Charismatic Christianity

{{Short description|Form of Christianity}}
{{Christianity|expanded=Related}}

'''Charismatic Christianity''' is a form of [[Christianity]] that emphasizes the work of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] and [[spiritual gifts]] as an everyday part of a believer's life.<ref name="Vondey 2017">{{cite book |author-last=Vondey |author-first=Wolfgang |author-link=Wolfgang Vondey |year=2017 |chapter=Part 1: Full Gospel Story – Healed: Manifesting Signs and Wonders |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |title=Pentecostal Theology: Living the Full Gospel |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |edition=1st |series=T&T Clark Systematic Pentecostal and Charismatic Theology |pages=107–130 |isbn=9780567387738}}</ref> It has a global presence in the Christian community.<ref>{{cite web |title=The globalisation of charismatic Christianity |url=https://librunam.dgb.unam.mx/F/?func=find-B&request=The%20globalisation%20of%20charismatic%20Christianity%20%3A&find_code=WRD&adyacent=N&local_base=MX001&x=0&y=0&filter_code_2=WYR&filter_request_2=&filter_code_3=WYR&filter_request_3= |publisher=Librunam |access-date=2023-05-06 |archive-date=2023-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506180821/https://librunam.dgb.unam.mx/F/?func=find-B&request=The%20globalisation%20of%20charismatic%20Christianity%20:&find_code=WRD&adyacent=N&local_base=MX001&x=0&y=0&filter_code_2=WYR&filter_request_2=&filter_code_3=WYR&filter_request_3= |url-status=live }}</ref> Practitioners are often called ''Charismatic Christians'' or ''Renewalists''. Although there is considerable overlap, Charismatic Christianity is often categorized into three separate groups: [[Pentecostalism]], the [[Charismatic movement]] (which is spread across historical [[Christian denomination]]s), and the [[Neo-charismatic movement]].

Charismatic Christianity grew out of [[Protestantism]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/12/19/global-christianity-movements-and-denominations/ | title=Christian Movements and Denominations | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=27 August 2022 | archive-date=27 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827230023/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/12/19/global-christianity-movements-and-denominations/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and is distinguished from Pentecostalism by making the act of [[speaking in tongues]] no longer necessary as evidence of [[baptism with the Holy Spirit]], and giving prominence to a diversity of spiritual gifts. According to the [[Pew Research Center]], Pentecostals and Charismatic Christians number over 584 million worldwide.<ref name="PewGlobalChristianity672">[[Pew Forum]] on Religion and Public Life (December 19, 2011), [http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf ''Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723134849/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf#|date=2013-07-23}}, p. 67. See also ''The New International Dictionary'', "Part II Global Statistics: A Massive Worldwide Phenomenon".</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''charismatic'' derives from the Greek word χάρισμα ''charisma'' ("gift", itself derived from χάρις, "grace" or "favor").<ref>{{cite web|title=Charism|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/charism|access-date=2018-04-09|publisher=Merriam-webster.com|archive-date=2018-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174230/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/charism|url-status=live}}</ref> The 17th century form ''[[spiritual gift|charism]]'' specifically refers to divine gifts. Middle English also adopted the word as ''karisme'' to refer to gifts of healing and teaching.<ref>{{Cite web|title=charisma {{!}} Origin and meaning of charisma by Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/charisma|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=2020-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916191258/https://www.etymonline.com/word/charisma|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
With traditions of [[Pentecostalism]] already developed in the 18th century out of Protestant evangelicalism,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Robbins|first=Joel|title=The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|year=2004|volume=33|pages=117–143|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421|via=JSTOR}}</ref> the beginning of the [[charismatic movement]] in historic Christian Churches came in 1960 at St. Mark's [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in [[Van Nuys, California]]. [[Dennis Bennett (priest)|Dennis Bennett]], the church's Rector, announced to the congregation that he had received the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Theopedia|url=https://www.theopedia.com/charismatic|website=www.theopedia.com|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421130718/https://www.theopedia.com/charismatic|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Tarxien erwieh.jpg|thumb|left|Praise and worship during a [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal]] healing service]]

The charismatic movement reached [[Lutheran]]s and [[Presbyterian]]s in 1962.<ref name="Suenens1978">{{cite book |author1=[[Leo Joseph Suenens]] |title=Ecumenism and Charismatic Renewal: Theological and Pastoral Orientations |date=1978 |publisher=Servant Books |page=21|language=English}}</ref> Among [[Roman Catholic]]s, it spread around 1967.<ref name="Csordas2021">{{cite book |last1=Csordas |first1=Thomas J. |title=Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement |date=2021 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-36602-2 |page=272 |language=English}}</ref> [[Methodist]]s became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.<ref name="AbrahamKirby2009">{{cite book |last1=Abraham |first1=William J. |last2=Kirby |first2=James E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies |year=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-160743-1 |page=289 |language=English}}</ref>

Some nondenominational evangelical churches decided to follow this movement and take distance from their Pentecostal conventions.<ref>Randall Herbert Balmer, ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism'', Baylor University Press, US, 2004, p. 149</ref> [[Calvary Chapel]] [[Costa Mesa, California]] is one of the first evangelical neo-charismatic churches started in 1965.<ref name=":0" /> In the United Kingdom, [[Jesus Army]], founded in 1969, is an example of the impact outside of the United States.<ref>Simon Cooper, Mike Farrant, ''Fire in Our Hearts: The Story of the Jesus Fellowship/Jesus Army'', Multiply Publications, England, 1997, p. 169</ref> The spread of the charismatic movement outside of the US was also encouraged by Bennett, who traveled to Vancouver to minister there.<ref name=":0" /> Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Understanding the Charismatic Movement|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/october/charismatic-renewal-movement.html|work=The Exchange – A Blog by Ed Stetzer|access-date=July 19, 2015|archive-date=August 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825050944/http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/october/charismatic-renewal-movement.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Modern churches internationally have embraced the charismatic movement or adapted their own practices to incorporate it. In the United Kingdom, the [[house church]] movement has grown to include charismatic practices. [[Hillsong Church]] in Australia is another example of a Pentecostal church that incorporates the charismatic movement.<ref name=":0" /> The neo-charismatic movement, also known as the third-wave, has also spread widely since 1970; these churches often reject the charismatic or Pentecostal label but accept the general practice of accepting gifts of the Spirit.<ref name=":1" />

Some scholars attribute the quick and successful spread of charismatic Christianity to its successful use of mass media platforms, but also to the physical experience of religion that it provides, which creates a personal connection to spiritual mediation for believers.<ref>Lindhardt, Martin. "Mediating Money: Materiality and Spiritual Warfare in Tanzanian Charismatic Christianity." ''The Anthropology of Global Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism'', edited by Simon Coleman and Rosalind I. J. Hackett, by Joel Robbins, NYU Press, 2015, pp. 147–160. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15zc5th.11. Accessed 9 May 2020.</ref>

== Distinguishing beliefs ==
Charismatic Christianity is an overarching grouping of connected beliefs and practices, and is not itself strictly defined within specific practices. Denominations within the grouping share a spirituality characterized by a worldview where miracles, [[signs and wonders]], and other supernatural occurrences are expected to be present in the lives of believers. This includes the presence of spiritual gifts, such as [[prophecy]] and [[Gifts of healing|healing]]. While similar in many respects, some sub-groups do differ in important ways. These differences have led to Charismatic Christianity being categorized into three main groups: Pentecostalism, the Charismatic Movement, and Neo-charismatic Movement.<ref name="NIDPCM-Intro">Stanley M. Burgess and Eduard M. van der Mass, eds., ''The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements'', Rev. ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2003), Kindle edition, "Introduction".</ref>

The Charismatic movement has sometimes been related to the [[New Age]] revival in the United States from the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-07|title=The free-love cult that terrorised America – and became Netflix's latest must-watch|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/apr/07/cult-oregon-1980s-terror-netflix-documentary-wild-country|access-date=2021-11-05|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107114108/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/apr/07/cult-oregon-1980s-terror-netflix-documentary-wild-country|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar characteristics are found in the rise in popularity of [[Kundalini]].<ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43175162.pdf The Toronto Blessing: An Expression of Christian Spirituality in the Charismatic Movement?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105081712/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43175162.pdf |date=2021-11-05 }} ''University of South Africa'', 2002 PRETORIUS, Stephanus</ref><ref>Kim, Injib, ''[https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/masters/113/ Christian Yoga as a Product of Hinduism and the New Age Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105080209/https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/masters/113/ |date=2021-11-05 }}'' (2009). ''Masters Theses''. 113.</ref>

=== Pentecostals ===
{{main article|Pentecostalism}}
{{see also|List of Christian denominations#Pentecostalism}}Pentecostals are those Christians who identify with the beliefs and practices of classical Pentecostal denominations, such as the [[Assemblies of God]] or the [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)]]. Classical Pentecostalism grew out of the [[holiness movement]] and developed a distinct identity at the start of the 20th century after being popularized by Charles Fox Parham and his student William Seymour. Seymour founded what is considered the first Pentecostal ministry in Los Angeles in 1906.<ref name=":1" /> At a time when most denominations affirmed [[cessationism]] (the belief that spiritual gifts had ceased), Pentecostals held that the gifts of the Holy Spirit were being restored to the [[Christian church]].<ref name="NIDPCM-Class.Pentes">''The New International Dictionary'', "Introduction: Classical Pentecostals".</ref> The distinctive doctrine of Pentecostalism is that there is a [[second work of grace]] after [[Conversion to Christianity|conversion]], which Pentecostals call the [[baptism in the Holy Spirit]], that is evidenced by [[Glossolalia|speaking in tongues]].<ref name="NIDPCMDifferences2">''The New International Dictionary'', "Introduction: Pentecostal-Charismatic Differences".</ref> Speaking in tongues is considered evidence of the presence of the Spirit. There are also [[non-trinitarian]] [[Oneness Pentecostalism|Oneness Pentecostals]], who share such beliefs on the validity of the spiritual gifts in the modern church, but who differ on varying views on the [[Godhead in Christianity|Godhead]] and teachings on [[outward holiness]].<ref name="oneness">{{cite book|last1=Patterson|first1=Eric|title=The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States|last2=Rybarczyk|first2=Edmund|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7391-2102-3|location=New York|pages=123–4}}</ref> Pentecostalism has several core doctrines around which their beliefs are centered; these include salvation through Jesus, healing through Jesus, baptism through Jesus and the Holy Spirit and finally that Jesus is coming again. Pentecostalism is also characterized by moralism, and often forbids followers to drink alcohol or wear jewelry.<ref name=":1" />

=== Charismatic movement ===
{{main article|Charismatic movement}}
{{see also|List of Christian denominations#Charismatic movement}}While early Pentecostals were often [[marginalized]] within the larger Christian community, Pentecostal beliefs began penetrating the [[mainline Protestant]] denominations from 1960 onward and the [[Catholic Church]] from 1967.<ref name="NIDPCM-CharisMovem">''The New International Dictionary'', "Introduction: The Charismatic Movement".</ref> This adoption of Pentecostal beliefs by those in the historic churches became known as the charismatic movement. Charismatics are defined as Christians who share with Pentecostals an emphasis on the gifts of the Spirit but who remain a part of a mainline church. Also, charismatics are more likely than Pentecostals to believe that [[glossolalia]] is not a necessary evidence of Spirit baptism.<ref name="NIDPCMDifferences2" /> This transition occurred following an increased popularity of use of the gifts of spirit during the [[healing revival]] period of 1946–1958. Massive interdenominational meetings held by the healing revival evangelists, including [[William M. Branham]], [[Oral Roberts]], [[A.A. Allen]] and others, led to increased awareness and acceptance.<ref name="moriarty">{{cite book|last=Moriarty|first=Michael|title=The New Charismatics|publisher=Zondervan|year=1992|isbn=978-0-310-53431-0|pages=118–139}}</ref>

The charismatic movement within the historic Christian churches holds that [[Baptism in the Holy Spirit]] is the "sovereign action of God, which usually occurs when someone with a disposition of surrender and docility, prays for a fresh outpouring of the Holy Spirit in his or her life."<ref name="Elwell2001">{{cite book |last1=Elwell |first1=Walter A. |title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology |date=2001 |publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-0-8010-2075-9 |page=220 |language=English |quote=The charismatic movement has affected almost every historic church and has spread to many churches and countries beyond the United States. ... Particular emphases are reflected variously in the charismatic movement. ''Baptism with the Holy Spirit''. There is common recognition of baptism with the Holy Spirit as a distinctive Christian experience. It is viewed as an event wherein the believer is "filled with" the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. Baptism with the Holy Spirit is understood to result from "the gift of the Holy Spirit," wherein the Spirit is freely "poured out," "falls upon," "comes on," "anoints," "endues" the believer with "power from on high." ... Baptism with the Holy Spirit, accordingly, is not identified with conversion. It is viewed as an experience of being filled with the Holy Spirit that brings about powerful witness to Jesus Christ. Through this Spirit baptism the exalted Christ carries forward his ministry in the church and world.}}</ref><ref name="Cordeiro2017">{{cite web |last1=Cordeiro |first1=Brenton |title=Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Why Every Catholic Should Consider Receiving It |url=https://catholic-link.org/baptism-in-holy-spirit/ |publisher=Catholic Link |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=English |date=29 May 2017 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526034030/https://catholic-link.org/baptism-in-holy-spirit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Adherents of the Charismatic Movement teach the belief that "baptism in the Holy Spirit unleashes the Holy Spirit that is already present within us, by revitalizing the graces we received in the sacrament of Baptism" and that it "equips and inspires the individual for service, for mission, for discipleship and for life."<ref name="Elwell2001"/><ref name="CCR2021">{{cite web |title=Baptism in the Holy Spirit |url=http://www.ccr.org.uk/about-ccr/about/baptism-in-the-holy-spirit/ |publisher=[[Catholic Charismatic Renewal]] |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=English |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526035145/http://www.ccr.org.uk/about-ccr/about/baptism-in-the-holy-spirit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cordeiro2017"/> Rev. Brenton Cordeiro summarizes that he sees those who received Baptism with the Holy Spirit "testify that the experience brought them to a new awareness of the reality and presence of Jesus Christ in their lives [as well as] a new hunger for the Word of God, the Sacraments and were filled with a renewed desire for holiness."<ref name="Cordeiro2017"/>

=== Neo-charismatic movement ===
{{main|Neo-charismatic movement}}{{see also|List of Christian denominations#Neo-Charismatic Movement}}
The fervor seen in the spread of Charismatic Christianity led to the creation of independent [[Evangelical charismatic movement|evangelical charismatic]] churches more in tune with this revival of the Holy Spirit. [[Calvary Chapel]] [[Costa Mesa, California]] is one of the first evangelical charismatic churches in 1965.<ref>Douglas A. Sweeney, The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement, Baker Academic, US, 2005, pp. 150–51</ref> In United Kingdom, [[Jesus Army]], founded in 1969, is an example of the impact outside the US.<ref>Simon Cooper,Mike Farrant, Fire in Our Hearts: The Story of the Jesus Fellowship/Jesus Army, Multiply Publications, England, 1997, p. 169</ref> Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.<ref>Ed Stetzer,[http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/october/charismatic-renewal-movement.html Understanding the Charismatic Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825050944/http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/october/charismatic-renewal-movement.html |date=2015-08-25 }}, Christianity Today, US, October 18, 2013</ref>

New churches and denominations emerged alongside the Charismatic Movement of the historic Christian Churches since 1970 that are termed [[neo-charismatic]]. Accepting neither the label of Pentecostal nor charismatic, they share with these groups a common emphasis on the Holy Spirit, spiritual gifts, miracles, and Pentecostal experiences.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="NIDPCM-NeoCharis">''The New International Dictionary'', "Introduction: Neocharismatics".</ref> These groups are often called "The Third Wave", to separate them from the original Pentecostals (the "First Wave") and from the wider charismatic movement of the 1970s (the "Second Wave"). Neo-charismatic churches often consider themselves non-denominational or would not accept the neo-charismatic label, instead drawing from the charismatic practices of spiritual gifts or identifying with wider movements and groups such as the U.S Strategic Prayer Network, the New Apostolic Reformation, or other large religious movements.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McCloud|first=Sean|title=American Possessions|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=6–7}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
In 2011, there were 279 million Pentecostal Christians worldwide, making up 4 percent of the world's population and 12.8 percent of the wider Christian population. Charismatic Christians numbered 305 million, or about 4.4 percent of the world's population and 14 percent of the Christian population. Together, these groups make up 26.8 percent of the world's Christian population and over 8 percent of the world. Regionally, the highest concentration of Charismatic Christians live in the Americas, which houses 48.5 percent of the group. The next highest concentration is in the Asia-Pacific region, with another 29.6 percent of Charismatic Christians residing there.<ref name="PewGlobalChristianity672" />

==See also==
* [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal]]
* [[Cessationism versus Continuationism]]
* [[Charismatic Adventism]]
* [[Direct revelation]]
* [[Faith healing]]
* [[Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International]]
* [[Latter Rain (1880s movement)]]
* [[Latter Rain (post-World War II movement)]]
* [[Christian laying on of hands]]
* [[Montanism]] - a late 2nd-century, heterodox Christian movement which emphasized sensitivity to the leading of the Holy Spirit
* [[Neo-charismatic movement]]
* [[Renewal theologian]]
* [[Slain in the Spirit]]
* [[Word of Knowledge]]
* [[Word of wisdom]]
* [[Xenoglossy]]

== Further reading ==
===Encyclopedic===
* Burgess, Stanley M., ed. and Eduard M. van der Maas, assoc. ed., ''[[The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements]]'', revised and expanded edition (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2002); [https://web.archive.org/web/20080624081731/http://www.zondervan.com/Cultures/en-US/Product/ProductDetail.htm?ProdID=com.zondervan.9780310224815&QueryStringSite=Zondervan publisher's page]
* Burgess, Stanley M., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity'' (Routledge, 2006); [http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/religionandsociety/pentecostal/ publisher's page]

===Supportive===
* [[Jack Deere|Deere, Jack]]. ''Surprised by the Power of the Spirit''
* [[Wayne Grudem|Grudem, Wayne]]. ''The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today''
* Maria Stethatos. ''The Voice of a Priest Crying in the Wilderness''
* [[Sam Storms|Storms, Sam]]. "Language of Heaven"

===Critical===
* Braun, Mark E., [http://www.wels.net/news-events/forward-in-christ/october-1996/what-can-we-learn-charismatic-movement ''What can we learn from the Charismatic Movement?''], ''Forward in Christ'', Volume 83, Number 10, October 1996
* [[John F. MacArthur|MacArthur, John]]. ''Charismatic Chaos''
* [[Hank Hanegraaff|Hanegraaff, Hank]]. ''Counterfeit Revival''
* Gardiner, George E. ''Corinthian Catastrophe''
* [[B. B. Warfield|Warfield, B. B.]] ''Counterfeit Miracles''
* [[Richard Gaffin|Gaffin, Richard B.]] ''Perspectives on Pentecost''
* [[O. Palmer Robertson]] ''Final Word'' A response to Wayne Grudem
* Michael De Semlyen ''All Roads Lead To Rome'' Dorchester House Publications (March 1993)
* Davis, R., ''True to His Ways: Purity & Safety in Christian Spiritual Practice'' (ACW Press, Ozark, AL, 2006), {{ISBN|1-932124-61-6}}.

===Neutral===
* {{cite journal |author-last=Robbins |author-first=Joel |date=October 2004 |title=The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity |editor1-last=Brenneis |editor1-first=Don |editor1-link=Don Brenneis |editor2-last=Strier |editor2-first=Karen B. |editor2-link=Karen B. Strier |journal=[[Annual Review of Anthropology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=33 |pages=117–143 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421 |issn=1545-4290 |jstor=25064848 |s2cid=145722188}}
* Grudem, Wayne (editor). ''Are Miraculous Gifts for Today?''

===Literature===
* Coelho, Paulo. ''[[By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept]]''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* The [http://www.glopent.net European Research Network on Global Pentecostalism (GloPent)] is an initiative by three leading European Universities in Pentecostal studies networking academic research on Pentecostal and Charismatic movements.
* ''[http://www.glopent.net/pentecostudies PentecoStudies: Online Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements]'' published under the auspices of GloPent

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[[Category:Continuationism]]