Biblical infallibility

{{Short description|Christian theology of the Bible}}
{{distinguish|Biblical inerrancy}}
{{Bible related}}

'''Biblical infallibility''' is the belief that what the [[Bible]] says regarding matters of [[Christianity|faith and Christian practice]] is wholly useful and true. It is the "belief that the Bible is completely trustworthy as a guide to salvation and the life of faith and will not fail to accomplish its purpose."<ref>McKim, DK, Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, John Knox Press, 1996.</ref>

==Background==
Historically, Jewish and Christian interpreters of the Bible have seen it as reliable and trustworthy, but such views do not equate veracity with historicity, scientificity or even facticity.<ref>Brettler, Marc Zvi.(2013). Biblical Authority: A Jewish Pluralistic View. TheTorah.com. https://thetorah.com/article/biblical-authority-a-jewish-pluralistic-view</ref> The idea of biblical infallibility gained ground in [[Protestant]] churches as a [[fundamentalist]] reaction against a general movement towards [[Christian modernism|modernism]] within mainstream Christian denominations in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>'The development of the ideas of 'biblical infallibility' or 'inerrancy' within Protestantism can be traced to the US in the middle of the 19th Century.' McGrath, Alister. Christian theology: an introduction. Fifth edition.  Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p.136</ref>

In the Catholic church, the reaction produced the concept of [[papal infallibility]] whereas, in the [[evangelical]] churches, the infallibility of the Bible was asserted.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DDbdltnokfsC&dq=fundamentalism+infallibility&pg=PA47 Ruthven, M., ''Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2007, p.47.]</ref> "Both movements represent a synthesis of a theological position and an ideological-political stance against the erosion of traditional authorities. Both are ''antimoderne'' and literalist."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FBVCgetqZAAC&dq=fundamentalism+infallibility+papal&pg=PA84 Kaplan, L., ''Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective'', Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1992, p. 84.]</ref>
<blockquote>No matter how little common ground was apparent at the time between Roman Catholicism and the Evangelical Right, these two reformulations of scriptural and papal supremacy represented a defiant assertiveness in reaction against the crisis of religious authority that was engulfing Western religion.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=j1UW7fPz3REC&q=infallibility&pg=PA127 Warner, R., ''Secularization and Its Discontents'', A&C Black, 2010, p.19.]</ref></blockquote>

== Patristic ==
[[Pope Clement I|Clement of Rome]] in his [[First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians|Letter to the Corinthians (AD 90)]] says:
:1Clem 45:1-5:
: ''You are contentious, brethren, and zealous for the things which lead to salvation. You have studied the Holy Scriptures, which are true, and given by the Holy Spirit. You know that nothing unjust or counterfeit is written in them. You will not find that the righteous have been cast out by holy men. The righteous were persecuted, but it was by the wicked. They were put in prison; but it was by the unholy. They were stoned by law-breakers, they were killed by men who had conceived foul and unrighteous envy. These things they suffered, and gained glory by their endurance.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lexundria.com/i_clem/39-45/lk#n25|title=1Clem45:1-5|website=Lexundria}}</ref>

==Denominational positions ==
===Catholicism===
The [[Catholic Church]] speaks not about infallibility of scripture but about its freedom from error, holding "the doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture".<ref>[http://www.scotthahn.com/download/attachment/2516 Cardinal Augustin Bea, "Vatican II and the Truth of Sacred Scripture"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508175506/http://www.scotthahn.com/download/attachment/2516 |date=2012-05-08 }}</ref> The [[Second Vatican Council]], citing earlier declarations, stated: "Since everything asserted by the inspired authors or sacred writers must be held to be asserted by the Holy Spirit, it follows that the books of Scripture must be acknowledged as teaching solidly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into sacred writings for the sake of salvation."<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html Second Vatican Council, ''Dei Verbum'' (Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation), 11] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531175312/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html |date=May 31, 2014 }}</ref> It added: "Since God speaks in Sacred Scripture through men in human fashion, the interpreter of Sacred Scripture, in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to us, should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended, and what God wanted to manifest by means of their words."<ref>''Dei Verbum'', 12</ref>

===Methodism===
The Methodist theologian Thomas A. Lambrecht notes that [[John Wesley]], the founder of [[Methodism]],
{{blockquote|...used the word "infallible" to describe the Scriptures. In his sermon on "The Means of Grace," Wesley says, "The same truth (namely, that this is the great means God has ordained for conveying his manifold grace to man) is delivered, in the fullest manner that can be conceived, in the words which immediately follow: 'All Scripture is given by inspiration of God;' consequently, {{em|all Scripture is infallibly true}}; 'and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness;' to the end 'that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works' ([[2 Timothy 3:16|2 Tim. 3:16, 17]])" (emphasis added).<ref name=Lambrecht>{{cite web|url=http://tomlambrecht.goodnewsmag.org/what-is-meant-by-infallible/|title=What Is Meant by 'Infallible'|last=Lambrecht|first=Tom|date=27 May 2014|publisher=Good News: Leading United Methodists to a Faithful Future|access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref>}}

As such, Lambrecht notes that "orthodox, evangelical, and traditionalist United Methodists believe in the 'infallibility' of Scripture."<ref name=Lambrecht/> "Article V—Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation" in the [[Articles of Religion (Methodist)|Articles of Religion]] states that:
{{blockquote|The Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation; so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man that it should be believed as an article of faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation. In the name of the Holy Scripture we do understand those canonical books of the Old and New Testament of whose authority was never any doubt in the Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710233342/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1649 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church V-VIII |year=2004 |publisher=The United Methodist Church |access-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref>}}

Lambrecht, therefore, writes that:
{{blockquote|The Bible is not God, and those who believe in its infallibility do not worship the Bible.  But the Bible is God's most objective and detailed way of communicating with us, God's people. Its infallibility means we can trust the Bible to truly communicate to us what God wants us to believe and how God wants us to live. To ignore or disobey the teachings of Scripture is to contradict its infallibility, which puts us on a completely different theological path altogether.<ref name=Lambrecht/>}}

===Evangelicalism===
While the doctrines of inerrancy and infallibility are cornerstone doctrines for many quarters of the US Evangelicalism, it is not so for many Evangelicals around the world, for whom God only is inerrant and infallible.<ref>Matthew Quartey. 2019. God is inerrant and infallible, the Bible neither. https://spectrummagazine.org/views/2019/god-inerrant-and-infallible-bible-neither</ref><ref>Holmes, Stephen R. "Evangelical doctrines of Scripture in transatlantic perspective." Evangelical Quarterly 81.1 (2009).</ref>

{{blockquote|For many British evangelicals, inerrancy was American in origin, exotic in its implications, and was associated with various [[obscurantist]] attitudes and beliefs for which British evangelicals had no enthusiasm.<ref>McGrath, Alister. 1997. A Peacemaker in the Battle for the Bible  https://www.booksandculture.com/articles/1997/novdec/7b6022.html</ref>}}

==Neighboring concepts ==
=== {{anchor|Infallibility and inerrancy}}Infallibility and inerrancy ===

Some theologians and denominations equate "[[biblical inerrancy|inerrancy]]" and "infallibility"; others do not.<ref>McKim, DK, ''Westminster dictionary of theological terms'', Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.</ref> For example, Davis suggests: "The Bible is inerrant if and only if it makes no false or misleading statements on any topic whatsoever. The Bible is infallible if and only if it makes no false or misleading statements on any matter of faith and practice."<ref>Stephen T. Davis, ''The Debate about the Bible: Inerrancy versus Infallibility'' (Westminster Press, 1977), p. 23.</ref> 
In this sense it is seen as distinct from [[biblical inerrancy]].

There is a widespread confusion among Evangelical and Christian fundamentalist circles that biblical infallibility means that ''the Bible cannot contain errors'' while inerrancy implies that ''the Bible contains no errors''.{{cn|date=April 2024}} However, the concept of infallibility has no relation to errors, but the impossibility of failure.

The confusion between the terms is consistent. Old Testament scholar John Walton uses the term inerrancy in the sense that the "Scripture is not to be understood as making scientific affirmations, particularly in the realms of cosmology, anatomy, and physiology";<ref>Walton, John (2015) The Lost World of Adam and Eve. Downer's Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2015. p.20</ref> however, this definition actually refers to infallibility rather than inerrancy. Using non-theological dictionary definitions, Frame (2002) insists that ''infallibility'' is a stronger term than ''inerrancy''. {{"'}}Inerrant' means there are no errors; 'infallible' means there ''can be'' no errors." Yet he agrees that "modern theologians insist on redefining that word also, so that it actually says less than 'inerrancy.{{'"}}<ref>Frame, John M. "Is the Bible Inerrant?" IIIM Magazine Online,Volume 4, Number 19, May 13 to May 20, 2002 [http://reformedperspectives.org/files/reformedperspectives/theology/TH.Frame.inerrancy.html]</ref>

Some [[Christian denomination|denominations]] that teach infallibility hold that the historical or scientific details, which may be irrelevant to matters of faith and Christian practice, may contain errors.<ref name="inerrancy">{{cite book
|last=Geisler & Nix
|publisher=[[Moody Press]], Chicago
|year=1986
|title=A General Introduction to the Bible
|isbn= 0-8024-2916-5
}}</ref> This contrasts with the doctrine of [[biblical inerrancy]], which holds that the scientific, geographic, and historic details of the scriptural texts in their original manuscripts are completely true and without error, though the scientific claims of scripture must be interpreted in the light of the [[phenomenology of religion|phenomenological]] nature of the biblical narratives.<ref name="inerrancy" /> The [[Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]] uses the term in this sense, saying, "Infallibility and inerrancy may be distinguished but not separated."<ref>[[Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]], Article XI</ref> And "We deny that Biblical infallibility and inerrancy are limited to spiritual, religious, or Redemptive themes, exclusive of assertions in the fields of history and science. We further deny that scientific hypotheses about earth history may properly be used to overturn the teaching of Scripture on Creation and the Flood."<ref>[[Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]], Article XII</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Biblical literalism]]
* [[Christian fundamentalism]]
* [[Mammotrectus super Bibliam]]
* [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam#Scriptural fallibility|Scriptural fallibility in Islam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biblical Infallibility}}
[[Category:Christian theology of the Bible]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Methodism]]