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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|2013 domestic terrorist attack in Boston, Massachusetts}} {{redirect|Boston attack|the incident in 1770|Boston Massacre}} {{Redirect|Boston bomber|the Douglas Boston bomber aircraft|Douglas A-20 Havoc}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Use American English|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Boston Marathon bombing<!--match page title--> | image = 1st Boston Marathon blast seen from 2nd floor and a half block away.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | alt = | caption = Moments after the first explosion | map = 2013 Boston Marathon bombings map.png | map_size = | map_caption = Bomb locations / marathon route | location = [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S. | date = {{start date and age|2013|4|15}} | time = {{Nowrap|2:49{{nbsp}}p.m.}} | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] | type = [[Improvised explosive device|Bombings]], [[domestic terrorism]]<ref name="NYDN-5/15" /> | fatalities = 6 total: * 3 from initial bombing * MIT Police Officer Sean Allen Collier on April 18 * Tamerlan Tsarnaev on April 19 (Perpetrator) * Police Officer Dennis Simmonds in 2014 | injuries = 281 | victims = * [[Martin William Richard|Martin Richard]], 8, [[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester, Massachusetts]] * Lingzi Lu, 23, [[Liaoning|Liaoning, China]] * Krystle Campbell, 29, [[Medford, Massachusetts]] | perp = | perpetrators = * [[Dzhokhar Tsarnaev]] ([[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|sentenced to death]]) * [[Tamerlan Tsarnaev]] | perpetrator = | perps = | susperp = | weapons = Two [[pressure cooker bomb]]s | numparts = | numpart = | dfens = | dfen = | footage = | motive = Revenge for American military action in [[Iraq War|Iraq]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]]<ref name="AutoQU-1" /><ref name="cbs20130516" /> }} The '''Boston Marathon bombing''', sometimes referred to as just simply the '''Boston bombing''',<ref> {{Cite news |date=2021-03-22 |title=Boston bombing: Tsarnaev's death sentence could be reinstated |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56482800 |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> was a [[Domestic terrorism in the United States|domestic terrorist]] attack that took place during the annual [[Boston Marathon]] [[2013 Boston Marathon|on April 15, 2013]]. Brothers [[Dzhokhar Tsarnaev|Dzhokhar]] and [[Tamerlan Tsarnaev]] planted two homemade [[pressure cooker bomb]]s that detonated near the finish line of the race 14 seconds and {{convert|210|yd|m}} apart. Three people were killed and hundreds injured, including 17 who lost limbs.<ref name="NYDN-5/15" /><ref name="globe-number-injured" /><ref name="cnn-what-we-know" /> On April 18, 2013, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) released images of two suspects in the bombing.<ref name="Clark Estes" /><ref name="AutoLC-4" /><ref name="AutoLC-5" /> The two suspects were later identified as the Tsarnaev brothers. Later on the evening of April 18, the Tsarnaev brothers killed an [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department#Shooting by Boston Marathon bombing suspects|MIT policeman]] (Sean Collier) and proceeded to commit a carjacking. They engaged in a shootout with police in nearby [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]] during which two officers were severely injured (one of the injured officers, Dennis Simmonds, died a year later). Tamerlan was shot several times, and his brother Dzhokhar ran him over while escaping in the stolen car. Tamerlan died soon thereafter. An unprecedented manhunt for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ensued, with thousands of law enforcement officers searching a 20-block area of Watertown.<ref name="AutoLC-6" /> Residents of Watertown and surrounding communities were asked to stay indoors, and the transportation system and most businesses and public places closed.<ref name="AutoLC-7" /><ref name="AutoZ2-1" /> After a Watertown resident discovered Dzhokhar hiding in a boat in his backyard,<ref>"Two unnamed officials say Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 19, did not have a gun when he was captured Friday in a Watertown, Mass. backyard. Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said earlier that shots were fired from inside the boat." The Associated Press Wednesday, April 24, 2013, 8:42 PM.</ref> Tsarnaev was shot and wounded by police before being taken into custody on the evening of April 19.<ref name="NY Times Standoff" /><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/04/us/tsarnaev-trial-timeline/index.html|title=Tsarnaev trial: Timeline of the bombings, manhunt and aftermath|first=Ann|last=O'Neill|date=March 4, 2015|website=CNN}}</ref> During questioning, Dzhokhar said that he and his brother were motivated by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, that they were self-[[Radicalization|radicalized]] and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups, and that he was following his brother's lead. He said they learned to build explosive devices from the [[Inspire (magazine)|online magazine]] of [[al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="AutoLC-8" /> He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb [[Times Square]]. He was convicted of 30 charges, including use of a [[Weapon of mass destruction#Criminal (civilian) definition|weapon of mass destruction]] and malicious destruction of property resulting in death.<ref name="DOJ affidavit" /><ref name="AutoLC-9" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev: Boston Marathon bomber found guilty|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-32225787|access-date=April 8, 2015|work=BBC News|date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> Two months later, he was sentenced to death,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/what-happened-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-update-boston-marathon-bomber-sentenced-death-2526052|title=What Happened To Dzhokhar Tsarnaev? Update On Boston Marathon Bomber Sentenced To Death|date=April 16, 2017|work=International Business Times|access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> but the sentence was vacated by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit]].<ref name="cnn appeal july312020"/> A [[Writ of Certiorari|writ of certiorari]] was granted by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], which considered the questions of whether the lower court erred in vacating the death sentence. After hearing arguments as ''[[United States v. Tsarnaev]]'', the Court upheld the death penalty, reversing the First Circuit Court's decision.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United States v. Tsarnaev |website=Oyez |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/20-443|access-date=2021-12-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> {{toclimit|3}} == Bombing == [[File:2013 Boston Marathon bombings map.png|thumb|left|The blasts (red) occurred along the marathon course (dark blue), the first nearer the finish line than the second.]] {{multiple image|caption_align=center | header_align=center | direction=vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Boston Marathon explosions (8652877581).jpg | image2 = 2013 Boston Marathon aftermath people.jpg | image3 = Boston Marathon explosions (8652971845).jpg | footer = The scene after the Tsarnaevs' attack }} The [[2013 Boston Marathon|117th annual Boston Marathon]] was run on [[Patriots' Day]], April 15, 2013. At {{Nowrap |2:49{{nbsp}}p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]}} {{Nowrap|(18:49 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])}}, two bombs detonated about {{convert|210|yd|m}} apart at the finish line on Boylston Street near [[Copley Square]].<ref name="globe_explosions_rock" /><ref name="globe-investigation-continues" /><ref name="AutoLC-12" /><ref name="CNN_Levs" /> The first exploded outside [[Marathon Sports (retailer)|Marathon Sports]] at 671–673 Boylston Street at 2:49:43{{nbsp}}p.m.<ref name="globe_explosions_rock" /> At the time of the first explosion, the race clock at the finish line showed 04:09:43<ref name="AutoLC-13" />—the elapsed time since the Wave 3 start at 10:40{{nbsp}}a.m. The second bomb exploded at 2:49:57{{nbsp}}p.m.,<ref name="globe-investigation-continues" /><ref name="NBCNews" /> 14 seconds later and one block farther west at 755 [[Boylston Street]].<ref name="cnn-what-we-know" /> The explosions took place nearly three hours after the winning runner crossed the finish line,<ref name="NBCNews" /> but with more than 5,700 runners yet to finish.<ref name="AutoLC-11" /> Windows on adjacent buildings were blown out, but there was no structural damage.<ref name="NBCNews" /><ref name="NYT-marathon-blasts" /> Runners continued to cross the line until 2:57{{nbsp}}p.m.<ref name="AutoLC-14" /> == Casualties and initial response == [[File:2013 Boston Marathon explosions aftermath emergency services.jpg|thumb|right|Emergency services at work after the bombing]] [[File:Boston Marathon bombings news conference.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edward F. Davis]] ([[Boston Police Department#List of Boston Police Commissioners|Boston Police Commissioner]]) gives a [[news conference]] about the bombing on April 15. Massachusetts Governor [[Deval Patrick]] is second from right and Suffolk District Attorney [[Daniel F. Conley]] is at far left.]] Rescue workers and medical personnel, on hand as usual for the marathon, gave aid as additional police, fire, and medical units were dispatched,<ref name="AutoLC-29" /><ref name="AutoLC-30" /> including from surrounding cities as well as private ambulances from all over the state. The explosions killed three civilians and injured 264 others.<ref name="globe-number-injured" /><ref name=":2">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/us/politics/supreme-court-death-sentence-boston-marathon-bomber.html</ref> Police, following emergency plans, diverted all remaining runners to [[Boston Common]] and [[Kenmore Square]]. The nearby [[The Lenox Hotel|Lenox Hotel]] and other buildings surrounding the scene were evacuated.<ref name="CNN_Levs" /> Immediately after the bombing occurred and medically injured people were transported, the police closed a 15-block area around the blast site; this was reduced to a 12-block crime scene the next day.<ref name="CNN_Levs" /><ref name="NYT-marathon-blasts" /><ref name="Reuters_McLaughlin" /> Boston police commissioner [[Edward F. Davis]] recommended that people stay off the streets.<ref name="NYT-marathon-blasts" /> Dropped bags and packages, abandoned as their owners fled from the blasts, increased uncertainty as to the possible presence of more bombs<ref name="globe_explosions_rock" /><ref name="AutoLC-31" /> and many false reports were received.<ref name="Clark Estes" /><ref name="CNN_Levs" /><ref name="AutoLC-32" /> Simultaneously an electrical fire at the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]] in nearby [[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester]] was initially feared to be a bomb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trotter |first=J. K. |date=2013-04-16 |title=What Happened at Boston's JFK Library? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/what-happened-boston-jfk-library/316236/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> The airspace over Boston was restricted, and departures halted from Boston's [[Logan International Airport]].<ref name="AutoLC-35" /> Some local transit service was halted as well.<ref name="NBCNews" /> The [[Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency]] suggested people trying to contact those in the vicinity use text messaging instead of voice calls because of crowded cell phone lines.<ref name="NBCNews" /> Cell phone service in Boston was congested but remained in operation, despite some media reports stating that cell service was shut down to prevent cell phones from being used as detonators.<ref name="Sullivan" /> The [[American Red Cross]] helped concerned friends and family receive information about runners and casualties.<ref name="AutoLC-37" /><ref name="ARC" /> The [[Boston Police Department]] also set up a call helpline for people concerned about relatives or acquaintances to contact and a line for people to provide information.<ref name="AutoLC-38" /> [[Google Person Finder]] activated their disaster service under ''Boston Marathon Explosions'' to log known information about missing people as a publicly viewable file.<ref name="AutoLC-39" /> Due to the closure of several hotels near the blast zone, a number of visitors were left with nowhere to stay; many Boston-area residents opened their homes to them.<ref name="AutoLC-40" /> {{multiple image | width = 175px | align = left | image1 = 130415-G-VV362-801 (8660781824).jpg | caption1 = [[U.S. Coast Guard]] patroling [[Boston Harbor]] hours after the attack | alt1 = | image2 = Marathon bombing response (Image 1 of 5) (8654458227).jpg | caption2 = Soldiers and airmen of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]] muster on the [[Boston Common]] on April 16 awaiting orders to aid civilian authorities in the coordinated response | alt2 = | image3 = The-day-after-the-marathon-bombings 5614931599 o.jpg | caption3 = Governor Deval Patrick (left) holds a meeting on April 16 with Police Chief Ed Davis (second from left) and other officials of the [[Boston Police Department]] | alt3 = |image4 = The-day-after-the-marathon-bombings 5615510836 o.jpg | caption4 =[[Elizabeth Warren]] (U.S. Senator from Massachusetts) views the bombing site from the adjacent [[Westin Copley Place]] on April 16 | alt4 = }} {{Clear}} == Initial investigation == [[File:Barack Obama discussing the 2013 Boston Marathon explosions.jpg|thumb|April 16 meeting in the [[Oval Office]] of the [[White House]] in which officials briefed President [[Barack Obama]] on the investigation (L–R: Homeland Security Secretary [[Janet Napolitano]]; Dept. Nat. Security Advr. [[Antony Blinken]]; Nat. Security Avdr. to the VP [[Jake Sullivan]]; USAG [[Eric Holder]]; Asst. to the President [[Lisa Monaco]]; Chief of Staff [[Denis McDonough]]; and FBI Dir. [[Robert Mueller]]; Obama)]] The Federal Bureau of Investigation led the investigation, assisted by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[National Counterterrorism Center]], and the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]].<ref name="Hosenball" /> It was initially believed by some that [[North Korea]] was behind the attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/north-korea-blamed-for-boston-bombings-2013-4?IR=T|title=North Korea Adamantly Denies Conspiracy Theory Linking It to Boston Bombing|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/north-korea-denies-any-link-boston-marathon-bombs-says-it-still-may-strike-us-1211721|title=North Korea Denies Any Link to Boston Marathon Bombs, but Says It Still May Strike US|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> United States government officials stated that there had been no intelligence reports suggesting such an attack. Representative [[Peter T. King|Peter King]], a member of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], said: "I received two top secret briefings last week on the current threat levels in the United States, and there was no evidence of this at all."<ref name="AutoLC-46" /> Evidence found near the blast sites included bits of metal, nails, ball bearings,<ref name="McLaughlin" /> black nylon pieces from a backpack,<ref name="AutoLC-131" /> remains of an electronic circuit board, and wiring.<ref name="McLaughlin" /><ref name="Lister" /> A [[pressure cooker]] lid was found on a nearby rooftop.<ref name="AutoLC-49" /> Both of the [[improvised explosive device]]s were [[pressure cooker bomb]]s manufactured by the bombers.<ref name="abc-pressure-cooker" /><ref name="AutoLC-50" /><ref name="AutoLC-51" /> Authorities confirmed that the brothers used bomb-making instructions found in [[Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]]'s ''[[Inspire (magazine)|Inspire]]'' magazine.<ref name="Auto9P-1" /><ref name="la-times-suspect-describes-plot" /> After the suspects were identified, ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' reported that Tamerlan purchased [[fireworks]] from a fireworks store in [[New Hampshire]].<ref name="AutoQU-2" /> {{multiple image | width = 200px | align = left | image1 = Tsarnaev Fireworks.jpg | caption1 = Emptied fireworks from Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's backpack, found in a landfill near the UMass Dartmouth campus | alt1 = | image2 = Pressure cooker bomb.jpg | caption2 = Recovered pressure cooker fragment from one of the explosive devices | alt2 = | image3 = Workers in hazardous material suits walk away from the scene of the bombing on Boylston Street (8673683434).jpg | caption3 = Workers in [[hazmat suit]]s inspecting the finish line area on April 20 | alt3 = }} {{Clear}} == April 18–19 shootings and manhunt == {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Tsarnaev brothers shootings and manhunt | image = File:Two suspects wanted by the FBI for the bombing.jpg | image_size = 250px | alt = | caption = Security camera images of Tamerlan Tsarnaev (front) and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev just prior to the bombings<ref name="AutoLC-55" /> | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | location = '''Shooting:''' Corner of Vassar Street and Main Street in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web|title=He loved us, and we loved him|date=April 19, 2013 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/obit-officer-sean-collier-0419.html|publisher=MIT|access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><br />'''Firefight and manhunt:''' [[Watertown, Massachusetts]] | target = | date = {{Nowrap|'''Shooting:'''}} {{Nowrap|April 18, 2013}}, {{Nowrap|10:25{{nbsp}}p.m.}}<br /> {{Nowrap|'''Firefight and manhunt:'''}} {{Nowrap|April 19, 2013,}} {{Nowrap|12:30{{nbsp}}a.m.}} – {{Nowrap|8:42{{nbsp}}p.m.}} | type = {{Flatlist|Shooting, vehicle ramming, [[Lone wolf (terrorism)|lone wolf terrorism]]<ref name="Berman" />}} | fatalities = 3 (including Tamerlan Tsarnaev and a victim who died in 2014<ref name="Simmonds" />) | injuries = 16 (via gunfire) | victim = | perp = | perpetrators = * Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (sentenced to death) * Tamerlan Tsarnaev (deceased) | perpetrator = | perps = | susperp = | weapons = * '''Shooting:''' [[9mm]] [[Ruger P series|Ruger P95]] semi-automatic pistol * '''Firefight:''' ** [[Improvised explosive device]]s ** 9mm Ruger P95 semi-automatic pistol ** Stolen [[Mercedes-Benz M-Class]] SUV | numparts = | numpart = | dfens = | dfen = | footage = | motive = [[Firearm]]s [[Theft|theft]] (murder of MIT officer)<br />[[Resisting arrest|Evading arrest]] (Watertown shootout) }} === Release of suspect photos === [[Jeff Bauman]] was immediately adjacent to one of the bombs and lost both legs; he wrote while in the hospital: "Bag, saw the guy, looked right at me".<ref name="Bauman evidence" /> He later gave a detailed description of the suspects, which enabled images of them to be identified and circulated quickly.<ref name="Bauman evidence" /><ref name="AutoLC-53" /><ref name="AutoLC-54" /> At 5:00{{nbsp}}p.m. on April 18, three days after the bombing, the FBI released images of two suspects carrying backpacks, asking the public's help in identifying them.<ref name="FBI18AprSuspectPics" /><ref name="FBI plea" /> The FBI said that they were doing this in part to limit harm to people wrongly identified by news reports and on social media.<ref name="AutoLC-175" /> As seen on video, the suspects stayed to observe the chaos after the explosions, then walked away casually. The public sent authorities a deluge of photographs and videos.<ref name="FBI plea" /> The FBI-released images depicted Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev.<ref name="relaxed">Yashwant Raj, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-WorldSectionPage-BostonBlast/Boston-bomber-partied-with-friends-after-attack/Article1-1048258.aspx "Boston Bomber Partied with Friends after Attack"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626150311/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-WorldSectionPage-BostonBlast/Boston-bomber-partied-with-friends-after-attack/Article1-1048258.aspx |date=June 26, 2015 }}, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', April 22, 2013.</ref> === MIT shooting and carjacking === [[File:Scenes and approximate times of events of April 18-19.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|left|Scenes and approximate times of events of April 18–19]] Hours after the FBI released photos of the two suspects in the bombing, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev visited their family's apartment in Cambridge. There, they obtained five improvised explosive devices (IEDs), ammunition, a semiautomatic handgun, and a machete. The two brothers then drove to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<ref name="auto1"/> On April 18, 2013 at 10:25 p.m., the Tsarnaev brothers ambushed and shot Sean A. Collier of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department]] six times.<ref name="admits" /><ref name="auto1"/> The two brothers were attempting to steal Collier's [[Smith & Wesson M&P|Smith & Wesson M&P45]] sidearm, which they could not free from his holster because of its security retention system.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 23, 2013|title=Police believe Tsarnaev brothers killed officer for his gun|work=CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/police-believe-tsarnaev-brothers-killed-officer-for-his-gun/|access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> Collier, aged 27, was seated in his police car near [[Ray and Maria Stata Center|Building 32]] on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus.<ref name="NY Times Standoff" /><ref name="lowery" /> He died shortly after the shooting.<ref name="NY Times Standoff" /><ref name="AutoLC-58" /> {{multiple image | width = 200px | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = RIP Officer Sean Collier (9887748094).jpg | caption1 = Temporary memorial to Collier | alt1 = | image2 = Sean-collier-memorial-service 5541156712 o.jpg | caption2 = Police officers carrying the coffin of Collier at an April 24 service | alt2 = | image3 = Sean-collier-memorial-service 5608419026 o.jpg | caption3 = Vice President [[Joe Biden]] speaks with Governor Deval Patrick at the April 24 service for Collier | alt3 = }} The brothers then [[carjacked]] a [[Mercedes-Benz M-Class]] [[SUV]] in the [[Allston-Brighton]] neighborhood of Boston. Tamerlan took the owner, Chinese national Dun "Danny" Meng<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/boston-marathon-bombing-jurors-see-dramatic-video-of-carjack-victims-escape/|title=Boston bombing jurors see dramatic video of carjack victim's escape|agency=CBS/[[Associated Press|AP]] | work=[[CBS News]] | date=March 12, 2015|access-date=March 12, 2015}}</ref> ({{zh|c=孟盾}}),<ref>Chinese name from: {{cite news|url=http://ny.uschinapress.com/weekends/2017/01-13/111620.html|title=《爱国者日》上映 再现波马爆炸案 留学生孟盾事迹搬...|newspaper=[[The China Press]]|date=January 13, 2017|access-date=September 22, 2018|archive-date=September 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191256/http://ny.uschinapress.com/weekends/2017/01-13/111620.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> hostage and told him that he was responsible for the Boston bombing and for shooting Collier.<ref name="NY Times Standoff" /> Dzhokhar followed them in their green [[Honda Civic]], later joining them in the Mercedes-Benz. Interrogation later revealed that the brothers "decided spontaneously" that they wanted to go to New York and bomb [[Times Square]].<ref name=Gorman /> The Tsarnaev brothers forced Meng to use his ATM cards to obtain $800 in cash (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|800|2013|fmt=c}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref name="AutoLC-60" /><ref name="WashPost04192013" /> They transferred objects to the Mercedes-Benz and one brother followed it in their Civic,<ref name="wsjdetails" /> for which an [[all-points bulletin]] was issued. The Tsarnaev brothers then drove to a [[Shell Oil Company|Shell]] gas station on Memorial Drive in Cambridge to fill up for the long ride to Times Square to set off more explosives. But while Dzhokhar went inside to pay for junk food, Meng, fearing that the suspects would harm him during the long drive, escaped from the Mercedes and ran across the street to the [[Mobil]] gas station, asking the clerk to call 911.<ref name="AutoLC-62" /><ref name="AutoZ2-11" /> His cell phone remained in the vehicle, allowing the police to [[Mobile phone tracking|focus their search]] on Watertown.<ref name="cnnpol" /> <!-- Map hidden pending its updating to reflect the actual, correct locations of where things happened. Hijacking of SUV did not happen in East Cambridge. --> <!-- {{Wide image|Boston marathon event map.png|900px|Map of events related to the Boston Marathon bombing (1) and subsequent manhunt (times approximate)<br />2) April 18, 10:30{{nbsp}}p.m. – MIT police officer Sean Collier shot and killed<br />3) April 18, 11:00{{nbsp}}p.m. – SUV hijacked<br />4) April 18, shortly thereafter – SUV driver escaped unharmed<br />5) April 18, 11:18{{nbsp}}p.m. – Surveillance photos identify brothers at an ATM<br />6) April 19, 1:00{{nbsp}}a.m. – Gunfire opens up on Laurel St. in Watertown between police and suspects. Tamerlan Tsarnaev is critically injured in the incident and later reported dead. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev escapes<br />7) April 19, 7:00{{nbsp}}p.m. – More gunfire breaks out in Watertown, on Franklin St.; Dzhokhar is found hiding in a stored boat and taken into custody around 8:45{{nbsp}}p.m. EDT}} --> === Watertown shootout === Shortly after midnight on April 19, Watertown police officer Joseph Reynolds identified the brothers in the [[Honda]] and the stolen Mercedes after overhearing radio traffic that the vehicle was "pinged" by Cambridge officers on Dexter Avenue in Watertown. Reynolds followed the vehicle while waiting for additional units to perform a high-risk traffic stop when the suspect vehicles both turned onto Laurel Street and stopped at the intersection of Laurel and Dexter.{{cn|date=December 2023}} Tamerlan Tsarnaev stepped out of the Mercedes and immediately opened fire on Officer Reynolds and Sergeant John MacLellan, who both returned fire and requested emergency assistance over their radios. A gun battle ensued between Tsarnaev, the aforementioned officers, and additional officers responding to the "shots fired" radio transmissions from Reynolds and MacLellan in the 100 block of Laurel St.<ref name="NY Times Standoff" /><ref name="captured" /><ref name="Watertown firefight, Globe" /> An estimated 200 to 300 shots were fired. The suspects shot 56 times, detonated at least one pressure cooker bomb, and threw five "crude grenades", three of which exploded.<ref name="Watertown firefight, Globe" /><ref name="AutoLC-65" /> The agencies involved in the nearly seven-minute shootout included the Watertown Police Department, [[Cambridge Police Department]], [[Boston Police Department]], [[Massachusetts State Police]] (MSP), [[Boston University]] Police Department, and MBTA Transit Police Department. Most of the officers involved were equipped by their respective agencies with either the [[Glock 22]] or [[Glock 23]] [[.40 S&W]]-caliber pistols. MSP troopers were armed with [[Smith & Wesson M&P|Smith & Wesson M&P45]] pistols chambered in [[.45 ACP]]; this led investigators to match the [[9mm]] casings and projectiles found at the scene to the suspects' 9mm [[Ruger P95]] pistol. According to Watertown Police Chief Edward Deveau, the brothers had an "arsenal of guns".<ref name="Tucson Citizen" /> Tamerlan eventually ran out of ammunition and threw his empty Ruger pistol at Watertown PD Sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese, who subsequently tackled him with assistance from Sergeant MacLellan.<ref name="DeWitt2013">{{cite news|last1=DeWitt|first1=Vincent|title=Watertown Mass. Police describe takedown of Boston Marathon bombers|url=https://nypost.com/2013/07/08/exclusive-watertown-mass-police-describe-takedown-of-boston-marathon-bombers/|access-date=March 26, 2016|work=New York Post|date=July 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Smith2016">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Tovia|title=Filming For Marathon Bombing Movie Stirs Emotions In Boston|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/03/25/471755112/-its-going-to-trigger-lot-of-ptsd-boston-prepares-for-marathon-bombing-film|access-date=March 26, 2016|work=NPR|date=March 25, 2016}}</ref> Tamerlan's younger brother Dzhokhar then drove the stolen SUV toward Tamerlan and the police, who unsuccessfully tried to drag Tamerlan out of the car's path and handcuff him;<ref name="DeWitt2013" /><ref name="Smith2016" /> the car ran over Tamerlan and dragged him a short distance down the street, narrowly missing the Watertown officers. Watertown Sgt. MacLellan later stated that the younger brother had thought they were doing [[CPR]] on another officer and tried to run them over.<ref name="NY Times Standoff"/><ref name="DeWitt2013"/><ref name="AutoLC-66"/><ref name="AutoLC-67"/> Dzhokhar abandoned the car half a mile away and fled on foot.<ref name="NY Times Standoff"/><ref name="cnnpol"/><ref name="AutoSQ-1"/><ref name="AutoLC-71"/> Badly wounded, Tamerlan Tsarnaev was taken into custody and died at 1:35{{nbsp}}a.m. at [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bidgood|first=Jess|date=May 4, 2013|title=Autopsy Says Boston Bombing Suspect Died of Gunshot Wounds and Blunt Trauma|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/us/autopsy-says-boston-bombing-suspect-died-of-gunshot-wounds-and-blunt-trauma.html|access-date=September 7, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] Police Officer Richard H. Donohue Jr.<ref name="AutoLC-28"/> was critically wounded in the leg<ref name="Auto9P-2"/> in crossfire from other officers shooting at the fleeing vehicle, but survived. Reports revealed that his gunshot wound severed his [[femoral artery]], and he nearly died. Fast-acting efforts by his fellow officers and medical personnel saved his life.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 15, 2014 |title=Donohue Talks Miracle Survival On Toucher & Rich: 'I Don't Have An Explanation For It' |url=http://boston.cbslocal.com/2014/04/15/dic-donohue-talks-miracle-survival-on-toucher-and-rich/ |newspaper=CBS Boston }}</ref> Boston Police Department officer Dennis Simmonds was injured by a hand grenade and died on April 10, 2014.<ref name=Simmonds/> Fifteen other officers were also injured.<ref name="captured" /> A later report by Harvard Kennedy School's Program on Crisis Leadership concluded that lack of coordination among police agencies had put the public at excessive risk during the shootout.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schworm |first1=Peter |last2=Cramer |first2=Maria |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Harvard report praises response to Marathon bombings |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/04/02/harvard-university-report-draws-lessons-from-marathon-bombings/qhXQcxi6jCxQqQnojtC3dP/story.html |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] }}</ref> Only one firearm, Tsarnaev's Ruger P95, was recovered at the scene. That firearm was found to have a defaced serial number.<ref name="AutoLC-68"/><ref name="ABC24Apr">{{cite news | first1 = Jack | last1 = Date | first2 = Matthew |last2 = Mosk | title = Single Gun Recovered From Accused Bombers | date = April 24, 2013 | publisher = ABC News | url = https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/single-gun-recovered-accused-boston-bombers/story?id=19028841 | work = ABC The Blotter | access-date = May 16, 2013}}</ref> === Further investigation and post-shootout search for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev === {{further|Dzhokhar Tsarnaev|Tamerlan Tsarnaev}} <!-- Please do not add details on the lives of the suspects, unless it is connected to the bombing by a reliable source. See discussion on the talk page. --> Records on the Honda left at the Watertown shootout scene identified the bombers<ref name="Honda Civic Evidence">{{cite web|url=http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/01/17991679-green-honda-could-prove-crucial-if-tsarnaev-charged-in-mit-officers-killing?lite |title=Green Honda could prove crucial if Tsarnaev charged in MIT officer's killing – Investigations |publisher=Investigations.nbcnews.com |date=August 29, 2010 |access-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> Tamerlan and Dzhokhar "Jahar" Tsarnaev.<ref name="Slate pronunciation" /><ref name="AtlanticWire04192013" /> The FBI released additional photos of the two during the Watertown incident.<ref name="Philippe Naughton" /> Early on April 19, investigators released the name and photo of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev to the public.<ref name="auto1"/> In addition, Watertown residents received automated calls asking them to stay indoors.<ref name="AutoLC-74" /> That same morning Governor Patrick asked residents of Watertown and adjacent cities and towns<ref>Boston, [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]], [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], and [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]</ref><ref name="AutoLC-75" /><ref name=cisomerville /> to "[[shelter in place]]".<ref name=nationRawlings /> [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] residents also received automated calls instructing them to shelter in place.<ref name="AutoQU-4" /> A 20-block area of Watertown was [[Cordon and search|cordoned off]] and residents were told not to leave their homes or answer the door, as officers scoured the area in tactical gear. Helicopters circled the area and [[SWAT]] teams in armored vehicles moved through in formation, with officers going door to door and searching houses.<ref name="AutoLC-76" /> These actions generated discussions about the legality of searching large numbers of houses without a [[search warrant]], with ''[[The Atlantic]]'' stating that this kind of search is legal due to [[exigent circumstance]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=2013-04-22 |title=Boston's Door-to-Door Searches Weren't Illegal, Even Though They Looked Bad |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/boston-door-to-door-searches-legal/316042/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Agencies on the scene were the FBI; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives; Diplomatic Security Service; HSI-ICE; [[National Guard of the United States|the National Guard]]; the Boston, Cambridge, and Watertown Police departments; and the [[Massachusetts State Police]]. The show of force was the first major field test of the interagency task forces created in the wake of the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="AutoLC-77" /> The entire [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|public transit network]] and most Boston taxi services{{Efn|Taxi service was restored before the manhunt ended and transit service resumed.<ref name="AutoQU-5" />}} were suspended, as was [[Amtrak]] service to and from Boston.<ref name="lowery" /><ref name="Logan and Taxis" /> [[Logan International Airport]] remained open under heightened security.<ref name="Logan and Taxis" /> Universities, schools, many businesses, and other facilities were closed as thousands of law enforcement personnel participated in the door-to-door manhunt in Watertown. Others followed up on other leads, including searching the house that the brothers shared in Cambridge, where seven improvised explosive devices were found.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/20/17823265-we-got-him-boston-bombing-suspect-captured-alive|title='We got him!': Boston bombing suspect captured alive|last1=Williams|first1=Pete|last2=Esposito|first2=Richard|date=April 8, 2015|work=NBC News|access-date=April 8, 2015|last3=Isikoff|first3=Michael|last4=Connor|first4=Tracy}}</ref> The brothers' father spoke from his home in [[Makhachkala, Dagestan]], encouraging Dzhokhar to: "Give up. You have a bright future ahead of you. Come home to Russia." He continued, "If they killed him, then all hell would break loose."<ref name="AutoLC-80" /> On television, Dzhokhar's uncle from [[Montgomery Village, Maryland]], pleaded with him to turn himself in.<ref name="AutoLC-81" /> Also on April 19, the FBI, [[West New York]] Police Department, and [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]] Sheriff's Department seized computer equipment from the apartment of the Tsarnaevs' sister in West New York, New Jersey.<ref name="AutoLC-52" /> [[File:JaharTsarnaev.jpg|thumb|Dzhokhar Tsarnaev at the time of his capture]] [[File:MissionHillCaptureCelebrations.jpg|thumb|Post-capture celebrations in Boston's student-heavy [[Mission Hill, Boston|Mission Hill]] neighborhood]] On the evening of April 19, after the shelter-in-place order had been lifted, David Henneberry, a Watertown resident outside the search area, noticed that the tarpaulin was loose on his parked boat.<ref name="AutoLC-83" /><ref name="BBCboat" /> Investigating, he saw a body lying inside the boat in a pool of blood.<ref name="AutoLC-84" /> He contacted the authorities at 6:42 p.m., and they surrounded the boat. A police helicopter verified movement through a [[thermal imaging]] device.<ref name="captured" /><ref name="AutoLC-85" /> The figure inside started poking at the tarpaulin, prompting police to shoot at the boat.<ref name="AutoG4-1" /> According to Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis and Watertown Police Chief Deveau, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was shooting at police from inside the boat, "exchanging fire for an hour".<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/19/suspect-in-custody-newspaper-says/2095845/ |access-date=April 20, 2013 |title=As manhunt ends, new questions emerge in Boston bombings |author=Johnson, Kevin |work=USA Today |date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> A subsequent report indicated that the firing lasted for a shorter time.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/officials-boston-suspect-had-no-firearm-when-barrage-of-bullets-hit-hiding-place/2013/04/24/376fc8a0-ad18-11e2-a8b9-2a63d75b5459_story.html|title=Officials: Boston suspect had no firearm when barrage of bullets hit hiding place|first1=Sari|last1=Horwitz|first2=Peter|last2=Finn|date=April 24, 2013|access-date=October 15, 2017|via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}</ref> Despite this, Tsarnaev was found to have no weapon when he was captured.<ref name="AutoLC-87" /> Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was arrested at 8:42{{nbsp}}p.m.<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref name="autogenerated1" /> and taken to [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], where he was listed in [[Medical state#Serious|critical condition]]<ref name="AutoLC-88" /> with gunshot wounds to the head, neck, legs, and hand.<ref name="AutoLC-89" /> Initial reports that the neck wound represented a suicide attempt were contradicted by Tsarnaev's being found unarmed.<ref name="AutoG4-2" /> The situation was chaotic, according to a police source quoted by ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and the firing of weapons occurred during "the fog of war".<ref name="auto" /> A subsequent review by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts provided this more specific summary: "One officer fired his weapon without appropriate authority in response to perceived movement in the boat, and surrounding officers followed suit in a round of '[[contagious shooting|contagious fire]]', assuming they were being fired on by Tsarnaev. Weapons continued to be fired for several seconds until on scene supervisors ordered a ceasefire and regained control of the scene. The unauthorized shots created another dangerous [[crossfire]] situation".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/eopss/docs/mema/after-action-report-for-the-response-to-the-2013-boston-marathon-bombings.pdf |title=After Action Report for the Response to the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombings |date=December 2014 |website=Government of Massachusetts |publisher=Executive Office of Public Safety and Security |access-date=October 10, 2017 |quote=Improvement Area 4, Lack of Weapons Discipline, page 114}}</ref> The confusion was caused in part by a lack of clearly identified and coordinated law enforcement command of the thousands of officers from surrounding communities who self-deployed into the Watertown area during the events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/eopss/docs/mema/after-action-report-for-the-response-to-the-2013-boston-marathon-bombings.pdf |title=After Action Report for the Response to the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombings |date=December 2014 |website=Government of Massachusetts |publisher=Executive Office of Public Safety and Security |access-date=February 20, 2020 |quote=Improvement Areas 4.1 and 4.8, pages 113 & 117}}</ref> After Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was taken into custody, the FBI revealed that it had investigated Tamerlan Tsarnaev in 2011 after a foreign nation had expressed concern about his potential radicalization. That investigation had included an interview of Tamerlan Tsarnaev. At that time, the FBI found no evidence of terrorist involvement by Tamerlan Tsarnaev.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/pressrel/press-releases/2011-request-for-information-on-tamerlan-tsarnaev-from-foreign-government |title=2011 Request for Information on Tamerlan Tsarnaev from Foreign Government |website=archives.fbi.gov|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> On April 24, investigators reported that they had reconstructed the bombs, and believed that they had been triggered by remote controls used for toy cars.<ref name="la-times-bombs-triggered" /> == Legal proceedings == === Interrogation === United States Senators [[Kelly Ayotte]], [[Saxby Chambliss]], [[Lindsey Graham]], and [[John McCain]], and Representative [[Peter T. King]] suggested that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, a U.S. citizen, should be tried as an [[unlawful combatant|unlawful enemy combatant]] rather than as a criminal, potentially preventing him from obtaining [[Assistance of Counsel Clause|legal counsel]].<ref name="AutoLC-91" /><ref name="AutoLC-92" /> Others said that doing so would be illegal, including prominent American legal scholar and lawyer [[Alan Dershowitz]], and would jeopardize the prosecution.<ref name="AutoLC-93" /><ref name="AutoLC-94" /> The government decided to try Dzhokhar in the federal criminal court system and not as an enemy combatant.<ref name="CNN220130423" /> Dzhokhar was questioned for 16 hours by investigators but stopped communicating with them on the night of April 22 after Judge Marianne Bowler read him a [[Miranda warning]].<ref name="Gorman" /><ref name="AutoLC-103" /> Dzhokhar had not previously been given a Miranda warning, as federal law enforcement officials invoked the warning's [[public safety exception]].<ref name="AutoLC-90" /> This raised doubts whether his statements during this investigation would be admissible as evidence and led to a debate surrounding Miranda rights.<ref><!-- this article's misspelling of "Dzhokhar" is {{sic}} -->{{cite news|title=The Right to Remain Silent: Dzokhar Tsarnaev, the Public Safety Exception, and Miranda in a post-911 World|url=http://www.marathonlawdenver.com/2013/04/22/dzokharpublicsafetyexceptionmiranda/|newspaper=Marathon Law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613153900/http://www.marathonlawdenver.com/2013/04/22/dzokharpublicsafetyexceptionmiranda/|date=April 22, 2013|archive-date=June 13, 2013|access-date=April 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Andrew|title=Tsarnaev Without Tears: The Legal Way Forward|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/tsarnaev-without-tears-the-legal-way-forward/275160/|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=April 20, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bazelon|first=Emily|title=Why Should I Care That No One's Reading Dzhokhar Tsarnaev His Miranda Rights?|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2013/04/dzhokhar_tsarnaev_and_miranda_rights_the_public_safety_exception_and_terrorism.html|newspaper=Slate|date=April 19, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> === Charges and detention === [[File:Dzhokhar Tsarnayev (crop).jpg|140px|Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in a court holding cell on July 10, 2013| thumb]] On April 22, 2013, formal criminal charges were brought against Tsarnaev in the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts]] during a bedside hearing while he was hospitalized. He was charged with use of a [[weapon of mass destruction]] and with malicious destruction of property resulting in death.<ref name="DOJ affidavit" /> Some of the charges carried potential sentences of [[life imprisonment]] or the [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]].<ref name="USC2332" /> Tsarnaev was judged to be awake, mentally competent, and lucid, and he responded to most questions by nodding. The judge asked him whether he was able to afford an attorney and he said no; he was represented by the [[Federal Public Defender's Office|Federal Public Defender]]'s office.<ref name="AutoLC-96" /> On April 26, Dzhohkar Tsarnaev was moved from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center to the [[Federal Medical Center, Devens|Federal Medical Center]] at [[Fort Devens]], about {{convert|40|mi|km}} from Boston. FMC Devens is a federal prison medical facility at a former Army base<ref name="AutoLC-97" /> where he was held in solitary confinement at a segregated housing unit<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57581768/boston-bomb-suspect-in-small-cell-with-steel-door/ |title=Boston bomb suspect in small cell with steel door |work=CBS News |date=April 27, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013}}</ref> with 23-hour-per-day lockdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talkleft.com/story/2013/4/28/32151/9400/terrortrials/Dzhokhar-Tsarnaev-in-Solitary-at-Devens-Segregated-Housing-Unit |title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in Solitary at Devens' Segregated Housing Unit – TalkLeft: The Politics Of Crime |publisher=TalkLeft |date=April 28, 2013 |access-date=May 17, 2013}}</ref> On July 10, 2013, Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to 30 charges in his first public court appearance, including a murder charge for MIT police officer Sean Collier.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/07/10/boston-marathon-bombing-court-appearance.html|title=Boston Marathon bombing suspect pleads not guilty|date=July 10, 2013|work=cbc.ca|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> He was back in court for a status hearing on September 23,<ref>[http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/08/court_papers_say_dzhokhar_tsarnaev_had_fractured_skull_hand "Court papers say Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had fractured skull, hand after manhunt"] by Laurel J. Sweet, ''The Boston Herald''.</ref> and his lawyers requested more time to prepare their defense.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stanglin|first=Doug|title=Tsarnaev lawyers ask for more time|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/09/23/boston-bombing-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-death-penalty/2854293/|newspaper=USA Today|date=September 23, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> On October 2, Tsarnaev's attorneys asked the court to lift the [[special administrative measure]]s (SAMs) imposed by Attorney General Holder in August, saying that the measures had left Tsarnaev unduly isolated from communication with his family and lawyers, and that no evidence suggested that he posed a future threat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tsarnaev lawyers want prison restrictions eased|first=Milton J.|last=Valencia|date=October 2, 2013|work=[[The Boston Globe]] | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/10/02/dzhokhar-tsarnaev-prison-restrictions-should-eased-attorneys-argue/j14fAHkT50moW41NbxDDGM/story.html}}</ref> === Trial and sentencing === {{Main|Trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev}} Jury selection began on January 5, 2015, and was completed on March 3, with a jury consisting of eight men and ten women (including six alternates).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/02/20/opening-statements-tsarnaev-trial-could-begin-early-march-official-says/4TZWH4KMZY2nXaHLPywTMN/story.html|title=Opening statements in Tsarnaev trial could begin in early March, official says – Metro – The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> The trial began on March 4 with Assistant U.S. Attorney William Weinreb describing the bombing and painting Dzhokhar as "a soldier in a [[Jihad|holy war]] against [[Americans]]" whose motive was "reaching [[Jannah|paradise]]". He called the brothers equal participants.<ref name=trial>{{cite conference|section-url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1681443/tsarnaev-dzkokhar-trial-transcript-3-4-2015.pdf|title=United States v. Dzhokhar A. Tsarnaev|section=Excerpt Jury Trial Day Twenty-Seven: Opening Statement by Mr. Weiner |id=No. 13-cr-10200-GAO|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> Defense attorney [[Judy Clarke]] admitted that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had placed the second bomb and was present at the murder of Sean Collier, the carjacking of Dun Meng, and the Watertown shootout, but she emphasized the influence that his older brother had on him, portraying him as a follower.<ref>{{cite conference|chapter-url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1681442/tsarnaev-dzkokhar-trial-transcript-3-4-2015-clarke.pdf |title=United States v. Dzhokhar A. Tsarnaev |section=Excerpt Jury Trial Day Twenty-Seven: Opening Statement by Ms. Clarke |id=No. 13-cr-10200-GAO|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> Between March 4 and 30, prosecutors called more than 90 witnesses, including bombing survivors who described losing limbs in the attack, and the government rested its case on March 30.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/30/us/tsarnaev-boston-marathon-bombing-prosecution-ending/|title=U.S. ends Boston bombing case with grisly photos – CNN.com|author=Ann O'Neill, CNN|date=March 30, 2015|work=CNN|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> The defense rested as well on March 31, after calling four witnesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/03/31/that-all-you-got/Rhw3hu59FPhA0xcrarCzOJ/story.html|title=Tsarnaev defense was able to plant seeds of doubt – Metro – The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> Tsarnaev was found guilty on all 30 counts on April 8.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sweet|first1=Laurel J.|title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev convicted on all charges in Boston Marathon bombing trial|url=https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2015/04/dzhokhar_tsarnaev_convicted_in_boston_marathon_bombing_trial|access-date=April 8, 2015|work=[[Boston Herald]] | agency=Herald Media Inc.|date=April 8, 2015|location=United States}}</ref> The sentencing phase of the trial began on April 21,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-10|title=Boston Bombing Trial: Penalty Phase to Begin on April 21, Judge Orders|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/boston-bombing-trial/boston-bombing-trial-penalty-phase-begin-april-21-judge-order-n339406|access-date=2021-10-11|website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> and a further verdict was reached on May 15 in which it was recommended that he be put to death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-32762999|title=Boston in shock over Tsarnaev death penalty|work=BBC News|date=May 16, 2015}}</ref> Tsarnaev was sentenced to death on June 24, after apologizing to the victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/smiling-laughing-tsarnaev-faces-formal-sentencing-boston-bombing/story?id=31992130|title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Apologizes for Boston Marathon Bombing|work=ABC News|date=June 24, 2015}}</ref> In 2018 Tsarnaev's lawyers appealed on the grounds that a lower-court judge's refusal to move the case to another city not traumatized by the bombings deprived him of a fair trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/27/boston-marathon-bomber-appeals-conviction-death-sentence.html|title=Boston Marathon bomber appeals conviction, death sentence|work=CNBC News|date=December 27, 2018}}</ref> On July 30, 2020, Tsarnaev's death sentence was reversed by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit]], which found that, during jury selection, the District Court did not properly screen prospective jurors on how much they had heard of the case. The First Circuit vacated the death sentence and three of the other thirty convictions against Tsarnaev, and ordered a new penalty phase jury trial with fresh jurors, leaving the decision of a new change of venue to the District Court. Tsarnaev's remaining convictions still carried multiple life sentences, ensuring that he would remain in prison regardless of the results of the new trial.<ref name="cnn appeal july312020">{{cite web | url = https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/31/us/boston-marathon-bomber-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-sentence-vacated/index.html | title = Appeals court vacates Boston Marathon bomber's death sentence, orders new penalty trial | first = Sonia | last = Monge | date = July 31, 2020 | access-date = August 1, 2020 | work = [[CNN]] }}</ref> The United States government appealed this ruling to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], which granted certiorari in the case ''United States v. Tsarnaev'' in March 2021, which was argued before the Court on October 13, 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url = https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/22/politics/boston-marathon-supreme-court-death-penalty/index.html | title = Supreme Court agrees to review Boston Marathon bomber's death penalty case | first = Arinna | last = de Vogue |date = March 22, 2021 | access-date = March 22, 2021 | work = [[CNN]] }}</ref> On March 4, 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the First Circuit and reinstated Tsarnaev's death penalty.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/04/politics/tsarnaev-supreme-court/index.html | title=Supreme Court upholds death sentence of Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev| first=Ariane | last = de Vogue| date=March 4, 2022 | access-date=March 4, 2022| work=[[CNN]] }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Motives and backgrounds of the Tsarnaev brothers == === Motives === According to FBI interrogators, Dzhokhar and his brother were motivated by extremist beliefs but "were not connected to any known terrorist groups", instead learning to build explosive weapons from an online magazine published by [[al-Qaeda]] affiliates in Yemen.<ref name="AutoLC-8" /> They further alleged that "Dzhokhar and his brother considered suicide attacks and striking the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular on the Fourth of July";<ref>{{cite news|title=Boston Plotters Said to Initially Target July 4 for Attack|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/us/Boston-bombing-suspects-planned-july-fourth-attack.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 2, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015|first1=Eric|last1=Schmitt|first2=Mark|last2=Mazzetti|first3=Michael S.|last3=Schmidt|first4=Scott|last4=Shane}}</ref> but ultimately decided to use remotely-activated pressure cooker bombs and other IEDs. Fox News reported that the brothers "chose the prestigious race as a 'target of opportunity' ... [after] the building of the bombs came together more quickly than expected".<ref name="Fox TOA">{{cite web|date=May 2, 2013|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/05/02/new-information-revealed-about-boston-marathon-bombing-devices/|title=Boston Marathon was 'target of opportunity,' bombs built in attacker's home, sources say|work=Fox News Channel|access-date=May 19, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Douglas|first=Scott|date=May 3, 2013|url=http://www.runnersworld.com/races/marathon-was-target-of-opportunity-bombing-suspect-says|title=Marathon was 'Target of Opportunity,' Bombing Suspect Says|work=RunnersWorld.com|access-date=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Dzhokhar said that he and his brother wanted to defend Islam from the U.S., accusing the U.S. of conducting the [[Iraq War]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] against Muslims.<ref name="CNN220130423" /><ref name="AutoLC-98" /><ref name="AutoG4-3" /> A CBS report revealed that Dzhokhar had scrawled a note with a marker on the interior wall of the boat where he was hiding; the note stated that the bombings were "retribution for U.S. military action in Afghanistan and Iraq", and called the Boston victims "[[collateral damage]]", "in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U.S. wars around the world".<ref name="cbs20130516" /> Photographs of the note were later used in the trial.<ref>{{cite news|work=CBS Local Boston|url=http://boston.cbslocal.com/2015/03/10/jury-in-boston-bombing-trial-sees-photos-of-writing-in-boat/|access-date=March 12, 2017|title=Boston Marathon Bombing Trial Jury Sees Photos Of Tsarnaev Boat Note|date=March 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=NYT20130516>{{cite news|title=Note by Boston Bombing Suspect Sheds Light on Motive, Officials Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/us/boston-bombing-developments.html|newspaper=The New York Times | first1=Scott|last1=Shane|first2=Ellen|last2=Barry|date=May 16, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> Some political science and public policy writers theorize that the primary motives might have been sympathy towards the political aspirations in the Caucasus region and Tamerlan's inability to become fully integrated into American society.<ref name="Secondary">{{cite news |title= Islam might have had secondary role in Boston attacks |first= Lisa |last= Wangsness |author2= Brian Ballou |url= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/19/scholars-caution-against-drawing-easy-religious-conclusions-about-suspects-boston-marathon-bombings/a5Iucv4ntQHgSvXchQqKOM/story.html |newspaper= The Boston Globe |date= April 20, 2013 |access-date= April 26, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190216055617/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/19/scholars-caution-against-drawing-easy-religious-conclusions-about-suspects-boston-marathon-bombings/a5Iucv4ntQHgSvXchQqKOM/story.html |archive-date= February 16, 2019 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> According to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', a law enforcement official said that Dzhokhar "did not seem as bothered about America's role in the Muslim world" as his brother Tamerlan had been.<ref name="la-times-suspect-describes-plot" /> Dzhokhar identified Tamerlan as the "driving force" behind the bombing, and said that his brother had only recently recruited him to help.<ref name="CNN220130423" /><ref name="AutoLC-102" /> Some journalists and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's defense attorney have suggested that the FBI may have recruited or attempted to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an informant.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2017/04/09/tamerlan-tsarnaev-fbi-informant/| author=Michele McPhee| title=Tamerlan Tsarnaev: Terrorist. Murderer. Federal Informant?| magazine=Boston Magazine| date=April 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://whowhatwhy.org/2015/04/09/was-tamerlan-tsarnaev-an-fbi-informant-odds-say-its-possible/| author=Lara Turner| title=Was Tamerlan Tsarnaev an FBI Informant? Odds Say it's Possible| publisher=Who.What.Why| date=April 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wbur.org/news/2014/03/28/tamerlan-tsarnaev-fbi-informant| author=Rachel Paiste| title=Tamerlan Tsarnaev Was Approached To Be An Informant, Defense Says| publisher=WBUR News| date=March 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2017/06/15/tsarnaev-mcphee-fbi| author=Jamie Bologna and Meghna Chakrabarti| title=Unanswered Questions About Tamerlan Tsarnaev| publisher=WBUR| date=June 15, 2017}}</ref> === Backgrounds === [[File:4.20.13 6023BuchananPlaceByLuigiNovi4.jpg|thumb|upright|An apartment was searched in [[West New York, New Jersey]], that belonged to a sister of the Tsarnaevs.]] {{See also|Tamerlan Tsarnaev#Personal background|Dzhokhar Tsarnaev#Personal background}} Tamerlan Tsarnaev was born in 1986 in the [[Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[North Caucasus]].<ref name="Wall Street Journal" /> Dzhokhar was born in 1993 in [[Kyrgyzstan]], although some reports say that his family claims that he was born in [[Dagestan]].<ref name="GuardianBirthplace" /> The family spent time in [[Tokmok]], Kyrgyzstan, and in [[Makhachkala]], Dagestan.<ref name="WashPost04192013" /><ref name="SullivanAP04192013" /> They are half [[Chechen people|Chechen]] through their father Anzor, and half [[Avar people (Caucasus)|Avar]]<ref name=thestarCarus /> through their mother Zubeidat. They never lived in [[Chechnya]], yet the brothers identified themselves as Chechen.<ref name="GuardianBirthplace" /><ref name="NYTimes04192013" /><ref name="HuffPost04192013" /><ref name="HuffPostNoronha04192013" /> The Tsarnaev family [[Immigration to the United States|immigrated]] to the United States in 2002<ref name="NY Times Standoff" /><ref name="NYTimes04192013" /><ref name="autogenerated4" /><ref name="AutoLC-105" /> where they applied for [[Asylum in the United States|political asylum]], settling in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].<ref name="AtlanticWire04192013" /> Tamerlan Tsarnaev attended [[Bunker Hill Community College]] but dropped out to become a boxer. His goal was to gain a place on the U.S. Olympic boxing team, saying that, "unless his native [[Chechnya]] becomes independent", he would "rather compete for the United States than for Russia".<ref name="thecomment" /><ref name="deadspin" /> He married U.S. citizen Katherine Russell on July 15, 2010, in the Masjid Al Quran Mosque. While initially quoted in a student magazine as saying, "I don't have a single American friend. I don't understand them," a later FBI interview report documents Tamerlan stating it was a misquote, and that most of his friends were American.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vault.fbi.gov/tamerlan-tsarnaev|title=Tamerlan Tsarnaev|work=FBI|access-date=October 12, 2017|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/11/us/tamerlan-tsarnaev-fbi-boston-marathon-interview/index.html|title=Boston bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev told FBI he never picked a fight|first=Eric |last=Levenson|work=CNN|access-date=October 12, 2017}}</ref> He had a history of violence, including an arrest in July 2009 for assaulting his girlfriend.<ref name="AutoLC-107" /> The brothers were [[Muslim]]; Tamerlan's aunt stated that he had recently become a devout Muslim.<ref name="HuffPost04192013" /><ref name="HuffPostNoronha04192013" /> Tamerlan became more devout and religious after 2009,<ref name="cnn20130420" /><ref name="nyd20130421" /> and a YouTube channel in his name was linked to [[Salafi movement|Salafist]]<ref name="cnn20130420" /> and [[Islamism|Islamist]]<ref name="NYTimes20130420" /><ref name="AutoLC-108" /> videos. The FBI was informed by the Russian [[Federal Security Service]] (FSB) in 2011 that he was a "follower of radical Islam".<ref name="NYTimes20130420" /> In response, the FBI interviewed Tamerlan and his family and searched databases, but they did not find any evidence of "terrorism activity, domestic or foreign".<ref name="AutoLC-109" /><ref name="latimes20130420" /><ref name="AutoLC-110" /><ref name="AutoLC-111" /><ref name="AP FSB" /><ref name="Englund20130420" /> During the 2012 trip to Dagestan, Tamerlan was reportedly a frequent visitor at a mosque on Kotrova Street in Makhachkala,<ref name="AutoLC-112" /><ref name=dailybeastcaucasus /><ref name="AutoLC-113" /> believed by the FSB to be linked with radical Islam.<ref name="dailybeastcaucasus" /> Some believe that "they were motivated by their faith, apparently an anti-American, radical version of Islam" acquired in the U.S.,<ref name="AutoLC-114" /> while others believe that the turn happened in Dagestan.<ref name="AutoLC-115" /> At the time of the bombing, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was a student at the [[University of Massachusetts Dartmouth]] with a major in [[marine biology]].<ref name="AutoLC-116" /> He became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012.<ref name="AutoLC-117" /> Tamerlan's boxing coach reported to NBC that the young brother was greatly affected by Tamerlan and admired him.<ref name="AutoLC-118" /><ref name="AutoLC-119" /> Tamerlan was previously connected to [[2011 Waltham triple murder|the triple homicide]] in [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], on the evening of September 11, 2011, but he was not a suspect at the time.<ref name=probe>{{cite news|url=https://boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/22/police-probe-possible-link-between-marathon-bomber-and-unsolved-triple-homicide-waltham/T6MgaX0lur7plZrGj0HsvO/story.html|first=Michael|last=Rezendes|title=Police probe possible link between Marathon bomber and unsolved triple homicide in Waltham|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=April 22, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2013|archive-date=April 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422230931/http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/22/police-probe-possible-link-between-marathon-bomber-and-unsolved-triple-homicide-waltham/T6MgaX0lur7plZrGj0HsvO/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boston-bombing-brings-twist-cold-murder-case/story?id=19063282&page=2 |title=Boston Bombing Brings Twist to Cold Murder Case |work=ABC News |date=April 29, 2013 |access-date=May 6, 2013}}</ref> [[Brendan Mess]], [[Erik Weissman]], and [[Raphael Teken]] were murdered in Mess's apartment. All had their throats slit from ear to ear with such great force that they were nearly [[decapitation|decapitated]]. The local district attorney said that it appeared that the killer and the victims knew each other, and that the murders were not random.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2011/09/14/they-all-dead-waltham-killings-likely-not-random/Jmz6xjUgA7wqt1TZIak33J/story.html|title='They're all dead': Waltham killings likely not random – Metro – The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> Tamerlan Tsarnaev had previously described murder victim Brendan Mess as his "best friend".<ref name= NYT1 /> After the bombing and subsequent revelations of Tsarnaev's personal life, the Waltham murders case was reexamined in April 2013 with Tsarnaev as a new suspect.<ref name=probe /> Both [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''The New York Times'' have reported that there is strong evidence which implicates Tsarnaev in this triple homicide.<ref name=NYT1>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/11/us/boston-bombing-suspect-is-said-to-be-linked-to-2011-triple-murder-case.html|title=In 2011 Murder Inquiry, Hints of Missed Chance to Avert Boston Bombing|date=July 11, 2013|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="tabletmag1">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/130396/boston-bomber-suspected-in-triple-homicide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013635/http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/130396/boston-bomber-suspected-in-triple-homicide |archive-date=2013-04-23 |first=Adam|last=Chandler|title=Boston Bomber Suspected in Triple Homicide|magazine=Tablet|date=April 22, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> Some analysts claim that the Tsarnaevs' mother Zubeidat Tsarnaeva is a radical extremist and supporter of jihad who influenced her sons' behavior.<ref name="Auto9P-4" /><ref name="Auto9P-5" /> This prompted the Russian government to warn the U.S. government on two occasions about the family's behavior. Both Tamerlan and his mother were placed on a terrorism watch list about 18 months before the bombing took place.<ref name="AutoQU-8" /> == Other arrests, detentions, and prosecutions == === People detained and released === On April 15, several people who were near the scene of the blast were taken into custody and questioned about the bombing, including a Saudi man whom police stopped as he was walking away from the explosion; they detained him when some of his responses made them uncomfortable.<ref name="AutoLC-120" /><ref name="AutoLC-121" /><ref name="Hunter" /><ref name="AutoLC-122" /> Law enforcement searched his residence in a Boston suburb, and the man was found to have no connection to the attack. An unnamed U.S. official said, "he was just at the wrong place at the wrong time".<ref name="Fox News1" /><ref name="CNN_FBI" /><ref name="AutoLC-123" /> On the night of April 18, two men who were riding in a taxi in the vicinity of the shootout were arrested and released shortly thereafter when police determined that they were not involved in the Marathon attacks.<ref name="AutoLC-124" /> Another man was arrested several blocks from the site of the shootout and was forced to [[Strip search|strip naked]] by police who feared that he might have concealed explosives. He was released that evening after a brief investigation determined that he was an innocent bystander.<ref name="AutoLC-125" /><ref name="AutoLC-126" /> === Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's roommates === ==== Personal backgrounds ==== Robel Phillipos (19) was a U.S. citizen of [[Ethiopian American|Ethiopian descent]] living in Cambridge who was arrested and faced with charges of knowingly [[making false statements]] to police.<ref name="businessinsider" /><ref name="USA.Friend">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/01/boston-marathon-bombings-tsarnaev-phillipos/2127469/|title=Bomb suspect's friend Robel Phillipos: Who is he?|last=Winter|first=Michael|date=May 1, 2013|work=[[USA Today]] | access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref> He graduated from high school in 2011 with Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.<ref name="Auto9P-6" /> Dias Kadyrbayev (19) and Azamat Tazhayakov (20) were natives of [[Kazakhstan]] living in the U.S.<ref name="AutoLC-127" /><ref name="AutoQU-10" /> They were Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's roommates in an off-campus housing complex in [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]], where Tsarnaev had sometimes stayed.<ref name="businessinsider" /> Phillipos, Kadyrbayev, Tazhayakov, and Tsarnaev entered the [[University of Massachusetts Dartmouth]] in the fall of 2011 and knew each other well. After seeing photos of Tsarnaev on television, they traveled to his dorm room where Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov retrieved a backpack and laptop belonging to Tsarnaev, while Phillipos acted as lookout. The backpack was discarded, but police recovered it and its contents in a nearby New Bedford landfill on April 26. During interviews, the men initially denied visiting the dorm room but later admitted their actions.<ref name="businessinsider" /><ref name="usatoday" /> ==== Arrests and legal proceedings ==== Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were arrested by police at the off-campus housing complex during the night of April 18–19. An unidentified girlfriend of one of the men was also arrested,<ref name="AutoLC-127" /><ref name="AutoQU-10" /> but all three were soon released.<ref name="businessinsider" /> Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were re-arrested in [[New Bedford]] on April 20 and held on immigration-related violations. They appeared before a federal [[immigration judge]] on May 1 and were charged with overstaying their [[student visa]]s.<ref name="AutoQU-11" /><ref name="AutoLC-129" /><ref name="AutoLC-130" /> That same day, they were charged criminally with: {{Blockquote |willfully conspir(ing) with each other to commit an offense against the United States... by knowingly destroying, concealing, and covering up objects belonging to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, namely, a backpack containing fireworks and a laptop computer, with the intent to impede, obstruct, and influence the criminal investigation of the Marathon bombing.<ref name="AutoQU-12" /><ref name="AutoQU-13" />}} Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were indicted by a [[Grand juries in the United States|federal grand jury]] on August 8, 2013, on charges of [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to [[Obstruction of justice|obstruct justice]] for helping Dzhokhar Tsarnaev dispose of a laptop computer, fireworks, and a backpack after the bombing. Each faced up to 25 years in prison and deportation if convicted.<ref>{{cite news|title=2 friends of Boston bombing suspect indicted|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/08/boston-marathon-bomber-friends-charged/2632191/|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=August 9, 2013|date=August 8, 2013}}</ref> Tazhayakov was convicted of obstruction of justice and conspiracy on July 21, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.msn.com/crime-justice/marathon-suspects-friend-guilty-of-impeding-probe|title=News|work=msn.com|access-date=April 8, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kadyrbayev pleaded guilty to obstruction charges on August 22, 2014,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's College Friend Pleads Guilty|url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2014/08/22/dias-kadyrbayev-dzhokhar-tsarnaevs-friend-pleads-guilty/|magazine=Boston Magazine|access-date=April 8, 2015|date=August 22, 2014}}</ref> but sentencing was delayed pending the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]'s ruling in ''[[Yates v. United States (2015)|Yates v. United States]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tsarnaev friends' sentencing delayed|url=http://www.wcvb.com/news/tsarnaev-friends-sentencing-delayed/29595756|publisher=WCBV 5 (ABC)|access-date=April 8, 2015|date=November 7, 2014}}</ref> Kadyrbayev was sentenced to six years in prison in June 2015.<ref name="McMahoSargent">{{cite web|first1=Shannon|last1=McMahon|first2=Hilary|last2=Sargent|url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2015/06/05/tsarnaev-friend-tazhayakov-sentenced-months-for-obstruction-justice/ZMJOlcDZZr0qRHqi251RYK/story.html|title=Tsarnaev friend Tazhayakov sentenced to 42 months for obstruction of justice|work=The Boston Globe|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref> He was deported to [[Kazakhstan]] in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5443092/dias-muratovich-kadyrbayev-deported-boston-bombings/|title=Friend Who Helped Boston Bomber Dispose of Evidence Deported to Kazakhstan|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=September 12, 2019}}</ref> Tazhayakov pleaded not guilty and went to trial, arguing that "Kadyrbayev was the mastermind behind destroying the evidence and that Tazhayakov only 'attempted obstruction'." Jurors returned a guilty verdict, however, and he was sentenced to 42 months ({{frac|3|1|2}} years) in prison in June 2015. [[U.S. District Judge]] [[Douglas Woodlock]] gave a lighter sentence to Tazhayakov than to Kadyrbayev, who was viewed as more culpable.<ref name="McMahoSargent" /> Tazhayakov was released in May 2016 and subsequently deported.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/05/16/tsarnaev-friend-released-from-prison/1WbAvRNlmSjPdhjDTUBc9K/story.html|title=Tsarnaev friend to be released from prison|last=Valencia|first=Milton|date=May 17, 2016|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> Phillipos was arrested and faced charges of knowingly [[making false statements]] to police.<ref name="businessinsider" /><ref name="USA.Friend" /> He was released on $100,000 bail (${{Inflation|US|100,000|2013|fmt=c}} in {{Inflation/year|US}} dollars) and placed under house confinement with an [[ankle monitor]].<ref name="Auto9P-6" /> He was convicted on October 28, 2014, on two charges of lying about being in Tsarnaev's dorm room. He later acknowledged that he was in the room while two friends removed a backpack containing potential evidence relating to the bombing.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/us/robel-phillipos-friend-of-boston-marathon-bombing-suspect-is-found-guilty.html | title=Robel Phillipos, Friend of Boston Marathon Bombing Suspect, Is Found Guilty | work=The New York Times | date=October 29, 2014 | access-date=October 28, 2014 | agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Phillipos faced a maximum sentence of eight years' imprisonment on each count.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/us/robel-phillipos-friend-of-boston-marathon-bombing-suspect-is-found-guilty.html|title=Boston Bombings Suspect's Friend Convicted of Lying to F.B.I.|last=Williams|first=Timothy|date=October 28, 2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref> In June 2015, [[U.S. District Judge]] [[Douglas P. Woodlock]] sentenced him to three years in prison.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Patricia|last1=Wen|first2=Milton J.|last2=Valencia|first3=John R.|last3=Ellement|first4=Martin|last4=Finucane|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/06/05/third-tsarnaev-friend-sentenced-three-years/uX4aySZJrLpBZIBXo9142M/story.html|title=Robel Phillipos sentenced to three years in prison|work=The Boston Globe|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref> Phillipos filed an appeal, but his sentence was upheld in court on February 28, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.necn.com/news/new-england/Marathon-Bombers-Friend-Robel-Phillipos-Files-Appeal-307148741.html|title=Marathon Bomber's Friend Robel Phillipos Files Appeal|work=NECN|date=June 12, 2015}}</ref> Phillipos was released from prison in Philadelphia on February 26, 2018, and began serving a three-year probationary period.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Writer |url=http://6abc.com/pal-of-boston-marathon-bomber-released-from-philly-re-entry-management-program/3143119/ |title=Pal of Boston Marathon bomber released from Philly re-entry management program |work=[[WPVI-TV]] | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=February 26, 2018 |access-date=April 15, 2018 }}</ref> === Ibragim Todashev === {{Main|Ibragim Todashev}} On May 22, the FBI interrogated Ibragim Todashev in Orlando, Florida, who was a Chechen from Boston. ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted an unnamed law enforcement official as saying that Todashev had confessed to [[2011 Waltham triple murder|a triple homicide]], and had implicated Tsarnaev as well.<ref name="NYT0513">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/23/us/officer-involved-in-shooting-of-man-tied-to-tsarnaev.html|title=Deadly End to FBI Queries on Tsarnaev and a Triple Killing|work=The New York Times|last1=Schmidt|first1=Michael S.|last2=Rashbaum|first2=William K.|last3=Oppel|first3=Richard A. Jr.|date=May 22, 2013|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> During the interrogation, he was shot and killed by an FBI agent who claimed that Todashev attacked him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/05/2013522143644212765.html |title=Man 'linked to Boston suspect' killed by FBI |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref> Todashev's father claimed his son was innocent and that federal investigators were biased against Chechens and made up their case against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/23/18451049-father-of-slain-man-linked-to-boston-bombing-suspect-maintains-sons-innocence?lite=|title=Father of slain man linked to Boston bombing suspect maintains son's innocence|author=U.S. News|date=April 8, 2015|work=NBC News|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> === Khairullozhon Matanov === {{See also|Carmen Ortiz#Boston Marathon bombings}} Matanov was originally from [[Kyrgyzstan]]. He came to the U.S. in 2010 on a [[student visa]], and later claimed [[Asylum in the United States|asylum]]. He attended [[Quincy College]] for two years before dropping out to become a taxicab driver. He was living in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], at the time of his arrest, and was a friend of Tamerlan Tsarnaev.<ref name="LySentenceJune" /> A federal indictment was unsealed against Khairullozhon Matanov on May 30, 2014, charging him with "one count of destroying, altering, and falsifying records, documents, and tangible objects in a federal investigation, specifically information on his computer, and three counts of making materially false, fictitious, and fraudulent statements in a federal terrorism investigation". Matanov bought dinner for the two Tsarnaev brothers 40 minutes after the bombing. After the Tsarnaev brothers' photos were released to the public, Matanov viewed the photos on the CNN and FBI websites before attempting to reach Dzhokhar, and then tried to give away his cell phone and delete hundreds of documents from his computer. Prosecutors said that Matanov attempted to mislead investigators about the nature of his relationship with the brothers and to conceal that he shared their philosophy of violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/30/justice/boston-marathon-bombings-charges/|title=Massachusetts man charged with obstructing Boston bombings probe|first1=Jason|last1=Hanna|first2=Mariano|last2=Castillo|date=May 30, 2014|work=CNN|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name="LySentenceJune">{{cite news|first=Laura|last=Ly|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/18/us/tsarnaev-friend-sentence/|title=Friend of Boston marathon bombers gets 30-month sentence|work=CNN|date=June 18, 2015}}</ref> In March 2015, Matanov pleaded guilty to all four counts.<ref name="LySentenceJune" /><ref name="ZalkiindMatanov">{{cite news|first=Susan|last=Zalkiind|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/26/the-fbi-is-trying-to-destroy-my-life.html|title=The FBI Is Trying to Destroy My Life|work=The Daily Beast|date=March 26, 2015}}</ref> In June 2015, he was sentenced to 30 months in prison.<ref name="LySentenceJune" /> == Victims == === Deaths === {{multiple image | width = 200px | align = right | image1 = A Moment of Silence for the Boston Marathon Victims (8673719618).jpg | caption1 = A Boston Fire Station (photographed on April 22) displaying signs memorializing those killed in the bombing, as well as Officer Sean Collier | alt1 = | image2 = Neighborhood-house-charter-school 5540555175 o (1).jpg | caption2 = Notes adorn the [[Primary school|elementary]] school [[locker]] that had been used by 8-year-old victim Martin Richard }} Three people were killed as a direct result of the bombings. Krystle Marie Campbell, a 29-year-old restaurant manager from [[Medford, Massachusetts]], was killed by the first bomb.<ref name="AutoLC-15" /><ref name=":2" /> Lü Lingzi ({{lang-zh|吕令子|links=no}}),<ref name="AutoLC-16" /><ref name="AutoLC-17" /> a 23-year-old Chinese national and [[Boston University]] graduate student from [[Shenyang, Liaoning]],<ref name="AutoLC-18" /><ref name="Buckley" /><ref name="AutoLC-19" /><ref name="AutoLC-20" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lu Lingzi Scholarship {{!}} Office of the Provost |url=https://www.bu.edu/provost/awards-publications/award-opportunities/lu-lingzi-scholarship/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.bu.edu}}</ref> and 8-year-old [[Martin Richard Foundation|Martin William Richard]] from the [[Dorchester, Boston|Dorchester]] neighborhood of Boston, were both killed by the second bomb.<ref name="Fantz" /><ref name="AutoLC-21" /> Sean Allen Collier, 27 years old, was shot and killed by the bombers as he sat in his patrol car on April 18, at about 10:25{{nbsp}}p.m. He was an [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department|MIT police officer]], and had been with the [[Somerville Auxiliary Police Department]] from 2006 to 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.masslive.com/news/boston/index.ssf/2013/08/slain_police_officer_sean_coll.html| location=Somerville | work=MassLive | title=Slain police officer Sean Collier, killed following Boston Marathon explosions, posthumously appointed to Somerville Police Department | first=Shina | last=Schoenberg | date=August 22, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrol Officer Sean Allen Collier |url=https://www.odmp.org/officer/21777-patrol-officer-sean-allen-collier |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP)}}</ref> He died from multiple gunshot wounds.<ref name="NYTcollier" /> [[Boston Police Department]] officer Dennis Simmonds died on April 10, 2014, from head injuries he received during the Watertown shootout a year before.<ref name=Simmonds>{{cite news |url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/05/28/line-duty-death-benefits-given-family-boston-police-officer-wounded-tsarnaev-shootout/cr0zpUGx4KaKVkTRmqhH0J/story.html | title = Death benefit given to family of officer wounded in Tsarnaev shootout | first = Jan | last = Ransom | date = May 28, 2015 | access-date = May 28, 2015 | newspaper = The Boston Globe }}</ref> === Injuries === {{multiple image | width = 180px | align = right | image1 = Honoring-the-victims-of-the-boston-marathon-bombing 16971944338 o (Jane Richard1).jpg | caption1 = Jane Richard (photographed in 2014) lost her left leg. She was seven years of age at the time of the bombing. Her older brother, Martin, was one of the fatalities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abel |first1=David |title=‘I’m ready to start my own story’: Jane Richard and her family reflect on grief and moving forward 10 years after tragedy - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/04/13/metro/ten-years-later-jane-richard-her-family-reflect-their-trials-since-marathon-bombing/ |website=The Boston Globe}}</ref> | alt1 = | image2 = 160505-D-PB383-312 (26786074091).jpg | caption2 = Survivors Jessica Kensky and Patrick Downes (photographed in 2016) each lost a leg. The two had been recently-wed at the time of bombing, and were spectating the marathon when the bombing occurred.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jolicoeur |first1=Lynn |last2=Mullins |first2=Lisa |title=Marathon bombing survivors Jessica Kensky and Patrick Downes find healing through their work helping others |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2023/04/14/boston-marathon-bombing-jessica-kensky-patrick-downes-work |website=WBUR |access-date=15 April 2024 |language=en |date=14 April 2023}}</ref> | alt2 = }} About 281 civilians were treated at 27 local hospitals.<ref name="globe-number-injured" /><ref name="AutoLC-1" /> Eleven days later, 29 remained hospitalized, one in critical condition.<ref name="AutoLC-24-26" /> Many victims had lower leg injuries and [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]] wounds,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Imaging of Blast Injuries to the Lower Extremities Sustained in the Boston Marathon Bombing |vauthors=Guermazi A, Hayashi D, Smith SE, Palmer W, Katz JN |journal=Arthritis Care & Research |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=1293–98 |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/acr.22113 |pmid=24039123|doi-access=free }}</ref> which indicated that the devices were low to the ground.<ref name="CFN13" /> At least 16 civilians lost limbs, at the scene or by surgical [[amputation]], and three lost more than one limb.<ref name="AutoLC-25" /><ref name="AutoLC-26" /><ref name="AutoLC-27" /><ref name="AutoZ2-10" /> Doctors described removing [[Ball (bearing)|"ball-bearing type" metallic beads]] a little larger than [[BB (ammunition)|BBs]] and small carpenter-type nails about {{convert|0.5|to|1|in|cm|sigfig=1|sp=us}} long.<ref name="BosHerald shrapnel" /> Similar objects were found at the scene.<ref name="McLaughlin" /> ''[[The New York Times]]'' cited doctors as saying that the bombs mainly injured legs, ankles, and feet because they were low to the ground, instead of fatally injuring abdomens, chests, shoulders, and heads.<ref name="Kolata" /> Some victims had [[perforated eardrum]]s.<ref name="CFN13" /> MBTA police officer Richard H. Donohue Jr. (33) was critically wounded during a firefight with the bombers just after midnight on April 19.<ref name="AutoLC-28" /> He lost almost all of his blood, and his heart stopped for 45 minutes, during which time he was kept alive by [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' reported that Donohue may have been accidentally shot by a fellow officer.<ref name="Auto9P-2" /> Marc Fucarile lost his right leg and received severe burns and shrapnel wounds. He was the last victim released from hospital care on July 24, 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last Hospitalized Marathon Victim Heads Home |url=https://news.yahoo.com/last-hospitalized-marathon-victim-heads-home-154013732.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727010200/https://news.yahoo.com/last-hospitalized-marathon-victim-heads-home-154013732.html |archive-date=July 27, 2013 |agency=Associated Press= }}</ref> == Reactions == Law enforcement, local and national politicians, and various heads of state reacted quickly to the bombing, generally condemning the act and expressing sympathies for the victims.<ref name="AutoLC-131"/><ref name="AutoLC-132"/> Spontaneous, improvised temporary memorials appeared at the sites of the deaths in Boston and Cambridge. Over the next few years, permanent memorials were constructed and dedicated at these locations. === Aid to victims === {{multiple image | width = 200px | align = right | image1 = One-fund-boston-launch 5540385749 o.jpg | caption1 = Boston Mayor [[Thomas Menino]], Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, and others patricipate in an April 28 event promoting the One Fund | alt1 = | image2 = Prudential with 1 lights April 23 2013.JPG | caption2 = Boston's [[Prudential Tower]] lit up on April 23 with a large "1" to promote the One Fund | alt2 = }} The One Fund Boston was established by [[Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts Governor]] [[Deval Patrick]] and Boston mayor [[Thomas Menino]] to make monetary distributions to bombing victims.<ref name="AutoLC-41" /><ref name="Trumbull" /> The [[Boston Strong]] concert at the TD Garden in Boston on May 30, 2013, benefitted the One Fund, which ultimately received more than $69.8 million in donations.<ref name=NECN>{{cite web|title=$212K donation made to One Fund Boston|url=http://www.necn.com/09/12/13/212K-donation-made-to-One-Fund-Boston/landing.html?blockID=852181|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913143800/http://www.necn.com/09/12/13/212K-donation-made-to-One-Fund-Boston/landing.html?blockID=852181|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2013|publisher=NECN.com}}</ref> A week after the bombing, [[crowd funding|crowdfunding]] websites<ref>Such as [[GoFundMe]], [[GiveForward]], [[FundRazr]], [[YouCaring]], and [[Fundly]]</ref> received more than 23,000 pledges promising more than $2 million for the victims, their families, and others affected by the bombing.<ref name="AutoLC-42" /> The Israel Trauma Coalition for Response and Preparedness sent six psychologists and specialists from Israel to help Boston emergency responders, government administrators, and community people develop post-terrorist attack recovery strategies.<ref name="Auto9P-7" /> === Local reactions === {{multiple image | width = 175px | align = left | image1 = Boston Marathon Bombing Memorial (9249416704) (1).jpg | caption1 = Makeshift memorials at [[Copley Square]] | alt1 = | image2 = 2023 05 05 Boston Marathon Survivor Memorial, Boston, MA (1) (53101515430) (2).jpg | caption2 = A permanent monument memorializing the victims of the bombing was installed on Boylston Street (at the location of the explosions) in 2019<ref name="Marcelo">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/4330efbe84de4f8eafd437630d8ecc3f|title=Memorial to victims of Boston Marathon bombing completed|last=Marcelo|first=Philip|date=August 19, 2019|website=[[AP News]]|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> | alt2 = | image3 = Honoring-the-victims-of-the-boston-marathon-bombing 16952307817 o (1).jpg | caption3 = Officials commemorate the victims on the first anniversary of the attack (L-R: Boston Mayors Thomas Menino and [[Marty Walsh]]; U.S. Vice President Joe Biden; Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick) | alt3 = | image4 = Boston Strong...Fan Pier Construction (14879397808) (2).jpg | caption4 = A "Boston Strong" banner adorns a construction site in Boston's [[Seaport District]] | alt4 = }} {{Clear}} Numerous sporting events, concerts, and other public entertainment were postponed or canceled in the days following the bombing.<ref name="BostonSports-WashTimes" /><ref name="AutoLC-133" /><ref name="AutoLC-134" /><ref name="NCAA Nazareth host" /> The [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] public transit system was under heavy National Guard and police presence and it was shut down a second time April 19 during the manhunt.<ref name="lowery" /><ref name="Logan and Taxis" /><ref name="Powers" /> In the days after the bombing, makeshift memorials began to spring up along the cordoned-off area surrounding Boylston Street. The largest was located on Arlington Street, the easternmost edge of the barricades, starting with flowers, tokens, and T-shirts.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://imgur.com/4JRa9gt | title=Photograph Taken From the Arlington Shrine on April 16, 2013|access-date = April 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/ci_23040059/grit-and-grief-at-makeshift-boston-marathon-memorial | work=Sentinel & Enterprise | title=Grit and grief at makeshift Boston Marathon memorial | date= April 16, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2013/04/17/update-downtown-boston | work=WBUR | title=An Update From Downtown Boston | date= April 17, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wbur.org/2013/04/17/photos-boylston-st-after-the-blasts | work=WBUR | title=Photos: Boylston Street After The Blasts | date= April 17, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://photos.masslive.com/republican/2013/04/boston_15jpg.html | work=Mass Live | title=People gather at makeshift memorial near scene of Boston Marathon bombing | date=April 18, 2013 | access-date=April 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113819/http://photos.masslive.com/republican/2013/04/boston_15jpg.html | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In June, the Makeshift Memorial located in Copley Square was taken down and the memorial objects located there were moved to the archives in West Roxbury for cleaning, fumigation, and archiving.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/06/21/makeshift-memorial-marathon-bombing-victims-taken-down-moved-city-archives/7DZAxM2iDyAnDgxvjLukiN/story.html | work=Boston.com | title=Makeshift memorial to Marathon bombing victims to be taken down, moved to city archives | date=June 21, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> {{multiple image | width = 175px | align = right | image1 = B Strong badge.png | caption1 = The [[Boston Red Sox]] wore this "Boston Strong" patch on their uniforms in memory of the victims. The team would go on to win the [[2013 World Series]] | alt1 = | image2 = Larry Lucchino and John W. Henry 2013 (10650272826 full) (1).jpg | caption2 = Red Sox President/CEO [[Larry Lucchino]] holds a [[rally towel]] with the team's "Boston Strong" emblem during the team's 2013 World Series victory parade | alt2 = }} {{multiple image | width = 175px | align = right | image1 = Healing-our-city-an-interfaith-service 20693568725 o (1).jpg | caption1 = President Barack Obama speaks at Boston's [[Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)|Cathedral of the Holy Cross]] during an April 18 interfaith healing service | alt1 = | image2 = Mayor Thomas M. Menino with President Barack Obama and Governor Deval Patrick after the Boston Marathon Interfaith Healing Service (22604315995) (1).jpg | caption2 = Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, U.S. President Barack Obama, and Boston Mayor Thomas Menino appear together at [[Cathedral High School (Boston)|Cathedral High School]] on April 18 following the interfaith healing service | alt2 = }} Five years after the bombing, The Boston Globe reported all of the items from the memorials were being housed in a climate controlled environment, free of charge, by the storage company, [[Iron Mountain (company)|Iron Mountain]] in [[Northborough, Massachusetts]]. Some of the items are also being stored in Boston's city archives in [[West Roxbury]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramos |first=Nestor |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/04/14/fragments-tragedy-and-our-best-selves/gtnbkn7MiT91kYzFL1MBOL/story.html |title=Fragments of tragedy, and of our best selves |work=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=April 14, 2018 |access-date=April 15, 2018 }}</ref> [[Boston University]] established a scholarship in honor of Lü Lingzi, a student who died in the bombing.<ref name="AutoLC-135" /> [[University of Massachusetts Boston]] did the same in honor of alumna and bombing victim Krystle Campbell.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.umb.edu/the_university/chancellor/communications/krystle_campbell_scholarships_awarded_to_umass_students|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510170308/https://www.umb.edu/the_university/chancellor/communications/krystle_campbell_scholarships_awarded_to_umass_students|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2017|title=Krystle Campbell Scholarships Awarded to UMass Students – University of Massachusetts Boston}}</ref> The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] established a scholarship, and erected a large abstract environmental sculpture outdoors called the [[Sean Collier Memorial]], both in memory of slain [[MIT Police]] officer Sean Collier. The open-arched monolithic stone enclosure was proposed, designed, funded, fabricated, and installed on campus in less than two years after the bombing, and formally unveiled on April 29, 2015.<ref name=Humphries>{{cite web|last1=Humphries|first1=Courtney|title=The Making of MIT's Collier Memorial|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/the-making-of-mits-collier-memorial_o|website=Architect: the journal of the American Institute of Architects|publisher=Hanley Wood Media|access-date=2015-07-08|date=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name="LVAC">{{cite web |title=Sean Collier Memorial |url=https://listart.mit.edu/public-art-map/sean-collier-memorial |website=MIT List Visual Arts Center |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date=2019-10-11 |language=en |date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419162100/https://listart.mit.edu/public-art-map/sean-collier-memorial |url-status=dead }}</ref> One study conducted by the Institute for Public Service at [[Suffolk University]] in Boston, Massachusetts, recorded the mental health and emotional response of various survivors, for three years following the bombing. In doing so, it reviewed the kinds of aid that were available in local hospitals and offered advice on how a person or community may be healed.<ref>The mental health response to the Boston bombing: A three-year review</ref> This study also mentions that after recognizing the downgraded media coverage of people in the city being killed or injured on a daily basis, the city of Boston "applied for and received a grant from The Rockefeller Foundation to be part of their 100 [[urban resilience|resilient cities]] network and to develop a cross cutting resilience strategy".<ref>{{cite news |title=100 Resilient Cities {{!}} Boston.gov |url=https://www.boston.gov/departments/resilience-and-racial-equity/100-resilient-cities |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=[[Boston Government Service Center]] |date=2020-07-30}}</ref> {{multiple image | width = 175px | align = right | image1 = Vigil under pink sky (8655982471) (1).jpg | caption1 = A [[candlelight vigil]] held at [[Boston Common]] on April 22 | alt1 = | image2 = Boston Strong Concert-May 30, 2013 (8899338618).jpg | caption2 = "Boston Strong" benefit concert at [[TD Garden]] on May 30 | alt2 = }} However, there was rising [[anti-Muslim sentiment]] online and locally in the weeks following the bombing, causing distress in the local Muslim community and making some afraid to leave their homes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Sriya|last2=Ashby|first2=Kimberly M.|last3=Goodman|first3=Lisa A.|title=Social Justice Beyond the Classroom|journal=The Counseling Psychologist|date=September 26, 2014|volume=42|issue=8|pages=1136–1158|doi=10.1177/0011000014551420|s2cid=145601632}}</ref> Three stone pillars lit by abstract sculptural bronze lighting columns memorializing three victims were installed at the two separate bombing sites on August 19, 2019.<ref name="Marcelo"/> Two bronze sidewalk bricks were installed to memorialize police officers killed in the aftermath, and [[cherry tree]]s were planted nearby to bloom each April.<ref name="Marcelo"/> The Catholic bishops of Massachusetts opposed the death penalty for terrorist bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, citing the need to build a culture of life.<ref name=conflicted>{{cite news | url = https://bostonglobe.newspapers.com/image/444570704/?terms=%22culture%2Bof%2Blife%22 | title = Religious leaders conflicted on death penalty | first1 = Jan | last1 = Ransom | first2 = Jacqueline | last2 = Tempera | newspaper = Boston Globe | date = May 18, 2015 | access-date = October 5, 2018 }}</ref> {{Clear}} === National reactions === [[File:President Obama speaks on explosions in Boston (2013-04-15).ogv|thumb|President Barack Obama's initial remarks after the attack]] President [[Barack Obama]] addressed the nation after the attack.<ref name="AutoLC-137"/> He said that the perpetrators were still unknown, but that the government would "get to the bottom of this" and that those responsible "will feel the full weight of justice".<ref name="AutoLC-138"/> He ordered flags to half-staff until April 20 on all federal buildings as "a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on April 15, 2013 in Boston, Massachusetts".<ref name="AutoLC-140"/> Moments of silence were held at various events across the country, including at the openings of the [[New York Stock Exchange]], [[NASDAQ]], and [[New York Mercantile Exchange|NYMEX]] on the day after the bombing.<ref name="Mills" /> Numerous special events were held, including marathons and other runs.<ref name="AutoLC-142" /><ref name="AutoLC-143" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20130421/NEWS06/304210177/lansing-marathon-boston-bombing|title=Lansing Marathon runners hit the street to salute Boston|work=Detroit Free Press|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onerunforboston.org|title=One Run For Boston 2|work=One Run for Boston|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> Islamic organizations in the United States condemned the attacks.<ref>{{cite book|title=Muslims in America: Examining the Facts|author=[[Craig Considine (academic)]]|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|date=2018-07-11|page=188}}</ref> {{multiple image | width = 180px | align = left | image1 = Barack Obama briefed on the 2013 Boston Marathon explosions (1).jpg | caption1 = President Obama (in the Oval Office of the White House on April 15) taking a phone call from FBI Director Robert Mueller about the bombing | alt1 = | image2 = Glendale, Arizona Remembers the 2013 Boston Marathon Bomb Casualties - panoramio (1).jpg | caption2 = Flags in [[Flagstaff, Arizona]] flying at [[half-staff]] on April 18 | alt2 = | image3 = Moment of Silence for Boston Marathon Victims (8673228608) (1).jpg | caption3 =Connecticut Governor [[Dannel Malloy]] and others participate in a [[moment of silence]] outside of the [[Connecticut State Capitol]] on April 22 to honor the victims of the attack | alt3 = }} {{clear}} === International reactions === [[File:US flag flying at half mast in Milan, 2013.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Flag flying at half staff at the American consulate in [[Milan]], Italy]] The bombing was denounced and condolences were offered by many international leaders as well as leading figures from international sport. Security measures were increased worldwide in the wake of the attack.<ref name="oregon" /><ref name="AutoLC-144" /><ref name="telegraph_wl" /><ref name="SI_1" /> In China, users posted condolence messages on [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]] in response to the death of Lü Lingzi.<ref name="newyorkFan" /><ref>{{Cite web|first=Kevin|last=Tang|date=April 17, 2013|title=After Massive Online Search For Lu Lingzi, Chinese Netizens Express Grief|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/after-massive-online-search-for-lu-lingzi-chinese-netizens-e|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615024039/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/after-massive-online-search-for-lu-lingzi-chinese-netizens-e|archive-date=June 15, 2021|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]|language=en}}</ref> Chris Buckley of ''The New York Times'' said "Ms. Lu's death gave a melancholy face to the attraction that America and its colleges exert over many young Chinese."<ref name="Buckley" /> Laurie Burkitt of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' said "Ms. Lu's death resonates with many in China" due to the [[one-child policy]].<ref name="AutoLC-146" /> Organizers of the [[2013 London Marathon|London Marathon]], which was held six days after the Boston bombing, reviewed security arrangements for their event. Hundreds of extra police officers were drafted in to provide a greater presence on the streets, and a record 700,000 spectators lined the streets. Runners in London observed a 30-second silence in respect for the victims of Boston shortly before the race began, and many runners wore black ribbons on their vests. Organizers also pledged to donate US$3 to a fund for Boston Marathon victims for every person who finished the race.<ref name="Katz" /><ref name="AutoLC-147" /><ref name="AutoLC-148" /> Organizers of the 2013 [[Vancouver Sun Run]], which was held on April 21, 2013, donated $10 from every late entry for the race to help victims of the bombing at the Boston Marathon. Jamie Pitblado, vice-president of promotions for The Vancouver Sun and The Province, said the money would go to One Fund Boston, an official charity that collected donations for the victims and their families. Sun Run organizers raised anywhere from $25,000 to $40,000. There were over 48,000 participants, many dressed in blue and yellow (Boston colors) with others wearing Boston Red Sox caps.<ref name="Auto9P-8" /> [[Petr Gandalovic]], ambassador of the Czech Republic, released a statement after noticing much confusion on Facebook and Twitter between his nation and the Chechen Republic. "The Czech Republic and Chechnya are two very different entities – the Czech Republic is a Central European country; Chechnya is a part of the Russian Federation."<ref name="AutoLC-152" /> Security was also stepped up in Singapore in response to online threats made on attacking several locations in the city-state and the Singapore Marathon in December. Two suspects were investigated and one was eventually arrested for making false bomb threats.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/international/singapore-hit-by-bomb-hoaxes-after-boston-attacks/ |title= Singapore Hit By Bomb Hoaxes After Boston Attacks |access-date= April 11, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140305220307/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/international/singapore-hit-by-bomb-hoaxes-after-boston-attacks/ |archive-date= March 5, 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[File:Copley-sq-memorial-visit 5540515857 o.jpg|thumb|[[United Kingdom]] Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] (left) joins Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick in paying respects at Copley Square on May 14]] [[David Cameron]] (prime minister of the [[United Kingdom]]) posted on [[Twitter]], "The scenes from Boston are shocking and horrific - my thoughts are with all those who have been affected."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rebecca |first1=Ruehlman |title=Our Marathon |url=https://marathon.library.northeastern.edu/item/neu:m042rp075/ |website=marathon.library.northeastern.edu/ |publisher=Northeastern University |access-date=15 April 2024 |date=2013}}</ref> On May 14, he visited Boston as part of a three-day visit to the United States. In Boston, he met with Governor Patrick at the [[Massachusetts State House]], offering condolences and holding a discussion with Patrick about what lessons governments could learn from the bombings. Afterwards, he and Patrick visited the temporary memorials at Copley Square, where Cameron remarked to reporters, "Everyone in the UK stands with <nowiki>[Boston]</nowiki> and <nowiki>[its]</nowiki> great people."<ref>{{cite web |title=David Cameron Visits Boston |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2013-05-14/david-cameron-visits-boston |website=WGBH |publisher=The Associated Presss |access-date=15 April 2024 |language=en |date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Osborn |first1=Andrew |title=Britain's PM Cameron visits Boston bombing site, pays tribute |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE94D0RB/ |website=Reuters |access-date=15 April 2024 |date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> ==== Russian reaction ==== The [[Government of Russia|Russian government]] said that special attention would be paid to security at upcoming international sports events in Russia, including the [[2014 Winter Olympics]].<ref name="AutoLC-149" /> According to the Russian embassy in the U.S., President [[Vladimir Putin]] condemned the bombing as a "barbaric crime" and "stressed that the Russian Federation will be ready, if necessary, to assist in the U.S. authorities' investigation".<ref name="AutoLC-150" /> He urged closer cooperation of security services with Western partners<ref name="AutoLC-151" /> but other Russian authorities and mass media blamed the U.S. authorities for negligence as they warned the U.S. of the Tsarnaevs.<ref name="Russia-could">{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2013/04/26/mnenie-site.html |script-title = ru:Россия могла предотвратить теракт в Бостоне |trans-title=Russia could have prevented a terrorist attack in Boston|author=Shestakov, Yevgeny|work=Rossiyskaya Gazeta|date=April 26, 2013|access-date= April 11, 2015|language=ru}}</ref> Moreover Russian authorities and mass media since the spring of 2014 blame the United States for politically motivated false information about the lack of response from Russian authorities after subsequent U.S. requests.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} As proof a letter from the Russian FSB was shown to the members of an official U.S. Congressional delegation to Moscow during their visit. This letter with information about Tsarnaev (including his biography details, connections and phone number) had been sent from the FSB to the FBI and CIA during March 2011.<ref name="Russia-blame-again">{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/boston_terror/20140410/1003329322.html |script-title = ru:Эксперт: обвинения США по делу Царнаева политически мотивированы|trans-title=Expert: U.S. blame around Tsarnaev case are politically motivated|author=Korotchenko, Igor|work=RIA Novosti |date=April 10, 2014|access-date= April 11, 2015|language=ru}}</ref> Republican U.S. Senators [[Saxby Chambliss]] and [[Richard Burr]] reported that Russian authorities had separately asked both the FBI (at least twice: during March and November 2011) and the CIA (September 2011) to look carefully into Tamerlan Tsarnaev and provide more information about him back to Russia.<ref name="BG-RUS">{{cite web|url= https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2013/04/23/russia-contacted-fbi-multiple-times-concerns-about-alleged-boston-marathon-bomber/ND0bhUdq1Tp1mRuC8xlb8N/story.html|title= Russia contacted US government 'multiple' times|author1= Bender, Bryan|author2= Bierman, Noah|work= The Boston Globe|date= April 23, 2013|access-date= March 27, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170613234646/http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2013/04/23/russia-contacted-fbi-multiple-times-concerns-about-alleged-boston-marathon-bomber/ND0bhUdq1Tp1mRuC8xlb8N/story.html|archive-date= June 13, 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref> FSB secretly recorded phone conversations between Tamerlan Tsarnaev and his mother (they vaguely and indirectly discussed jihad) and sent these to the FBI as evidence of possible extremist links within the family.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} However, while Russia offered US intelligence services warnings that Tsarnaev planned to link up with extremist groups abroad, an FBI investigation yielded no evidence to support those claims at the time. In addition, subsequent U.S. requests for additional information about Tsarnaev went unanswered by the Russians.<ref>{{cite news|last=Radia|first=Kirit|title=Lawmakers Traveling to Russia to Investigate Boston Bombing|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/05/lawmakers-traveling-to-russia-to-investigate-boston-bombing/|newspaper=ABC News|date=May 21, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2023|reason=No mention in reference of unanswered requests.}} ==== Chechen reactions ==== On April 19, 2013, the press secretary of the [[head of the Chechen Republic]], [[Ramzan Kadyrov]], issued a statement that, inter alia, read: "The Boston bombing suspects have nothing to do with Chechnya".<ref name="AutoLC-153" /><ref name="AutoLC-154" /> On the same day, Kadyrov was reported by ''[[The Guardian]]'' to have written on [[Instagram]]:<ref name="AutoLC-155" /> {{blockquote|Any attempt to make a link between Chechnya and the Tsarnaevs, if they are guilty, is in vain. They grew up in the U.S., their views and beliefs were formed there. The roots of evil must be searched for in America. The whole world must battle with terrorism. We know this better than anyone. We wish recover {{sic}} to all the victims and share Americans' feeling of sorrow.}} [[Akhmed Zakayev]], head of the secular wing of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Chechen separatist movement]], now in exile in London, condemned the bombing as "terrorist" and expressed condolences to the families of the victims. Zakayev denied that the bombers were in any way representative of the Chechen people, saying that "the Chechen people never had and can not have any hostile feelings toward the United States and its citizens".<ref name="AutoLC-156" /> The [[Caucasus Emirate|Mujahideen of the Caucasus Emirate Province of Dagestan]], the [[North Caucasian Federal District|Caucasian]] Islamist organization in both Chechnya and Dagestan, denied any link to the bombing or the Tsarnaev brothers and stated that it was at war with Russia, not the United States. It also said that it had sworn off violence against civilians since 2012.<ref name="AutoLC-157" /><ref name="AutoLC-158" /><ref name="AutoLC-159" /> === Criticism of the "shelter-in-place" directive and house-to-house searches === During the manhunt for the perpetrators of the bombing, Governor [[Deval Patrick]] said "we are asking people to shelter in place". The request was highly effective; most people stayed home, causing Boston, Watertown, and Cambridge to come to a virtual standstill. According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, "media described residents complying with a 'lockdown order,' but in reality the governor's security measure was a request". [[Scott Silliman]], emeritus director of the Center on Law, Ethics and National Security at Duke Law School, said that the shelter-in-place request was voluntary.<ref name="Rawlings">{{cite magazine|first=Nate|last=Rawlings|url=http://nation.time.com/2013/04/19/was-boston-actually-on-lockdown/|title=Was Boston Actually on Lockdown?|magazine=Time|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> The [[National Lawyers Guild]] and some news outlets questioned the constitutionality of the door-to-door searches conducted by law enforcement officers looking for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://archive.boston.com/yourtown/news/watertown/2013/11/lawyers_to_speak_about_unconstitutional_watertown_home_searc.html| author=Jaclyn Reiss| title=Lawyers raising questions about Watertown home searches following Marathon bombings, shootout| newspaper=Boston Globe| date=November 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/watertown-door-door-search-bombing-suspects-violation-fourth-140043137.html?ref=gs| author=Liz Klimas| title=Was Watertown's Door-to-Door Search for Bombing Suspects a Violation of the Fourth Amendment?| work=Yahoo News| date=April 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/04/22/the-police-response-to-the-boston-marathon-bombing/| author=Radley Balko| title=Was the police response to the Boston bombing really appropriate?| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=April 22, 2014}}</ref> === One Boston Day === On the second anniversary of the Boston Marathon Bombings, Mayor [[Marty Walsh]] established April 15, the day of the bombings, as an official and permanent holiday called "One Boston Day", dedicated to conducting random acts of kindness and helping others out.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://onebostonday.org| title=One Boston Day| publisher=One Boston Day| date=April 15, 2015}}</ref> Over the past eight years, some examples of acts of kindness being done have been donating blood to the American Red Cross, donating food to the Greater Boston Food Bank, opening free admission in places like the [[Museum of Science]] and [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]], donating shoes to homeless shelters, and donating to military and veteran charities.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/culture/events/2016/04/14/11-ways-to-participate-in-one-boston-day-on-friday| author=Kristin Toussaint| title=11 ways to participate in One Boston Day| publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners| date=April 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2018/04/13/guide-one-boston-day-2018/| author=Tessa Yannone| title=Your Guide to One Boston Day 2018| magazine=Boston Magazine| date=April 13, 2018}}</ref> {{multiple image | width = 200px | align = left | image1 = Charlie Baker and Kim Janey on One Boston Day 2021 (EzDMWAlXEAA9nGt).jpg | caption1 = Acting Boston Mayor [[Kim Janey]] and Massachusetts Governor [[Charlie Baker]] lay a wreath at the Boston Marathon Memorial on One Boston Day in 2021 | alt1 = | image2 = One Boston Day 2023 FtyKMDTXgAUp6hK.jpg | caption2 = Boston Mayor [[Michelle Wu]] and U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren participate in a 2023 One Boston Day commemoration ceremony | alt2 = }} {{Clear}} === Conspiracy theories === A number of [[Conspiracy Theories|conspiracy theories]] arose in the immediate wake of the attacks and after more information about the Tsarnaev brothers came to light.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Michael|first=George|date=2014-03-22|title=Conspiracy in Boston: disentangling Boston Marathon bombing conspiracy theories|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10639330&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA372691228&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=Skeptic (Altadena, CA)|language=English|volume=19|issue=2|pages=16–28}}</ref> This can be common in the aftermath of acts of domestic terrorism, especially the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Graff|first=Garrett M.|date=2020-09-10|title=9/11 and the Rise of the New Conspiracy Theorists|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/9-11-and-the-rise-of-the-new-conspiracy-theorists-11599768458|access-date=2021-04-26|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> [[Stella Tremblay]], then a member of the [[New Hampshire]] [[New Hampshire House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] from [[Auburn, New Hampshire|Auburn]], New Hampshire, claimed the Boston Marathon bombing was a government conspiracy and that victims who lost their legs were faking their injuries because they were not "screaming in agony." Under pressure afterwards she resigned. The New Hampshire House then unanimously passed a resolution to show support for the victims and to disavow unfounded speculation or accusations.<ref>{{cite news| publisher=huffingtonpost.com| date=June 21, 2013| title=Stella Tremblay Resigns From New Hampshire Legislature| author=John Celock| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/20/stella-tremblay-resigns_n_3473583.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| publisher = cbsnews.com| date = June 20, 2013| title = NH Lawmaker Resigns After Saying Government Behind Boston Bombings| url =https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/nh-lawmaker-resigns-after-saying-government-behind-boston-bombings}}</ref> In the days following the attacks, some conspiracy theories arose on the internet claiming they were [[false flag attacks]] committed by the United States government.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-17|title=How a University of Washington researcher discovered an "information war"|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39930236|access-date=2021-04-26}}</ref> As more information about the backgrounds of the Tsarnaev Brothers came to light, further conspiracy theories were disseminated. One claim, made by Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's defense attorney as well as some journalists, was that the FBI had tried to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an FBI informant in 2011.<ref name="GuardianBirthplace" /><ref name="SullivanAP04192013" /><ref name="thestarCarus" /><ref name="NYTimes04192013" /> The FBI denied this claim in a press release, stating that "the Tsarnaev brothers were never sources for the FBI nor did the FBI attempt to recruit them as sources".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joint Release from Massachusetts Law Enforcement Agencies|url=https://www.fbi.gov/boston/press-releases/2013/joint-release-from-massachusetts-law-enforcement-agencies|access-date=2021-04-26|website=FBI|language=en-us}}</ref> The FBI is not required to release information on informants, and classified information on sources of intelligence constitutes an exception to the 25-year declassification window established by [[Executive Order 13526]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-15|title=The President Executive Order 13526|url=https://www.archives.gov/isoo/policy-documents/cnsi-eo.html|access-date=2021-04-26|website=National Archives|language=en}}</ref> In 2011, [[2011 Waltham triple murder|a triple murder]] took place in [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], in which a friend of Tamerlan Tsarnaev was one of the victims.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-13|title=Is the Waltham Triple Murder Investigation At A Dead End?|url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/2018/04/12/news/waltham-triple-murder-investigation-dead-end|access-date=2021-04-26|website=News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Police probe possible link between Marathon bomber and unsolved triple homicide in Waltham |url=https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2013/04/22/police-probe-possible-link-between-marathon-bomber-and-unsolved-triple-homicide-in-waltham-2|access-date=2021-04-26|work=[[The Boston Globe]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Boston Bombing Brings Twist to Cold Murder Case|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boston-bombing-brings-twist-cold-murder-case/story?id=19063282|access-date=2021-04-26|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> After the 2013 attacks, the investigation was reopened with Tamerlan Tsarnaev as a new suspect.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-22|title=Boston Bomber Suspected of Killing Three Men, Two of Whom Were Jewish|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/boston-bomber-suspected-in-triple-homicide|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Tablet Magazine|language=en}}</ref> The failure of the 2011 investigation to identify Tamerlan Tsarnaev as a major suspect led to claims among conspiracy theorists that the investigation of the 2011 triple murder had been suppressed by the FBI in order to maintain Tsarnaev's informant status. Theorists also cite the fact that the FBI has been criticized for an alleged practice under former director [[James Comey]] of encouraging confidential informants to attempt terrorist attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aaronson|date=March 16, 2015|first1=Trevor|title=How the FBI Created a Terrorist|url=https://theintercept.com/2015/03/16/howthefbicreatedaterrorist/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=The Intercept|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kamali|first=Sara|date=2017-02-28|title=Informants, Provocateurs, and Entrapment: Examining the Histories of the FBI's PATCON and the NYPD's Muslim Surveillance Program|url=https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/informants|journal=Surveillance & Society|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=68–78|doi=10.24908/ss.v15i1.5254|issn=1477-7487|doi-access=free}}</ref> This alleged practice, combined with disputed claims of connections between the Tsarnaev brothers and intelligence services,<ref name="GuardianBirthplace" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-09|title=Former CIA officer: 'Absurd' to link uncle of Boston suspects, Agency |work=Al-Monitor |url=http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2013/04/5090/former-cia-officer-absurd-to-link-uncle-of-boston-suspects-agency-over-daughters-brief-marriage/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309205011/http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2013/04/5090/former-cia-officer-absurd-to-link-uncle-of-boston-suspects-agency-over-daughters-brief-marriage/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-03-09|access-date=2021-04-26}}</ref> have given rise to a conspiracy theory that the United States government had foreknowledge of the Tsarnaev brothers' plans to commit a terrorist attack, or that the attack was made at the direction of intelligence services.<ref name=":1" /> The Tsarnaev brother's uncle, Said-Hussein Tsarnaev, and other members of the Tsarnaev family have repeated this theory, as well as claiming neither brother actually committed the attacks.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Exclusive: Relatives of Boston Marathon Bomber Break Their Silence|url=https://time.com/3824265/boston-marathon-bombing-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-family/|access-date=2021-04-26|magazine=Time}}</ref> This claim also formed an element of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's legal defense.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tsarnaev denied extremism to FBI two years before Marathon bombing|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tsarnaev-denied-extremism-fbi-said-mystery-men-came-see-him-n744881|access-date=2021-04-26|website=NBC News|date=April 10, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> No evidence or further claims supporting this theory have been confirmed by any US government agencies.<ref name=":1" /> == Conflicting reports == On the afternoon of the bombing, the ''[[New York Post]]'' reported that a suspect, a Saudi Arabian male, was under guard and being questioned at a Boston hospital.<ref name="AutoLC-160" /> That evening, Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said that there had not been an arrest.<ref name="AutoLC-163" /> The ''Post'' did not retract its story about the suspect, leading to widespread reports by CBS News, CNN, and other media that a Middle Eastern suspect was in custody.<ref name="AutoLC-164" /> The day after the bombing, a majority of outlets were reporting that the Saudi was a witness, not a suspect.<ref name="AutoLC-165" /> The ''New York Post'' on its April 18 front page showed two men, and said they were being sought by the authorities. The two men in question, a 17-year-old boy and his track coach, were not the ones being sought as suspects. The boy, from [[Revere, Massachusetts]], turned himself over to the police immediately and was cleared after a 20-minute interview in which they advised him to deactivate his Facebook account.<ref name="AutoLC-169" /><ref name="autogenerated3" /> ''New York Post'' editor [[Col Allan]] stated, "We stand by our story. The image was emailed to law enforcement agencies yesterday afternoon seeking information about these men, as our story reported. We did not identify them as suspects." The two were implied to be possible suspects via [[crowdsourcing]] on the websites [[Reddit]]<ref name="autogenerated3" /> and [[4chan]].<ref name="Reconsidering the Internet detectives in Boston manhunt on Reddit and 4Chan: the benefits and pitfalls" /> Several other people were mistakenly identified as suspects.<ref name="AutoLC-170" /> Two of those wrongly identified as suspects on Reddit were the 17-year-old track star noted above and [[Sunil Tripathi]], a [[Brown University]] student missing since March.<ref name="AutoLC-171" /><ref name="Missing Brown University student's family dragged into virally fueled false accusation in Boston" /> Tripathi was found dead on April 23 in the [[Providence River]].<ref name="AutoLC-172" /> On April 17, the FBI released the following statement: {{Blockquote|Contrary to widespread reporting, no arrest has been made in connection with the Boston Marathon attack. Over the past day and a half, there have been a number of press reports based on information from unofficial sources that has been inaccurate. Since these stories often have unintended consequences, we ask the media, particularly at this early stage of the investigation, to exercise caution and attempt to verify information through appropriate official channels before reporting.<ref name="AutoLC-173" /><ref name="AutoLC-174" />}} The decision to release the photos of the Tsarnaev brothers was made in part to limit damage done to those misidentified on the Internet and by the media, and to address concerns over maintaining control of the manhunt.<ref name="AutoLC-175" /> == See also == * [[2011 Waltham triple murder]], a triple homicide to which Tamerlan Tsarnaev has been connected * [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]], a 1996 terrorist attack which also targeted a public event * [[List of Islamist terrorist attacks]] == Footnotes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist|30em | refs= <ref name=admits>{{cite news | url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/03/04/dzhokhar-tsarnaev-arrives-court-trial-about-begin/r1HKhliK4xRNORaIbPgttN/story.html | title = Defense admits Tsarnaev took part in Marathon bombings | first1 = Milton J. | last1 = Valencia | first2 = Patricia | last2 = Wen | first3 = Kevin | last3 = Cullen | first4 = John R. | last4 = Ellement | first5 = Martin | last5 = Finucane | newspaper = The Boston Globe | date = March 4, 2015 | access-date = March 4, 2015 }}</ref> <ref name="NYDN-5/15">{{cite news|last1=Straw|first1=Joseph|last2=Ford|first2=Bev|last3=McShane|first3= Lawrence|title=Police narrow in on two suspects in Boston Marathon bombings|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/injury-toll-rises-marathon-massacre-article-1.1319080|newspaper= The Daily News | date = April 17, 2013|access-date=May 15, 2013|location=New York}}</ref> <ref name="globe-number-injured">{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/2013/04/23/number-injured-marathon-bombing-revised-downward/NRpaz5mmvGquP7KMA6XsIK/story.html|title=Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264|quote=Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks, to 264.|date=April 24, 2013|access-date=April 29, 2013|newspaper=The Boston Globe|last=Kotz|first=Deborah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331141156/https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/2013/04/23/number-injured-marathon-bombing-revised-downward/NRpaz5mmvGquP7KMA6XsIK/story.html|archive-date=March 31, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="captured">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/19/us/boston-area-violence|title='Captured!!!' Boston police announce Marathon bombing suspect in custody|first1=Chelsea J.|last1=Carter|first2=Gregory|last2=Botelho|date=April 20, 2013|work=CNN}}<br /> • '''a''':<!-- quote for use of this reference in the infobox -->"Richard H. Donohue Jr., 33,... was shot and wounded in the incident... Another 15 police officers were treated for minor injuries sustained during the explosions and shootout".</ref> <ref name="DOJ affidavit">{{cite web|title=United States vs. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Case 1:13-mj-02106-MBB |publisher=United States Department of Justice |date=April 21, 2013 |access-date=April 22, 2013 |url=https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/363201342213441988148.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623011221/http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/363201342213441988148.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2014 }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-98">{{cite news|title= Boston bombing suspect cites U.S. wars as motivation, officials say|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/boston-bombing-suspect-cites-us-wars-as-motivation-officials-say/2013/04/23/324b9cea-ac29-11e2-b6fd-ba6f5f26d70e_story.html|last =Wilson|first = Scott| others= et al. | date = April 23, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-1">{{cite news|title=Boston Suspects Are Seen as Self-Taught and Fueled by Web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/us/boston-marathon-bombing-developments.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 23, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015|first1=Michael|last1=Cooper|first2=Michael S.|last2=Schmidt|first3=Eric|last3=Schmitt}}</ref> <ref name="cnn-what-we-know">{{cite news |title=What we know about the Boston bombing and its aftermath|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/18/us/boston-marathon-things-we-know |publisher=CNN|access-date=April 19, 2013|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Clark Estes">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/04/boston-marathon-explosions-live/64246|title=Explosions at Boston Marathon Kill 3 — Now, a 'Potential Terrorist Investigation'|last1=Estes|first1=Adam Clark|last2=Abad-Santos|first2=Alexander|last3=Sullivan|first3=Matt|date=April 15, 2013|work=The Atlantic Wire|access-date=April 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116002019/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/04/boston-marathon-explosions-live/64246/|archive-date=November 16, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-4">{{cite news|last=Fromer|first=Frederic J.|date= April 15, 2013 |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/15/justice-department-boston-marathon-bombings_n_3087549.html|title=Justice Department Directing Full Resources To Investigate Boston Marathon Bombings|newspaper= Huffington Post | access-date = April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-5">{{cite web |date=April 18, 2013 |url=https://www.fbi.gov/boston/press-releases/2013/remarks-of-special-agent-in-charge-richard-deslauriers-at-press-conference-on-bombing-investigation-1|first=Richard|last=des Lauriers|title=Remarks of Special Agent in Charge at Press Conference on Bombing Investigation|website=FBI|access-date=April 21, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Slate pronunciation">{{cite magazine |last=Helmuth |first=Laura 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Motive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/us/boston-marathon-bombing-developments.html|last1=Seelye|first1=Katherine Q.|others=et al.|date=April 23, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-9">{{cite news|title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev charged with using 'weapon of mass destruction'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/alleged-bombers-aunt-tamerlan-tsarnaev-was-religious-but-not-radical/2013/04/22/ca8f3214-ab5c-11e2-a198-99893f10d6dd_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 23, 2013|date=April 22, 2013|first1=Jerry|last1=Markon|first2=Sari|last2=Horwitz|first3=Jenna|last3=Johnson}}</ref> <ref name="CNN_Levs">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/15/us/boston-marathon-explosions|title=Terrorism strikes Boston Marathon as bombs kill 3, wound scores|last1=Levs|first1=Joshua|first2=Monte|last2=Plott|date=April 16, 2013|publisher=CNN|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="AutoLC-10">{{cite 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|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | edition=online |date=April 16, 2013 |access-date=April 17, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418084946/http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/16/investigation-boston-marathon-bombings-continues/MiyV94Jle1LoBFHFhkW2NJ/story.html |archive-date=April 18, 2013 }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/15/explosions-finish-line-boston-marathon/2085193/|title=At least 3 dead, 141 injured in Boston Marathon blasts|work=USA Today|access-date=April 26, 2013|date=April 16, 2013|first1=Michael|last1=Winter}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-13">{{cite news|title=Updates in the Aftermath of the Boston Marathon Bombing: Their Stories: The People at the Finish Line|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/updates-in-the-aftermath-of-the-boston-marathon-bombing/?hp#their-stories-the-people-who-were-at-the-finish-line|access-date=April 24, 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | 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2013|publisher=NBC|newspaper=Sports|date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-30">{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2013/04/16/scenes-from-boston-marathon-bombing/EY9gbwqWctTW1UbqM2A93H/story.html?pic=17|title=Former Patriots offensive lineman Joe Andruzzi carried an injured woman away from the scene|newspaper=The Boston Globe|last=Greene|first=William|date=April 16, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Reuters_McLaughlin">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-explosions-boston-workers-idUSBRE93F10X20130416|title=A shaken Boston mostly gets back to work; 12-block crime scene|last=McLaughlin|first=Tim|date=April 16, 2013|work=[[Reuters]] | access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-31">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BostonDotCom/status/323886828082040832|title=Police will have controlled explosion on 600 block on Boylston Street, a block beyond the finish line|date=April 15, 2013|access-date=April 15, 2013|work=[[Boston.com|Boston]] | publisher = Twitter}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-32">{{cite news|title=Mass. gov: No unexploded bombs at Boston Marathon |url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2013/04/16/feds-seek-suspects-motive-boston-bombings/QkejBWGEKMopcHVekRXTHP/story.html |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=April 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418233451/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2013/04/16/feds-seek-suspects-motive-boston-bombings/QkejBWGEKMopcHVekRXTHP/story.html |archive-date=April 18, 2013 }}</ref> <ref name="Fox News1">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/04/16/explosion-reported-near-finish-line-boston-marathon-spokesman-says/ |title=Two and only two devices were found|publisher=Fox|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="Levitz">{{cite news|edition=online|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323346304578424950102614148|title=Two Explosions at Boston Marathon Finish Line|last1=Levitz|first1=Jennifer|first2=Kevin|last2=Helliker|first3=Sara|last3=Germano|date=April 16, 2013|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | access-date=April 16, 2013 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="Hines">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc6onyourside.com/shared/news/features/top-stories/stories/wsyx_us-official-2-additional-explosive-devices-found-near-boston-marathon-23238.shtml|title=US Official: 2 Additional Explosive Devices Found Near Boston Marathon|last=Hines|first=Ken|date=April 15, 2013|publisher=ABC|work=6 on your side|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-33">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/nbc-news/51551759/#51551759|title=How many explosive devices, and where?|last=Williams|first=Peter|work=NBC News|location=Washington, DC|date=April 15, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> --> <!-- <ref name="Baldor">{{cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/navy-bomb-unit-sent-boston|title=Navy bomb unit sent to Boston|last=Baldor|first=Lolita C.|date=April 15, 2013|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> --> <ref name="AutoLC-35">{{cite web|url=http://tfr.faa.gov/save_pages/detail_3_2050.html |title=3/2050 NOTAM Details |date=April 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] | access-date=April 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418065733/http://tfr.faa.gov/save_pages/detail_3_2050.html |archive-date=April 18, 2013 }}</ref> <!-- <ref name="AutoLC-36">{{cite news|first=Christopher|last=Dickey|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/04/15/many-cities-on-alert-after-boston-bombing.html|title=Many Cities on Alert After Boston Bombing|work=[[The Daily Beast]] | date=April 15, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> --> <ref name="Sullivan">{{cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/official-cellphone-service-shut-down-boston |title=Cellphone use heavy, but still operating in Boston|last1=Sullivan|first1=Eileen|author-link1=Eileen Sullivan|date=April 15, 2013|agency=Associated Press|access-date=April 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130033510/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/official-cellphone-service-shut-down-boston|archive-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-37">{{cite web|title=Live Updates: Explosions at Boston Marathon|type=live stream from scene|date=April 15, 2013|access-date=April 15, 2013|url=http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/sports-around/2013/apr/15/dual-explosions-boston-marathon-live-stream-scne|work=[[The Washington Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="ARC">{{cite web|url=http://www.redcross.org/news/press-release/American-Red-Cross-Statement-on-Boston-Marathon-Explosions|title=American Red Cross Statement on Boston Marathon Explosions|date=April 15, 2013|publisher=American Red Cross|access-date=April 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418120134/http://www.redcross.org/news/press-release/American-Red-Cross-Statement-on-Boston-Marathon-Explosions|archive-date=April 18, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-38">{{cite web|title=Boston Marathon Explosions: Third Blast|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1078597/boston-marathon-explosions-third-blast|publisher=[[Sky News]] | date=April 15, 2013|access-date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-39">{{cite web|work=Person Finder|title=Boston Marathon Explosions|url=http://google.org/personfinder/2013-boston-explosions|date=April 15, 2013|access-date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-40">{{cite news|work=CNN|date=April 16, 2013|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2013/04/16/explosions-near-finish-of-boston-marathon-2|title=3 killed, more than 140 hurt in Boston Marathon bombing|access-date=April 16, 2013|archive-date=April 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419022817/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2013/04/16/explosions-near-finish-of-boston-marathon-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Hosenball">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson-reuters/130415/investigators-scour-video-photos-boston-marathon-bomb-clues|title=Investigators scour video, photos for Boston Marathon bomb clues|last1=Hosenball|first1=Mark|first2=Svea|last2=Herbst-Bayliss|date=April 16, 2013|work=[[GlobalPost]] | publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] | access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-46">{{cite news|title=Live updates: Obama calls Boston bombings a 'heinous, cowardly' act of terror|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-boston-searches-for-clues-to-bombing-that-killed-3-injured-176-20130416,0,318317.story?page=2|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=April 16, 2013|first1=Shashank|last1=Bengali|first2=Michael|last2=Muskal|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="AutoLC-47">{{cite news|title=Boston bomber arrested: Tamerlan Tsarnaev was questioned by FBI in 2011|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/10008004/Boston-bomber-arrested-Tamerlan-Tsarnaev-was-questioned-by-FBI-in-2011.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/10008004/Boston-bomber-arrested-Tamerlan-Tsarnaev-was-questioned-by-FBI-in-2011.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|access-date=April 22, 2013|location=London|date=April 20, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> --> <ref name="McLaughlin">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-explosions-boston-idUSBRE93F06T20130417|title=Boston bomb suspect spotted on video, no arrest made|last1=McLaughlin|first1=Tim|first2=Svea|last2=Herbst-Bayliss|date=April 17, 2013|work=[[Reuters]] | access-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-131">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57579766/boston-marathon-bombings-suburban-apartment-searched|title=FBI seeks images in Boston Marathon bomb probe; new details emerge on explosives|publisher=CBS|newspaper=News|access-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-49">{{cite news|last1=Ellement|first1=John|title=Boston Medical Center reports five-year-old boy in critical condition, 23 victims treated from Boston Marathon bombings|url=https://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/17/boston-medical-center-reports-five-year-old-boy-critical-condition-victims-treated-from-boston-marathon-bombings/gkKXBTqL2jyNhsC2Kz5GyO/story.html|access-date=April 17, 2013|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=April 17, 2013|last2=Ballou|first2=Brian}}</ref> <ref name="Lister">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/16/us/boston-marathon-lone-wolf/|title=Boston Marathon bombs similar to 'lone wolf' devices, experts say|last1=Lister|first1=Tim|first2=Paul|last2=Cruickshank|date=April 17, 2013|publisher=CNN|access-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="abc-pressure-cooker">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/feds-race-trace-boston-marathon-pressure-cooker-bomb/story?id=18976352|title=Feds Race to Trace Boston Marathon Pressure Cooker Bomb|publisher=ABC|date=April 17, 2013|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-50">{{cite web|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/23/17877288-search-of-tsarnaevs-phones-computers-finds-no-indication-of-accomplice-source-says|title=Search of Tsarnaevs' phones, computers finds no indication of accomplice, source says|work=NBC News|last=Isikoff|first=Michael|date=April 23, 2013|access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-51">{{cite news |url=http://world.foxnews.mobi/quickPage.html?page=26264&content=92052754&pageNum=-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613153855/http://world.foxnews.mobi/quickPage.html?page=26264&content=92052754&pageNum=-1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2013 |title=AP Glance: Pressure Cooker Bombs |access-date=April 16, 2013 |date=April 16, 2013 |agency=Associated Press |last1=Vinograd |first1=Cassandra |last2=Dodds |first2=Paisley }}</ref> <ref name="Auto9P-1">{{cite web|title=Inspire Magazine: A Staple Of Domestic Terror|url=http://blog.adl.org/extremism/inspire-magazine-a-staple-of-domestic-terror|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725165935/http://blog.adl.org/extremism/inspire-magazine-a-staple-of-domestic-terror|archive-date=July 25, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-2">{{cite news|last=Dezenski|first=Lauren|title=Older Marathon bombing suspect purchased fireworks at N.H. store, official says|url=https://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/23/older-bombing-suspect-purchased-fireworks-fireworks-store/1XkVkPaumyROa2kIpwWlCK/story.html|access-date=May 2, 2013|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-52">Heinis, John (April 19, 2013). [http://hudsoncountytv.com/news/sister-of-boston-bombers-draw-fbi-to-buchanan-street-in-west-new-york/ "Sister of Boston Bombers Draw FBI to Buchanan Place in West New York"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420050404/http://hudsoncountytv.com/news/sister-of-boston-bombers-draw-fbi-to-buchanan-street-in-west-new-york/ |date=April 20, 2017 }}. Hudson County TV.</ref> <ref name="la-times-bombs-triggered">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-boston-bombing-remote-control-device-20130424,0,3887956.story |title=Boston bombs triggered by remote controls from toy cars, FBI says |first=Brian |last=Bennett |date=April 24, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> <ref name="la-times-suspect-describes-plot">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-boston-bombings-20130424,0,3708069,full.story|title=Boston bombing suspect describes plot|first1=Richard A.|last1=Serrano|first2=Melanie|last2=Mason|first3=Ken|last3=Dilanian|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 23, 2013|access-date=April 24, 2013|archive-date=April 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425011332/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-boston-bombings-20130424,0,3708069,full.story|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-55">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | url=https://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/20/boston-police-commissioner-edward-davis-says-releasing-photos-was-turning-point-boston-marathon-bomb-probe/sojcZNcTCGah8UYBnRuk9O/story.html|title=Boston Police Commissioner Edward Davis says releasing photos was 'turning point' in Boston Marathon bomb probe|first=Milton J.|last=Valencia|publisher=Boston|access-date=April 10, 2015|date=April 21, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="FBI18AprSuspectPics">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/updates-on-investigation-into-multiple-explosions-in-boston/updates-on-investigation-into-multiple-explosions-in-boston|title=Updates on Investigation Into Multiple Explosions in Boston|access-date=April 18, 2013|date=April 18, 2013| work=The FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation|publisher=Department of Justice}}</ref> <ref name="FBI plea">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/18/us/boston-blasts|title=FBI: Help us ID Boston bomb suspects|last1=Smith|first1=Matthew|first2=Thomas|last2=Patterson|date=April 19, 2013|publisher=CNN|access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-175">Montgomery, David; Horwitz, Sari; Fisher, Marc (April 20, 2013). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/inside-the-investigation-of-the-boston-marathon-bombing/2013/04/20/19d8c322-a8ff-11e2-b029-8fb7e977ef71_print.html "Police, citizens and technology factor into Boston bombing probe"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref> <ref name="Bauman evidence">{{cite news|first1=Asjylyn|last1=Loder |first2=Esmé E. |last2=Deprez| title=Boston Bomb Victim in Photo Helped Identify Suspects|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-19/boston-bombing-victim-in-iconic-photo-helped-identify-attackers.html|access-date=April 21, 2013|date=April 19, 2013|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-53">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/04/19/bomb-victim-whose-legs-were-blown-off-reportedly-helped-fbi-id-suspect|title=Bomb victim whose legs were blown off reportedly helped FBI id suspect|newspaper=Fox|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-54">{{cite news|title=FBI Releases Images of Two Suspects in Boston Attack|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/19/us/boston-set-to-mourn-bombing-victims.html|access-date=April 18, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Michael|last2=Cooper|first3=Michael S.|last3=Schmidt}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="AutoLC-56">{{cite web|type=blog post|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/19/17823265-we-got-him-boston-bombing-suspect-captured-alive|title='We got him!': Boston bombing suspect captured alive |publisher=NBC |access-date=April 21, 2013}}</ref> --> <ref name="AtlanticWire04192013">{{cite web|last=Abad-Santos|first=Alexander|title=Who Is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the Man at the Center of the Boston Manhunt?|work=The Atlantic|date=April 19, 2013|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/04/who-is-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-boston/64382|access-date=April 19, 2013|archive-date=April 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419234613/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/04/who-is-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-boston/64382/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=NYTcollier>{{cite news|last=Bidgood|first=Jess|title=On a Field at M.I.T., 10,000 Remember an Officer Who Was Killed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/us/boston-marathon-bombings-developments.html|access-date=May 15, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="lowery">{{cite web| url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/18/mit-police-officer-hit-gunfire-cambridge-police-dispatcher-says/4UeCClOVeLr8PHLvDa99zK/story.html|work=The Boston Globe| title=Search for marathon bombing suspect locks down Watertown, surrounding communities|date=April 19, 2013| access-date=April 19, 2013|first1=Shelley|last1=Murphy|first2=Milton J.|last2=Valencia|first3=Wesley |last3=Lowery|first4=Akilah |last4=Johnson|first5=Eric|last5=Moskowitz|first6=Lisa|last6=Wangsness|first7=John R. |last7=Ellement}} Originally titled "Chaos in Cambridge, Watertown after fatal shooting".</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-58">{{cite web|url=http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/10010403717086/police-mit-police-officer-fatally-shot-gunman-sought|work=WHDH.com|publisher=[[Sunbeam Television]] | title=Police: MIT police officer fatally shot, gunman sought|date=April 19, 2013|access-date=April 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422145042/http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/10010403717086/police-mit-police-officer-fatally-shot-gunman-sought|archive-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-60">{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2013/04/20/police-suspects-used-carjack-victim-atm-card/6zP1751OwoIegCQhKMqy7L/story.html |title=Suburb becomes war zone in days after bombings |access-date=April 22, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421062853/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2013/04/20/police-suspects-used-carjack-victim-atm-card/6zP1751OwoIegCQhKMqy7L/story.html |archive-date=April 21, 2013 }}</ref> <ref name="WashPost04192013">{{cite news|last1=Finn|first1=Peter|title=Tamerlan Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev were refugees from brutal Chechen conflict|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/details-emerge-on-suspected-boston-bombers/2013/04/19/ef2c2566-a8e4-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 20, 2013|first2=Carol D.|last2=Leonnig|first3=Will|last3=Englund|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name=wsjdetails>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323735604578437642076883194|title=Details Emerge of Alleged Carjacking by Bomber Suspects|access-date=April 22, 2013 | work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-62">{{cite news|author=Harris, Dan|title=Alleged Bombers' Carjack Victim Barely Escaped Grab as He Bolted|date=April 23, 2013|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/alleged-bombers-carjack-victim-barely-escaped-grab-bolted/story?id=19020863|work=ABC News|access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoZ2-11">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/26/us/boston-manhunt-recap|title=From fear to cheers: The final hours that paralyzed Boston|access-date=April 29, 2013 | work=CNN|date=April 28, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="cnnpol">{{cite news|title=Police chief: Boston manhunt began with intense firefight in dark street|publisher=CNN|date=April 20, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/20/us/boston-details}}</ref> <ref name="Watertown firefight, Globe">{{cite news|first1=Mark|last1=Arsenault|first2=Sean P|last2=Murphy|title=Marathon bombing suspects threw 'crude grenades' at officers|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/21/new-details-wild-shootout-with-bomb-suspects-watertown-chief-believes-older-brother-was-killed-younger-brother-desperate-getaway/Z793pheqYmXbWbhPr74YDN/story.html|access-date=April 22, 2013|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] Metro|date=April 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422044244/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/21/new-details-wild-shootout-with-bomb-suspects-watertown-chief-believes-older-brother-was-killed-younger-brother-desperate-getaway/Z793pheqYmXbWbhPr74YDN/story.html|archive-date=April 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-65">{{cite web|date=Apr 2013|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/04/theres-shooter-loose-and-officer-down-mit/64379|title=An Officer's Been Killed and There's a Shooter on the Loose in Boston|first=Adam Clark|last=Estes|publisher=The Atlantic Wire|access-date=April 19, 2013|archive-date=April 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419170835/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/04/theres-shooter-loose-and-officer-down-mit/64379/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Tucson Citizen">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/21/police-chief-details-bomb-suspects-capture/2101501/ |access-date=April 22, 2013 |title=Police chief details chase, capture of bombing suspects |author=Leger, Donna |work=USA Today |date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-66">{{cite web|url=http://deadspin.com/the-first-photos-of-the-boston-bombing-suspects-shooto-477881348|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503161312/http://deadspin.com/the-first-photos-of-the-boston-bombing-suspects-shooto-477881348|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 3, 2013|title=The First Photos of The Boston Bombing Suspects' Shootout With Police|publisher=Dead spin|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-67">{{cite web|url=http://www.getonhand.com/blogs/news/7743337-boston-bombing-suspect-shootout-pictures |title=Boston Bombing Suspect Shootout Pictures |publisher=Get on hand |access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoSQ-1">{{cite news|title=102 hours in pursuit of Marathon suspects|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/28/bombreconstruct/VbSZhzHm35yR88EVmVdbDM/story.html|newspaper=The Boston Globe|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621193920/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/28/bombreconstruct/VbSZhzHm35yR88EVmVdbDM/story.html|archive-date=June 21, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-71">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22212946|title=Boston Marathon bomb suspect still at large|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 20, 2013|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-68">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/24/officials-boston-bombing-suspects-one-gun_n_3148609.html|title=Boston Bombing Suspects, Tzarnaev Brothers, Had One Gun During Shootout With Police: Officials|work=Huffington Post |date= April 24, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="The Boston Globe">{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/05/06/bullet-that-nearly-killed-mbta-police-officer-watertown-gunfight-appears-have-been-friendly-fire/kIv9CYo0oVGBC3DlhFjelL/story.html |access-date=May 7, 2013 |title=Witnesses suggest friendly fire felled MBTA officer |author=Miller, Chris |work=The Boston Globe |date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> --> <!-- Ref not used in article body: <ref name="Boston Herald">{{cite news |url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/04/er_doctor_bombing_suspect_died_at_hospital |access-date=April 19, 2013 |title=ER doctor: Bombing suspect died at hospital |last = Graham|first = Jordan|work=Boston Herald |date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> --> <!-- <ref name="NY Times">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/us/autopsy-says-boston-bombing-suspect-died-of-gunshot-wounds-and-blunt-trauma.html |access-date=May 4, 2013 |title=Autopsy Says Boston Bombing Suspect Died of Gunshot Wounds and Blunt Trauma |author=Bidgood, Jess |work=The New York Times |date=May 4, 2013}}</ref> --> <ref name="AutoLC-28">{{cite news|url=http://boston.cbslocal.com/2013/04/19/mbta-police-officer-shot-while-chasing-suspects|title=MBTA Police Officer Shot While Chasing Bombing Suspects|work=[[WBZ-TV|WBZ]] | publisher=[[CBS Radio]] | date=April 19, 2013|access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Auto9P-2">{{cite news|url= https://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2013/05/06/bullet-that-nearly-killed-mbta-police-officer-watertown-gunfight-appears-have-been-friendly-fire/KH9zN91vCDy7gOynKPBymL/story.html |title=Bullet that nearly killed MBTA police officer in Watertown gunfight appears to have been friendly fire | work =Boston |access-date=May 20, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Philippe Naughton">{{cite news|url= http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/americas/article3743697.ece|title= Live: Boston bomb suspect killed by police, one hunted|last=Naughton|first=Philippe|date=April 19, 2013 |work=[[The Times]] | location=UK|access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-74">{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/watertown/2013/04/officials_in_watertown_field_c.html | date=April 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015|title=Officials in Watertown field calls from worried residents – Watertown – Your Town |work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-75">{{cite journal | url= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/regionals/south/2013/04/24/from-boston-watertown-suburban-police-played-key-role-bombing-investigation-joined-purpose-police-respond-from-near-far/XIsRWAGRpFUgCnNZESqbmJ/story.html|date=April 25, 2013|title=Suburban police played a key role in bombing investigation|quote=By 6{{nbsp}}p.m. Friday, Governor Deval Patrick suspended the "shelter-in-place" order for Watertown, Belmont, Boston, Brookline, Cambridge, Newton, and Waltham after the manhunt came up empty.|journal=The Boston Globe|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> <ref name=cisomerville>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.somerville.ma.us/alerts/important-public-safety-alert-41913 |title=Important Public Safety Alert 4/19/13 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502005051/http://www.ci.somerville.ma.us/alerts/important-public-safety-alert-41913 |archive-date=May 2, 2013 }}</ref> <ref name=nationRawlings>{{cite magazine| url= http://nation.time.com/2013/04/19/was-boston-actually-on-lockdown/ |title= Was Boston Actually on Lockdown? |last = Rawlings | first =Nate|date=April 19, 2013|access-date=April 29, 2013 |magazine=Time}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-4">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesomervillenews.com/archives/37354|date=April 19, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015|agency=Somerville News|title=City of Somerville Safety Advisory}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-76">{{cite journal|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-explosions-boston-shooting-idUSBRE93I0GQ20130419|date=April 19, 2013 | title =Gunfire heard in search for Boston Marathon bomb suspect|journal=Reuters|access-date= April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-77">{{cite journal|url= https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-57580474-504083/boston-marathon-manhunt-search-for-bombing-suspect-is-law-enforcements-first-major-test-of-post-9-11-training/ |date= April 19, 2013|title= Boston Marathon Manhunt: Search for bombing suspect is law enforcement's first major test of post-9/11 training|journal=[[CBS News]] | access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-5">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bostonpolice/status/325259613215789056|date=April 19, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015| title = Boston police | quote = Taxi service in the City of Boston has been restored. | publisher = Twitter}}</ref> <ref name="Logan and Taxis">{{cite news | url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2013/04/19/boston-flights-operating-but-under-heightened-security/2096217/ |title=Boston flights operating, airlines waive change fees |first=Ben |last=Mutzabaugh |date=April 19, 2013 |access-date=April 19, 2013 |newspaper= USA Today}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-80">{{cite web |date=April 19, 2013 |url=http://www.wggb.com/2013/04/19/boston-suspects-father-dzhokhar-is-a-true-angel/ |title=Boston Bomb Suspect's Dad Tells Him to Surrender, Warns 'Hell Will Break Loose' if Son Dies |work=ABC News |access-date=April 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422065952/http://www.wggb.com/2013/04/19/boston-suspects-father-dzhokhar-is-a-true-angel/ |archive-date=April 22, 2013 }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-81">{{cite news|title=Boston Marathon bombers: suspect Dzhozkar Tsarnaev's uncle Ruslan Tsarni pleads 'turn yourself in'|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/10006657/Boston-Marathon-bombers-suspect-Dzhozkar-Tsarnaevs-uncle-Ruslan-Tsarni-pleads-turn-yourself-in.html |agency=Associated Press|date=April 19, 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=April 19, 2013|location=London, UK}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-83">{{cite news|title=Second Boston Marathon bombing suspect in custody|url=http://www.wcvb.com/Second-Boston-Marathon-bombing-suspect-in-custody/-/9849586/19814816/-/cw8b4az/-/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030232357/https://www.wcvb.com/Second-Boston-Marathon-bombing-suspect-in-custody/-/9849586/19814816/-/cw8b4az/-/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 30, 2018|date=April 20, 2013|publisher=WCVB|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="BBCboat">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22229329|title= Boston police explain how bombing suspect was caught| work= BBC News | place = UK |date=April 20, 2013|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-84">{{cite news |title=Watertown family finds alleged marathon bomber in boat |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/19/watertown-family-finds-alleged-marathon-bomber-boat/y3te9bJyaatLpd4yvLGRGJ/story.html| last=Anderson |first=Derek J. |date=April 19, 2013 |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-85">{{cite web|url=http://mynorthwest.com/646/2256999/Northwest-technology-helped-find-Boston-bombing-suspect|title=Northwest technology helped find Boston bombing suspect |first=Linda |last=Thomas |date=April 21, 2013 |access-date=April 21, 2013 |publisher=MyNorthwest.com}}</ref> <ref name="AutoG4-1">{{cite web|author=Evan Allen |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/22/boston-police-superintendent-recounts-officers-long-search-tense-final-confrontation/J9Cfhro6itly2uc9QFnmIK/story.html |title=Boston police superintendent recounts officers' long search, tense final confrontation |work=The Boston Globe |date=April 23, 2013 |access-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-87">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/officials-boston-suspect-had-no-firearm-when-barrage-of-bullets-hit-hiding-place/2013/04/24/376fc8a0-ad18-11e2-a8b9-2a63d75b5459_story.html|title=Officials: Boston suspect had no firearm when barrage of bullets hit hiding place|first=Sari|last=Horwitz|author2=Peter Finn|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 24, 2013|access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|title=Bombing suspect surrounded in Watertown|url=http://www.lowellsun.com/breakingnews/ci_23065406/sun-staff-and-news-services|newspaper=The Lowell Sun|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Shots Fired in Watertown (Update: Police Have Suspect In Custody)|date=April 19, 2013|url=http://www.mediaite.com/online/breaking-shots-fired-in-watertown|publisher=Mediaite|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-88">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/boston-suspect-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-remains-in-critical-condition/2013/04/22/040bd43b-3607-4275-bc6c-57b04ced6332_video.html|title=Boston suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev remains in critical condition|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-89">{{cite journal|url= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/22/dzhokhar-tsarnaev-criminal-complaint_n_3133865.html|title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Criminal Complaint Offers New Details in Boston Marathon Bombing|journal=Huffington Post|date=April 22, 2013|access-date=April 26, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoG4-2">{{cite news |url=http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2013/04/22/inside-boston-manhunts-end-game/ |title=Inside Boston manhunt's end game – Anderson Cooper 360 |publisher=CNN |date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505000351/http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2013/04/22/inside-boston-manhunts-end-game/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=CNN220130423>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/23/us/boston-attack|title=Boston bomb suspect: My brother was the mastermind|first1=Jack|last1=Tapper|first2=Matthew|last2=Smith|publisher=CNN|date=April 23, 2013|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoG4-3">{{cite 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April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name=dailybeastcaucasus>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/04/22/the-caucasus-connection.html|title=The Caucasus Connection: At a radical mosque in Dagestan, alleged marathon bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev is remembered by many worshippers—and the secret police|last=Nemtsova|first=Anna|date=April 22, 2013|newspaper=The Daily Beast|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-113">{{cite web|url=http://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=r4wqztmys6tw&lvl=18&dir=0&sty=b&form=LMLTCC|title=Kotrova Street, Makhachkala|work=Bing|publisher=Microsoft|date=April 16, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-114">{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/23/3359401/from-outsiders-to-bombing-suspects.html |title=From outsiders to bombing suspects in Boston |date=April 23, 2013 |newspaper=The Miami Herald |first1=Lara |last1=Jakes |first2=Eileen |last2=Sullivan |author-link2=Eileen Sullivan|access-date=April 24, 2013 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Out|url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/national-international/Boston-Bombing-Suspects-are-Russian-Brothers-Officials-Say-203757531.html|publisher=[[NBC Bay Area]] | access-date=April 21, 2013|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-119">{{cite news|title=Brothers Suspected in Boston Bombing Straddled Cultures|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-19/brothers-suspected-in-boston-bombing-straddled-cultures.html|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] | access-date=April 21, 2013|last1=Deprez|first1=Esmé E.|last2=Gopal|first2=Prashant|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Auto9P-4">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bombers-mother-told-son-to-go-to-palestine|title=Bombers' mother told older son to go to 'Palestine'|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=April 28, 2013|access-date=May 3, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Auto9P-5">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324743704578447263803031592|title=Suspects' Mother Was Placed on Watch List|date=April 28, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-8">{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Eileen|author-link1=Eileen Sullivan|last2=Pace|first2=Julie|title=Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, Bombing Suspect's Mom, Also on Terror List|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/26/zubeidat-tsarnaeva-terror-list_n_3164332.html|access-date=May 1, 2013|date=April 26, 2013|newspaper=Huffington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430215007/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/26/zubeidat-tsarnaeva-terror-list_n_3164332.html|archive-date=April 30, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-120">{{cite news|title=Injured Saudi man not a suspect in Boston attacks|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57579893/sources-injured-saudi-man-not-a-suspect-in-boston-attacks|last=Sison|first=Bree|work=CBS News|access-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-121">{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Steven|title=Boston Police: 'We Are Questioning Many People'|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/newsgram/articles/2013/04/15/boston-police-we-are-questioning-many-people|access-date=April 16, 2013|newspaper=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> <ref name="Hunter">{{cite web|url=http://livewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/entry/boston-police-commissioner-there-is-no-suspect-in|title=Boston Police Commissioner: 'There Is No Suspect In Custody' |last=Hunter|first=Walker|date=April 16, 2013|publisher=[[Talking Points Memo]] | access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-122">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/saudi-national-questioned-boston-bombings-allegedly-flagged-terror-134039390.html|title=Saudi National Questioned in Boston Bombings Was Allegedly Flagged on Terror Watch List|last=Hallowell|first=Billy|date=April 22, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="CNN_FBI">{{cite news|title=FBI will try to rebuild Boston bombs|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/15/us/boston-marathon-investigation/index.html|last1=Smith|first1=Matt|last2=Levs|first2=Josh|publisher=CNN|access-date=April 17, 2013|date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-123">{{cite news |title=Large police presence in Revere connected to Boston bombing |url=http://www.myfoxboston.com/story/21986273/large-police-presence-in-revere-connected-to-boston-bombing |publisher=[[WFXT]] |access-date=April 16, 2013 |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416141214/http://www.myfoxboston.com/story/21986273/large-police-presence-in-revere-connected-to-boston-bombing |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-124">{{cite news| url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1757944/Bombing-suspect-dead-after-gunfight,-one-still-at-large| title=Bombing suspect dead after gunfight, one still at large| publisher=World News Australia| date=April 19, 2013| access-date=April 11, 2015| archive-date=June 21, 2013| 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2015}}</ref> <ref name="businessinsider">{{cite web|title=Here's What We Know About The Three New Suspects Linked To Alleged Boston Bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev|work= Business Insider |access-date=May 2, 2013|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/azamat-tazhayakov-dias-kadyrbayev-2013-5|author=Michael Kelley|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-127">{{cite news|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/04/reports_police_arrest_3_in_new.html|title=Police take 3 into custody in New Bedford at housing complex where Boston bombing suspect may have lived| publisher=MassLive.com| date=April 19, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-10">{{cite news | first1 =John R. | last1 = Ellement | first2 = Todd | last2 = Wallack | first3 = Maria | last3 = Sacchetti | first4 = Matt | last4 = Carroll | first5 = Martin | last5 = Finucane|title=Two Kazakh men, Cambridge man, face charges in disposal of backpack owned by Boston Marathon bombing suspect |work=The Boston 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Michael |title=More arrests in Boston bombings, FBI eyes terror cell| publisher=Rockford Record| date=April 21, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-130">{{cite news| url= http://www.abc6.com/story/22039568/two-men-in-new-bedford-arrested-on-immigration-charges-after| last= DeQuattro |first = Dee |title=Two men in New Bedford arrested on immigration charges| publisher=ABC 6| date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-12">{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Adam|title=Here's The Criminal Complaint Against The New Suspects in the Boston Bombing Case|work= Business Insider | access-date=May 2, 2013|date=May 1, 2013|url= http://www.businessinsider.com/boston-bombing-criminal-complaint-2013-5}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-13">{{cite web|first =Jacquie | last = Kubin| title= Boston Update: Azamat Tazhayakov, Dias Kadyrbayev arrested in bombings| access-date= May 2, 2013 | date =May 1, 2013|url= http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/political-potpourri/2013/may/1/boston-update-azamat-tazhayakov-dias-kadyrbayev-ar}}</ref> <ref name="Auto9P-6">{{cite news| work = The Wall Street Journal | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324326504578466891044588344 |title=Bombing Suspect's Friend, Robel Phillipos, Released on Bail | access-date= May 8, 2013|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="usatoday">{{cite news| type = Facebook post |url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/01/boston-bombing-suspects-tsarnaev-tazhayakov-kadyrbayev-phillipos/2128189 |title=FBI: Friends tried to cover bombing suspect's tracks | work =USA today |date=May 2, 2013 |access-date= May 8, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Kolata">{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/17/us/physical-legacy-of-bomb-blasts-could-be-cruel-for-boston-marathon-victims.html|title=Physical Legacy of Bomb Blasts Could Be Cruel for Boston Marathon Victims|last1=Kolata|first1=Gina|first2=Jeré|last2=Longman|first3=Mary|last3=Pilon|date=April 17, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-15">{{cite news|last=Lavidor-Berman|first=Adrienne|title=Bombings at the Boston Marathon|url=http://live.boston.com/Event/Live_blog_Explosion_in_Copley_Square/73151440|access-date=April 16, 2013|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-16">{{cite journal|url=http://tv.sohu.com/20130419/n373228770.shtml|script-title=zh:奥巴马：我们为吕令子的中国家人祈祷 |trans-title=Obama: We pray for Lu Lingzi's Chinese family|journal=Sohu|date=April 19, 2013|format=video|language=zh|access-date=April 19, 2013|url-access=registration}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-17">{{cite news|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/geocheck/ci/http__3A__2F__2Fhk.apple.nextmedia.com__2Frealtime__2Finternational__2F20130417__2F51352522 |script-title=zh:【波士頓爆炸】第3名死者： 中國公民呂令子 |language=zh |publisher=Phoenix Television |work=Apple Daily |access-date=April 17, 2013 |date=April 17, 2013 |trans-title=Boston explosion No. 3 deceased: Chinese citizens Lu Lingzi |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505005557/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/international/20130417/51352522 |archive-date=May 5, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-18">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/3rd-victim-of-bombings-identified-as-lingzi-lu-graduate-student/2013/04/17/ce65e660-a776-11e2-b029-8fb7e977ef71_story.html |first1=Jenna|last1=Johnson|first2=Steven|last2=Mufson|title=Boston University identifies third bombing victim as Lu Lingzi|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | access-date=April 18, 2013|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Buckley">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/world/asia/china-mourns-the-death-of-student-in-boston-blast.html|title=China Mourns the Death of a Student in Boston Blast|last=Buckley|first=Chris|date=April 17, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 17, 2013}} ([http://cn.nytimes.com/article/china/2013/04/17/c17victim/dual/ Chinese translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422004426/http://cn.nytimes.com/article/china/2013/04/17/c17victim/dual/ |date=April 22, 2013 }})<!-- The Chinese name used by Buckley is "{{lang|zh|储百亮}}" and the Chinese title is {{lang|zh|中国哀悼波士顿遇难女留学生}} --></ref> <ref name="AutoLC-19">{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/photos/memorial-honors-boston-victims-slideshow/photograph-boston-university-student-lingzi-lu-killed-boston-photo-021151797.html?format=embed|title=Memorial honors Boston victims|type=photo gallery|work=News|publisher=Yahoo!|date=April 20, 2011|access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-20">{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2013/statement-from-the-family-of-lu-lingzi |title=Letter from the Family of Lu Lingzi |publisher=Bu.edu |date=April 17, 2013 |access-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Fantz">{{cite 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|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/massachusetts/2013/04/22/just-bombing-victims-still-critically-ill-but-count-injured-rises/7mUGAu5tJgKsxc634NCAJJ/story.html |title=Just 2 bombing victims still critically ill, but count of injured rises to 282 |work=The Boston Globe |date=April 23, 2013 |access-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708111943/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/massachusetts/2013/04/22/just-bombing-victims-still-critically-ill-but-count-injured-rises/7mUGAu5tJgKsxc634NCAJJ/story.html |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-24-26">{{cite news|last=Dahler|first=Don|date=April 26, 2013|title=For Boston bombing survivor, a life-changing decision|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57581710/for-boston-bombing-survivor-a-life-changing-decision|work=CBS News|access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="CFN13">{{cite web| title=FBI takes over investigation, seeking suspects, motives in Boston bombings| 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Jeffrey|last2=MacDonald|first3=Karen|last3=Weintraub|newspaper=USA Today|date=April 18, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-27">{{cite news|last=Zoroya|first=Gregg|title=For Boston attack's amputees, road to recovery begins|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/17/boston-marathon-amputation-bombing-recovery/2090679|access-date=April 20, 2013| newspaper=USA Today|date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoZ2-10">{{cite web|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/21/17814843-rapid-strides-limb-advances-offer-hope-for-boston-amputees|title='Rapid strides': Limb advances offer hope for Boston amputees|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="BosHerald shrapnel">{{cite news|url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/04/docs_describe_nails_bbs_viciously_blasted_into_marathon_patients|title=Docs describe nails, BBs viciously blasted into Marathon patients|last1=Kantor|first1=Ira|first2=Christine|last2=McConville|date=April 16, 2013|work=[[Boston Herald]] | access-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-132">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57579768/boston-marathon-bombs-the-world-reacts|title=Boston Marathon bombs: The world reacts|publisher=CBS|newspaper=News|access-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-41">{{cite news|author=Reidy, Chris|title=L.L.Bean commits $150,000 to the One Fund Boston|date=April 24, 2013|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/04/24/bean-commits-one-fund-boston/DM92GI2LAQH3Z875sXJWmN/story.html|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> <ref name=Trumbull>{{cite news|title=How can you help Boston? 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"[https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/18/establishes-scholarship-honor-bombing-victim-lingzi-family-expresses-grief-over-loss/itk8AQvN3NW7lldmchjSKI/story.html BU starts scholarship to honor Chinese student who died in Marathon bombings]". ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. April 19, 2013. 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was 'chaos': Canadian runners recount panic|work=[[National Post]] | access-date=April 15, 2013|date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph_wl">{{cite news|location=UK |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9996671/Boston-Marathon-explosions-world-leaders-react.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9996671/Boston-Marathon-explosions-world-leaders-react.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Boston Marathon explosions: world leaders react|work=The Telegraph|date=April 16, 2013|access-date=April 19, 2013|first1=Bonnie|last1=Malkin}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref name="SI_1">{{cite magazine|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013/track_field/wires/04/16/2080.ap.ath.boston.marathon.international.quotes.1st.ld.writethru.0874|title=International officials react to Boston attacks|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] | date=April 16, 2013|access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="newyorkFan">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/04/lu-lingzis-journey-to-the-marathon.html|title=Lu Lingzi's journey to the marathon|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 17, 2013|access-date=April 20, 2013|last=Fan|first=Jiayang}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-146">"[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578429982997930580 Parents of China Victim Get U.S. Visas]". ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.</ref> <ref name="Katz">{{cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/London-to-review-marathon-security/tabid/417/articleID/294437/Default.aspx|place=[[New Zealand|NZ]]|title=London to review marathon security|last=Katz|first=Gregory|date=April 16, 2013|publisher=[[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]]|access-date=April 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613153855/http://www.3news.co.nz/London-to-review-marathon-security/tabid/417/articleID/294437/Default.aspx|archive-date=June 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-147">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22236946|title=London Marathon: Runners and crowds mark Boston attack|work=BBC News|place=UK|date=April 21, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-148">{{cite news|title=Ethiopia's Kebede wins London Marathon|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/sport/athletics/2013/04/201342111463715901.html|access-date=April 21, 2013|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=April 21, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Auto9P-8">{{cite web |last=Crawford |first=Tiffany |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/Vancouver+donate+late+entry+Boston+Marathon+victims/8249333/story.html |title=Vancouver Sun Run to donate $10 per late entry for Boston Marathon victims |work=The Vancouver Sun |date=April 17, 2013 |access-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-date=April 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419044203/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Vancouver+donate+late+entry+Boston+Marathon+victims/8249333/story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-152">{{cite magazine|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/23/czech-republic-forced-to-remind-the-internet-that-chechnya-is-a-different-country-after-boston-bombing |title=Czech Republic Forced to Remind the Internet That Chechnya Is in Different Country After Boston Bombing |magazine=Time |date=April 23, 2013 |access-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-149">{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Russia-offers-to-help-probe-Boston-blasts-20130416|title=Russia offers to help probe Boston blasts|work=News24|date=April 16, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-150">{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/148232-russias-pr-machine-ready-for-fallout-from-boston-bombings/|title=Russia's PR machine ready for fallout from Boston bombings|newspaper=The Hill|access-date=April 26, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-151">{{cite news|title=Suspects' mother says bombing was staged with paint instead of blood|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/25/us/boston-attack/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|access-date=April 25, 2013|publisher=CNN|date=April 26, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-153">[http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/boston-bombing-suspects-lost-contact-with-chechnya-in-childhood-kadyrov-spokesman-3/ Boston bombing suspects lost contact with Chechnya in childhood – Kadyrov's spokesman] [[Interfax]], April 19, 2013.</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-154">{{citation|url=http://newsru.com/russia/19apr2013/plokhishi.html |script-title=ru:Руководство Чечни дистанцировалось от бостонских "плохишей": их воспитала Америка|trans-title=The Chechen leadership distanced itself from Boston 'bad guys': They brought up by America |date=April 19, 2013|work=NEWSru.com|language=ru}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-155">{{cite news|title=Chechen leader: 'The roots of evil must be searched for in America'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/19/tsarnaev-brothers-chechnya-ramzan-kadyrov|newspaper=The Guardian|date=April 19, 2013|location=London, UK|first1=Tom|last1=McCarthy|first2=Miriam|last2=Elder}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-156">{{cite news|url=http://www.chechenpress.org/news/3587-zayavlenie-a-zakaeva-v-svyazi-s-teraktom-v-bostone.html |script-title=ru:Заявление А. Закаева в связи с терактом в Бостоне |trans-title=Statement of Akhmed Zakayev in connection with the terrorist attack in Boston |language=ru |work=Chechen Press |date=April 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422105059/http://www.chechenpress.org/news/3587-zayavlenie-a-zakaeva-v-svyazi-s-teraktom-v-bostone.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-157">{{cite news|first1=Courtney|last1=Weaver|first2=Charles|last2=Clover|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8c2ddf8e-aa80-11e2-bc0d-00144feabdc0.html|title=Russian militant group denies Boston link|newspaper=The [[Financial Times]] | date=April 21, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015|quote=The main militant group in Russia's southern Caucasus region, the Caucasus Emirate, has denied responsibility for last week's Boston bombing}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-158">{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/daghestan-insurgency-denies-any-role-in-boston-bombing/24964774.html|title=Daghestani Insurgency Denies Any Role in Boston Bombings |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=April 13, 2013|access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-159">{{cite web|url=http://www.kavkaz.org.uk/eng/content/2013/04/21/17679.shtml |title=Statement of the Command of Mujahideen of Caucasus Emirate's Dagestan Province in relation to events in Boston |publisher=Kavkaz.org.uk |access-date=April 22, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207095208/http://www.kavkaz.org.uk/eng/content/2013/04/21/17679.shtml |archive-date=February 7, 2014 }}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-160">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/one-day-after-boston-bombing-new-york-post-has-not-retracted-presumably-incorrect-reports-death-toll|title=One Day After Boston Bombing, New York Post Has Not Retracted Presumably Incorrect Reports of Death Toll and Saudi Suspect |work=International Business Times|access-date=April 22, 2013|last=Killoran |first=Ellen |date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-163">{{cite web|url=http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/ny-post-fail-police-journalists-refute-tabloids-report-of-arrested-suspect_b80589 |title=NY Post Fail? Police Deny Tabloid's Report of Suspect 'Under Guard' |publisher=Mediabistro.com |date=April 15, 2013 |last=Kaufman |first=Alexander C. |access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-164">{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/04/18/new-york-post-repeatedly-misidentifies-boston-suspects|title=New York Post repeatedly misidentifies Boston suspects|website=The Raw Story|date=April 18, 2013|last=Webster|first=Stephen C.|access-date=April 22, 2013|archive-date=April 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422115302/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/04/18/new-york-post-repeatedly-misidentifies-boston-suspects/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-165">{{cite magazine|last=Davidson|first=Amy|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/comment/2013/04/the-saudi-marathon-man.html|title=The Saudi Marathon Man|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 17, 2013|access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-169">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/hs-track-star-speaks-didn-article-1.1320766|title=Boston Marathon spectator Salah Barhoum, who was interviewed by authorities following the bombings, swears he 'didn't do it' |work=Daily News|date=January 11, 2013|access-date=April 20, 2013 |last1=Morales|first1=Mark|first2=Bev|last2=Ford|location=New York}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|last=Chittum|first=Ryan|url=https://www.cjr.org/the_audit/the_new_york_posts_disgrace.php |title=The New York Post's disgrace: Columbia Journalism Review|publisher=CJR|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Reconsidering the Internet detectives in Boston manhunt on Reddit and 4Chan: the benefits and pitfalls">{{cite news|title=Reconsidering the Internet detectives in Boston manhunt on Reddit and 4Chan: the benefits and pitfalls|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/online-sleuths-boston-manhunt-reddit-4chan-article-1.1322658|agency=Associated Press|access-date=April 23, 2013|location=New York|work=Daily News}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-170">{{cite web| url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/04/wrongly-accused-boston-bombing-suspects-sunil-tripathi.html |first=Joseph 'Joe' |last=Coscarelli| title=All the Mistakenly Identified 'Suspects' in the Boston Bombing Investigation| work=New York |date=April 20, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-171">{{cite news |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Innocents-accused-in-online-manhunt/tabid/412/articleID/295143/Default.aspx |work=3 News NZ |title=Innocents accused in online manhunt |date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=April 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215111626/http://www.3news.co.nz/Innocents-accused-in-online-manhunt/tabid/412/articleID/295143/Default.aspx |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Missing Brown University student's family dragged into virally fueled false accusation in Boston">{{cite web|last=Briggs|first=Bill|title=Missing Brown University student's family dragged into virally fueled false accusation in Boston|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/19/17826915-missing-brown-university-students-family-dragged-into-virally-fueled-false-accusation-in-boston|work=NBC|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-172">{{cite news|title=Missing Brown University student found dead in Providence River, authorities confirm|author=Chuck, Elizabeth|date=April 25, 2013|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/25/17913288-missing-brown-university-student-found-dead-in-providence-river-authorities-confirm?lite|work=NBC News|access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-173">{{cite news|title=FBI Shreds The Media Over Unverified Boston Marathon Reports|last=LoGiurato|first=Brett|date=April 17, 2013 |access-date=April 22, 2013|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/boston-marathon-arrest-bombing-reports-fbi-2013-4|work=Business Insider}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-174">{{cite news|title=FBI urges media to 'exercise caution' after inaccurate arrest reports|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/17/fbi-media-exercise-caution-bombings|last=Williams|first=Matt|date=April 17, 2013|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=[[The Guardian]] | location=London}}</ref> <ref name="Berman">{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Pat|title=UCSD professor says Boston Marathon was 'lone wolf' terrorism|url=http://www.lajollalight.com/2013/04/21/ucsd-professor-says-boston-marathon-was-lone-wolf-terrorism/|access-date=June 17, 2014|work=La Jolla Light|date=April 21, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307085243/http://www.lajollalight.com/2013/04/21/ucsd-professor-says-boston-marathon-was-lone-wolf-terrorism/|archive-date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> <!-- Refs not used in article body: <ref name="BBC-030">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22191030|title=Boston bombings: Muslim Americans await bomber's ID|last=Garrison|first=Lynsea|date=April 18, 2013|access-date=July 17, 2013|website=BBC News}}</ref> <ref name="AutoZ2-9">{{cite news|last=Malkin|first=Bonnie|title=Boston Marathon explosion: runner Bill Iffrig knocked down by blast finishes the race|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9996675/Boston-Marathon-explosion-runner-Bill-Iffrig-knocked-down-by-blast-finishes-the-race.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9996675/Boston-Marathon-explosion-runner-Bill-Iffrig-knocked-down-by-blast-finishes-the-race.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=April 16, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref name=heraldLakeStevens>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20130415/NEWS01/704159868|title=Lake Stevens runner just feet from blast in Boston|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref><ref name="AutoLC-161">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2013/04/16/new-york-post-12-still-dead-in-bombings-that-killed-at-least-3|title=New York Post: 12 still dead in bombings that killed at least 3|work=The Washington Post|date=April 16, 2013|last=Wemple|first=Erik|access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref><ref name="AutoLC-162">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2013/04/17/new-york-post-reports-three-dead-from-boston-bombings|title=New York Post reports three dead from Boston bombings|work=[[The Washington Post]] | last=Wemple|first=Erik|date=April 17, 2013|access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-23">Ellement, John R., (April 23, 2013). [https://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/23/martin-william-richard-the-youngest-boston-marathon-murder-victim-has-been-laid-rest-private-services-family-says/9ru4lP8Fo9K7t68aHS4LxH/story.html Martin William Richard, at 8 the youngest Boston Marathon murder victim, has been laid to rest at private services, family says], ''The Boston Globe''. Retrieved April 23, 2013.</ref> <ref name="AP-tsarnaref-silent">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/us/boston-marathon-bombing-suspects-hoped-to-attack-again.html|title=Suspects Seemed Set for Attacks Beyond Boston|first1=Eric|last1=Schmitt|last2=Schmidt|first2=Michael S. |work=The New York Times|date=April 21, 2013|access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Slate pronunciation">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2013/04/pronounce_boston_bomb_names_listen_to_recording_of_names_of_dzhokhar_tsarnaev.html|title=Pronounce Boston bomb names: Listen to recording of names of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Tamerlan Tsarnaev.|work=Slate Magazine|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AutoZ2-6">{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Chris|title=Sports Illustrated Cover: Boston Marathon Bombing Issue Shows Police Officers, Bill Iffrig (PHOTO)|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/17/sports-illustrated-cover-boston-marathon-bombing_n_3097391.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=April 17, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AutoZ2-7">{{cite web|url=http://masterstrack.com/2013/04/24716|title=M75 runner Bill Iffrig becomes poster child for courage at Boston|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoZ2-8">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/video/clip?id=9176200|title=Steve Levy Talks To Marathon Runner|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoZ2-5">{{cite web|url=http://fox6now.com/2013/04/15/report-explosion-at-finish-line-of-boston-marathon|title=Eight-year-old boy one of 3 killed after Boston Marathon bombings|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="BosGlobeTweet">[https://twitter.com/BostonGlobe/status/326776977472241664 Breaking: Older bombing suspect purchased fireworks at N.H. fireworks store, store official says] – official [[The Boston Globe]] Twitter account.</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-15">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/20/us/boston-marathon-bombings.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Katharine Q. | last1=Seelye | first2=William K. | last2=Rashbaum | first3=Michael | last3=Cooper | title=2nd Bombing Suspect Caught After Frenzied Hunt Paralyzes Boston | date=April 19, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-82">{{cite news|title=Boston Bombing Suspect is in Custody, Alive|url= http://www.wltx.com/news/article/233289/2/Gunshots-Police-Activity-in-Watertown |first=Anthony|last=Santaella|date=April 19, 2013|publisher=WLTX|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="NYTPursuit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/us/officers-killing-spurred-pursuit-in-boston-attack.html|title=Officer's Killing Spurred Pursuit in Boston Attack|work=The New York Times|first1=Wendy|last1=Ruderman|first2=Serge F.|last2=Kovaleski|first3=Michael|last3= Cooper|date= April 24, 2013 | access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="AutoQU-3">{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Sean|title= Authorities investigate if friendly fire wounded MBTA officer in shoot-out with Boston Marathon bombing suspects|url= https://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/04/25/authorities-investigate-friendly-fire-wounded-mbta-officer-shoot-out-with-boston-marathon-bombing-suspects/pnPFWw6A3irQKRzhlB6zIN/story.html |access-date=May 1, 2013|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=April 25, 2013|author2=Shelley Murphy}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-70">{{cite news|title=Boston blasts: bomb suspect drove over brother, police say|newspaper=Straits times|date=April 21, 2013|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/world/story/boston-blasts-bomb-suspect-drove-over-brother-police-say-20130421|access-date=April 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430230643/http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/world/story/boston-blasts-bomb-suspect-drove-over-brother-police-say-20130421|archive-date=April 30, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoLC-69">{{cite news|url=http://www.wggb.com/2013/04/19/boston-police-issue-fresh-photo-of-suspect-2|last1=Sullivan|first1=Eileen|author-link1=Eileen Sullivan|last2=Barr|first2=Meghan|last3=Zezima|first3=Katie|agency=Associated Press|title=Boston Bombing Suspect ID'ed as Cambridge Man|publisher=[[WGGB-TV]] | date=April 19, 2013|access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="WWL First News">{{cite news |url=http://www.wwl.com/pages/16093472.php?contentType=4&contentId=12840287 |access-date=April 19, 2013 |title=AUDIO: Cops hit one bombing suspect with SUV |author=Miller, Chris |work=WWL First News |date=April 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016100201/http://www.wwl.com/pages/16093472.php?contentType=4&contentId=12840287 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> --> }} == External links == {{Commons category|2013 Boston Marathon bombings}} {{external media |float= right |width=238px |image1= [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/photography/2013/04/boston_marathon_explosions_two_bombs_went_off_by_the_finish_line_photos.html Photos From the Boston Marathon Bombing] (''Slate'') |image2= [https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/04/photos-of-the-boston-marathon-bombing/100495/ Photos of the Boston Marathon Bombing] (''The Atlantic'') |image3= [https://www.reuters.com/video/2013/04/15/reuters-tv-video-shows-moment-of-deadly-explosion-a?videoId=242254641&videoChannel=117849 Video shows moment of deadly explosion at finish line of Boston Marathon] (''Reuters'')}} * {{cite journal |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/updates-on-investigation-into-multiple-explosions-in-boston |title=Updates on Investigation into Multiple Explosions in Boston|website=FBI.gov |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|author=FBI|date=October 21, 2013}} * {{citation|first=Leti|last=Volpp|title=The Boston Bombers|journal=Fordham Law Review|via=Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository|volume=82|year=2014|url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3277&context=facpubs}} '''Congressional hearings''' * {{cite conference|url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo47878|title=''Lessons Learned from the Boston Marathon Bombings: Preparing for and Responding to the Attack''|conference=Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate|institution=One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session|date=July 10, 2013|id=S. Hrg. 113–226}} * {{cite conference|url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo52496|title=''The Boston Marathon Bombings, One Year On: A Look Back to Look Forward''|conference=Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives|institution =One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session|date=April 9, 2014|id=Serial No. 113–64}} * {{cite conference|url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo53215|title=''Lessons Learned from the Boston Marathon Bombings: Improving Intelligence and Information Sharing''|conference=Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate|institution=One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session|date=April 30, 2014|id=S. Hrg. 113–444}} {{Boston Athletic Association}} {{Boston, Massachusetts}} {{Portal bar|United States}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|42|20|59.2|N|71|4|44.1|W|source:eswiki_type:event|display=title}} [[Category:Boston Marathon bombing| ]] [[Category:2013 in Boston]] [[Category:2013 in sports in Massachusetts]] [[Category:2013 murders in the United States]] [[Category:April 2013 crimes in the United States]] [[Category:April 2013 events in the United States]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Boston Marathon]] [[Category:Boston Police Department]] [[Category:Copley Square]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Disasters in Boston]] [[Category:Disasters in sports]] [[Category:Explosions in 2013]] [[Category:Filmed improvised explosive device bombings]] [[Category:History of Boston]] [[Category:History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] [[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States]] [[Category:Islamic terrorism in the United States]] [[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2013]] [[Category:Manhunts]] [[Category:Mass murder in 2013]] [[Category:Murder in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Plots and attacks using pressure cooker bombs]] [[Category:Politics and sports]] [[Category:Sports-related accidents and incidents]] [[Category:Terrorism in the United States]] [[Category:Terrorist incidents in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2013]] [[Category:University and college shootings in the United States]] [[Category:Watertown, Massachusetts]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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