Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence

{{Short description|1967 speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr.}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
"'''Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence'''", also referred as the '''Riverside Church speech''',<ref name=la/> is an [[Anti-Vietnam War movement|anti–Vietnam War]] and pro–[[social justice]] speech delivered by [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] on April 4, 1967, exactly one year before he was [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|assassinated]]. The major speech at [[Riverside Church]] in [[New York City]], followed several interviews<ref>''[[Face the Nation]]'', [[CBS News]], August 29, 1965</ref> and several other public speeches in which King came out against the [[Vietnam War]] and the policies that created it. Some, like civil rights leader [[Ralph Bunche]], the [[NAACP]], and the editorial page writers of ''[[The Washington Post]]''<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|143174603}} |title=A Tragedy |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=6 April 1967 |page=A20 }}</ref> and ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|117470669}} |title=Dr. King's Error |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/07/archives/dr-kings-error.html |work=The New York Times |date=7 April 1967 }} Republished in: {{cite magazine |title=Transcription: 'Dr. King's Error' |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/sites/mlk/files/kingserror.pdf |magazine=OAH Magazine of History |date=January 2005 |page=45 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117040156/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/sites/mlk/files/kingserror.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> called the Riverside Church speech a mistake on King's part. ''The New York Times'' editorial suggested that conflating the civil rights movement with the [[Anti-war movement]] was an oversimplification that did justice to neither, stating that "linking these hard, complex problems will lead not to solutions but to deeper confusion." Others, including [[James Bevel]], King's partner and strategist in the [[Civil Rights Movement]], called it King's most important speech. It was written by activist and historian [[Vincent Harding]].<ref name=la>{{cite web | title = Vincent Harding dies at 82; historian wrote controversial King speech | url = http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-vincent-harding-20140524-story.html |date= May 23, 2014| access-date = June 10, 2015 | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vincent Harding, author of Martin Luther King Jr.'s antiwar speech, dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/vincent-harding-author-of-martin-luther-king-jrs-antiwar-speech-dies/2014/05/22/9de4e31a-e1d1-11e3-810f-764fe508b82d_story.html |first=Matt |last=Schudel |date= May 22, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref>

==Background<!-- External audio link lead to missing content on the Internet Archive. I am going to replace the link with one that has working audio. -->==
{{see also|Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War}}{{external media
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King was long opposed to [[American involvement in the Vietnam War]], but at first avoided the topic in public speeches in order to avoid the interference with civil rights goals that criticism of President Johnson's policies might have created.<ref name=kingandvietnam1>{{cite book |last1=Braunstein |first1=Peter |title=The Sixties Chronicle |date=2004 |publisher=Legacy |isbn=978-1-4127-1009-1 |page=311 }}</ref> At the urging of people such as SCLC's former Director of Direct Action and now the head of the [[Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]], James Bevel, and inspired by the outspokenness of Muhammad Ali,<ref name=kingandvietnam2>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-bevel25-2008dec25-story.html|title=The Rev. James L. Bevel dies at 72; civil rights activist and top lieutenant to King|author=Alexander Remington|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 24, 2008|access-date=September 15, 2014}}</ref> King eventually agreed to publicly oppose the war as opposition was growing among the American public.<ref name=kingandvietnam1 />

King delivered the speech, sponsored by the group Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam, after committing to participate in New York's April 15, 1967 anti-Vietnam war march from Central Park to the United Nations, sponsored by the Spring Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Content==
King spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, arguing that the U.S. was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony" and calling the U.S. government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today."{{sfn|Robbins|2007|p=102}} He connected the war with economic injustice, arguing that the country needed serious moral change:

{{blockquote|A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: "This is not just."{{sfn|Robbins|2007|p=109}} }}

King opposed the Vietnam War because it took money and resources that could have been [[Social programs in the United States|spent on social welfare at home]]. The [[United States Congress]] was spending more and more on the military and less and less on [[poverty reduction|anti-poverty programs]] at the same time. He summed up this aspect by saying, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death."{{sfn|Robbins|2007|p=109}} He stated that North Vietnam "did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had arrived in the tens of thousands", and accused the U.S. of having killed a million Vietnamese, "mostly children."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldwin |first1=Lewis V. |title=To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr |date=1992 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-2543-6 |page=273 }}
</ref>

King also criticized American opposition to North Vietnam's land reforms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Michael G. |title=Against Us, But for Us: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the State |date=2002 |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=978-0-86554-768-1 |page=199 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
King's opposition cost him significant support among white allies, including President Johnson, Billy Graham,{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} union leaders and powerful publishers.<ref name=MED08>{{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Michael Eric|title=April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King Jr.'s death and how it changed America|year=2008|publisher=Basic Civitas Books|isbn=978-0-465-00212-2|chapter=Facing Death|url=https://archive.org/details/april41968martin00dyso}}
</ref>
"The press is being stacked against me", King said,<ref>David J. Garrow, ''Bearing the Cross'' (1986), pp. 440, 445.
</ref>
complaining of what he described as a double standard that applauded his nonviolence at home, but deplored it when applied "toward little brown Vietnamese children."<ref name=Pierre2011>{{cite news|last=Pierre|first=Robert E.|title=Martin Luther King Jr. made our nation uncomfortable|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/martin-luther-king-jr-made-our-nation-uncomfortable/2011/10/16/gIQA78NPoL_blog.html|access-date=August 17, 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 16, 2011}}
</ref>
''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for [[Radio Hanoi]]",{{sfn|Robbins|2007|p=109}} and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people."<ref name=Pierre2011 />{{sfn|Lawson|Payne|Patterson|2006|p=148}}

[[File:Martin Luther King Jr St Paul Campus U MN.jpg|thumb|King speaking to an anti-Vietnam war rally at the [[University of Minnesota]] in St. Paul, April 27, 1967]]
The "Beyond Vietnam" speech reflected King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, which paralleled the teachings of the progressive [[Highlander Research and Education Center]], with which he was affiliated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harding |first1=James Martin |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Cindy |title=Restaging the Sixties: Radical Theaters and Their Legacies |date=2006 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-06954-5 |page=297 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lentz |first1=Richard |title=Symbols, the News Magazines and Martin Luther King |date=1999 |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=978-0-8071-2524-3 |page=64 }}
</ref> King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the nation, and more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ling |first1=Peter John |title=Martin Luther King, Jr |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-21664-7 |page=277 }}</ref> He guarded his language in public to avoid being linked to [[communism]] by his enemies, but in private he sometimes spoke of his support for [[democratic socialism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sturm |first1=Douglas |title=Martin Luther King, Jr., as Democratic Socialist |journal=The Journal of Religious Ethics |date=1990 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=79–105 |jstor=40015109 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=West |editor1-first=Cornel |title=The Radical King |date=2015 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-1283-3 }}{{page needed|date=January 2023}}</ref>

In a 1952 letter to Coretta Scott, he said: "I imagine you already know that I am much more socialistic in my economic theory than capitalistic&nbsp;..."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hendricks |first1=Obery M. |title=The Uncompromising Anti-Capitalism of Martin Luther King Jr. |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609 |work=HuffPost |date=20 January 2014 }}</ref> In one speech, he stated that "something is wrong with capitalism" and claimed, "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism."<ref>{{cite book|title=Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought|last=Franklin|first=Robert Michael|page= 125| publisher =Fortress Press|year=1990|isbn=0-8006-2392-4}}
</ref>
King had read [[Karl Marx|Marx]] while at Morehouse, but while he rejected "traditional capitalism", he also rejected communism because of its "materialistic interpretation of history" that denied religion, its "ethical relativism", and its "political totalitarianism."<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00king_0/page/39 39]|last1=King|title=The Martin Luther King Jr. Companion: Quotations from the Speeches, Essays, and Books of Martin Luther King, Jr.|first1=Martin Luther Jr.|first2=Coretta Scott|last2=King|first3=Dexter Scott|last3=King|isbn=0-312-19990-2|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|url=https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00king_0/page/39}}</ref>

King also stated in "Beyond Vietnam" that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar&nbsp;... it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring."<ref name="Zinn 2002">{{cite book|title=The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace|last=Zinn|first=Howard|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=0-8070-1407-9|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/powerofnonviolen0000unse_y5s7/page/122 122–123]|url=https://archive.org/details/powerofnonviolen0000unse_y5s7/page/122}}
</ref> King quoted a United States official who said that from Vietnam to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of a world revolution."<ref name="Zinn 2002" /> King condemned America's "alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America", and said that the U.S. should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the [[Third World]] rather than suppressing their attempts at revolution.<ref name="Zinn 2002" />

King's stance on Vietnam encouraged [[Allard K. Lowenstein]], [[William Sloane Coffin]] and [[Norman Thomas]], with the support of anti-war Democrats, to attempt to persuade King to run against President Johnson in the [[1968 United States presidential election]]. King contemplated but ultimately decided against the proposal on the grounds that he felt uneasy with politics and considered himself better suited for his morally unambiguous role as an activist.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Engler|first1=Mark|last2=Engler|first2=Paul|title=Why Martin Luther King Didn't Run for President|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-martin-luther-king-didnt-run-for-president-20160118|access-date=March 16, 2017|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=January 18, 2016}}</ref>

On April 15, 1967, King participated and spoke at an anti-war march from Manhattan's Central Park to the [[United Nations]]. The march was organized by the [[Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]] and initiated by its chairman, James Bevel. At the U.N. King also brought up issues of civil rights and the draft.

{{blockquote|I have not urged a mechanical fusion of the civil rights and peace movements. There are people who have come to see the moral imperative of equality, but who cannot yet see the moral imperative of world brotherhood. I would like to see the fervor of the civil-rights movement imbued into the peace movement to instill it with greater strength. And I believe everyone has a duty to be in both the civil-rights and peace movements. But for those who presently choose but one, I would hope they will finally come to see the moral roots common to both.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1967/Protests/12303074818188-15/ |title=1967 Year In Review |work=United Press International |access-date=November 30, 2010 |archive-date=January 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105083038/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1967/Protests/12303074818188-15/ |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>}}

The same year, King nominated Buddhist monk [[Thich Nhat Hanh]] for the Nobel Peace Prize, but the prize was not awarded to anyone that year.<ref name=thichking>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/world/asia/thich-nhat-hanh-dead.html|title=Thich Nhat Hanh, Zen Master and Political Reformer, Dies at 95|first=Seth|last=Mydans|work=The New York Times|date=January 21, 2022|accessdate=January 21, 2022}}</ref> Thich Nhat Hanh, who publicly held a news conference in Chicago with King in 1966, was acknowledged for urging King to oppose the Vietnam War.<ref name=thichking />

==Legacy==
In 2010, [[PBS]] commentator [[Tavis Smiley]] said that the speech was the most controversial speech of King's career, and the one he "labored over the most".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125355148|title=The Story Of King's 'Beyond Vietnam' Speech|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
A portion of this speech is used in the track "Wisdom, Justice, and Love" by [[Linkin Park]], from their 2010 album ''[[A Thousand Suns]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blum |first=Jordan |date=2022-03-10 |title=10 Reasons Why Linkin Park's 'A Thousand Suns' Is Better Than You Remember |url=https://loudwire.com/linkin-park-thousand-suns-album-anniversary-better-remember/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Loudwire |language=en}}</ref>

One of the eight "sound cells" in ''@Large'', [[Ai Weiwei]]'s 2014–15 exhibit at [[Alcatraz]], features King's voice giving the "Beyond Vietnam" speech.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bauer |first1=Shane |title=Dragons, legos, and solitary: Ai Weiwei's transformative Alcatraz exhibition |url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/10/ai-weiwei-alcatraz-art-large/ |work=Mother Jones |date=October 2014 }}</ref>

Excerpts from this speech are used in the songs "Together" and "Spirit" by [[Nordic Giants]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==See also==
*[[Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | last1= Lawson|first1=Steven F.|first2=Charles M.|last2=Payne|first3=James T.|last3=Patterson| title =Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968| isbn= 0-7425-5109-1 | publisher =Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006}}
* {{cite book| last= Robbins|first= Mary Susannah | title= Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists | isbn=978-0-7425-5914-1 | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|year= 2007}}

==External links==
* [https://www.commondreams.org/views/2018/01/15/beyond-vietnam-time-break-silence Full transcript of the speech from Commondreams.org]
* Full [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkatimetobreaksilence.htm transcript and audio of speech] at [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/ American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank].

{{Anti-war}}
{{Martin Luther King, Jr.}}
{{Anti-Vietnam}}
{{Civil rights movement}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.]]
[[Category:1967 speeches]]
[[Category:Anti-war movement]]
[[Category:Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War]]