stoschek-collection.net/de/start.html Julia Stoschek Collection] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310221824/http://www.julia-stoschek-collection.net/de/start.html |date=10 March 2010 }}</ref> (video art) * KAI 10|Raum für Kunst<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaistrasse10.de/|title=KAI 10 | Raum für Kunst|publisher=Kaistrasse10.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220090314/http://www.kaistrasse10.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Kulturbahnhof Eller<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kultur-bahnhof-eller.de/|title=Kulturbahnhof Eller|publisher=Kultur-bahnhof-eller.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217115719/http://kultur-bahnhof-eller.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Kunstarchiv Kaiserswerth (works of [[Bernd and Hilla Becher]]/Kahmen Collection) * [[Kunst im Tunnel]] (KIT)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kunst-im-tunnel.de/e/index.html|title=KIT|publisher=Kunst-im-tunnel.de|access-date=8 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918141745/http://kunst-im-tunnel.de/e/index.html|archive-date=18 September 2013}}</ref> * [[Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen]] (Art Collection Northrhine-Westphalia) – K20 (Grabbeplatz) and K21 (Ständehaus) * [[Kunsthalle Düsseldorf]] * Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen (Society for the Promotion of the Fine Arts) * [[Museum Kunstpalast]] * Mahn- und Gedenkstätte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialmus (Memorial museum for victims of [[Nazism|Nationalsocialism]]) * Onomato<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onomato-verein.de/veranstaltungen/index.html|title=onomato künstlerverein|publisher=Onomato-verein.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625041739/http://onomato-verein.de/veranstaltungen/index.html|archive-date=25 June 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Polish Institute|Polnisches Institut]] Düsseldorf<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polnisches-institut.de/|title=Polnisches Institut Düsseldorf|publisher=Polnisches-institut.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185311/https://instytutpolski.pl/duesseldorf/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Puppentheater an der Helmholtzstraße * Rathaus * Reinraum e.V. – Verein zur Förderung von Kunst und Kultur * {{lang|de|[[Rheinturm Düsseldorf|Rheinturm]]|italic=no}} (Rhine Tower; highest building and landmark of Düsseldorf) * {{ill|Collegiate Church of St Lambertus|de|St. Lambertus (Düsseldorf)}} * Schiffahrt Museum * Schloss Jägerhof * Schlossturm * Schloss und Park Benrath (palace and park of Benrath) * Stadtbibliothek * [[Stadtmuseum Düsseldorf|Stadtmuseum]] (City history museum) * Statue of [[Jan Wellem]] * Theatermuseum, Düsseldorf * Triton Museum * Volkshochschule * Zakk<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zakk.de/|title=zakk|publisher=Zakk.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216165925/http://www.zakk.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> – cultural centre with concerts, readings, debates and party [[File:Koenigsallee 2019 -WPWP.jpg|thumb|Königsallee]] ===Parks and gardens=== * [[Botanischer Garten Düsseldorf]], a modern [[botanical garden]] * Hofgarten * The Nordpark, with the Aquazoo * The Südfriedhof (The South Cemetery) *[https://www2.duesseldorf.de/stadtgruen/park.html Volksgarten adjacent to Südpark] ==Sports and live events== <gallery> File:ISS Dome Düsseldorf Straßensicht.jpg|The [[ISS-Dome]], an [[ice hockey]] stadium, opened in 2006. File:LTU-Arena Düsseldorf.jpg|The [[Merkur Spiel-Arena]] (formerly LTU Arena) File:Eurovisions-Arena bei Nacht P5143553.JPG|Logo during Eurovision Song Contest 2011 ESC File:Rennbahn P4173040.JPG|Racecourse, general view from the east File:Neue Tribüne der Galopprennbahn Düsseldorf.JPG|Main Tribune of the Racecourse for horses/Galopprennbahn Düsseldorf </gallery> Düsseldorf's main [[Association football|football]] team [[Fortuna Düsseldorf]] won the 1933 German championship, the [[German Cup]] in 1979 and 1980, and were finalists in the [[European Cup Winners Cup]] in 1979. They currently play in the [[2. Bundesliga]], after being relegated from the [[Bundesliga]] in 2020. They play their matches in the [[Merkur Spiel-Arena]] (formerly known as the 'ESPIRIT arena'), a multi-functional stadium with a capacity of 54,500. Düsseldorf was one of nine host cities for the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]], and will be one of ten venues to stage the [[UEFA Euro 2024|2024 UEFA European Championship]]. The Rochusclub Düsseldorf has hosted the tennis [[World Team Cup]] from 1978 till 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rp-online.de/sport/tennis/atp-fuehrt-world-team-cup-wieder-ein_aid-23757427|title=Tennis: ATP führt World Team Cup wieder ein|website=RP ONLINE|date=July 2018|language=de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143538/https://rp-online.de/sport/tennis/atp-fuehrt-world-team-cup-wieder-ein_aid-23757427|url-status=live}}</ref> Düsseldorf also held the [[List of Tour de France Grands Départs|Grand Départ]] for the [[2017 Tour de France|Tour de France]] in July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.com/le-tour/2016/us/grand-depart-2017.html|title=Site officiel du Tour de France 2018|website=www.letour.com|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005114206/http://www.letour.com/le-tour/2016/us/grand-depart-2017.html|archive-date=5 October 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other sports in Düsseldorf are [[ice hockey]] (the [[Düsseldorfer EG]] which play in the [[PSD Bank Dome]]) and [[American football]]. The [[Düsseldorf Panther]] are one of the most successful teams in Germany with six [[German Bowl]] titles and the [[Eurobowl]] victory in 1995. In addition the Junior-Team is the most successful youth department in Germany with fifteen [[German Junior Bowl|Junior Bowl]] victories. [[Rhein Fire (NFL Europe)|Rhine Fire Düsseldorf]] was an established team of the [[NFL Europa|NFL Europe]] and won the [[World Bowl]] two times in 1998 and 2000. Düsseldorf has a successful [[rugby union]] team (Düsseldorf Dragons), who as of 2017/18 play in the western division of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German rugby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rugbyweb.de/index.php?league=BL2W|website=RugbyWeb.de|access-date=26 January 2018|title=RugbyWeb Spielpläne – BL2W|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185314/http://rugbyweb.de/index.php?league=BL2W|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Table tennis]] is also played (Borussia Düsseldorf – the most successful team in Germany with [[Timo Boll]]), as are [[team handball|handball]] (HSG Düsseldorf), [[basketball]] ([[Düsseldorf Giants]]), [[baseball]] (Düsseldorf Senators) and [[dance|dancing]] (Rot-Weiß Düsseldorf). Düsseldorf also has a [[Cricket]] team, the Düsseldorf Blackcaps, who play in the regional NRW league.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackcaps.de/|title=Official Homepage|publisher=Düsseldorf Blackcaps|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216220146/http://blackcaps.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011]]. ==Education== [[University of Düsseldorf|Heinrich Heine University]] Düsseldorf is located in the southern part of the city. It has about 30,000 students and a wide range of subjects in [[natural science]]s, mathematics, [[computer science]]s, philosophy, [[social sciences]], arts, languages, medicine, pharmacy, economy and the law. Other academic institutions include: * the [[Clara Schumann]] Musikschule (music school) * the [[Robert Schumann Hochschule]] * the [[Kunstakademie Düsseldorf]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de/|title=Official Homepage|publisher=Kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=26 October 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001026210713/http://www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> (Academy of [[Fine art|Fine Arts]]) which is famous for high-profile artists like Joseph Beuys, Paul Klee, Nam June Paik, Gerhard Richter, the Bechers, and Andreas Gursky * the [[Hochschule Düsseldorf]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fh-duesseldorf.de/english/index.html|title=Fachhochschule Düsseldorf – Home|publisher=Fh-duesseldorf.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=16 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040416204903/http://www.fh-duesseldorf.de/english/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (University of [[Applied science|Applied Sciences]]) * the [[AMD Academy of Fashion and Design]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amdnet.de/|title=AMD Akademie Mode und Design|publisher=Amdnet.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=27 November 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991127200918/http://www.amdnet.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> * the [[Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH|Max Planck Institute for Iron Research]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpie.de|title=Official homepage of the institute|publisher=Mpie.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721161350/http://www.mpie.de/|archive-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * the [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/de/ort/due/deindex.htm|title=Deutsch lernen in Deutschland – Deutschkurse und Deutschprüfungen in Deutschland – Kursorte – Düsseldorf – Goethe-Institut|publisher=Goethe.de|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=21 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421160047/http://www.goethe.de/ins/de/ort/due/deindex.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> * Verwaltungs- und Wirtschafts-Akademie Düsseldorf * [[WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management]] (Düsseldorf Campus) International primary and secondary schools: *[[International School of Düsseldorf]] *[[Lycée français de Düsseldorf]] *[[Japanische Internationale Schule in Düsseldorf]] ==Notable buildings== [[File:Düsseldorf, Medienhafen.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Neuer Zollhof]]'' at [[Medienhafen]]]] [[File:2020-05-29 Ingenhoven-Tal in Düsseldorf im Bau, Beschneidung der Hainbuchenhecken, Blick vom Breuninger 3.jpg|thumb|Köbogen building]] *{{lang|de|[[Rheinturm Düsseldorf|Rheinturm]]|italic=no}} (TV tower), the city's landmark (1982: {{convert|234|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=x|}}, since 2004: {{convert|240.50|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=x|}}), the lights of which comprise the world's largest [[digital clock]] *The [[Frank Gehry]] designed ''[[Neuer Zollhof]]'' in the Düsseldorf media harbour *The Colorium, an 18-storey tower designed by Alsop and Partners, also in the Düsseldorf media harbour *The [[Schloss Benrath|Benrather Schloss]] (Benrath palace) * The [[Grupello-Haus]], probably designed by the Italian architect {{ill|Matteo Alberti (architect)|de|Matteo Alberti}} in 1706 for Duke [[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Johann Wilhelm]] *The [[Wilhelm Marx House]] of 1922/24: at twelve storeys high, it was Germany's first [[Skyscraper|high-rise building]]. *The Stahlhof of 1906, the administrative centre of Germany's steel economy until 1945 *The Stummhaus of 1925, another early German high-rise building *[[Düsseldorf-Gerresheim|Gerresheim Basilica]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.duesselgruft.de/Duesseldorf/Gerresheim/P1070_1.jpg |title=Gerresheim Basilica |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217025745/http://www.duesselgruft.de/Duesseldorf/Gerresheim/P1070_1.jpg |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}</ref> *{{Interlanguage link| St. Suitbertus (Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth)|de}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.duesseldorf.de/denkmalschutz/grafik/m32.jpg |title=St Suitbertus Basilica |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618105051/http://www.duesseldorf.de/denkmalschutz/grafik/m32.jpg |archive-date=18 June 2012 }}</ref> *[[Hotel Römischer Kaiser]], built in 1903–04 *DRV Tower, {{convert|120|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|0}} tower constructed in 1978 *GAP 15, an {{convert|85|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|0}} building constructed in 2005 near [[Königsallee]] *[[ARAG-Tower]]; at {{convert|131|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in height, it is Düsseldorf's highest [[office|office building]]; designed by [[Sir Norman Foster]]. *Eight bridges span the Rhine at Düsseldorf; they, too, are city landmarks. *Eastern pylon of [[Reisholz Rhine Powerline Crossing]], an electricity pylon under whose legs runs a rail * [[Johanneskirche, Düsseldorf]] ==Notable places== [[File:Schloss Benrath Jan2012.jpg|thumb|[[Schloss Benrath|Benrath Palace]], [[Corps de logis|''Corp de Logis'']]]] *[[Königsallee]], a shopping street with luxuries shops *[[Schloss Benrath]], rococo castle *[[Altstadt (Düsseldorf)]], literally "old town", the historic town centre with the town hall ''Altes Rathaus'' from 1573. Nowadays Düsseldorf's entertainment district with hundreds of pubs and restaurants, and proverbially known by Germans as "the longest bar in the world". *[[Düsseldorf-Hafen]]; the harbour is a modern build district. *[[Kaiserswerth]], historical district with the ruined castle of Barbarossa [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]] *[[Schloss Heltorf]], the biggest palace in Düsseldorf, since 1662 homestead of the noble family ''Grafen von Spee'' *[[Hofgarten, Düsseldorf|Hofgarten]], old city park *[[Schloss Jägerhof]], an old hunting lodge at the Hofgarten, today a Goethe Museum ==Twin towns – sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Düsseldorf is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Weltweite Kontakte: Türöffner für Bürger, Wirtschaft und Kultur|url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html|website=duesseldorf.de|publisher=Düsseldorf|language=de|access-date=2021-02-12|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144546/https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], England, UK (1988) *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Chemnitz]], Germany (1988) *{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Haifa]], Israel (1988) *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland (1989) *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chongqing]], China (2004) *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Palermo]], Italy (2016) *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Chiba Prefecture]], Japan (2019) *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Chernivtsi]], Ukraine (2022) *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia (1992);<ref>{{cite web|title=Moskau|url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften/moskau.html|website=duesseldorf.de|publisher=Düsseldorf|language=de|access-date=2021-02-12|archive-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314092914/https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften/moskau.html|url-status=live}}</ref> suspended due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Konsequenzen für die Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau|url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften/moskau/aktuelles/aktuelles-detailseite/newsdetail/konsequenzen-fuer-die-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau.html|website=duesseldorf.de|publisher=Düsseldorf|language=de|access-date=2021-02-12|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328213925/https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften/moskau/aktuelles/aktuelles-detailseite/newsdetail/konsequenzen-fuer-die-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{div col end}} ===Friendship and cooperation=== Düsseldorf also cooperates with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Städtefreundschaften & Kooperationen|url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/freundschaften-kooperationen.html|website=duesseldorf.de|publisher=Düsseldorf|language=de|access-date=2021-02-12|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501065655/https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/freundschaften-kooperationen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], France (2003) *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tenerife]], Spain (2003) *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shenyang]], China (2004) *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China (2006) *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada (2015) {{div col end}} ==Notable people== ===Born before 1850=== [[File:Heinrich Heine-Oppenheim.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Heinrich Heine 1831]] [[File:Jacobi (Tischbein).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Johann Georg Jacobi]] *[[Anne Of Cleves]] (1515–1557), Married to Henry VIII *[[François-Charles de Velbrück]] (1719–1784), Prince-Bishop of [[Liège]] *[[Helena Curtens]] (1722–1738), last victim of the witch trials in the Lower Rhine *[[Johann Georg Jacobi]] (1740–1814), writer *[[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi]] (1743–1819), philosopher and writer *[[Peter von Cornelius]] (1783–1867), painter *[[Heinrich Heine]] (1797–1856), poet and writer *[[Lorenz Clasen]] (1812–1899), painter *[[Wilhelm Camphausen]] (1818–1885), painter *[[Louise Strantz]] (1823–1909), composer and singer *[[Paul von Hatzfeldt]] (1831–1901), diplomat *[[Anton Josef Reiss]] (1835–1900), sculptor *[[Eugen Richter]] (1838–1906), politician and publicist *[[Arnold Forstmann]] (1842–1914), landscape painter *[[Peter Janssen]] (1844–1908), painter, professor at the Art Academy *[[Karl Rudolf Sohn]] (1845–1908), painter *[[Felix Klein]] (1849–1925), mathematician ===Born 1851–1900=== [[File:Georg Wenker Georg Wenker (1852-1911) (Alter Fritz).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Georg Wenker]] *[[Georg Wenker]] (1852–1911), linguist, founder of linguistic atlas of the German Reich (Wenkeratlas) *[[Karl Janssen]] (1855–1927), sculptor, professor at the Art Academy *[[Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth]] (1855–1928), painter *[[Maria Countess von Kalckreuth]] (1857–1897), painter *Fritz Reiss (1857–1915), lithographer, illustrator, graphic artist and painter *[[Bruno Schmitz]] (1858–1916), architect *[[Otto Hupp]] (1859–1949), signature graphic artist, engraver *[[Albert Herzfeld]] (1865–1943), painter and author *[[Agnes Elisabeth Overbeck]] (1870–1919), composer and pianist *[[Hanns Heinz Ewers]] (1871–1943), writer and filmmaker *[[Wilhelm Levison]] (1876–1947), historian *[[Elly Ney]] (1882–1968), world-famous concert pianist *Carl Maria Weber (1890–1953), writer *[[Willy Reetz]] (1892–1963), painter, "Düsseldorf School" *[[Hermann Knüfken]] (1893–1976), marine soldier, revolutionary, union activist, resistance fighter and secret agent *[[Ludwig Gehre]] (1895–1945), officer and resistance fighter *[[Hans Globke]] (1898–1973), jurist, National Socialist, from 1949 Assistant Secretary, then Secretary of State in the Federal Chancellery (1953–1963) *[[Karl von Appen]] (1900–1981), stage designer ===Born after 1900=== [[File:Filmregisseur Helmut Kautne in Nederland, Bestanddeelnr 910-9501.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Helmut Käutner 1960]] *[[Max Lorenz (tenor)|Max Lorenz]] (1901–1975), tenor *[[Toni Ulmen]] (1906–1976), motorcycle and car race driver *[[Karl Pschigode]] (1907–1971), actor and theatre director *[[Helmut Käutner]] (1908–1980), film director and actor *[[Hilarius Gilges]] (1909–1933), Afro-German actor, victim of [[Nazism]] *[[Ernst Klusen]] (1909–1988), musicologist *[[Luise Rainer]] (1910–2014), actress *[[Josef Peters (racing driver)|Josef Peters]] (1914–2001), racing driver *[[Ursula Benser]] (1915–2001), painter *[[Fred Beckey]] (1923–2017), rock climber, mountaineer, author *[[Jürgen Habermas]] (born 1929), philosopher and sociologist *[[Carl-Ludwig Wagner]] (1930–2012), politician (CDU) *[[Wim Wenders]] (born 1945), filmmaker, playwright, author *[[Carmen Thomas]] (born 1946), journalist, radio and television presenter, author and lecturer *[[Marius Müller-Westernhagen]] (born 1948), actor and musician *[[Heiner Koch]] (born 1954), Roman Catholic bishop *[[Andreas Gursky]] (born 1955), photographer *[[Bettina Böttinger]] (born 1956), TV-presenter *[[Birgitt Bender]] (born 1956), politician (The Greens), Member of Landtag and Bundestag *[[Tommi Stumpff]] (born 1958), musician *[[Bettina Hoffmann (musician)|Bettina Hoffmann]] (born 1959), musician and musicologist *[[Andreas Frege]] (born 1962), "Campino", singer in the band [[Die Toten Hosen]] *[[René Obermann]] (born 1963), manager, husband of [[Maybrit Illner]] *[[Jörg Schmadtke]] (born 1964), football manager *[[André Olbrich]] (born 1967), guitarist in the band [[Blind Guardian]] *[[Michael Preetz]] (born 1967), footballer *[[Svenja Schulze]] (born 1968), politician (SPD) *[[Heike Makatsch]] (born 1971), actress and singer *[[Tetsuya Kakihara]] (born 1982), voice actor and singer *[[Erika Ikuta]] (born 1997), Japanese actress, a former member of [[Nogizaka46]] ===Associated with Düsseldorf=== *[[William Thomas Mulvany]] (1806–1885 in Düsseldorf), entrepreneur *[[Robert Schumann]] (1810–1856), composer, 1850–1854 urban music director in Düsseldorf *[[Alfred Rethel]] (1816–1859 in Düsseldorf), history painter *[[Christian Eduard Boettcher]] (1818–1889), painter who lived, worked and died in Düsseldorf *[[Clara Schumann]] (1819–1896), pianist and composer, wife of Robert Schumann, frequent host of [[Johannes Brahms]] in Düsseldorf (1850–1854) *[[Emanuel Leutze]] (1824–1868), painter, [[Düsseldorf School]] *[[Louise Dumont]] (1862–1932 in Düsseldorf), actress and 1904 founder of the ''Schauspielhaus Düsseldorf'' *[[Johanna Ey|Johanna "Mother" Ey]] (1864–1947 in Düsseldorf), gallery owner *[[Peter Behrens]] (1868–1940), architect and director of the [[Düsseldorf Art Academy]] *[[Wilhelm Kreis]] (1873–1955), architect and director of the School of Applied Arts Düsseldorf *[[Peter Kürten]] (1883–1931), called "The Vampire of Düsseldorf", committed in Düsseldorf during the period between February and November 1929 series of sexual homicides *[[Adolf Uzarski]] (1885–1970 in Düsseldorf), writer, painter and graphic artist *[[Emil Fahrenkamp]] (1885–1966), architect and director of [[Düsseldorf Art Academy]] 1937–1945 *[[Betty Knox]] (1906–1963), dancer with variety act [[Wilson, Keppel and Betty]] and war correspondent. She lived in the city during her later years and died there.<ref name="Betty">{{cite web |url=http://www.jannaludlow.co.uk/Entertainment/WKB.html |title=Wilson, Keppel and Betty — Curios |website=That's Entertainment |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021358/http://www.jannaludlow.co.uk/Entertainment/WKB.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Ernest Martin (theatre director and manager)|Ernest Martin]] (born 1932), theatre director, theatre manager and actor in Düsseldorf ==See also== {{Portal|Germany|Europe|Geography}} *[[Japan Day in Düsseldorf]] *[[OPENCities]] *[[2017 Düsseldorf axe attack]] ==References== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== {{See also|Timeline of Düsseldorf#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Düsseldorf}} ==External links== {{Commons|Düsseldorf}} {{Wikivoyage|Düsseldorf}} *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Düsseldorf |volume=8 |short=x}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070113032744/http://www.german-embassy.org.uk/Carnival_dusseldorf.html Wikidus.de] The Wiki for Düsseldorf *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101231062715/https://www.duesseldorf.de/en/index.shtml Düsseldorf] Official English website of the city *[http://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/home/ visitduesseldorf.de] Official Düsseldorf Tourist Board *[http://dusseldorf.guide dusseldorf.guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201221729/http://dusseldorf.guide/ |date=1 December 2016 }} Unofficial Düsseldorf Guide *[http://www.panorama-cities.net/duesseldorf/duesseldorf_germany.html Düsseldorf City Panoramas] *{{Cite web |url=http://www.german-embassy.org.uk/Carnival_dusseldorf.html |title=Burrying [sic] the Hoppeditz: Carnival in Düsseldorf |access-date=13 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113032744/http://www.german-embassy.org.uk/Carnival_dusseldorf.html |archive-date=13 January 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} *[https://www.flickr.com/search/show/?q=Dusseldorf+ww2&w=26359504%40N08 The Lost City WW2 Bomb Damage 1942/3] {{Geographic location |Centre = Düsseldorf |North = [[Duisburg]], [[Essen]] |Northeast = [[Dortmund]] |East = [[Wuppertal]], [[Kassel]] |Southeast = [[Siegen]] |South = [[Leverkusen]], [[Bergisch Gladbach]], [[Cologne]], [[Bonn]] |Southwest = [[Aachen]] |West = [[Mönchengladbach]] |Northwest = [[Krefeld]] }} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Düsseldorf |list = {{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}} {{List of European capitals by region}} {{Cities in Germany}} {{Navboxes |title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |list = '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|51|14|N|6|47|E|display=inline}}''' }} {{Germany districts north rhine-westphalia}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar|North Rhine-Westphalia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dusseldorf}} [[Category:Düsseldorf| ]]<!--Please leave the empty space as standard.--> [[Category:German state capitals]] [[Category:Populated places on the Rhine]] [[Category:Rhineland]] [[Category:Districts of the Rhine Province]] [[Category:Urban districts of North Rhine-Westphalia]] [[Category:Düsseldorf (region)]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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