Coretta Scott King Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{short description|American civil rights leader; wife of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1927–2006)}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Coretta Scott King | image = Coretta Scott King 1964.jpg | caption = King in 1964 | birth_name = Coretta Scott | birth_date = {{birth date|1927|4|27|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Heiberger, Alabama]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2006|01|30|1927|4|26}} | death_place = [[Rosarito]], [[Baja California]], Mexico | education = [[Antioch College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br/>[[New England Conservatory of Music]] ([[Bachelor of Music|BM]]) | occupation = {{hlist|Activist|author}} | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]]|June 18, 1953|April 4, 1968|end=[[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|died]]}} | children = {{hlist|[[Yolanda King|Yolanda]]|[[Martin Luther King III|Martin]]|[[Dexter King|Dexter]]|[[Bernice King|Bernice]]}} | relatives = [[Edythe Scott Bagley]] (sister)<br />[[Alveda King]] (niece) | awards = [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] | resting_place = [[King Center for Nonviolent Social Change]] }} '''Coretta Scott King''' (April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and [[civil rights]] leader and the wife of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] from 1953 until [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|his death]]. As an advocate for [[Racial equality|African-American equality]], she was a leader for the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1960s. King was also a singer who often incorporated [[music]] into her civil rights work. King met her husband while attending graduate school in [[Boston]]. They both became increasingly active in the American civil rights movement. King played a prominent role in the years after her husband's assassination in 1968, when she took on the leadership of the struggle for racial equality herself and became active in the [[Second-wave feminism|Women's Movement]]. King founded the [[King Center for Nonviolent Social Change|King Center]], and sought to make his birthday a national holiday. She finally succeeded when [[Ronald Reagan]] signed legislation which established Martin Luther King, Jr., Day on November 2, 1983. She later broadened her scope to include both [[LGBT rights in the United States|advocacy for LGBTQ rights]] and opposition to [[apartheid]]. King became friends with many politicians before and after Martin's death, including [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and [[Robert F. Kennedy]]. Her telephone conversation with John F. Kennedy during the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]] has been credited by historians for mobilizing African-American voters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=JFK's famous phone call to Coretta Scott King|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/watch/the-grio/jfks-famous-phone-call-to-coretta-scott-king-61133891648|access-date=2021-01-22|publisher=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> In August 2005, King suffered a [[stroke]] which paralyzed her right side and left her unable to speak; five months later, she died of [[respiratory failure]] due to complications from [[ovarian cancer]]. Her funeral was attended by some 10,000 people, including U.S. presidents [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[Jimmy Carter]]. She was temporarily buried on the grounds of the King Center until being interred next to her husband. She was inducted into the [[Alabama Women's Hall of Fame]], the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]], and was the first African American to [[Lying in state|lie in state]] at the [[Georgia State Capitol]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=20060206&id=sa5AAAAAIBAJ&pg=6935,3565433|title=Coretta Scott King honored at church where husband preached|date=February 6, 2006|work=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515205801/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=20060206&id=sa5AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JSEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6935,3565433|archive-date=May 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> King has been referred to as "First Lady of the Civil Rights Movement".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEuRMqFWpnsC&q=coretta+scott+king+first+lady+of+the+civil+rights+movement&pg=PA50|title=Coretta Scott King|isbn=9780761340003|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=VEuRMqFWpnsC&pg=PA50&dq=coretta+scott+king+first+lady+of+the+civil+rights+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ei=d5DQUpeWOsH3oATPqoL4BA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=coretta%20scott%20king%20first%20lady%20of%20the%20civil%20rights%20movement&f=false|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live|last1=Waxman|first1=Laura Hamilton|date=January 2008|publisher=Lerner Publications }}</ref> == Childhood and education == Coretta Scott was born in [[Heiberger, Alabama]], the third of four children of Obadiah Scott (1899–1998) and Bernice McMurry Scott (1904–1996). She was born in her parents' home, with her paternal great-grandmother Delia Scott, a former slave, presiding as midwife. Coretta's mother became known for her musical talent and singing voice. As a child, Bernice attended the local Crossroads School; her formal education ended with the fourth grade. Bernice's older siblings, however, boarded at the [[Tuskegee Institute]], founded by [[Booker T. Washington]]. The senior Mrs. Scott worked as a school bus driver, as a church pianist, and for her husband in his business. She served as Worthy Matron for her [[Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star]]<nowiki/>chapter, and was a member of the local Literacy Federated Club.<ref name="Schraff">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez47z1Dy-wUC&q=mollie | title=Coretta Scott King: striving for civil rights | publisher=Enslow Publishers | author=Schraff, Anne E. | year=1997 | page=14 | isbn=0894908111 | access-date=June 16, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?ei=9BXlUua2EeGqyAGs3IG4DA&id=ez47z1Dy-wUC&dq=%2B%22coretta+scott+king%22+%2B%22part+native+american%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=mollie | archive-date=October 19, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bruns">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000brun | url-access=registration | quote=Bernice McMurray Scott indian. | title=Martin Luther King, Jr: A Biography | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | author=Bruns, Roger | year=2006 | page=[https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000brun/page/25 25] | isbn=0313336865 | access-date=March 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802065621/https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000brun | archive-date=August 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bagley">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/desertroselifele0000bagl | url-access=registration | title=Desert Rose: The Life and Legacy of Coretta Scott King | publisher=The University of Alabama Press | author=Bagley, Edyth Scott | year=2012 | location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama | pages=[https://archive.org/details/desertroselifele0000bagl/page/17 17]–19 | isbn=978-0-8173-1765-2 | access-date=March 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802070639/https://archive.org/details/desertroselifele0000bagl | archive-date=August 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Obie, Coretta's father, was one of the first black people in their town to own a vehicle. Before starting his own businesses, he worked as a policeman. Along with his wife, he ran a clothing shop far from their home and later opened a general store. He also owned a [[sawmill|lumber mill]], which was burned down by white neighbors after Scott refused to sell his mill to a white logger.<ref>{{cite book |title=My Life, My Love, My Legacy | publisher=Henry Holt and Company | author=King, Coretta Scott and Rev. Dr. Barbara Reynolds | date=January 17, 2017 | page=11 | isbn=9781627795999}}</ref> Her maternal grandparents were Mollie (née Smith; 1868 – d.) and Martin van Buren McMurry (1863–1950) – both were of African-American and Irish descent.<ref name="Bagley"/> Mollie was born a slave to plantation owners Jim Blackburn and Adeline (Blackburn) Smith. Coretta's maternal grandfather, Martin, was born to a slave of [[Black Indians|Black Native American]] ancestry, and her white master who never acknowledged Martin as his son. He eventually owned a 280-acre farm. Because of his diverse origins, Martin appeared to be [[White people|white]]. However, he displayed contempt for the notion of [[Passing (racial identity)|passing]]. As a self-taught reader with little formal education, he is noted for having inspired Coretta's passion for education. Coretta's paternal grandparents were Cora (née McLaughlin; 1876 – 1920) and Jefferson F. Scott (1873–1941). Cora died before Coretta's birth. Jeff Scott was a farmer and a prominent figure in the rural black religious community; he was born to former slaves Willis and Delia Scott.<ref name="Bagley"/> At age 10, Coretta worked to increase the family's income.<ref>Gelfand, p. 17.</ref> She had an older sister named [[Edythe Scott Bagley]] (1924–2011), an older sister named Eunice who did not survive childhood, and a younger brother named Obadiah Leonard (1930–2012).<ref name="Gale"/> The Scott family had owned a farm since the [[American Civil War]], but were not particularly wealthy.<ref name="Vivian2006">{{cite book|author=Octavia B. Vivian|title=Coretta: The Story of Coretta Scott King|url=https://archive.org/details/corettastoryofco0000vivi|url-access=registration|quote=coretta scott king family owned farm since civil war.|date=April 30, 2006|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-3855-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/corettastoryofco0000vivi/page/27 27]|access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802070348/https://archive.org/details/corettastoryofco0000vivi|archive-date=August 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Great Depression]] the Scott children picked cotton to help earn money<ref name="Gale">{{cite web|title=Coretta Scott King |work=Women's History |publisher=Gale Virtual Reference Library |url=http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/whm/bio/king_c_s.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202042853/http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/whm/bio/king_c_s.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2008 }}</ref> and shared a bedroom with their parents.<ref>Gelfand, p. 15.</ref> Coretta described herself as a tomboy during her childhood, primarily because she could climb trees and recalled wrestling boys. She also mentioned having been stronger than a male cousin and threatening before accidentally cutting that same cousin with an axe. His mother threatened her, and along with the words of her siblings, stirred her to becoming more ladylike once she got older. She saw irony in the fact that despite these early physical activities, she still was involved in nonviolent movements.<ref>{{cite news| title= Coretta Scott King: My Childhood as a Tomboy / Growing into a Lady| url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FlFKG5p31k| publisher= Visionaryproject| access-date= October 5, 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131206221522/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FlFKG5p31k| archive-date= December 6, 2013| url-status= live}}</ref> Her brother Obadiah thought she always "tried to excel in everything she did."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndsDAAAAMBAJ&q=ebony+coretta&pg=PA160|title=Coretta King|date = November 1968|work=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729163535/https://books.google.com/books?id=ndsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160&dq=ebony+coretta|archive-date=July 29, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Her sister Edythe believed her personality was like that of their grandmother Cora McLaughlin Scott, after whom she was named.<ref>Bagley, p. 7.</ref> Though lacking formal education themselves, Coretta Scott's parents intended for all of their children to be educated. Coretta quoted her mother as having said, "My children are going to college, even if it means I only have but one dress to put on."<ref name=King2004>{{cite news|last=King |first=Coretta Scott |title=Address, Antioch Reunion 2004 |work=The Antiochian|date=Fall 2004|url=http://www.antioch-college.edu/Antiochian/archive/Antiochian_2004fall/reunion/king/index.html |access-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070501092417/http://www.antioch-college.edu/Antiochian/archive/Antiochian_2004fall/reunion/king/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = May 1, 2007}}</ref> The Scott children attended a [[One-room school|one-room]] [[elementary school]] {{convert|5|mi|0}} from their home and were later bused to [[Lincoln Normal School]], which despite being {{convert|9|mi|0|abbr=on}} from their home, was the closest black [[high school]] in [[Marion, Alabama]], due to [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] in schools. The bus was driven by Coretta's mother Bernice, who bused all the local black teenagers.<ref name=Gale/> By the time Scott had entered the school, Lincoln had suspended tuition and charged only four dollars and fifty cents per year.<ref>Bagley, p. 62.</ref> In her last two years there, Scott became the leading soprano for the school's senior chorus. Scott directed a choir at her home church in North Perry Country.<ref>Bagley, pp. 65–66.</ref> Coretta Scott graduated [[valedictorian]] from Lincoln Normal School in 1945, where she played trumpet and piano, sang in the chorus, and participated in school musicals and enrolled at [[Antioch College]] in [[Yellow Springs, Ohio]] during her senior year at Lincoln. After being accepted to Antioch, she applied for the Interracial Scholarship Fund for financial aid.<ref>Bagley, p. 67.</ref> During her last two years in high school, Coretta lived with her parents.<ref name=Bagley58>Bagley, p. 58.</ref> Her older sister Edythe already attended Antioch as part of the Antioch Program for Interracial Education, which recruited non-white students and gave them full [[scholarship]]s in an attempt to diversify the historically white campus. Coretta said of her first college: <blockquote>Antioch had envisioned itself as a laboratory in democracy but had no black students. (Edythe) became the first African American to attend Antioch on a completely integrated basis, and was joined by two other black female students in the fall of 1943. Pioneering is never easy, and all of us who followed my sister at Antioch owe her a great debt of gratitude.<ref name=King2004/></blockquote> Coretta studied music with Walter Anderson, the first non-white chair of an academic department in a historically white college. She also became politically active, due largely to her experience of [[racial discrimination]] by the local [[board of education|school board]]. She became active in the nascent civil rights movement; she joined the Antioch chapter of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) and the college's Race Relations and Civil Liberties Committees. The board denied her request to perform her second year of required practice teaching at Yellow Springs public schools, for her teaching certificate Coretta Scott appealed to the Antioch College administration, which was unwilling or unable to change the situation in the local school system and instead employed her at the college's associated laboratory school for a second year. Additionally, around this time, Coretta worked as a babysitter for the Lithgow family, babysitting the later prominent actor [[John Lithgow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aarp.org/entertainment/celebrities/info-2017/john-lithgow-news-celebrity-interview.html|title=Upfront / What I Know Now: John Lithgow|last=Lithgow|first=John|date=August 24, 2017|website=[[AARP the Magazine]]|access-date=August 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825101935/http://www.aarp.org/entertainment/celebrities/info-2017/john-lithgow-news-celebrity-interview.html|archive-date=August 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == New England Conservatory of Music and Martin Luther King Jr. == [[File:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS 5.jpg|thumb|Coretta Scott King and her husband Martin Luther King in 1964.]] Coretta transferred out of Antioch when she won a scholarship to the [[New England Conservatory|New England Conservatory of Music]] in [[Boston]]. It was while studying singing at that school with [[Marie Sundelius]] that she met Martin Luther King Jr.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coretta Scott King Dies at 78 |work=ABC News |date=January 31, 2006 |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/print?id=1560208 |access-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163216/https://abcnews.go.com/US/print?id=1560208 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> after mutual friend Mary Powell gave King her phone number after he asked about girls on the campus. Coretta was the only one remaining after Powell named two girls and King proved to not be impressed with the other. Scott initially showed little interest in meeting him, even after Powell told her that he had a promising future, but eventually relented and agreed to the meeting. King called her on the telephone and when the two met in person, Scott was surprised by how short he was. King would tell her that she had all the qualities that he was looking for in a wife, which Scott dismissed since the two had only just met.<ref>Fleming, p. 16.</ref> She told him "I don't see how you can say that. You don't even know me." But King was assured and asked to see her again. She readily accepted his invitation to a weekend party.<ref>Dyson, p. 212.</ref> She continued to see him regularly in the early months of 1952. Two weeks after meeting Scott, King wrote to his mother that he had met his wife.<ref>Bagley, pp. 96–98.</ref> Their dates usually consisted of political and racial discussions, and in August of that year Coretta met King's parents [[Martin Luther King Sr.]] and [[Alberta Williams King]].<ref>Garrow, pp. 45–46.</ref> Before meeting Martin, Coretta had been in relationships her entire time in school but never had any she cared to develop.<ref>Bagley, p. 96.</ref> Once meeting with her sister Edythe face-to-face, Coretta detailed her feelings for the young aspiring minister and discussed the relationship as well. Edythe was able to tell her sister had legitimate feelings for him, and she also became impressed with his overall demeanor.<ref name=Bagley99>Bagley, p. 99.</ref> Despite envisioning a career for herself in the music industry, Coretta knew that it would not be possible if she were to marry King. However, since King possessed many of the qualities she liked in a man, she found herself "becoming more involved with every passing moment." When asked by her sister what made King so "appealing" to her she responded, "I suppose it's because Martin reminds me so much of our father." At that moment, Scott's sister knew King was "the one".<ref name=Bagley99 /> King's parents visited him in the fall and had suspicions about Coretta Scott after seeing how clean his apartment was. While the Kings had tea and meals with their son and Scott, Martin Sr. turned his attention to her and insinuated that her plans of a career in music were not fitting for a Baptist minister's wife. After Coretta did not respond to his questioning of their romance being serious, Martin Sr. asked if she took his son "seriously".<ref name=Branch98>Branch, p. 98.</ref> King's father also told her that there were many other women his son was interested in and had "a lot to offer". After telling him that she had "a lot to offer" as well, Martin Luther King Sr. and his wife went on to try and meet with members of Coretta's family. Once the two obtained Edythe's number from Coretta, they sat down with her and had lunch with her. During their time together, Martin Luther King Sr. tried to ask Edythe about the relationship between her sister and his son. Edythe insisted that her sister was an excellent choice for Martin Luther King Jr., but also felt that Coretta did not need to bargain for a husband.<ref name=Bagley100>Bagley, p. 100.</ref> On [[Valentine's Day]] 1953, the couple announced their plans to marry in the ''Atlanta Daily World''. With a wedding set in June, only four months away at that time, Coretta still did not have a commitment to marrying King and consulted with her sister in a letter sent just before Easter Vacation.<ref name=Bagley100 /> King's father had expressed resentment in his choice of Coretta over someone from Alabama and accused his son of spending too much time with her and neglecting his studies.<ref name=Fleming17/> Martin took his mother into another room and told her of his plans to marry Coretta and told her the same thing when he drove her home later while also berating her for not having made a good impression on his father.<ref name=Branch98/> When Martin declared his intentions to get a doctorate and marry Coretta after, Martin Sr. finally gave his blessing.<ref name=Fleming17>Fleming, p. 17.</ref> In 1964, the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' profile of Martin, when he was chosen as ''Time''{{'s}} "[[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]]", referred to her as "a talented young soprano".<ref>{{cite news |title=Never Again Where He Was |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=January 3, 1964 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940759-1,00.html |access-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233100/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940759-1,00.html |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was a member of [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mallard |first=Aida |url=http://www.gainesville.com/article/20110126/GUARDIAN/110129586?p=2&tc=pg |title=King Commission, AKA sorority pay tribute to Coretta Scott King |website=[[The Gainesville Sun]] |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610194421/http://www.gainesville.com/article/20110126/GUARDIAN/110129586?p=2&tc=pg |archive-date=June 10, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Coretta Scott and Martin Luther King Jr. were married on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her mother's house; the ceremony was performed by Martin Sr. Coretta had the vow to obey her husband removed from the ceremony, which was unusual for the time. After completing her degree in voice and piano at the New England Conservatory, she moved with her husband to [[Montgomery, Alabama]], in September 1954. Mrs. King recalled: "After we married, we moved to Montgomery, Alabama, where my husband had accepted an invitation to be the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. Before long, we found ourselves in the middle of the Montgomery bus boycott, and Martin was elected leader of the protest movement. As the boycott continued, I had a growing sense that I was involved in something so much greater than myself, something of profound historic importance. I came to the realization that we had been thrust into the forefront of a movement to liberate oppressed people, not only in Montgomery but also throughout our country, and this movement had worldwide implications. I felt blessed to have been called to be a part of such a noble and historic cause."<ref>{{cite web|title=Coretta Scott King Biography and Interview |publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/#interview|access-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818001204/https://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/#interview|archive-date=August 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> == Civil Rights Movement == [[File:Martin Luther, Coretta Scott and Yolanda Denise King, 1956.png|thumb|right|King with her husband and daughter [[Yolanda King|Yolanda]] in 1956]] On September 1, 1954, Martin became the full-time pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. King's devotion to the cause while giving up on her own musical ambitions would become symbolic of the actions of [[African-American women in the civil rights movement|African-American women during the movement]].<ref>Nazel, p. 69.</ref> The couple moved into the church's parsonage on South Jackson Street shortly after this. Coretta became a member of the choir and taught Sunday school, as well as participating in the Baptist Training Union and Missionary Society. She made her first appearance at the First Baptist Church on March 6, 1955, where according to E. P. Wallace, she "captivated her concert audience".<ref>Bagley, p. 108.</ref> {{external media | float = right | video1 = [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_151-542j679j5g "Interview with Coretta Scott King"] conducted for [[Eyes on the Prize]] in 1985. King discusses the [[Montgomery bus boycott]], the Albany campaign, and the Selma campaign.}} The Kings' first child was born on November 17, 1955, and was named [[Yolanda King|Yolanda]] at Coretta's insistence.<ref>Bagley, p. 111.</ref> After Martin Luther King became involved in the [[Montgomery bus boycott]], Mrs. King often received threats directed towards him. In January 1956, she answered numerous phone calls threatening her husband's life, as rumors intended to make African Americans dissatisfied with Martin Luther King spread that he had purchased a Buick station wagon for her.<ref>Bagley, p. 125.</ref> Martin would give her{{who|date=April 2023}} the nickname "Yoki", and thereby, allow himself to refer to her out of her name. By the end of the boycott, the Kings had come to believe in [[nonviolent]] protests as a way of expression consistent with biblical teachings.<ref>Bagley, p. 144.</ref> Two days after the integration of Montgomery's bus service, on December 23, a gunshot rang through the front door of the King home while the King family were asleep. The three were not harmed.<ref>Garrow, p. 83.</ref> On Christmas Eve of 1955, King took her daughter to her parents' house and met with her siblings as well. Yolanda was their first grandchild. Martin joined them the next day, at dinner time.<ref>Bagley, p. 124.</ref> On February 21, 1956, Martin Luther King said he would return to Montgomery after picking up Coretta and their daughter from Atlanta, who were staying with his parents. During Martin Sr.'s opposition to his son's choice to return to Montgomery, Mrs. King picked up her daughter and went upstairs, which he would express dismay in later and tell her that she "had run out on him". Two days later, Coretta and Martin Luther King drove back to Montgomery.<ref>Garrow, p. 65.</ref> Coretta took an active role in advocating for civil rights legislation. On April 25, 1958, King made her first appearance at a concert that year at Peter High School Auditorium in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. With a performance sponsored by the Omicron Lambda chapter of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] fraternity, King changed a few songs in the first part of the show but still continued with the basic format used two years earlier at the New York gala as she told the story of the Montgomery bus boycott. The concert was important for Coretta as a way to continue her professional career and participate in the movement. The concert gave the audience "an emotional connection to the messages of social, economic, and spiritual transformation."<ref>Bagley, p. 150.</ref> On September 3, 1958, King accompanied her husband and [[Ralph Abernathy]] to a courtroom. Martin was arrested outside the courtroom for "loitering" and "failing to obey an officer".<ref>Darby, p. 47.</ref> A few weeks later, King visited Martin's parents in Atlanta. At that time, she learned that he had been stabbed while signing copies of his book ''[[Stride Toward Freedom]]'' on September 20, 1958. King rushed to see her husband, and stayed with him for the remainder of his time in the hospital recovering.<ref>McPherson, p. 46.</ref> On February 3, 1959, Mr. and Mrs. King and [[Lawrence D. Reddick]] started a five-week tour of India. The three were invited to hundreds of engagements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/india-trip|title=India Trip (1959)|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211144903/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/india-trip|archive-date=December 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During their trip, Coretta used her singing ability to enthuse crowds during their month-long stay. The two returned to the United States on March 10, 1959.<ref>Darby, p. 51.</ref> ===House bombing=== On January 30, 1956, Coretta and Dexter congregation member Roscoe Williams' wife Mary Lucy heard the "sound of a brick striking the concrete floor of the front porch." Coretta suggested that the two women get out of the front room and went into the guest room, as the house was disturbed by an explosion which caused the house to rock and fill the front room with smoke and shattered glass. The two went to the rear of the home, where Yolanda was sleeping and Coretta called the First Baptist Church and reported the bombing to the woman who answered the phone.<ref>Garrow, pp. 59–60.</ref> Martin returned to their home, and upon finding Coretta and his daughter unharmed, went outside. He was confronted by an angry crowd of his supporters, who had brought guns. He was able to turn them away with an [[impromptu]] speech.<ref>Burns, p. 134.</ref> A white man was reported by a lone witness to have walked halfway up to King's door and thrown something against the door before running back to his car and speeding off. Ernest Walters, the lone witness, did not manage to get the license plate number because of how quickly the events transpired.<ref>Gibson Robinson, p. 131.</ref> Both of the couple's fathers contacted them over the bombing. The two arrived nearly at the same time, along with her Martin Luther King's mother and brother. Coretta's father Obie said he would take her and her daughter back to Marion if his son-in-law did not take them to Atlanta. Coretta refused the proclamation and insisted on staying with her husband.<ref>Garrow, p. 61.</ref> Despite Martin Sr. also advocating that she leave with her father, King persisted in leaving with him. Author Octavia B. Vivian wrote "That night Coretta lost her fear of dying. She committed herself more deeply to the freedom struggle, as Martin had done four days previously when jailed for the first time in his life." Coretta would later call it the first time she realized "how much I meant to Martin in terms of supporting him in what he was doing".<ref>Vivian, p. 20.</ref> ===John F. Kennedy phone call=== Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed on October 19, 1960, in a department store. After being released three days later, he was sent back to jail on October 22 for driving with an Alabama license while being a resident of Georgia and was sent to jail for four months of hard labor. After his arrest, Mrs. King believed he would not make it out alive and telephoned her friend [[Harris Wofford]] and cried while saying "They're going to kill him. I know they are going to kill him." Directly after speaking with her, Wofford contacted [[Sargent Shriver]] in Chicago, where presidential candidate John F. Kennedy, was campaigning at the time and told Shriver of King's fears for her husband. After Shriver waited to be with Kennedy alone, he suggested that he telephone King and express sympathy.<ref>O'Brien, p. 485.</ref> Kennedy called King, after agreeing to the proposal.<ref name=":0" /> Sometime afterward, [[Robert F. Kennedy]] obtained King's release from prison. Martin Sr. was so grateful for the release that he voted for Kennedy and said: "I'll take a Catholic or the devil himself if he'll wipe the tears from my daughter-in-law's eyes."<ref>Goduti, p. 39.</ref> According to Coretta, Kennedy said "I want to express my concern about your husband. I know this must be very hard on you. I understand you are expecting a baby, and I just want you to know that I was thinking about you and Dr. King. If there is anything I can do to help, please feel free to call on me." Kennedy's contact with King was learned about quickly by reporters, with Coretta admitting that it "made me feel good that he called me personally and let me know how he felt."<ref>Matthews, p. 171.</ref> ===Kennedy presidency=== Mr. and Mrs. King had come to respect President Kennedy and understood his reluctance at times to get involved openly with civil rights.<ref>Bagley, p. 192.</ref> In April 1962, Coretta served as a delegate for the [[Women Strike for Peace|Women Strike for Peace Conference]] in Geneva, Switzerland.<ref>McCarty, p. xiii.</ref> Martin drove her to the hospital on March 28, 1963, where King gave birth to their fourth child [[Bernice King|Bernice.]] After King and her daughter were due to come home, Martin rushed back to drive them himself.<ref>McPherson, p. 56.</ref> After Martin Luther King's arrest on April 12, 1963, King tried to make direct contact with President Kennedy at the advisement of [[Wyatt Tee Walker]] and succeeded in speaking with Robert F. Kennedy. President Kennedy was with his father [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr]], who was not feeling well.<ref>Mahoney, p. 247</ref> In what has been noted as making Kennedy seem less sympathetic towards the Kings, the president redirected Mrs. King's call to the White House switchboard.<ref name=Branch736>Branch, p. 736.</ref> The next day, President Kennedy reported to King that the FBI had been sent into Birmingham the previous night and confirmed that her husband was fine. He was allowed to speak with her on the phone and told her to inform Walker of Kennedy's involvement.<ref>Fairclough, p. 77.</ref> She told her husband of her assistance from the Kennedys, which her husband took as the reason "why everybody is suddenly being so polite."<ref>Schlesinger, p. 328.</ref> Regarding the [[March on Washington]], Coretta said, "It was as though heaven had come down."<ref>Willis, p. 166.</ref> Coretta had been home all day with their children, since the birth of their daughter Bernice had not allowed her to attend Easter Sunday church services.<ref>McPherson, p. 57.</ref> Since Mrs. King had issued her own statement regarding the aid of the president instead of doing as her husband had told her and report to [[Wyatt Walker]], this according to author [[Taylor Branch]], made her portrayed by reports as "an anxious new mother who may have confused her White House fantasies with reality."<ref name=Branch736 /> Coretta went to a Women Strike for Peace rally in New York, in the early days of November 1963. After speaking at the meeting held in the National Baptist Church, King joined the march from [[Central Park]] to the [[United Nations Headquarters]]. The march was timed to celebrate the group's second anniversary and celebrated the successful completion of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Coretta and Martin learned of [[John F. Kennedy assassination|John F. Kennedy's assassination]] when reports initially indicated he had only been seriously wounded. Coretta joined her husband upstairs and watched [[Walter Cronkite]] announce the president's death. King sat with her visibly shaken husband following the confirmation.<ref>Bagley, p. 181.</ref> ===FBI tapes=== {{Main|FBI–King suicide letter}} [[File:HHH-CKS-MLK-1964.jpg|thumb|right|Coretta Scott with [[Martin Luther King Jr.|her husband]] and Vice President-elect [[Hubert Humphrey]] on December 17, 1964]] The FBI planned to [[FBI–King suicide letter|mail tapes]] of her husband's alleged affairs to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference office since surveillance revealed that Coretta opened her husband's mail when he was traveling. The FBI learned that Martin Luther King would be out of office by the time the tapes were mailed and that his wife would be the one to open it.<ref>(Gentry, pg. 572–573.)</ref> [[J. Edgar Hoover]] even advised to mail "it from a southern state."<ref>Gentry, p. 572.</ref> Coretta sorted the tapes with the rest of the mail, listened to them, and immediately called her husband, "giving the Bureau a great deal of pleasure with the tone and tenor of her reactions."<ref>Gentry, p. 575.</ref> Martin Luther King played the tape in her presence, along with [[Andrew Young]], [[Ralph Abernathy]] and [[Joseph Lowery]]. Publicly, Mrs. King would say "I couldn't make much out of it, it was just a lot of mumbo-jumbo."<ref>Dyson, p. 217.</ref> The tapes were part of a larger attempt by J. Edgar Hoover to denounce King by revelations about his personal life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The FBI's Ugly Obsession With Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/amanpour-and-company/video/the-fbis-ugly-obsession-with-dr-martin-luther-king-jr/|access-date=2021-01-23|website=[[Amanpour & Company]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Johnson presidency === Most prominently, perhaps, she worked hard to pass the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. King spoke with [[Malcolm X]] days before his assassination. Malcolm told her that he was not in Alabama to make trouble for her husband, but instead to make white people have more appreciation for King's protests, seeing his alternative.<ref>{{cite book |title=Malcolm X: Rights Activist and Nation of Islam Leader |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxrightsac0000robi |url-access=registration |first=Tom |last=Robinson |page=[https://archive.org/details/malcolmxrightsac0000robi/page/54 54] |publisher=Abdo |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61783-893-4 |access-date=November 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802073131/https://archive.org/details/malcolmxrightsac0000robi |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 26, 1965, King's father joined her and her husband for a [[Selma to Montgomery marches|march that would later end in Montgomery]]. Her father "caught a glimpse of America's true potential" and for the called it "the greatest day in the whole history of America" after seeing chanting for his daughter's husband by both Caucasians and African Americans.<ref>Bagley, p. 30.</ref> Coretta Scott King criticized the sexism of the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in January 1966 in ''New Lady'' magazine, saying in part, "Not enough attention has been focused on the roles played by women in the struggle. By and large, men have formed the leadership in the [[civil rights]] struggle but ... women have been the backbone of the whole civil rights movement."<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwVbfvfYEZkC&q=rosa+parks+%22You've+said+enough%22&pg=PA408 |title=Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Struggles, a National Movement |isbn=9780820338651 |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315091240/http://books.google.com/books?id=gwVbfvfYEZkC&pg=PA408&lpg=PA408&dq=rosa+parks+%22You've+said+enough%22&source=bl&ots=rOsSH_BAPw&sig=boOoZWgenR2iHSw50Ots6duyqcc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aK2kUojKF6_gsATI5IH4Aw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=rosa%20parks%20%22You've%20said%20enough%22&f=false |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |url-status=live |last1=Crosby |first1=Emilye |year=2011 |publisher=University of Georgia Press }}</ref> Martin Luther King Jr. himself limited Coretta's role in the movement, and expected her to be a housewife.<ref name="books.google.com"/> King participated in a Women Strike for Peace protest in January 1968, at the capital of Washington, D.C., with over five thousand women. In honor of the first woman elected to the House of Representatives, the group was called the [[Jeannette Rankin]] Brigade. Coretta co-chaired the Congress of Women conference with Pearl Willen and Mary Clarke.<ref>Bagley, p. 213.</ref> At some point in his activities, Martin suggested that the people working with him should organize a "sex party".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 8, 2011 |title=Jacqueline Kennedy on Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Jacqueline_Kennedy/jacqueline-kennedys-feelings-martin-luther-king-jr-revealed/story?id=14478321 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=[[ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Assassination of her husband == [[File:Coretta Scott King by Moneta Sleet.jpg|thumb|King comforting daughter Bernice at her husband's funeral, in a [[1969 Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prize-winning]] photo by [[Moneta Sleet Jr.]]]] {{Main|Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.}} Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. She learned of the shooting after being called by [[Jesse Jackson]] when she returned from shopping with her eldest child Yolanda.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rickford|first=Russell J.|author-link=Russell J. Rickford|title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X|year=2003|publisher=Sourcebooks|location=Naperville, Illinois|isbn=1-4022-0171-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/349 349]|url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/349|access-date=July 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802155216/https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/349|archive-date=August 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> King had difficulty settling her children with the news that their father was deceased. She received a large number of telegrams, including one from [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]'s mother, which she regarded as the one that touched her the most.<ref>Clarke, p. 124.</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} In an effort to prepare her daughter Bernice, then only five years old, for the funeral, she tried to explain to her that the next time she saw her father he would be in a casket and would not be speaking.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/25/us/bernice-king-profile/| title=Moving out of the dreamer's shadow: A King daughter's long journey| date=August 25, 2013| first=John| last=Blake| work=CNN| access-date=November 30, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054202/http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/25/us/bernice-king-profile/| archive-date=December 3, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> When asked by her son Dexter when his father would return, King lied and told him that his father had only been badly hurt. Senator Robert F. Kennedy ordered three more telephones to be installed in the King residence for King and her family to be able to answer the flood of calls they received and offered a plane to transport her to Memphis.<ref name=Gelfand7/> Coretta spoke to Kennedy the day after the assassination and asked if he could persuade [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] to attend her husband's funeral with him.<ref>Heymann, p. 149.</ref> Robert F. Kennedy promised her that he would help "any way" he could. King was told to not go ahead and agree to Kennedy's offer by Southern Christian Leadership Conference members, who told her about his presidential ambitions. She ignored the warnings and went along with his request.<ref>Schlesinger, p. 876.</ref> On April 5, 1968, King arrived in Memphis to retrieve her husband's body and decided that the casket should be kept open during the funeral with the hope that her children would realize upon seeing his body that he would not be coming home.<ref name=Gelfand7>Gelfand, p. 7.</ref> King called photographer Bob Fitch and asked for documentation to be done, having known him for years.<ref>Burns, p. 75.</ref> On April 7, 1968, former Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] visited King and recalled his first meeting with her husband in 1955. Nixon also went to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s funeral on April 9, 1968, but did not walk in the procession. Nixon believed participating in the procession would be "grandstanding".<ref>Black, p. 523.</ref> On April 8, 1968, King and her children headed a march with sanitation workers that her husband had planned to carry out before his death. After the marchers reached the staging area at the Civic Center Plaza in front of Memphis City Hall, onlookers proceeded to take pictures of King and her children but stopped when she addressed everyone at a microphone. She said that despite the Martin Luther King Jr. being away from his children at times, "his children knew that Daddy loved them, and the time that he spent with them was well spent."<ref>Burns, pp. 119–120.</ref> Prior to Martin's funeral, Jacqueline Kennedy met with her. The two spent five minutes together and despite the short visit, Coretta called it comforting. King's parents arrived from Alabama.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19680418&id=DdJNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7408,5180714|title=Coretta King Expected to Take Active Role in Crusade|date=April 18, 1968|work=[[The Free Lance–Star]]|first=Jules|last=Loh|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19680418&id=DdJNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WYoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7408,5180714|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Robert and [[Ethel Kennedy]] came, the latter being embraced by King.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 417.</ref> King and her sister-in-law [[Christine King Farris]] tried to prepare the children for seeing Martin's body.<ref>Burns, p. 129.</ref> With the end of the funeral service, King led her children and mourners in a march from the church to [[Morehouse College]], her late husband's alma mater.<ref>Gelfand, p. 12.</ref> === Early widowhood === Two days after her husband's death, King spoke at Ebenezer Baptist Church and made her first statement on his views since he had died. She said her husband told their children, "If a man had nothing that was worth dying for, then he was not fit to live." She brought up his ideals and the fact that he may be dead, but concluded that "his spirit will never die."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTgDAAAAMBAJ&q=coretta&pg=PA30|title=Widow Hopes For Fulfillment of King's Dream|date=April 18, 1968|work=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]] |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=martin+luther+king+jet&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FDjTUqWYCsXuoASayoKQBQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=coretta&f=false|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Not very long after the assassination, Coretta took his place at a peace rally in [[New York City]]. Using notes he had written before his death, King constructed her own speech.<ref>Gelfand, p. 13.</ref> Coretta approached the African-American entertainer and activist [[Josephine Baker]] to take her husband's place in the Civil Rights Movement. Baker declined after thinking it over, stating that her twelve adopted children (known as the "rainbow tribe") were "too young to lose their mother".<ref>Josephine Baker and Joe Bouillon, ''Josephine''. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1977.</ref> Coretta Scott King eventually broadened her focus to include [[women's rights]], [[LGBT social movements|LGBT rights]], economic issues, world peace, and various other causes. As early as December 1968, she called for women to "unite and form a solid block of women power to fight the three great evils of [[racism]], [[poverty]] and [[war]]", during a Solidarity Day speech.<ref name="NAPF">{{cite web|last=Pappas |first=Heather |title=Coretta Scott King |publisher=Nuclear Age Peace Foundation |url=http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/programs/youth-outreach/peace-heroes/king-coretta.htm |access-date=September 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012021241/http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/programs/youth-outreach/peace-heroes/king-coretta.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> On April 27, 1968, King spoke at an anti-war demonstration in Central Park in place of her husband. King made it clear that there was no reason "why a nation as rich as ours should be blighted by poverty, disease, and illiteracy."<ref>Crosby, p. 402.</ref> King used notes taken from her husband's pockets upon his death, which included the "Ten Commandments on [[Vietnam war|Vietnam]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2014/01/20/when-widowhood-speaks-for-black-civil-rights/|title=When widowhood speaks to black civil rights: Coretta Scott King|date=January 20, 2014|publisher=Women News Network |access-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125172233/http://womennewsnetwork.net/2014/01/20/when-widowhood-speaks-for-black-civil-rights/|archive-date=January 25, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 5, 1968, Bobby Kennedy was shot after winning the California primary for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. After he died the following day, Ethel Kennedy, who King had spoken to with her husband only two months earlier, was widowed. King flew to Los Angeles to comfort Ethel over Bobby's death.<ref>Oppenheimer, p. 458.</ref> On June 8, 1968, while King was attending the late senator's funeral, the Justice Department made the announcement of [[James Earl Ray]]'s arrest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19680609&id=v6VPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4087,1516395|title=Accused Slayer of Dr. Martin Luther King Arrested|date=June 9, 1968|work=[[Star–Banner]]|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19680609&id=v6VPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rQUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4087,1516395|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Not long after this, the King household was visited by [[Mike Wallace]], who wanted to visit her and the rest of her family and see how they were faring that coming Christmas. She introduced her family to Wallace and also expressed her belief that there would not be another Martin Luther King Jr. because he comes around "once in a century" or "maybe once in a thousand years". She furthered that she believed her children needed her more than ever and that there was hope for redemption in her husband's death.<ref name="60Minutes">{{cite web |title=Coretta Scott King |work=CBS News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm4mnvhtg9s |access-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303113037/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm4mnvhtg9s |archive-date=March 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 1969, King and Bernita Bennette left for a trip to India. Before arriving in the country, the two stopped in [[Verona, Italy]] and King was awarded the Universal Love Award. King became the first non-Italian to receive the award. King traveled to London with her sister, sister-in-law, Bernita and several others to preach at St. Paul's Cathedral. Before, no woman had ever delivered a sermon at a regularly appointed service in the cathedral.<ref>Bagley, p. 256.</ref> As a leader of the movement, King founded the [[King Center for Nonviolent Social Change]] in Atlanta. She served as the center's [[president (corporate title)|president]] and [[chief executive officer|CEO]] from its inception until she passed the reins of leadership to son Dexter Scott King. Removing herself from leadership, allowed her to focus on writing, public speaking and spend time with her parents.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RT0DAAAAMBAJ&q=dexter+king+jet&pg=PA5|title=Dexter King Will Succeed Mom Coretta Scott King as Chairman/CEO MLK Center|date=November 7, 1994|work=Jet |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=RT0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=dexter+king+jet&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YAi9Us7gJNProAT7soCgCg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=dexter%20king%20jet&f=false|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> She published her memoirs, ''My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr.'', in 1969. President [[Richard Nixon]] was advised against visiting her on the first anniversary of his death since it would "outrage" many people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3798624.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610220351/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3798624.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2014|date=December 2, 1986|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|title=Nixon papers reveal Elvis's rip of Beatles}}</ref> On October 15, 1969, King was the lead speaker at the [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam]] demonstration in Washington D.C., where she led a crowd down Pennsylvania Avenue past the White Past bearing candles and at a subsequent speech she denounced the war in Vietnam.<ref>Karnow p.599.</ref> Coretta Scott King was also under surveillance by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] from 1968 until 1972. Her husband's activities had been monitored during his lifetime. Documents obtained by a [[Houston]], [[Texas]] television station show that the FBI worried that Coretta Scott King would "tie the [[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam movement]] to the civil rights movement."<ref name="LATimesep">{{cite news |title=FBI spied on Coretta Scott King, files show |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=August 31, 2007 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/la-na-king31aug31,1,1018428.story?ctrack=1&cset=true |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127144127/http://www.latimes.com/news/la-na-king31aug31,1,1018428.story?ctrack=1&cset=true |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 27, 2013 |access-date=September 11, 2007}}</ref> The FBI studied her memoir and concluded that her "selfless, magnanimous, decorous attitude is belied by ... [her] actual shrewd, calculating, businesslike activities."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjoDAAAAMBAJ&q=j+edgar+hoover+coretta+scott+king&pg=PA12|title=FBI Files Reveal Government Spied on Coretta Scott King|date=September 24, 2007|work=Jet |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106124358/https://books.google.com/books?id=zjoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=j+edgar+hoover+coretta+scott+king&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D4rQUqTSB9fboASV2ID4Dg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=j%20edgar%20hoover%20coretta%20scott%20king&f=false|archive-date=January 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A spokesman for the King family said that they were aware of the surveillance, but had not realized how extensive it was. == Later life == [[File:Coretta Scott King at the Democratic National Convention, New York City.jpg|thumb|King attending the [[1976 Democratic National Convention]]]] <!---[[File:Coretta scott king ebenezer.jpg|thumb|King, along with [[Rosalynn Carter]], [[Andrew Young]], [[Jimmy Carter]], and other civil rights leaders during a visit to [[Ebenezer Baptist Church]] in [[Atlanta]], January 14, 1979]]---> Every year after the assassination of her husband in 1968, Coretta attended a commemorative service at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta to mark his birthday on January 15. She fought for years to make it a national holiday. In 1972, she said that there should be at least one national holiday a year in tribute to an African-American man, "and, at this point, Martin is the best candidate we have."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19720114&id=vxcpAAAAIBAJ&pg=1020,1967908|title=Coretta Scott Still Working To Have Husband's Birthday Declared Holiday|date=January 14, 1972|work=[[The Gadsden Times]]|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19720114&id=vxcpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jNcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1020,1967908|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Murray M. Silver, an Atlanta attorney, made the appeal at the services on January 14, 1979. Coretta Scott King later confirmed that it was the "best, most productive appeal ever". Coretta Scott King was finally successful in this campaign in 1986, when [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] was made a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]. After the death of J. Edgar Hoover, King made no attempt to hide her bitterness towards him for his work against her husband in a long statement.<ref>Gentry, p. 34.</ref> Coretta Scott King attended the [[state funeral]] of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1973, as a very close friend of the former [[President of the United States|president]]. On July 25, 1978, King held a press conference in defense of then-Ambassador Andrew Young and his controversial statement on political prisoners in American jails.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19780726&id=BstaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5122,6221369|work=[[Deseret News]] |title=Coretta defends Young|date=July 26, 1978}}</ref> On September 19, 1979, King visited the Lyndon B. Johnson ranch to meet with [[Lady Bird Johnson]].<ref>Polden, p. 112.</ref> In 1979 and 1980 Dr. Noel Erskine and King co-taught a class on "The Theology of Martin Luther King, Jr." at the [[Candler School of Theology]] ([[Emory University]]). On September 29, 1980, King's signing as a commentator for CNN was announced by [[Ted Turner]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19800930&id=h0lOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5504,6474249|title=Ted Turner hires Coretta King|date=September 30, 1980|work=[[Star-News]]}}</ref> [[File:President Ronald Reagan at the Signing Ceremony for Martin Luther King Holiday Legislation.jpg|thumb|left|Coretta Scott attends the signing of [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] by President [[Ronald Reagan]] on November 2, 1983]] On August 26, 1983, King resented endorsing Jesse Jackson for president, since she wanted to back up someone she believed could beat [[Ronald Reagan]], and dismissed her husband becoming a presidential candidate had he lived.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19830826&id=_w1WAAAAIBAJ&pg=4739,5858529|title=Coretta King says Jackson can't win|date=August 26, 1983|work=[[The Register-Guard]]|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19830826&id=_w1WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OeIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4739,5858529|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 26, 1985, King was arrested with her daughter Bernice and son Martin Luther King III while taking part in an anti-[[apartheid]] protest at the Embassy of South Africa in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/123863692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jun+27%2C+1985&author=By+Laurel+E.+Miller+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++%281974-Current+file%29&edition=&startpage=C3&desc=Coretta+King+Arrested+at+Embassy | title=Coretta King Arrested at Embassy | first=Laurel E. | last=Miller | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=June 27, 1985 | access-date=July 5, 2017 | archive-date=March 15, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315093431/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/123863692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AAI&date=Jun%2027%2C%201985&author=By%20Laurel%20E.%20Miller%20Washington%20Post%20Staff%20Writer&pub=The%20Washington%20Post%20%20%281974-Current%20file%29&edition=&startpage=C3&desc=Coretta%20King%20Arrested%20at%20Embassy | url-status=dead }}</ref> When President [[Ronald Reagan]] signed legislation establishing the Martin Luther King Jr. Day, she was at the event. Reagan called her to personally apologize for a remark he made during a nationally televised conference, where he said we would know in "35 years" whether or not King was a communist sympathizer. Reagan clarified his remarks came from the fact that the papers had been sealed off until the year 2027.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19831022&id=N6oyAAAAIBAJ&pg=5631,4828497|title=Reagan offers Coretta King an apology|work=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|date=October 22, 1983|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19831022&id=N6oyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W-gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5631,4828497|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> King accepted the apology and pointed out the Senate Select Committee on Assassinations had not found any basis to suggest her husband had communist ties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19831023&id=0EgrAAAAIBAJ&pg=4038,2260988|title=Coretta Scott King satisfied with Reagan's apology|work=[[Nevada Daily Mail]]|date=October 23, 1983|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19831023&id=0EgrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=29UEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4038,2260988|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 9, 1987, eight civil rights activists were jailed for protesting the exclusion of African Americans during the filming of ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' in [[Cumming, Georgia]]. [[Oprah Winfrey]] tried to find out why the "community has not allowed black people to live there since 1912." King was outraged over the arrests, and wanted members of the group, "Coalition to End Fear and Intimidation in Forsyth County", to meet with Georgia Governor [[Joe Frank Harris]] to "seek a just resolution of the situation."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Lewiston Journal]]|first=Robert|last=Byrd|date=February 11, 1987|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1899&dat=19870211&id=nb0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=3400,1365187|title=Coretta King outraged at jailing of 'Winfrey Show' protestors}}</ref> On March 8, 1989, King lectured hundreds of students about the civil rights movement at the [[University of San Diego]]. King tried to not get involved in the controversy around the naming of the San Diego Convention Center after her husband. She maintained it was up to the "people within the community" and that people had tried to get her involved in with "those kind of local situations."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-03-09/local/me-1255_1_coretta-scott-king|title=Coretta Scott King Sidesteps Controversy on Convention Center|date=March 9, 1989|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Shawn Maree|last=Smith|access-date=January 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108050617/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-03-09/local/me-1255_1_coretta-scott-king|archive-date=January 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 17, 1993, King showed disdain for the U.S. missile attack on [[Iraq]]. In retaliation, she suggested peace protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-01-18/news/9301180438_1_coretta-scott-king-luther-king-martin-luther|title=Coretta Scott King Outraged About Strike|date=January 18, 1993|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|access-date=January 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112174155/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-01-18/news/9301180438_1_coretta-scott-king-luther-king-martin-luther|archive-date=January 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 16, 1993, King went to the FBI Headquarters and gave an approving address on Director [[William S. Sessions]] for having the FBI "turn its back on the abuses of the Hoover era."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-17/news/mn-271_1_fbi-headquarters|title=Coretta King, at FBI Headquarters, Backs Sessions, Assails Hoover|date=February 17, 1993|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Ronald J.|last=Ostrow|access-date=January 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108051043/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-17/news/mn-271_1_fbi-headquarters|archive-date=January 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> King commended Sessions for his "leadership in bringing women and minorities into the FBI and for being a true friend of civil rights." King admitted that she would not have accepted the arrangement had it not been for Sessions, the then-current director.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-02-17/news/9303180952_1_william-s-sessions-fbi-coretta-scott-king|title=Coretta Scott King Praises Sessions, FBI|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|first=Scripps|last=Howard|date=February 17, 1993|access-date=January 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091413/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-02-17/news/9303180952_1_william-s-sessions-fbi-coretta-scott-king|archive-date=January 16, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 17, 1994, the day marking the 65th birthday of her husband, King said: "No injustice, no matter how great, can excuse even a single act of violence against another human being."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-18/news/mn-13055_1_assault-weapons|title=Opposition to Violence, Assault Weapons Are Focus of King Day|date=January 18, 1994|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=January 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108050756/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-18/news/mn-13055_1_assault-weapons|archive-date=January 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 1995, [[Qubilah Shabazz]] was indicted on charges of using telephones and crossing state lines in a plot to kill [[Louis Farrakhan]]. King defended her, saying at Riverside Church in Harlem that federal prosecutors targeted her to tarnish her father [[Malcolm X]]'s legacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-02-02/news/9502020338_1_malcolm-x-daughter-of-malcolm-coretta-scott-king|title=Coretta King: Charges Aim To Smear Malcolm X|date=February 2, 1995|work=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=January 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112181306/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-02-02/news/9502020338_1_malcolm-x-daughter-of-malcolm-coretta-scott-king|archive-date=January 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> During the fall of 1995, King chaired an attempt to register one million African American female voters for the [[1996 United States presidential election|presidential election next year]] with fellow widows [[Betty Shabazz]] and [[Myrlie Evers]] and was saluted by her daughter Yolanda in a Washington hotel ballroom.<ref>Rickford, p. 483.</ref> On October 12, 1995, King spoke about the [[O. J. Simpson murder case]], which she negated having a long-term effect on relations between races when speaking to an audience at [[Soka University]] in [[Aliso Viejo, California]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-10-13/news/mn-56576_1_leader-martin-luther-king-jr|title=Coretta King Discusses Verdicts|date=October 13, 1995|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=January 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230550/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-10-13/news/mn-56576_1_leader-martin-luther-king-jr|archive-date=February 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 24, 1996, King delivered a 40-minute speech at the Loyola University's Lake Shore campus in Rogers Park. She called for everyone to "pick up the torch of freedom and lead America towards another great revolution."<ref name=CorettaCarries>{{cite news| url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-01-25/news/9601250042_1_coretta-scott-king-dr-king-affirmative-action| date=January 25, 1996| work=Chicago Tribune| first=Jerry| last=Thomas| title=Coretta Scott King Carries Dream| access-date=November 30, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030070841/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-01-25/news/9601250042_1_coretta-scott-king-dr-king-affirmative-action| archive-date=October 30, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> On June 1, 1997, Betty Shabazz suffered extensive and life-threatening burns after her grandson [[Malcolm Shabazz]] started a fire in their home. In response to the hospitalization of her longtime friend, King donated $5,000 to a rehabilitation fund for her.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1997-06-18/news/9706180046_1_betty-shabazz-time-warner-coretta-scott-king|title=Shabazz Fund Drive Gets Levin, King Donations|date=June 18, 1997|work=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=January 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220140340/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1997-06-18/news/9706180046_1_betty-shabazz-time-warner-coretta-scott-king|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Shabazz died on June 23, 1997, three weeks after being burned. [[File:Coretta Scott King.jpg|alt=Coretta at Lincoln Memorial 30 th anniversary March on Washington August 28, 1993|thumb|Coretta at Lincoln Memorial. 30th anniversary March on Washington August 28, 1993]] During the 1990s, King was subject to multiple break-ins and encountered [[Lyndon Fitzgerald Pace]], a man who admitted killing women in the area. He broke into the house in the middle of the night and found her while she was sitting in her bed. After nearly eight years of staying in the home following the encounter, King moved to a condominium unit which had also been the home, albeit part-time, for singers [[Elton John]] and [[Janet Jackson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20050114&id=9vgrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3689,1055102|title=King's widow victim of multiple burglaries|date=January 14, 2005|work=[[Kentucky New Era]]|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20050114&id=9vgrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EW0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3689,1055102|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Her new home was a gift from [[Oprah Winfrey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=King's widow moves to condo from family home after multiple burglaries, son says|url=https://siouxcityjournal.com/news/kings-widow-moves-to-condo-from-family-home-after-multiple-burglaries-son-says/article_009e1bb4-224a-57df-8f65-6fd1394de201.html|access-date=2020-12-28|website=[[Sioux City Journal]]|date=January 14, 2005 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Louise |last=Chu |date=January 14, 2005|title=King's widow victim of multiple burglaries |newspaper=Kentucky New Era |via=Google News Archive |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20050114&id=9vgrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3689,1055102|access-date=2020-12-28}}</ref> In 1999, the King family finally succeeded in getting a jury verdict saying her husband was the victim of a murder conspiracy after suing [[Loyd Jowers]], who claimed six years prior to having paid someone other than [[James Earl Ray]] to kill her husband.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19991210&id=UcYeAAAAIBAJ&pg=2814,2511744|title=King family gets jury verdict on conspiracy|work=[[Ellensburg Daily Record]]|first=Woody|last=Baird|date=December 10, 1999}}</ref> On April 4, 2000, King visited her husband's grave with her sons, daughter Bernice and sister-in-law. Regarding plans to construct a monument for her husband in Washington, D.C., King said it would "complete a group of memorials in the nation's capital honoring democracy's greatest leaders, including [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and now Martin Luther King, Jr."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psMDAAAAMBAJ&q=martin+luther+king+jet&pg=PA5|title=Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Family Commemorate 32nd Anniversary of His Death|date=April 24, 2000|work=Jet |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=psMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=martin+luther+king+jet&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CTrTUvntE4juoAT1kIGIAQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=martin%20luther%20king%20jet&f=false|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The National Park Service wanted to commemorate Martin Luther King's dream, but they did not want any discussion of his opposition to the war in Vietnam or to his struggle to end poverty in America. Coretta Scott King fought to ensure that her husband's legacy was not distorted and the history told at his monument in Washington D.C., was true to the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Andrew Young Remembers Coretta Scott King|newspaper = NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5181064|access-date=2020-12-28|publisher=NPR}}</ref> She became [[veganism|vegan]] in the last 10 years of her life.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/is_n218/ai_17444897/?tag=content;col1 | work=[[Vegetarian Times]] | title=A King among men: Martin Luther King Jr.'s son blazes his own trail – Dexter Scott King | year=1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/03/AR2006020302512.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=The Real Coretta Scott King | first=Barbara A. | last=Reynolds | date=February 4, 2006 | access-date=August 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106140008/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/03/AR2006020302512.html | archive-date=November 6, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> === Opposition to apartheid === During the 1980s, Coretta Scott King reaffirmed her long-standing opposition to [[Crime of apartheid|apartheid]], participating in a series of sit-in protests in Washington, D.C., that prompted nationwide demonstrations against [[South Africa under apartheid|South African racial policies]]. King had a 10-day trip to South Africa in September 1986.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3785147.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214743/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3785147.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2014|title=Mrs. King warns of sanctions 'hardship'|date=September 13, 1986|work=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> On September 9, 1986, she cancelled meeting President [[P. W. Botha]] and [[Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3784685.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214736/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3784685.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2014|title=Mrs. King won't meet Botha|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=September 10, 1986}}</ref> The next day, she met with [[Allan Boesak]]. The UDF leadership, Boesak and Winnie Mandela had threatened to avoid a meeting King if she met with Botha and Buthelezi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3784852.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214738/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3784852.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2014|title=Key apartheid foe meets King, hails her 'courage'|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=September 11, 1986}}</ref> She also met with Winnie Mandela that day, and called it "one of the greatest and most meaningful moments of my life." Nelson Mandela was still being imprisoned in [[Pollsmoor Prison]] after being transferred from [[Robben Island]] in 1982. Prior to leaving the United States for the meeting, King drew comparisons between the civil rights movement and Mandela's case.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3785068.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214734/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3785068.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2014|title=King meets Winnie Mandela, denies snub to Botha // Emotions run high for apartheid foes|date=September 12, 1986|work=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> Upon her return to the United States, she urged Reagan to approve [[economic sanctions]] against South Africa. === Peacemaking === Coretta Scott King was a long-time advocate for [[world peace]]. Author [[Michael Eric Dyson]] has called her "an earlier and more devoted pacifist than her husband."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7ljj_iyQcwC&q=%22committee+for+a+sane+nuclear+policy%22+%22coretta+scott+king%22&pg=PA64 |title=I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr – Michael Eric Dyson |isbn=9780684867762 |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=F7ljj_iyQcwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=%22committee+for+a+sane+nuclear+policy%22+%22coretta+scott+king%22&source=bl&ots=afCa0mVk6w&sig=Q6iPfLWboCLlKlRk0Xb7wUMmUsg&hl=en&ei=Dog3TZjdCobWgQfN8YmcCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=%22committee%20for%20a%20sane%20nuclear%20policy%22%20%22coretta%20scott%20king%22&f=false |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |url-status=live |last1=Dyson |first1=Michael Eric |last2=Jagerman |first2=David L. |year=2000 |publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> Although King would object to the term "[[pacifism]]", she was an advocate of non-violent direct action to achieve social change. In 1957, King was one of the founders of The Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (now called [[Peace Action]]),<ref>{{cite web |author=Minoa D. Uffelman, Austin Peay State University |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1489 |title=Coretta Scott King |website=[[Encyclopedia of Alabama]] |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123155437/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1489 |archive-date=January 23, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and she spoke in San Francisco while her husband spoke in New York at the major anti-Vietnam war march on April 15, 1967, organized by the [[Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]]. King was vocal in her opposition to [[capital punishment]] and the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref name=HuffPo>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/19/jeh-johnson-mlk-war-dream_n_811213.html |title=Lawmakers Press Pentagon Official on MLK War Claim |website=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=January 19, 2011 |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092206/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/19/jeh-johnson-mlk-war-dream_n_811213.html |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> === LGBT equality === In August 1983, in Washington, D. C., she urged amendment of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] to include gays and lesbians as a [[Protected group#United States|protected class]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncblgfounders.org/founders-associates-notes/2011/10/29/1983-coretta-scott-king-endorses-national-gay-and-lesbian-ci.html |title=1983, Coretta Scott King Endorses National Gay and Lesbian Civil Rights Legislation – Founders Notes |publisher=NCBLG Founders |date=October 29, 2011 |access-date=May 13, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818163007/http://www.ncblgfounders.org/founders-associates-notes/2011/10/29/1983-coretta-scott-king-endorses-national-gay-and-lesbian-ci.html|archive-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref> In response to the Supreme Court's 1986 decision in ''[[Bowers v. Hardwick]]'' that there was no constitutional right to engage in consensual sodomy, King's long-time friend, Winston Johnson of Atlanta, came out to her and was instrumental in arranging King as the featured speaker at the September 27, 1986, New York Gala of the [[Human Rights Campaign|Human Rights Campaign Fund]]. As reported in the ''[[New York Native]]'', King stated that she was there to express her solidarity with the gay and lesbian movement. She applauded gays as having "always been a part of the civil rights movement".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-g-long/coretta-scott-king_b_2592049.html |title=Coretta's Big Dream: Coretta Scott King on Gay Rights | Michael G. Long |website=The Huffington Post |date=January 31, 2013 |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419013941/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-g-long/coretta-scott-king_b_2592049.html |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> On April 1, 1998, at the [[The Palmer House Hilton|Palmer House Hilton]] in [[Chicago]], King called on the civil rights community to join in the struggle against [[homophobia]] and anti-gay bias. "Homophobia is like racism and [[anti-Semitism]] and other forms of [[bigotry]] in that it seeks to dehumanize a large group of people, to deny their humanity, their dignity and personhood", she stated.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQpKJRlgnrAC&q=Homophobia+is+like+racism+and+anti-Semitism+and+other+forms+of+bigotry+in+that+it+seeks+to+dehumanize+a+large+group+of+people,+to+deny+their+humanity,&pg=PA117 |title=Coretta Scott King: Civil Rights Activist – Dale Evva Gelfand, Lisa Renee Rhodes – Google Books |isbn=9781438100777 |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQpKJRlgnrAC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=Homophobia+is+like+racism+and+anti-Semitism+and+other+forms+of+bigotry+in+that+it+seeks+to+dehumanize+a+large+group+of+people,+to+deny+their+humanity,&source=bl&ots=3sxG1tZe87&sig=V8YzDekRnWSy5i0au5D7DgVWus8&hl=en&ei=yZHZTp6sDena0QGA-53TDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Homophobia%20is%20like%20racism%20and%20anti-Semitism%20and%20other%20forms%20of%20bigotry%20in%20that%20it%20seeks%20to%20dehumanize%20a%20large%20group%20of%20people%2C%20to%20deny%20their%20humanity%2C&f=false |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |url-status=live |last1=Gelfand |first1=Dale Evva |last2=Rhodes |first2=Lisa Renee |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase }}</ref> "This sets the stage for further repression and violence that spread all too easily to victimize the next [[minority group]]." On March 31, 1998, at the 25th anniversary luncheon for the [[Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund]], King said: "I still hear people say that I should not be talking about the rights of lesbian and gay people, and I should stick to the issue of racial justice. ... But I hasten to remind them that Martin Luther King, Jr., said, 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.' ... I appeal to everyone who believes in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, dream to make room at the table of brotherhood and sisterhood for lesbian and gay people."<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Merritt | first=James Edward Jr. |date=2011 |title=For all God's people: Diverse people of faith for ecumenical witness and public policy |type=PhD |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Episcopal Divinity School |page=73 |id=ark:/13960/t8pc4jf1f |url=https://archive.org/stream/forallgodspeople00merr#page/n161/mode/2up/search/brotherhood+and+sisterhood+for+lesbian |access-date=January 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802070647/https://archive.org/stream/forallgodspeople00merr#page/n161/mode/2up/search/brotherhood+and+sisterhood+for+lesbian |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 1, 1998 |title=Those Who Lived the Struggle to End Segregation Now Speak Out for Same-Gender Marriage Equality |publisher=[[Soulforce]] |url=http://www.archives.soulforce.org/1998/01/01/those-who-lived-the-struggle-to-end-segregation-now-speak-out-for-same-gender-marriage-equality/ |access-date=January 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074521/http://www.archives.soulforce.org/1998/01/01/those-who-lived-the-struggle-to-end-segregation-now-speak-out-for-same-gender-marriage-equality/ |archive-date=January 25, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 1999 |title=1998 in Review |magazine=[[Out (magazine)|Out]] |issn=1062-7928 |page=26 |volume=7 |number=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2IEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22brotherhood+and+sisterhood+for+lesbian%22&pg=PA26 |access-date=January 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729182308/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2IEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26#q=%22brotherhood%20and%20sisterhood%20for%20lesbian%22 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 9, 2000, she repeated similar remarks at the opening plenary session of the 13th annual [[Creating Change Conference]], organized by the [[National Gay and Lesbian Task Force]]<!--in Atlanta-->.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remarks by Coretta Scott King at Creating Change in 2000 |publisher=Michigan State University Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Resource Center |url=http://lbgtrc.msu.edu/docs/csk-ngltfcc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827203527/http://lbgtrc.msu.edu/docs/csk-ngltfcc.htm |archive-date=August 27, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Vivian | first=O.B. | title=Coretta: The Story of Coretta Scott King | publisher=Fortress Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-4514-1534-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/corettastoryofco0000vivi | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/corettastoryofco0000vivi/page/122 122] | access-date=March 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802070348/https://archive.org/details/corettastoryofco0000vivi | archive-date=August 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=December 19, 2000 |title=Rants & raves |magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |issn=0001-8996 |page=10 |publisher=Here Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22MEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22brotherhood+and+sisterhood+for+lesbian%22&pg=PA10 |access-date=January 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729172203/https://books.google.com/books?id=22MEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10#q=%22brotherhood%20and%20sisterhood%20for%20lesbian%22 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Blumenfeld | first=Warren | date=January 20, 2015 | title=Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, "Inescapable Network of Mutuality" | website=[[Tikkun Daily]] | url=http://www.tikkun.org/tikkundaily/2015/01/20/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-s-inescapable-network-of-mutuality/ | access-date=January 24, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015807/http://www.tikkun.org/tikkundaily/2015/01/20/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-s-inescapable-network-of-mutuality/ | archive-date=January 25, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, she invited the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force to take part in observances of the 40th anniversary of the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] and Martin Luther King's ''[[I Have a Dream]]'' speech. It was the first time that an LGBT rights group had been invited to a major event of the African-American community.<ref>{{cite web|title=King, Coretta Scott|url=http://www.alabamamusicoffice.com/joomla/artists-a-z/k/1196-king-coretta-scott.html|publisher=Alabama Music Office|access-date=February 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708034156/http://www.alabamamusicoffice.com/joomla/artists-a-z/k/1196-king-coretta-scott.html|archive-date=July 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Her funeral was conducted by [[Eddie Long|Bishop Eddie Long]], which has been criticized by then-NAACP chairman [[Julian Bond]] who refused to attend it, stating that he "just couldn't imagine that she'd want to be in that church with a minister who was a raving homophobe".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-05-04|title=BV Q&A; With Julian Bond - AOL Black Voices|url=http://www.blackvoices.com/black_news/canvas_directory_headlines_features/_a/bv-qanda-with-julian-bond/20060908115409990002|access-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504063629/http://www.blackvoices.com/black_news/canvas_directory_headlines_features/_a/bv-qanda-with-julian-bond/20060908115409990002|archive-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> === The King Center === Established in 1968 by Coretta Scott King, The King Center is the official memorial dedicated to the advancement of the legacy and ideas of Martin Luther King Jr., leader of a nonviolent movement for justice, equality, and peace. Two days after her husband's funeral, King began planning $15 million for funding the memorial.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19860117&id=O9k8AAAAIBAJ&pg=1201,603719|title=Coretta King determined as she pursues|work=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=January 17, 1986|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19860117&id=O9k8AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Qi4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1201,603719|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> She handed the reins as CEO and president of the King Center down to her son, Dexter Scott King.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome |publisher=The King Center |url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/index.asp |access-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070909020247/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/index.asp|archive-date=September 9, 2007 }}</ref> The Kings initially had difficulty gathering the papers since they were in different locations, including colleges he attended and archives. King had a group of supporters begin gathering her husband's papers in 1967, the year before his death.<ref>Bagley, p. 263.</ref> After raising funds from a private sector and the government, she financed the building of the complex in 1981.<ref>Dyson, pp. 270–271.</ref> In 1984, she came under criticism by [[Hosea Williams]], one of her husband's earliest followers, for having used the King Center to promote "authentic material" on her husband's dreams and ideals, and disqualified the merchandise as an attempt to exploit her husband. She sanctioned the kit, which contained a wall poster, five photographs of King and his family, a cassette of the [[I Have a Dream]] speech, a booklet of tips on how to celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day and five postcards with quotations from King himself. She believed it to be the authentic way to celebrate the holiday honoring her husband, and denied Hosea's claims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Merchandising of Martin Luther King|publisher=Mike Gardner|year=1984|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBgmkQt1m9w|access-date=October 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206204927/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBgmkQt1m9w|archive-date=December 6, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> King sued her husband's alma mater of [[Boston University]] over who would keep over 83,000 documents in December 1987 and said the documents belonged with the King archives. However, her husband was held to his word by the university; he had stated after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 that his papers would be kept at the college. Coretta's lawyers argued that the statement was not binding and mentioned that King had not left a will at the time of his death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsIDAAAAMBAJ&q=coretta+scott+king+jet|title=Coretta King, Boston Univ. Will Go to Court Over the Ownership of King Papers|date=February 3, 1992|work=Jet |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=RsIDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=coretta+scott+king+jet&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YWDLUpr4B8PwoASf9YCwBg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=coretta%20scott%20king%20jet&f=false|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> King testified that President of Boston University [[John R. Silber]] in a 1985 meeting demanded that she send the university all of her husband's documents instead of the other way around.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-28/news/mn-28207_1_king|title=Nation In Brief: Massachusetts: Mrs. King Describes Dispute Over Papers|date=April 28, 1993|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=January 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108051127/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-28/news/mn-28207_1_king|archive-date=January 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> King released the statement, "Dr. King wanted the south to be the repository of the bulk of his papers. Now that the King Center library and archives are complete and have one of the finest civil-rights collections in all the world, it is time for the papers to be returned home."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19871207&id=zP4yAAAAIBAJ&pg=4944,3063283|title=Coretta King sues school, seeks return of documents|date=December 7, 1987|work=[[The Telegraph (Nashua, New Hampshire)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19871207&id=zP4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=efwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4944,3063283|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 17, 1992, President [[George H. W. Bush]] laid a wreath at the tomb of her husband and met with and was greeted by King at the center. King praised Bush's support for the holiday, and joined hands with him at the end of a ceremony and sang "[[We Shall Overcome]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19920117&id=gd0rAAAAIBAJ&pg=4106,1445993|title=Bush commemorates King|date=January 17, 1992 |work=Kentucky New Era}}</ref> On May 6, 1993, a court rejected her claims to the papers after finding that a July 16, 1964 letter from Martin Luther King to the institute had constituted a binding charitable pledge to the university and outright stating that Martin Luther King retained ownership of his papers until giving them to the university as gifts or his death. King, however, said her husband had changed his mind about allowing Boston University to keep the papers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-05-07/news/mn-32418_1_king-papers-mrs|title=Mrs. King Loses Court Fight to Get Her Husband's Papers|date=May 7, 1993|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=January 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108050737/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-05-07/news/mn-32418_1_king-papers-mrs|archive-date=January 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> After her son Dexter took over as the president of the King Center for the second time in 1994, King was given more time to write, address issues and spend time with her parents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RT0DAAAAMBAJ&q=coretta+scott+king+jet&pg=PA5|title=Dexter King Will Succeed Mom Coretta Scott King As Chairman/CEO MLK Center|date=November 7, 1994|work=Jet |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201091708/https://books.google.com/books?id=RT0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=coretta+scott+king+jet&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Py7PUtaTJo3coASbl4HYCQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=coretta%20scott%20king%20jet&f=false|archive-date=December 1, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> === Coretta Scott King Center for Cultural and Intellectual Freedom === In 2005, King gifted the use of her name to her alma mater, [[Antioch College]] in [[Yellow Springs, Ohio|Yellow Springs]], to create the [[Coretta Scott King Center for Cultural and Intellectual Freedom|Coretta Scott King Center]] as an experiential learning resource to address issues of race, class, gender, diversity, and social justice for the campus and the surrounding community. The center opened in 2007 on the Antioch College campus. The center lists its mission as "The Coretta Scott King Center facilitates learning, dialogue, and action to advance social justice", and its vision as "To transform lives, the nation and the world by cultivating change agents, collaborating with communities, and fostering networks to advance human rights and social justice."<ref>{{cite web|title=Coretta Scott King Center for Cultural and Intellectual Freedom|url=https://www.antiochcollege.edu/coretta-scott-king-center|access-date=January 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042558/https://www.antiochcollege.edu/coretta-scott-king-center|archive-date=January 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> == Illness and death == {{main|Death and funeral of Coretta Scott King}} [[File:Tombstone for Martin Luther King & Coretta Scott King at MLK Historic Site in Atlanta.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King sarcophagus within the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site]] [[File:Cking.jpg|thumb|upright|Coretta Scott King's temporary 2006 grave]] By the end of her 77th year, Coretta began experiencing health problems. Her husband's former secretary, Dora McDonald, assisted her part-time in this period.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dewan |first=Shaila |date=January 15, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/us/15mcdonald.html?scp=1&sq=dora%20E.%20mcDonald&st=cse |title=Dora E. McDonald, 81, Secretary to Martin Luther King in '60s |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155344/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/us/15mcdonald.html?scp=1&sq=dora%20E.%20mcDonald&st=cse |archive-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> Hospitalized in April 2005, a month after speaking in Selma at the 40th anniversary of the [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma Voting Rights Movement]], she was diagnosed with a heart condition and was discharged on her 78th and final birthday. Later, she suffered several small strokes. On August 16, 2005, she was hospitalized after suffering a [[stroke]] and a mild [[heart attack]]. Initially, she was unable to speak or move her right side. King's daughter Bernice reported that she had been able to move her leg on Sunday, August 21<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8973440/#.UtfiDyj3BmA|title=Coretta Scott King partly paralyzed by stroke|date=August 21, 2005|publisher=NBC News |access-date=January 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116183614/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8973440/#.UtfiDyj3BmA|archive-date=January 16, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> while her other daughter and oldest child Yolanda asserted that the family expected her to fully recover.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-08-19-coretta_x.htm|title=Family expects Coretta Scott King to recover from stroke|date=August 19, 2005|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=January 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116213233/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-08-19-coretta_x.htm|archive-date=January 16, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> She was released from [[Piedmont Hospital]] in Atlanta on September 22, 2005, after regaining some of her speech and continued [[physiotherapy]] at home. Due to continuing health problems, King canceled a number of speaking and traveling engagements throughout the remainder of 2005. On January 14, 2006, Coretta made her last public appearance in Atlanta at a dinner honoring her husband's memory. On January 26, 2006, King checked into a rehabilitation center in [[Rosarito Beach]], Mexico under a different name. Doctors did not learn her real identity until her medical records arrived the next day, and did not begin treatment due to her condition.<ref name=Ricestatement>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11110291/#.UtiD9Cj3BmA|title=Coretta Scott King dead at 78|publisher=NBC News|date=January 31, 2006}}</ref> Coretta Scott King died on the late evening of January 30, 2006,<ref name="APobit">{{cite news|title=Coretta Scott King dead at 78|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11110291/ns/us_news-life/t/coretta-scott-king-dead/|access-date=February 25, 2017|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC News|date=January 31, 2006|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625015314/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11110291/ns/us_news-life/t/coretta-scott-king-dead|archive-date=June 25, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> at the rehabilitation center in Rosarito Beach, Mexico, in the Oasis Hospital where she was undergoing [[Holism#Holistic healing|holistic]] therapy for her stroke and advanced-stage [[ovarian cancer]]. The main cause of her death is believed to be [[Respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] failure due to complications from ovarian cancer.<ref name="APobit" /> The clinic at which she died was called the Hospital Santa Mónica, but was licensed as Clínica Santo Tomás. After reports indicated that it was not legally licensed to "perform surgery, take X-rays, perform laboratory work or run an internal pharmacy, all of which it was doing", as well as reports of it being operated by highly controversial medical figure [[Kurt Donsbach]], it was shut down by medical commissioner Dr. Francisco Versa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clinic, founder operate outside norm |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |date=February 1, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McKinley |first=James C. |title=Mexico Closes Alternative Care Clinic Where Mrs. King Died |work=The New York Times |date=February 4, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/04/international/americas/04mexico.html?ex=1189656000&en=39df23f0fc555dd8&ei=5070 |access-date=September 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615201002/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/04/international/americas/04mexico.html?ex=1189656000&en=39df23f0fc555dd8&ei=5070 |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> King's body was flown from Mexico to Atlanta on February 1, 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/02/06/2003291815|title=King widow lies in state in Georgia|work=[[Taipei Times]]|date=February 6, 2006|access-date=January 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118094754/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/02/06/2003291815|archive-date=January 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> King's eight-hour funeral at the [[New Birth Missionary Baptist Church]] in [[Lithonia, Georgia|Lithonia]], Georgia was held on February 7, 2006. Bernice King delivered her eulogy. U.S. Presidents [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[Jimmy Carter]] attended, as did their wives, with the exception of former First Lady [[Barbara Bush]] who had a previous engagement. The [[Gerald Ford|Ford]] family was absent due to the illness of President Ford (who himself died later that year). Senator and future President [[Barack Obama]], among other elected officials,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/167582?tid=relatedcl |title=Barack Obama: How He Did It |work=[[Newsweek]]|date=November 4, 2008 |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903175119/http://www.newsweek.com/id/167582?tid=relatedcl |archive-date=September 3, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> attended the televised service. [[File:MLK Memorial in Atlanta, Georgia by George Paul Puvvada..jpg|thumb|right|Sarcophagus site in the King Center.]]President [[Jimmy Carter]] and Rev. [[Joseph Lowery]] delivered funeral orations and were critical of the [[Iraq War]] and the wiretapping of the Kings.<ref name=HuffPo/><ref>McNamara, Melissa (February 7, 2006) [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/06/national/main1283675.shtml 'She Is Deeply Missed'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205032901/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/06/national/main1283675.shtml |date=February 5, 2011 }}, ''[[CBS News]]''</ref> King was temporarily laid in a grave on the grounds of the King Center until a permanent place next to her husband's remains could be built.<ref>[http://www.11alive.com/news/article_news.aspx?storyid=75750]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> She had expressed to family members and others that she wanted her remains to lie next to her husband's at the King Center. On November 20, 2006, the new [[sarcophagus]] containing the bodies of the Kings was unveiled in front of friends and family. The sarcophagus is the third resting place of Martin Luther King and the second of Coretta Scott King. == Family life == Martin often called Coretta "Corrie", even when the two were still only dating.<ref name=Garrow49>Garrow, p. 49.</ref> The FBI captured a dispute between the couple in the middle of 1964, where the two both blamed each other for making the [[Civil Rights Movement]] even more difficult. Martin confessed in a 1965 sermon that his secretary had to remind him of his wife's birthday and the couple's wedding anniversary.<ref>Dyson, p. 215.</ref> For a time, many accompanying her husband would usually hear Coretta argue with him in telephone conversations. King resented her husband when he failed to call her to ask about the children while he was away and when she learned of his plans to not include her in formal visits, such as the [[White House]]. However, when King failed to meet his own standards by missing a plane and fell into a level of despair, Coretta told her husband over the phone that "I believe in you, if that means anything."<ref>Frady, pp. 66–67.</ref> Author Ron Ramdin wrote "King faced many new and trying moments, his refuge was home and closeness to Coretta, whose calm and soothing voice whenever she sang, gave him renewed strength. She was the rock upon which his marriage and civil rights leadership, especially at this time of crisis, was founded."<ref>Ramdin, p. 35.</ref> After she succeeded in getting Martin Luther King Jr. Day made a federal holiday, King said her husband's dream was "for people of all religions, all socio-economic levels, and all cultures to create a world community free from violence, poverty, racism, and war so that they could live together in what he called the beloved community or his world house concept."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7QDAAAAMBAJ&q=jet+coretta+scott+king|title=Martin Luther King, Jr.: His Widow Keeps His Dream Alive|date=January 20, 1986|work=Jet |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=o7QDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=jet+coretta+scott+king&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hJvUUvC9OdLuoATI2IHoBw&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBzge#v=onepage&q=jet%20coretta%20scott%20king&f=false|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> King considered raising children in a society that discriminated against them seriously, and spoke against her husband whenever the two disagreed on the financial needs of their family.<ref>Jackson, p. 47.</ref> The Kings had four children; [[Yolanda King|Yolanda]], [[Martin Luther King III|Martin III]], [[Dexter Scott King|Dexter]] and [[Bernice King|Bernice]]. All four children later followed in their parents' footsteps as civil rights activists. Her daughter Bernice referred to her as "My favorite person".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.atlantamagazine.com/features/2013/07/31/interview-bernice-king/page/2 |title=Interview: Bernice King |work=[[Atlanta (magazine)|Atlanta]] |first=Rebecca |last=Burns |date=July 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214083751/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/features/2013/07/31/interview-bernice-king/page/2 |archive-date=December 14, 2013 }}</ref> Years after King's death, Bernice would say her mother "spearheaded the effort to establish the King Center in Atlanta as the official living memorial for Martin Luther King Jr., and then went on to champion a national holiday commemorating our father's birthday, and a host of other efforts; and so in many respects she paved the way and made it possible for the most hated man in America in 1968 to now being one of the most revered and loved men in the world."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/10/17/mlk-family-opens-up-about-assassination/|title=King Family Opens Up About MLK Assassination and Legacy|date=October 17, 2011|work=Fox News Latino|access-date=January 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222905/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/10/17/mlk-family-opens-up-about-assassination/|archive-date=February 1, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dexter Scott King's resigning four months after becoming president of the King Center has often been attributed to differences with his mother. Dexter's work saw a reduction of workers from 70 to 14, and also removed a child care center his mother had founded.<ref>Firestone, David (July 26, 2001). [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/26/us/a-civil-rights-group-suspends-then-reinstates-its-president-413836.html "A civil rights group suspends, then reinstates, its president"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> She lived in a small house with 4 children. == Lawsuits == [[File:P38128-03-398h.jpg|King poses next to a portrait of her husband in 2004|thumb|left]] The King family has mostly been criticized for their handling of Martin Luther King Jr.'s estate, both while Coretta was alive and after her death. The King family sued a California auction in 1992, the family's attorneys filing claims of stolen property against Superior Galleries in Los Angeles Superior Court for the document's return. The King family additionally sued the auction house for punitive damages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMIDAAAAMBAJ&q=king+family+sues+auction&pg=PA6|title=King Family Sues Auction House For Speech Outline|date=November 30, 1992|work=Jet |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206232945/http://books.google.com/books?id=vMIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=king+family+sues&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3gTcUtXeC5DvoASr_IDwCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=king%20family%20sues%20auction&f=false|archive-date=December 6, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1994, ''USA Today'' paid the family $10,000 in attorney's fees and court costs and also a $1,700 licensing fee for using the "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech without permission from them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ccDAAAAMBAJ&q=king+family+sues&pg=PA9|title=King Family Sues USA Today Over Historic 'I Have a Dream' Address|date=August 8, 1994|work=Jet |access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ccDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=king+family+sues&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3gTcUtXeC5DvoASr_IDwCw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=king%20family%20sues&f=false|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> CBS was sued by the King estate for copyright infringement in November 1996. The network marketed a tape containing excerpts of the "I Have a Dream" speech. CBS had filmed the speech when Martin Luther King Jr. delivered it in 1963 and did not pay the family a licensing fee.<ref>Dyson, p. 261.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jan/20/opinion/op-swanson|title=Copyright Wars: The Kings Strike Back|first=James L.|last=Swanson|date=January 20, 2002|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=January 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221131258/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jan/20/opinion/op-swanson|archive-date=December 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 8, 1998, King met with [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]] [[Janet Reno]] as requested by President [[Bill Clinton]]. Their meeting took place at the Justice Department four days after the thirtieth anniversary of her husband's death.<ref>{{cite news|work=Orlando Sentinel|date=April 9, 1998|title=King's Widow Asks Reno To Reopen Murder Case|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1998-04-09/news/9804080795_1_coretta-scott-king-king-assassination-martin-luther-king|access-date=January 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220130108/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1998-04-09/news/9804080795_1_coretta-scott-king-king-assassination-martin-luther-king|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 29, 1998, Mrs. King and her son Dexter met with Justice Department officials. The following day, Associate Attorney General Raymond Fisher told reporters, "We discussed with them orally what kind of process we would follow to see if that meets their concerns. And we think it should, but they're thinking about it."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1998-07-31/news/9807300984_1_attorney-general-son-dexter-coretta-scott-king|title=Reno Asks King Family About Review of Killing|date=July 31, 1998|work=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=January 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220104852/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1998-07-31/news/9807300984_1_attorney-general-son-dexter-coretta-scott-king|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 2, 1998, the King family filed a suit against [[Loyd Jowers]] after he stated publicly he had been paid to hire an assassin to kill Martin Luther King. Mrs. King's son Dexter met with Jowers, and the family contended that the shot that killed Martin Luther King came from behind a dense bushy area behind Jim's Grill. The shooter was identified by James Earl Ray's lawyers as Earl Clark, a police officer at the time of King's death, who had been dead for several years before the trial and lawsuits emerged.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19981003&id=ueBPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6721,1049771|title=King family sues man allegedly involved in hiring the assassin|first=Arthur|last=Brice|date=October 3, 1998|work=Star–Banner}}</ref> Jowers himself refused to identify the man he claimed killed Martin Luther King, as a favor to who he confirmed as the deceased killer with alleged ties to organized crimes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19991115&id=TLwwAAAAIBAJ&pg=5199,5808258|title=King's widow hopes trial will bring out the truth|work=[[The Bryan Times]]|date=November 15, 1999}}</ref> The King lawsuit sought unspecified damages from Jowers and other "unknown coconspirators". On November 16, 1999, Mrs. King testified that she hoped the truth would be brought about, regarding the assassination of her husband. Mrs. King believed that while Ray might have had a role in her husband's death, she did not believe he was the one to "really, actually kill him".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19991117&id=hDsdAAAAIBAJ&pg=5901,3217056|date=November 17, 1999|work=[[The Tuscaloosa News]]|title=King's widow hopes trial will bring out truth}}</ref> She was the first member of the King family to testify at the trial, and noted that the family believed Ray did not act alone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19991121&id=G7xfAAAAIBAJ&pg=6537,27577|title=Martin Luther King's family seeks answers|work=Lawrence Journal-World|date=November 21, 1999}}</ref> It was at this time that King called for President [[Bill Clinton]] to establish a national commission to investigate the assassination, as she believed "such a commission could make a major contribution to interracial healing and reconciliation in America."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19980403&id=vD9UAAAAIBAJ&pg=6516,647282|title=King's family wants new investigation|date=April 3, 1998|work=[[Boca Raton News]]|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19980403&id=vD9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OI4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6516,647282|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> == Legacy == Coretta was viewed during her lifetime and posthumously as having strived to preserve her husband's legacy. The King Center, which she created the year of his assassination, allowed her husband's tomb to be memorialized. King was buried with her husband after her death, on February 7, 2006. King "fought to preserve his legacy" and her construction of the King Center is said to have aided in her efforts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=20070113&id=HW8iAAAAIBAJ&pg=1459,797314|title=King holiday tributes to honor legacy, wife Coretta who died last year|first=Errin|last=Haines|work=[[Argus-Press]]|date=January 13, 2007|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043605/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=20070113&id=HW8iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Hq0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1459,797314|archive-date=October 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> King has been linked and associated with [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] and [[Ethel Kennedy]], as the three all lost their husbands to assassinations. The three were together when Coretta flew to Los Angeles after the [[assassination of Robert F. Kennedy]] to be with Ethel and shared "colorblind compassion".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-02-05/news/0602050381_1_coretta-scott-king-widows-first-lady|title=Remembering the widows|date=February 5, 2006|work=Chicago Tribune|first=Michael James|last=Moore|access-date=January 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091725/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-02-05/news/0602050381_1_coretta-scott-king-widows-first-lady|archive-date=January 16, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> She has also been compared to [[Michelle Obama]], the first African-American [[First Lady of the United States]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bet.com/news/national/photos/2013/01/yes-we-will-king-and-obama.html?_escaped_fragment_=010913-national-yes-two-men-one-vision-coretta-scott-king-michelle-obama#!010913-national-yes-two-men-one-vision-coretta-scott-king-michelle-obama|title=Pretty and Smart Wives|publisher=[[BET]]|access-date=January 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116202400/http://www.bet.com/news/national/photos/2013/01/yes-we-will-king-and-obama.html?_escaped_fragment_=010913-national-yes-two-men-one-vision-coretta-scott-king-michelle-obama#!010913-national-yes-two-men-one-vision-coretta-scott-king-michelle-obama|archive-date=January 16, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> She is seen as being primarily responsible for the creation of the federal [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]]. The holiday is now observed in all fifty states and has been since 2000. The first observance of the holiday after her death was commemorated with speeches, visits to the couple's tomb, and the opening of a collection of Martin Luther King Jr.'s papers. Her sister-in-law [[Christine King Farris]] said, "It is in her memory and her honor that we must carry this program on. This is as she would have it."<ref name=Observance /> On February 7, 2017, Republicans in the Senate voted that Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] had violated [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XIX|Senate rule 19]] during the debate on attorney general nominee Senator [[Jeff Sessions]], claiming that she impugned his character when she quoted statements made about Sessions by Coretta and Senator [[Ted Kennedy]]. "Mr. Sessions has used the awesome power of his office to chill the free exercise of the vote by black citizens in the district he now seeks to serve as a federal judge. This simply cannot be allowed to happen", Coretta wrote in a 1986 letter to Senator [[Strom Thurmond]], which Warren attempted to read on the Senate floor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/08/politics/elizabeth-warren-coretta-scott-king-letter-jeff-sessions/index.html|title=The Coretta Scott King Letter Elizabeth Warren was Trying to Read|date=February 8, 2017|work=CNN|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209200053/http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/08/politics/elizabeth-warren-coretta-scott-king-letter-jeff-sessions/index.html|archive-date=February 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This action prohibited Warren from further participating in the debate on Sessions' nomination for [[United States Attorney General]]. Instead, she stepped into a nearby room and continued reading Coretta's letter while streaming live on the Internet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/02/07/republicans-vote-to-rebuke-elizabeth-warren-for-impugning-sessionss-character/|title=Republicans vote to rebuke Elizabeth Warren, saying she impugned Sessions's character|first1=Paul|last1=Kane|first2=Ed|last2=O'Keefe|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 8, 2017|access-date=February 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411152459/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/02/07/republicans-vote-to-rebuke-elizabeth-warren-for-impugning-sessionss-character/|archive-date=April 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/elizabeth-warren-sessions-silence-234779|title=Senate votes to shut up Elizabeth Warren|author=Seung Min Kim|newspaper=Politico|date=February 8, 2017|access-date=February 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208165520/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/elizabeth-warren-sessions-silence-234779|archive-date=February 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Portrayals in film === * [[Cicely Tyson]], in the 1978 television [[miniseries]] ''[[King (miniseries)|King]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/27372/King-The-Martin-Luther-King-Story/cast|title=King |access-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008051213/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/27372/King-The-Martin-Luther-King-Story/cast|archive-date=October 8, 2013 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=The New York Times |date=2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Jennifer |date=2010 |title=Dangerous Fictions: Race, History, and "King" |journal=Cinema Journal |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=40–62 |doi=10.1353/cj.0.0192 |jstor=25619770 |issn=0009-7101|doi-access=free }}</ref> *[[Angela Bassett]], in the 2013 television movie ''[[Betty and Coretta]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowry |first=Brian |date=January 30, 2013 |title=Review: 'Betty & Coretta' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/betty-coretta-1117949126/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304202459/http://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/betty-coretta-1117949126/ |archive-date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> *[[Carmen Ejogo]] played Coretta King in both the 2001 [[HBO]] film ''[[Boycott (2001 film)|Boycott]]'' and the 2014 film ''[[Selma (film)|Selma]]''. == Recognition and tributes == Coretta Scott King was the recipient of various honors and tributes both before and after her death. She received honorary degrees from many institutions, including [[Princeton University]], [[Duke University]], and [[Bates College]]. She was honored by both of her [[alma mater]]s in 2004, receiving a Horace Mann Award from Antioch College<ref name=King2004/> and an Outstanding Alumni Award from the New England Conservatory of Music.<ref name="NEC">{{cite web|title=Alumni Profile: Coretta Scott King '54, '71 hon. D.M. |publisher=[[New England Conservatory of Music]] |url=http://www.newenglandconservatory.edu/alumni/alumni_profiles/profiles/king.htm |access-date=September 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019051447/http://www.newenglandconservatory.edu/alumni/alumni_profiles/profiles/king.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2007 }}</ref> In 1970, the [[American Library Association]] began awarding a [[Coretta Scott King Award|medal named for Coretta Scott King]] to outstanding African-American writers and illustrators of [[children's literature]].<ref name="ALA">[http://www.ala.org/ala/emiert/corettascottkingbookaward/abouttheawarda/cskabout.htm About the CSK Awards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210124941/http://www.ala.org/ala/emiert/corettascottkingbookaward/abouttheawarda/cskabout.htm|date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> In 1978, [[Women's Way]] awarded King with their first Lucretia Mott Award for showing a dedication to the advancement of women and justice similar to Lucretia Mott's. Many individuals and organizations paid tribute to Scott King following her death, including U.S. President George W. Bush,<ref name="SU2006">{{cite web |last=Bush |first=George W. |author-link=George W. Bush |title=State of the Union |publisher=The White House |date=January 31, 2006 |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/ |access-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620034024/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/ |archive-date=June 20, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[National Gay and Lesbian Task Force]],<ref name="NGLTF">{{cite web|title=Task Force mourns death of Coretta Scott King |publisher=National Gay and Lesbian Task Force |date=January 31, 2006 |url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/press/releases/pr917_013106 |access-date=September 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011125306/http://www.thetaskforce.org/press/releases/pr917_013106 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 }}</ref> the [[Human Rights Campaign]],<ref name="HRC">{{cite web |title=Coretta Scott King Leaves Behind Legacy of the Everlasting Pursuit of Justice |publisher=Human Rights Campaign |date=January 31, 2006 |url=http://www.hrc.org/issues/1614.htm |access-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014184003/http://www.hrc.org/issues/1614.htm |archive-date=October 14, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[National Black Justice Coalition]],<ref name="NBJC">{{cite web|title=Leader Passes Quietly into the Night: Coretta Scott King Dies at 78 |publisher=[[National Black Justice Coalition]] |date=January 31, 2006 |url=http://www.nbjcoalition.org/news/coretta-scott-king-retires.html |access-date=September 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816154740/http://www.nbjcoalition.org/news/coretta-scott-king-retires.html |archive-date=August 16, 2007 }}</ref> and her alma mater [[Antioch College]].<ref name="Antioch">{{cite web |title='We have lost a great American and a great Antiochian....': Coretta Scott King's death mourned by the Antioch Community |publisher=Antioch College |date=January 31, 2006 |url=http://www.antioch-college.edu/news/releases/index.php?id=114 |access-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070824210958/http://www.antioch-college.edu/news/releases/index.php?id=114 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = August 24, 2007}}</ref> In 1983 she received the Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Worship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |title=Four Freedoms Awards |publisher=[[Roosevelt Institute]] |access-date=May 13, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |archive-date=March 25, 2015 }}</ref> She received the Key of Life award from the NAACP.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39432167/the_los_angeles_times/|title=NAACP Confers Image Awards|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|last1=London|first1=Michael|date=December 6, 1983|page=66|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1987 she received a [[Candace Award]] for Distinguished Service from the [[National Coalition of 100 Black Women]].<ref name="page2">{{cite web |publisher=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Recipients 1982–1990, Page 2 |url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=March 14, 2003 }}</ref> In 1997, Coretta Scott King was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the [[American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service|access-date=February 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193048/http://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service|archive-date=December 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, Coretta Scott King was awarded the prestigious [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Corry|first1=Breanna|title=Coretta King Wins Gandhi Peace Prize|url=https://prezi.com/u2dx3plfi_xw/coretta-king-wins-gandhi-peace-prize/|access-date=January 28, 2017|publisher=[[Prezi]]|date=March 5, 2014|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044648/https://prezi.com/u2dx3plfi_xw/coretta-king-wins-gandhi-peace-prize/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Gandhi Peace Prize|url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/nobel/gandhi_prize.htm|series=The Complete Site On Mahatma Gandhi|publisher=Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal|access-date=January 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520051241/http://www.mkgandhi.org/nobel/gandhi_prize.htm|archive-date=May 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Jewish National Fund]], the organization that works to plant trees in Israel, announced the creation of the Coretta Scott King forest in the Galilee region of Northern Israel, with the purpose of "perpetuating her memory of equality and peace", as well as the work of her husband.<ref name="JNF">{{cite web |url=http://support.jnf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=king |title=Coretta Scott King Forest |publisher=[[Jewish National Fund]]|date=April 8, 1968 |access-date=May 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220163319/http://support.jnf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=king |archive-date=February 20, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> When she learned about this plan, King wrote to Israel's parliament: <blockquote>On April 3, 1968, the day before he was killed, Martin delivered his last public address. In it he spoke of the visit he and I made to Israel. Moreover, he spoke to us about his vision of the Promised Land, a land of justice and equality, brotherhood and peace. Martin dedicated his life to the goals of peace and unity among all peoples, and perhaps nowhere in the world is there a greater appreciation of the desirability and necessity of peace than in Israel.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</blockquote> In 2007, The [[Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy]] (CSKYWLA) was opened in Atlanta, Georgia. At its inception, the school served girls in grade 6 with plans for expansion to grade 12 by 2014. CSKYWLA is a public school in the [[Atlanta Public Schools]] system. Among the staff and students, the acronym for the school's name, CSKYWLA (pronounced "see-skee-WAH-lah"), has been coined as a protologism to which this definition has given – "to be empowered by scholarship, non-violence, and social change." That year was also the first observance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day following her death, and she was also honored.<ref name=Observance>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/16/nation/na-briefs16.1|title=Coretta King also honored on MLK Day|date=January 16, 2007|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=February 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304042219/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/16/nation/na-briefs16.1|archive-date=March 4, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Super Bowl XL]] was dedicated to King and [[Rosa Parks]]. Both were memorialized with a moment of silence during the pregame ceremonies. The children of both Parks and King then helped [[Tom Brady]] with the ceremonial [[coin toss]]. In addition two choirs representing the states of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (King's home state) and [[Alabama]] (Park's home state) accompanied [[Dr. John]], [[Aretha Franklin]] and [[Aaron Neville]] in the singing of the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|National Anthem]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanctis |first=Matt |date=February 4, 2006 |title=Locals have reason to cheer. |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/442572137 |archive-url= |access-date=January 21, 2024 |work=News Herald, Port Clinton, OH. |pages=A.1|id={{ProQuest|442572137}} }}</ref> She was inducted into the [[Alabama Women's Hall of Fame]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awhf.org/inductee.html |title=Inductees |work=Alabama Women's Hall of Fame |publisher=State of Alabama |access-date=February 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015014629/http://www.awhf.org/inductee.html |archive-date=October 15, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]] in 2011.<ref>[https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/coretta-scott-king/ National Women's Hall of Fame, Coretta Scott King] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121204037/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/coretta-scott-king/ |date=November 21, 2018 }}.</ref> In January 2023, ''[[The Embrace]]'' was unveiled in [[Boston]];<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cotter |first1=Sean Philip |title='The Embrace' Martin Luther King Jr. Boston memorial causes a stir |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2023/01/16/the-embrace-martin-luther-king-jr-boston-memorial-causes-a-stir/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |work=[[Boston Herald]] |date=January 16, 2023}}</ref> this sculpture commemorates [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and Coretta Scott King,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whyte |first=Murray |title=Piece by piece, Boston's monument to Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King is coming together |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/17/arts/putting-together-pieces-embrace/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=The Boston Globe |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929152431/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/17/arts/putting-together-pieces-embrace/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Eli |title=Why MLK Memorial 'The Embrace,' Destined for Boston, Is Being Built in Wash. |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/why-mlk-memorial-the-embrace-destined-for-boston-is-being-built-in-wash/2780229/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=NBC Boston |date=July 22, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119231625/https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/why-mlk-memorial-the-embrace-destined-for-boston-is-being-built-in-wash/2780229/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and depicts four intertwined arms,<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Associated Press]] |title=Inspired by Coretta and Martin Luther King, Jr's hug, 'The Embrace' sculpture dedicated in Boston |url=https://thegrio.com/2023/01/13/inspired-by-coretta-and-martin-luther-king-jrs-hug-the-embrace-sculpture-dedicated-in-boston/ |website=[[TheGrio]] |access-date=2023-01-16 |date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115234448/https://thegrio.com/2023/01/13/inspired-by-coretta-and-martin-luther-king-jrs-hug-the-embrace-sculpture-dedicated-in-boston/ |url-status=live }}</ref> representing the hug they shared after he was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title='The Embrace' to be unveiled on Boston Common |url=https://whdh.com/news/the-embrace-to-be-unveiled-on-boston-common/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |date=11 January 2023 |website=[[WHDH (TV)]] |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010532/https://whdh.com/news/the-embrace-to-be-unveiled-on-boston-common/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Congressional resolutions === Upon the news of her death, moments of reflection, remembrance, and mourning began around the world. In the [[United States Senate]], [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Majority Leader]] [[Bill Frist]] presented Senate Resolution 362 on behalf of all U.S. Senators, with the afternoon hours filled with respectful tributes throughout the U.S. Capitol.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} On August 31, 2006, following a moment of silence in memoriam of the death of Coretta Scott King, the [[United States House of Representatives]] presented House Resolution 655 in honor of her legacy. In an unusual action, the resolution included a grace period of five days in which further comments could be added to it.<ref>Katz, Jonathan G. "Final Rule: Books and Records Requirements for Brokers and Dealers Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934". ''Final Rule: Books and Records Requirements for Brokers and Dealers Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934''. N.p., October 30, 2001. Web. February 5, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-resolution/655/all-actions-without-amendments|title=Actions – H.Res.655 – 109th Congress (2005–2006): Honoring the life and accomplishments of Mrs. Coretta Scott King and her contributions as a leader in the struggle for civil rights, and expressing condolences to the King family on her passing.|date=February 1, 2006|publisher=[[Congress.gov]]|access-date=February 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207014930/https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-resolution/655/all-actions-without-amendments|archive-date=February 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Biography}} *[[List of civil rights leaders]] * [[List of peace activists]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> ==Bibliography== [[File:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS 5.jpg|thumb|right|Mr. and Mrs. King in 1964]] *{{cite book|last=Bagley|first=Edythe Scott|title=Desert Rose: The Life and Legacy of Coretta Scott King|year=2012|publisher=University Alabama Press|isbn=978-0817317652}} *{{cite book|last=Black|first=Conrad|title=Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full|year=2007|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1586485191|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586485191}} *{{cite book|last=Branch|first=Taylor|title=Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63|year=1989|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0671687427|url=https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame00bran_0}} *{{cite book|last=Burns|first=Stewart|title=Daybreak of Freedom: The Montgomery Bus Boycott|year=1997|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0807846612|url=https://archive.org/details/daybreakoffreedo00burn}} *{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Thurston|title=The Last Campaign: Robert F. Kennedy and 82 Days That Inspired America|year=2008|publisher=Henry Holt and Co.|isbn=978-0805077926|url=https://archive.org/details/lastcampaignrobe00clar}} *{{cite book|last=Darby|first=Jean|title=Martin Luther King, Jr.|year=2005|publisher=Lerner Pub Group|isbn=978-0822524717}} *{{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Michael Eric|title=I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr.|year=2000|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0684867762|url=https://archive.org/details/imaynotgettherew00dyso}} *{{cite book|last=Fairclough|first=Adam|title=Martin Luther King, Jr.|year=1995|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0820316536|url=https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00fair_0}} *{{cite book|last=Frady|first=Marshall |author-link=Marshall Frady|title=Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Life|year=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-303648-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOR4QpEE0g8C}} *{{cite book|last=Gelfand|first=Dale Evva|title=Coretta Scott King: Civil Rights Activist|year=2006|publisher=Chelsea Clubhouse|isbn=978-0791095225}} *{{cite book|last=Gentry|first=Curt|title=J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets|year=2001|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393321289}} *{{cite book|last=Gibson Robinson|first=Jo Ann|title=The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson|url=https://archive.org/details/montgomerybusboy00robi|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0870495274}} *{{cite book|last=Goduti|first=Phillip A.|title=Robert F. Kennedy and the Shaping of Civil Rights, 1960–1964|year=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786449439}} *{{cite book|last=Karnow|first=Stanley|title=Vietnam: A History| publisher=Penguin Books|year=1983|isbn=0-14-00-7324-8}} *{{cite book|last=King|first=Coretta Scott|title=My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr.|year=1969|publisher=Puffin|isbn=978-0140368055}} *{{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Michael|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|year=2006|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0312357450}} *{{cite book|last=Oppenheimer|first=Jerry|title=The Other Mrs. Kennedy: An Intimate and Revealing Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks|year=1995|isbn=978-0312956004}} *{{cite book|last=Polden|first=Kelly Carper|title=Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-0738579610}} *{{cite book|last=McCarty|first=Laura T.|title=Coretta Scott King: A Biography|publisher=Greenwood Biographies|year=2009|isbn=978-0313349812|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/corettascottking0000mcca}} *{{cite book|last=McPherson|first=Stephanie Sammartino|title=Coretta Scott King|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0822571568|url=https://archive.org/details/corettascottking0000mcph}} *{{cite book|last=Mahoney|first=Richard D.|title=Sons & Brothers: The Days of Jack and Bobby Kennedy|year=1999|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1559704809|url=https://archive.org/details/sonsbrothersdays00rich_0}} *{{cite book|last=Matthews|first=Chris|title=Kennedy & Nixon: The Rivalry that Shaped Postwar America|year=1997|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0684832463}} *{{cite book|last=Nazel|first=Joseph|title=Martin Luther King, Jr.|publisher=Holloway House Publishing Company|year=1997|isbn=978-0870675737|url=https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00naze}} *{{cite book|last=Rickford |first=Russell J. |author-link=Russell J. Rickford |title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X |year=2003 |publisher=Sourcebooks |location=Naperville, Ill. |isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick }} *{{cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur M. Jr.|title=Robert Kennedy and His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis00arth|url-access=registration|year=1978|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.}} *{{cite book|last=Willis|first=Richard W.|title=Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Image of God|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199843961}} == External links == {{Library resources box|by=yes|lcheading= King, Coretta Scott, 1927–2006}} {{wikisource|Honoring the Life and Accomplishments of Coretta Scott King}} {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Coretta Scott King}} * [http://www.thekingcenter.org/about-mrs-king King Center Biography] * [http://www.visionaryproject.com/kingcorettascott Coretta Scott King's oral history video excerpts] at The National Visionary Leadership Project * [http://blog.oup.com/oupblog/2006/01/coretta_scott_k.html Coretta Scott King entry from African American Lives – OUP Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018201439/http://blog.oup.com/oupblog/2006/01/coretta_scott_k.html |date=October 18, 2006 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141224104624/http://antiochcollege.org/campus-life/coretta-scott-king-center Coretta Scott King Center for Cultural and Intellectual Freedom] at [[Antioch College]] * [http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/02/07/scott_funeral_program.pdf Coretta Scott King Funeral Program (PDF)] * [http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1489 Coretta Scott King entry in the ''Encyclopedia of Alabama''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123155437/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1489 |date=January 23, 2015 }} * [http://www.legacy.com/atlanta/Obituaries.asp?Page=LifeStory&PersonID=16561044 Obituary] in ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'' * {{C-SPAN|1127}} * Norwood, Arlisha. [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/coretta-scott-king "Coretta Scott King"]. National Women's History Museum. 2017. * [http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0002sj48 Image of Richard Hatcher, Coretta Scott King, Maxine Waters at the Black Caucus of the 1984 Democratic National Convention.] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, [[Charles E. Young Research Library]], [[University of California, Los Angeles]]. {{Coretta Scott King}} {{Civil rights movement}} {{Martin Luther King |expanded=People}} {{Gandhi Peace Prize laureates}} {{Alabama Women's Hall of Fame}} {{National Women's Hall of Fame}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:King, Coretta Scott}} [[Category:Coretta Scott King| ]] [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2006 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century African-American people]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women]] [[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]] [[Category:African-American Christians]] [[Category:African-American feminists]] [[Category:American anti–death penalty activists]] [[Category:American anti–nuclear weapons activists]] [[Category:American Christian pacifists]] [[Category:American feminists]] [[Category:American LGBT rights activists]] [[Category:American people of Irish descent]] [[Category:American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent]] [[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]] [[Category:Antioch College]] [[Category:Antioch College alumni]] [[Category:Baptists from Alabama]] [[Category:Baptist pacifists]] [[Category:Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]] [[Category:Deaths from cancer in Mexico]] [[Category:Deaths from ovarian cancer]] [[Category:Martin Luther King family|Coretta Scott]] [[Category:New England Conservatory alumni]] [[Category:American nonviolence advocates]] [[Category:People from Marion, Alabama]] [[Category:People from Yellow Springs, Ohio]] [[Category:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize]] [[Category:Selma to Montgomery marches]] [[Category:Chicago Freedom Movement]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Templates used on this page: Coretta Scott King (edit) Template:'s (edit) Template:Alabama Women's Hall of Fame (edit) Template:Authority control (edit) Template:Birth date (edit) Template:Br separated entries (edit) Template:C-SPAN (edit) Template:Citation needed (edit) Template:Cite book (edit) Template:Cite journal (edit) Template:Cite magazine (edit) Template:Cite news (edit) Template:Cite thesis (edit) Template:Cite web (edit) Template:Civil rights movement (edit) Template:Commons category (edit) Template:Convert (edit) Template:Coretta Scott King (edit) Template:Count (edit) Template:Dead link (edit) Template:Death date and age (edit) Template:External media (edit) Template:Fix (edit) Template:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates (edit) Template:Hlist (edit) Template:Hlist/styles.css (edit) Template:If empty (edit) Template:Infobox (edit) Template:Infobox person (edit) Template:Library resources box (edit) Template:MONTHNAME (edit) Template:MONTHNUMBER (edit) Template:Main (edit) Template:Main other (edit) Template:Marriage (edit) Template:Martin Luther King (edit) Template:Namespace detect (edit) Template:National Women's Hall of Fame (edit) Template:Plainlist/styles.css (edit) Template:Pluralize from text (edit) Template:Portal (edit) Template:Pp (edit) Template:Reflist (edit) Template:Reflist/styles.css (edit) Template:Short description (edit) Template:Sister project (edit) Template:Template other (edit) Template:Unbulleted list (edit) Template:Use mdy dates (edit) Template:Webarchive (edit) Template:Who (edit) Template:Wikidata image (edit) Template:Wikiquote (edit) Template:Wikisource (edit) Module:Age (edit) Module:Arguments (edit) Module:Check for clobbered parameters (edit) Module:Check for unknown parameters (edit) Module:Citation/CS1 (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (edit) Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (edit) Module:Convert (edit) Module:Convert/data (edit) Module:Convert/text (edit) Module:Date (edit) Module:Detect singular (edit) Module:Format link (edit) Module:Hatnote (edit) Module:Hatnote/styles.css (edit) Module:Hatnote list (edit) Module:If empty (edit) Module:Infobox (edit) Module:Infobox/styles.css (edit) Module:InfoboxImage (edit) Module:Labelled list hatnote (edit) Module:List (edit) Module:Portal (edit) Module:Portal/styles.css (edit) Module:Separated entries (edit) Module:String (edit) Module:TableTools (edit) Module:Text (edit) Module:Unsubst (edit) Module:Wd (view source) Module:Yesno (edit) Discuss this page