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Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Largest city in Maryland, U.S.}} {{About|the city in Maryland}} {{Use American English|date=October 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Baltimore | settlement_type = [[Independent city (United States)|Independent city]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | caption_align = center | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | border = infobox | image1 = Inner Harbor Aerial 2022.jpg | caption1 = The [[Inner Harbor]] skyline | image2 = Fell's Point Aerial 2022.jpg | caption2 = [[Fell's Point, Baltimore|Fell's Point]] | image3 = Orioles Opening Day (52803246215).jpg | caption3 = [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] | image4 = Bromo-Seltzer Tower MD2.jpg | caption4 = [[Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower|Emerson Tower]] | image5 = Washington and Lafayette Monuments.JPG | caption5 = [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington]] and [[Lafayette Monument]]s | image6 = National Aquarium from Inner Harbor - 01.jpg | caption6 = [[National Aquarium (Baltimore)|National Aquarium]] }} | imagesize = | image_flag = Flag of Baltimore, Maryland.svg | image_seal = Seal of Baltimore, Maryland.svg | nicknames = Charm City;<ref name=nicknames>{{cite web |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/business/511672/baltimores_new_bait_the_city_is_about_to_unveil_a/index.html |title=Baltimore's New Bait: The City is About to Unveil a New Slogan, 'Get In On It,' Meant to Intrigue Visitors |access-date=November 28, 2008 |last=Donovan |first=Doug |date=May 20, 2006|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|via=RedOrbit<!--present in archive.org-->}}</ref> B'more;<ref name=nicknames2>{{Cite news |last=Kane|first=Gregory |author-link=Gregory Kane (journalist) |url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/article/37312 | newspaper=[[The Washington Examiner]] |title=Dispatch from Bodymore, Murderland |date=June 15, 2009<!--present in archive.is-->}}</ref> Mobtown<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAiFDwAAQBAJ|title = Mobtown Massacre: Alexander Hanson and the Baltimore Newspaper War of 1812|isbn = 978-1-4396-6620-3|last1 = Cutler|first1 = Josh S.|date = February 18, 2019| publisher=Arcadia }}</ref> | motto = "The Greatest City in America",<ref name=nicknames /> "Get in on it.",<ref name=nicknames /> "Believe"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/02/us/in-baltimore-slogan-collides-with-reality.html|title=In Baltimore, Slogan Collides with Reality|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 2, 2003|first=Jeffrey |last=Gettleman |author-link=Jeffrey Gettleman}}</ref> | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=9|type=shape-inverse|title=Baltimore|marker=city|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#5f5f5f}} | map_caption = Interactive map of Baltimore | pushpin_map = Maryland#USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Baltimore in [[Maryland]]##Location in the [[United States]] | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{Coord|39|17|22|N|76|36|55|W|type:city(577,000)_region:US-MD|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Independent city (United States)|City]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Colony|Historic colony]] | subdivision_type4 = [[County (United States)|County]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Maryland]] | subdivision_name2 = Baltimore | subdivision_name3 = [[Province of Maryland]] | subdivision_name4 = None ([[Independent city (United States)|Independent city]]) | established_title = [[Town incorporation|Founded]] | established_date = {{Start date and age|August 8, 1729}} | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = 1796–1797 | established_title3 = [[Independent city (United States)|Independent city]] | established_date3 = 1851 | named_for = [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]] | government_type = [[Mayor–council]] | governing_body = [[Baltimore City Council]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Baltimore|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Brandon Scott]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] | leader_title1 = [[Baltimore City Council|City Council]] | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title = Council members |bullets=yes |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style= text-align:left;display:yes; |1= [[Nick Mosby]] (President) |2= [[Zeke Cohen]] (1) |3= [[Danielle McCray (politician)|Danielle McCray]] (2) |4= [[Ryan Dorsey (politician)|Ryan Dorsey]] (3) |5= Mark Conway (4) |6= [[Isaac Schleifer|Isaac "Yitzy" Schleifer]] (5) |7= [[Sharon Green Middleton]] (6) |8= [[James Torrence]] (7) |9= [[Kristerfer Burnett]] (8) |10= [[John T. Bullock]] (9) |11= [[Phylicia Porter]] (10) |12= [[Eric Costello]] (11) |13= [[Robert Stokes Sr.]] (12) |14= [[Antonio Glover]] (13) |15= [[Odette Ramos]] (14) }} | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_24.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 92.05 <!--sum of area_land and area_water-->| area_land_sq_mi = 80.95 | area_water_sq_mi = 11.10 | area_water_percent = 12.1 | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = <ref name=elevation>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/fs/fs1.html |title=Highest and Lowest Elevations in Maryland's Counties |access-date=November 14, 2007 |website=Maryland Geological Survey |at=Baltimore City |publisher=Maryland Department of Natural Resources |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005233230/http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/fs/fs1.html |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> | elevation_m = 0–150 | elevation_ft = 0–480 | population_total = 585708 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] | population_est = 576498 | pop_est_as_of = 2021 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="popchange21" /> | population_density_sq_mi = 7235.43 | population_density_km2 = 2793.74 | population_rank = [[List of North American cities by population|76th]] in North America<br />[[List of United States cities by population|30th]] in the United States<br />[[List of municipalities in Maryland|1st]] in Maryland | population_urban = 2,212,038 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|20th]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 1,304.1 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 3,377.5 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> | population_metro = 2844510 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|20th]]) | population_demonym = Baltimorean<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.prdaily.com/demonyms-find-their-place-in-our-lexicon-and-across-the-country/ | title = Demonyms find their place in our lexicon and across the country | last = Spaniel | first = Bill | date = October 31, 2019 | website = prdaily.com | publisher = Ragan PR Daily/Ragan Insider | access-date = July 29, 2023 | quote = }}</ref> | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bea.gov">{{cite web |url = https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/lagdp1223.pdf |title = Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022|publisher = [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |website = www.bea.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Total Gross Domestic Product for Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD (MSA)|url= https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP12580 |website= fred.stlouisfed.org}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = [[Independent city (United States)|Independent city]] |demographics2_info1 =$54.9 billion (2022) |demographics2_title2 = Baltimore (MSA) |demographics2_info2 =$241.4 billion (2022) | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = {{collapsible list |title = ZIP Codes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |publisher=USPS |title=ZIP Code Lookup |access-date=October 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122200027/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |archive-date=November 22, 2010 }}</ref> |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:center;display:none |21201–21231, 21233–21237, 21239–21241, 21244, 21250–21252, 21263–21265, 21268, 21270, 21273–21275, 21278–21290, 21297–21298}} | area_codes = [[Area codes 410, 443, and 667|410, 443, and 667]] | website = {{URL|http://www.baltimorecity.gov/|City of Baltimore}} | footnotes = | pushpin_label = Baltimore | leader_title2 = [[Baltimore City Delegation|Houses of Delegates]] | leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = Delegates|bullets=yes |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:yes; |1 = [[Marlon Amprey]] (40) ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |2 = [[Frank M. Conaway Jr.]] (40) (D) |3 = [[Melissa Wells (politician)|Melissa Wells]] (40) (D) |4 = [[Dalya Attar]] (41) (D) |5 = [[Samuel I. Rosenberg]] (41) (D) |6 = [[Malcolm Ruff]] (41) (D) |7 = [[Regina T. Boyce]] (43A) (D) |8 = [[Elizabeth Embry]] (43A) (D) |9 = [[Jackie Addison]] (45) (D) |10 = [[Stephanie M. Smith]] (45) (D) |11 = [[Caylin Young]] (45) (D) |12 = [[Luke Clippinger]] (46) (D) |13 = [[Mark Edelson]] (46) (D) |14 = [[Robbyn Lewis]] (46) (D) }} | leader_title3 = [[Baltimore City Senate Delegation|State Senate]] | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |title = State senators|bullets=yes |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style= text-align:left;display:yes; |1 = [[Antonio Hayes]] (40) (D) |2 = [[Jill P. Carter]] (41) (D) |3 = [[Mary L. Washington|Mary Washington]] (43) (D) |4 = [[Cory V. McCray]] (45) (D) |5 = [[Bill Ferguson (politician)|Bill Ferguson]] (46) (D) }} | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] | utc_offset = −5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −4 | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 24-04000 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:597040 597040] | area_total_km2 = 238.41 | area_land_km2 = 209.65 | area_water_km2 = 28.76 | blank_name_sec1 = Congressional districts | blank_info_sec1 = [[Maryland's 2nd congressional district|2nd]], [[Maryland's 7th congressional district|7th]] }} '''Baltimore'''<ref>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔː|l|t|ᵻ|m|ɔːr}} {{respell|BAWL|tim|or}}, locally: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|ɔː|l|d|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɔːr}} {{respell|BAWL|dih|MOR}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔː|l|m|ər}} {{respell|BAWL|mər}}{{cite news |url=http://data.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-dictionary/ |title=How Baltimore talks |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |first=Brittany |last=Britto |access-date=September 9, 2022 |archive-date=August 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807200217/http://data.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-dictionary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the [[List of municipalities in Maryland|most populous city]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Maryland]]. With a population of 585,708 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], it is the [[List of United States cities by population|30th-most populous city]] in the United States.<ref name=QuickFacts>{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Baltimore city (County) |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/baltimorecitycountymaryland/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref> Baltimore was designated an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]] by the [[Constitution of Maryland]]{{efn|The form and type of government of the city is described by Article XI of the State Constitution.}} in 1851, and is currently the most populous independent city in the nation. As of the 2020 census, the population of the [[Baltimore metropolitan area]] was 2,838,327, the [[Metropolitan statistical areas|20th-largest metropolitan area]] in the country.<ref name="PopEstCBSA">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020–2021|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2021 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=May 2022|access-date=May 29, 2022}}</ref> When combined with the larger [[Washington metropolitan area]], the [[Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area]] (CSA) has a 2020 U.S. census population of 9,973,383, the third-largest in the country.<ref name="PopEstCBSA"/> The land that is present-day Baltimore was used as hunting ground by [[Paleo-Indians]]. In the early 1600s, the [[Susquehannock]] began to hunt there.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hsobc.org/on-the-susquehannocks-natives-having-previously-used-what-is-now-baltimore-county-as-hunting-grounds/ |title=The Susquehannocks' Prosperity & Early European Contact |last=Youssi |first=Adam |date=2006 |publisher=Historical Society of Baltimore County |access-date=April 28, 2015}}</ref> People from the [[Province of Maryland]] established the [[Port of Baltimore]] in 1706 to support the [[tobacco]] trade with Europe, and established the Town of Baltimore in 1729. In the mid-18th century, the first printing press and newspapers were introduced to Baltimore by [[Nicholas Hasselbach (printer)|Nicholas Hasselbach]] and [[William Goddard (publisher)|William Goddard]]. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[Second Continental Congress]], fleeing [[Philadelphia]] prior to the [[Philadelphia campaign|city's fall to British troops]], moved their deliberations to [[Henry Fite House]] on West Baltimore Street from December 20, 1776, to February 27, 1777, permitting Baltimore to serve briefly as [[List of capitals in the United States|the nation's capital]] before the capital returned to [[Independence Hall]] in Philadelphia on March 5, 1777. The [[Battle of Baltimore]] was a pivotal engagement during the [[War of 1812]], culminating in the failed [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] bombardment of [[Fort McHenry]], during which [[Francis Scott Key]] wrote a poem that would become "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", which was eventually designated as the American national anthem in 1931.<ref name="baltimore.org">{{cite web |url=http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore |title=About Baltimore |publisher=Baltimore.org |access-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725215715/http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore |archive-date=July 25, 2013 }}</ref> During the [[Baltimore Riot of 1861|Pratt Street Riot of 1861]], the city was the site of some of the earliest violence associated with the [[American Civil War]]. The [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], the nation's oldest railroad, was built in 1830 and cemented Baltimore's status as a major transportation hub, giving producers in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Appalachia]] access to the city's [[Port of Baltimore|port]]. Baltimore's [[Inner Harbor]] was once the second leading [[port of entry]] for [[immigrant]]s to the United States. In addition, Baltimore was a major [[manufacturing]] center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mht.maryland.gov/heritageareas_baltimore.html|title=Baltimore Heritage Area|date=February 11, 2011|website=Maryland Historical Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202103727/http://mht.maryland.gov/heritageareas_baltimore.html|archive-date=February 2, 2012|access-date=December 30, 2011}}</ref> After a decline in major manufacturing, [[heavy industry]], and restructuring of the [[Rail transportation in the United States|rail industry]], Baltimore has shifted to a [[service economy|service-oriented economy]]. [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] and [[Johns Hopkins University]] are the city's top two employers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoredevelopment.com/major-employers |title=Major Employers | Baltimore Development Corporation |publisher=Baltimoredevelopment.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725000755/http://www.baltimoredevelopment.com/major-employers |archive-date=July 25, 2010 |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> Baltimore and its surrounding region are home to the headquarters of a number of major organizations and government agencies, including the [[NAACP]], [[ABET]], the [[National Federation of the Blind]], [[Catholic Relief Services]], the [[Annie E. Casey Foundation]], [[World Relief]], the [[Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]], and the [[Social Security Administration]]. Baltimore is also home to the [[Baltimore Orioles]] of [[Major League Baseball]] and the [[Baltimore Ravens]] of the [[National Football League]]. Many of Baltimore's neighborhoods have rich histories. The city is home to some of the earliest [[National Register Historic District]]s in the nation, including [[Fell's Point, Baltimore|Fell's Point]], [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]], and [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon]]. These were added to the [[National Register of Historic Places|National Register]] between 1969 and 1971, soon after historic preservation legislation was passed. Baltimore has more public statues and monuments per capita than any other city in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baberuthmuseum.org/monumental-city-welcomes-number-five/ |title=Monumental City Welcomes Number Five |publisher=Babe Ruth Birthplace Foundation |first=Mike |last=Gibbons |date=October 21, 2011 |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> Nearly one third of the city's buildings (over 65,000) are designated as historic in the National Register, which is more than any other U.S. city.<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real-estate/wonk/bs-bz-historic-districts-20150314-story.html |title=Historic districts proliferate as city considers changes |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |first=Natalie |last=Sherman |date=March 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170711154337/http://www.baltimoresun.com/bs-bz-historic-districts-20150314-story.html |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Building on Baltimore's History: The Partnership for Building Reuse|url=http://baltimore.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/11/NTHP-BALTIMORE-REPORT.pdf|access-date=July 11, 2017|publisher=Preservation Green Lab, National Trust for Historic Preservation and the Urban Land Institute Baltimore|date=November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010134923/http://baltimore.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/11/NTHP-BALTIMORE-REPORT.pdf|archive-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref> Baltimore has 66 [[National Register Historic District]]s and 33 local historic districts.<ref name=Sherman /> The historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the [[Baltimore City Archives]]. {{TOC limit|3}} ==History== {{Main|History of Baltimore}} {{For timeline}} ===Pre-settlement=== The Baltimore area had been inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] since at least the [[10th millennium BC]], when [[Paleo-Indians]] first settled in the region.<ref name="akerson"/> One Paleo-Indian site and several [[Archaic period in North America|Archaic period]] and [[Woodland period]] archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the [[Late Woodland period]].<ref name="akerson">{{cite book |title=American Indians in the Baltimore area |last=Akerson |first=Louise A. |year=1988 |publisher=Baltimore Center for Urban Archaeology (Md.) |location=Baltimore, Maryland |oclc=18473413 |page=15 }}</ref> In December 2021, several Woodland period Native American artifacts were found in [[Herring Run Park]] in northeast Baltimore, dating 5,000 to 9,000 years ago. The finding followed a period of dormancy in Baltimore City archaeological findings which had persisted since the 1980s.<ref name="herring-run-artifacts">{{cite news|title=Discovered in Baltimore park: Native American artifacts 5,000-9,000 years old|date=December 4, 2021|access-date=December 5, 2021|newspaper=Baltimore Brew|url=https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2021/12/04/discovered-in-a-baltimore-park-native-american-artifacts-5000-9000-years-old/|last=Shen|first=Fern}}</ref> During the Late Woodland period, the [[archaeological culture]] known as the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore south to the [[Rappahannock River]] in present-day [[Virginia]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Commoners, Tribute, and Chiefs: The Development of Algonquian Culture in the Potomac Valley |last=Potter |first=Stephen R. |year=1993 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-1422-0 |page=119 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWQfeDJYlewC&q=Commoners,+Tribute,+and+Chiefs}}</ref> ===Etymology=== The city is named after [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]],<ref>{{citation|title=Baltimore City, Maryland: Historical Chronology|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/chron/html/bcitychron17.html|publisher=Maryland State Archives|date=February 29, 2016|access-date=April 11, 2016}}; {{citation|title=Calvert Family Tree|url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/binaries/content/assets/public/special/projects/riversdale/calvertfamilytree.pdf|publisher=University Libraries, University of Maryland|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> an English peer, member of the [[Irish House of Lords]] and founding proprietor of the [[Province of Maryland]].<ref>{{citation|title=Maryland History Timeline|url=http://www.visitmaryland.org/info/maryland-history-timeline|publisher=Maryland Office of Tourism|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name=egan>{{citation|first=Casey|last=Egan|date=November 23, 2015|title=The surprising Irish origins of Baltimore, Maryland|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-surprising-Irish-origins-of-Baltimore-Maryland.html|website=IrishCentral|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> The Calverts took the title [[Baron Baltimore|Barons Baltimore]] from [[Drumlish#Baltimore|Baltimore Manor]], an English [[Plantations of Ireland#Longford|Plantation estate]] they were granted in [[County Longford]], [[Ireland]].<ref name=egan /><ref>{{cite book|author=Brugger, Robert J.|title=Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634–1980|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore|year=1988|page=4|isbn=978-0-8018-3399-1}}</ref> Baltimore is an [[anglicization]] of the [[Irish language|Irish]] name ''Baile an Tí Mhóir'', meaning "town of the big house".<ref name=egan /> ===17th century=== In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was sparsely populated, if at all, by Native Americans. The Baltimore County area northward was used as hunting grounds by the [[Susquehannock]] living in the lower [[Susquehanna River]] valley. This [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian-speaking people]] "controlled all of the upper tributaries of the Chesapeake" but "refrained from much contact with [[Powhatan]] in the [[Potomac River|Potomac region]]" and south into Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsobc.org/on-the-susquehannocks-natives-having-previously-used-what-is-now-baltimore-county-as-hunting-grounds/ |title= The Susquehannocks' Prosperity & Early European Contact |author=Adam Youssi |date=2006 |publisher=Historical Society of Baltimore County |access-date=April 28, 2015}}</ref> Pressured by the Susquehannock, the [[Piscataway tribe]], an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian-speaking people]], stayed well south of the Baltimore area and inhabited primarily the north bank of the [[Potomac River]] in what are now [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles]] and southern [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's]] counties in the coastal areas south of the [[Atlantic Seaboard fall line|Fall Line]].<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.academia.edu/2484589 |format=PDF |title=A Place Now Known Unto Them: The Search for Zekiah Fort |journal=Site Report |page=11 |author=Alex J. Flick |date=2012 |access-date=April 28, 2015|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia |last=Murphree |first=Daniel Scott |year=2012 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-0-313-38126-3 |pages=489, 494 |access-date=April 28, 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWxg0Il8M74C&q=Maryland+Piscataway+%22war+regalia%22&pg=PA494}}</ref><ref>As depicted on a map of the Piscataway lands in Kenneth Bryson, ''Images of America: Accokeek'' (Arcadia Publishing, 2013) pp. 10–11, derived from Alice and Henry Ferguson, ''The Piscataway Indians of Southern Maryland '' (Alice Ferguson Foundation, 1960) pp. 8 (map) and 11: "By the beginning of Maryland settlement, pressure from the [[Susquehannocks]] had reduced...the Piscataway 'empire'...to a belt bordering the Potomac south of the falls and extending up the principal tributaries. Roughly, the 'empire' covered the southern half of present Prince Georges County and all, or nearly all, of Charles County."</ref> [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] of Maryland began in earnest with the arrival of the merchant ship ''[[The Ark (ship)|The Ark]]'' carrying 140 colonists at St. Clement's Island in the [[Potomac River]] on March 25, 1634.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnr.maryland.gov/publiclands/Pages/southern/stclements.aspx |title=St. Clements Island State Park |publisher=Maryland Department of Natural Resources |access-date=November 19, 2018 }}</ref> Europeans then began to settle the area further north, in what is now [[Baltimore County]].<ref name=BrooksRockel1979p1>Brooks & Rockel (1979), pp. 1–3.</ref> Since Maryland was a colony, Baltimore's streets were named to show loyalty to the mother country, e.g. King, Queen, King George and Caroline streets.<ref name="auto"/> The original [[county seat]], known today as Old Baltimore, was located on [[Bush River (Maryland)|Bush River]] within the present-day [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]].<ref>{{cite book | url = http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000075/html/am75--61.html | title = Laws of Maryland at Large, with Proper Indexes | first = Thomas | last = Bacon | author-link = Thomas Bacon (priest) | location = Annapolis | publisher = Jonas Green | year = 1765 | volume = 75 | page = 61}}</ref><ref>Brooks & Rockel (1979), pp. 17–18.</ref><ref name=RememberingOldBaltimore>{{cite news | author= Charlotte and "Doc" Cronin | url = http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/harford/aberdeen-havre-de-grace/ph-ag-doc-cronin-column-0919-20140919-story.html | title = Remembering Old Baltimore when it was near Aberdeen | work = [[The Baltimore Sun]] | date = September 19, 2014}}</ref> The colonists engaged in sporadic warfare with the Susquehannock, whose numbers dwindled primarily from new infectious diseases, such as [[smallpox]], endemic among the Europeans.<ref name=BrooksRockel1979p1 /> In 1661 David Jones claimed the area known today as [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown]] on the east bank of the [[Jones Falls]] stream.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carrollmuseums.org/history/jonestownhistory.html|title=Carroll Museums: Making History Yours|work=carrollmuseums.org|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=July 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708084304/http://www.carrollmuseums.org/history/jonestownhistory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===18th century=== {{See also|Henry Fite House}} [[File:Baltimore in 1752.png|thumb|Baltimore, then known as Baltimore Town, in 1752|alt=Open green space with sparse, nice houses, ships, and clean water]] The colonial [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]] created the [[Port of Baltimore]] at old Whetstone Point, now [[Locust Point, Baltimore|Locust Point]], in 1706 for the [[Tobacco in the American Colonies|tobacco trade]]. The Town of Baltimore, on the west side of the Jones Falls, was founded on August 8, 1729, when the Governor of Maryland signed an act allowing "the building of a Town on the North side of the Patapsco River." Surveyors began laying out the town on January 12, 1730. By 1752 the town had just 27 homes, including a church and two taverns.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://ghostsofbaltimore.org/2014/03/10/baltimore-history-traced-street-names/|title=Baltimore History Traced in Street Names|last=Tom|date=March 10, 2014|website=Ghosts of Baltimore |access-date=February 24, 2019}}</ref> Jonestown and Fells Point had been settled to the east. The three settlements, covering {{Convert|60|acres|ha|abbr=out}}, became a commercial hub, and in 1768 were designated as the county seat.<ref>Brooks & Rockel (1979), pp. 29–30.</ref> The first printing press was introduced to the city in 1765 by [[Nicholas Hasselbach (printer)|Nicholas Hasselbach]], whose equipment was later used in the printing of Baltimore's first newspapers, [[List of newspapers in Maryland#Defunct|''The Maryland Journal'' and ''The Baltimore Advertiser'']], first published by [[William Goddard (publisher)|William Goddard]] in 1773.<ref>[[#thomas1874a|Thomas, 1874]], p. 323</ref><ref name=wroth1938-41>[[#wroth1938|Wroth, 1938]], p. 41</ref><ref>[[#wroth1922|Wroth, 1922]], p. 114</ref> Baltimore grew swiftly in the 18th century, its plantations producing grain and tobacco for [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean]]. The profit from sugar encouraged the cultivation of cane in the Caribbean and the importation of food by planters there.<ref>{{cite news|title=History behind sugar trade, Chesapeake not always sweet|url=http://www.bayjournal.com/article/history_behind_sugar_trade_chesapeake_not_always_sweet|author=Kent Mountford|date=July 1, 2003|work=Bay Journal|access-date=February 20, 2014|archive-date=February 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226150334/http://www.bayjournal.com/article/history_behind_sugar_trade_chesapeake_not_always_sweet|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since Baltimore was the county seat, a courthouse was built in 1768 to serve both the city and county. Its square was a center of community meetings and discussions. Baltimore established its [[Baltimore Public Markets|public market system]] in 1763.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpmarkets.com/history.html|title=History|first=Mallika|publisher=Baltimore Public Markets Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812172407/http://bpmarkets.com/history.html|archive-date=August 12, 2015|access-date=August 4, 2015|last=Sharan}}</ref> [[Lexington Market]], founded in 1782, is one of the oldest continuously operating public markets in the United States today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexingtonmarket.com/|title=World Famous Lexington Market|author=Mallika Sharan|work=lexingtonmarket.com|access-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> Lexington Market was also a center of slave trading. Enslaved Black people were sold at numerous sites through the downtown area, with sales advertised in ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-06-20/topic/9906220293_1_slave-trade-buy-slaves-slaves-were-sold|title=The secret history of city slave trade|date=June 20, 1999 }}</ref> Both tobacco and sugar cane were labor-intensive crops. In 1774, Baltimore established the first post office system in what became the United States,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/70650/25-things-you-should-know-about-baltimore |magazine=[[Mental Floss]] |title=25 Things You Should Know About Baltimore |first=Megan |last=Thielking |date=November 10, 2015 |access-date=December 19, 2015 |quote=In 1774, the first post office in the United States was inaugurated in the city. }}</ref> and the first water company chartered in the newly independent nation, Baltimore Water Company, 1792.<ref name=firsts>{{cite web |url=http://baltimore.org/info/baltimore-firsts |title=Baltimore: A City of Firsts |work=Visit Baltimore |access-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203185423/http://baltimore.org/info/baltimore-firsts }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/chron/html/bcitychron18.html |title=Baltimore City, Maryland Historical Chronology |access-date=January 20, 2015 |publisher=Maryland State Archives |date=December 7, 2015 }}</ref> Baltimore played a part in the [[American Revolution]]. City leaders such as [[Jonathan Plowman Jr.]] led many residents to [[No taxation without representation|resist British taxes]], and merchants signed agreements refusing to trade with Britain.<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/centennialoffer01nilegoog| quote=baltimore non-importation agreement.| title=Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America|author=Hezekiah Niles|publisher=A. S. Barnes & Co.| year=1876| location=New York| pages=[https://archive.org/details/centennialoffer01nilegoog/page/n268 257]–258}}</ref> The [[Second Continental Congress]] met in the [[Henry Fite House]] from December 1776 to February 1777, effectively making the city the [[List of capitals in the United States|capital of the United States]] during this period.<ref>{{cite web| title=Henry Fite's House, Baltimore| url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section4| publisher=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian| access-date=March 23, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110326035248/http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section4| archive-date=March 26, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Baltimore, [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown]], and [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] were [[municipal corporation|incorporated]] as the City of Baltimore in 1796–1797. ===19th century=== [[File:Ft. Henry bombardement 1814.jpg|thumb|An American flag flying at [[Fort McHenry]] following the fort's bombing by the [[Royal Navy]] in the [[Battle of Baltimore]] in 1814 inspired [[Francis Scott Key]] to write the poem that later became the "[[Star Spangled Banner]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=Maryland History in Prints 1743–1900|author=Laura Rich|page=45}}</ref>]] [[File:Balt Battle Monument 1a.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle Monument]], the official emblem of Baltimore]] [[File:Harpers 8 11 1877 6th Regiment Fighting Baltimore.jpg|thumb|The [[6th Cavalry Regiment]] fighting railroad strikers in Baltimore on July 20, 1877<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/sk7711.Html |title=The Great Strike |access-date=October 26, 2008 |work=Catskill Archive |publisher=Timothy J. Mallery | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080929031803/http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/sk7711.Html| archive-date= September 29, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>]] The city remained a part of surrounding [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]] and continued to serve as its county seat from 1768 to 1851, after which it became an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]].<ref name="Maryland Manual">{{cite web| url=http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/html/bcity.html| title=Baltimore, Maryland—Government| work=Maryland Manual On-Line: A Guide to Maryland Government| publisher=Maryland State Archives| date=October 23, 2008| access-date=October 27, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080919221820/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/html/bcity.html| archive-date= September 19, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> The [[Battle of Baltimore]] against the British in 1814 inspired the U.S. national anthem, "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", and the construction of the [[Battle Monument]], which became the city's official emblem. A distinctive local culture started to take shape, and a unique skyline peppered with churches and monuments developed. Baltimore acquired its moniker "The Monumental City" after an 1827 visit to Baltimore by President [[John Quincy Adams]]. At an evening function, Adams gave the following toast: "Baltimore: the Monumental City—May the days of her safety be as prosperous and happy, as the days of her dangers have been trying and triumphant."<ref name="salgaz">{{Cite news|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:EANX&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10C5DE501F137990&svc_dat=HistArchive:ahnpdoc&req_dat=0F418C809CE5EA70|title=Baltimore, October 17|date=October 23, 1827|access-date=October 27, 2008|work=[[Salem Gaz.|Salem Gazette]]|location=Salem, Massachusetts|page=2|url-access=subscription|via=NewsBank}}</ref><ref>William Harvey Hunter, "Baltimore Architecture in History"; in Dorsey & Dilts (1997), p. 7. "Both begun in 1815, the Battle Monument and the Washington Monument gave Baltimore its most famous sobriquet. In 1827, when bremoth of them were nearly finished, President John Quincy Adams at a big public dinner in Baltimore gave as his toast, 'Baltimore, the monumental city.' It was more than an idle comment: no other large city in America had even one substantial monument to show."</ref> Baltimore pioneered the use of [[gas lighting]] in 1816, and its population grew rapidly in the following decades, with concomitant development of culture and infrastructure. The construction of the federally funded [[National Road]], which later became part of [[U.S. Route 40]], and the private [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B. & O.) made Baltimore a major shipping and [[manufacturing]] center by linking the city with major markets in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. By 1820 its population had reached 60,000, and its economy had shifted from its base in tobacco plantations to [[sawmilling]], [[shipbuilding]], and [[textile]] production. These industries benefited from war but successfully shifted into [[infrastructure]] development during peacetime.<ref>Townsend (2000), pp. 62–68.</ref> Baltimore had one of the worst riots of the antebellum [[Southern United States|South]] in 1835, when bad investments led to the [[Baltimore bank riot]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/34gcw3dk9780252034800.html | title=The Baltimore Bank Riot | publisher=University of Illinois Press | access-date=January 5, 2010}}</ref> It was these riots that led to the city being [[nickname]]d "Mobtown".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/chron/html/chron18.html |title=Maryland Historical Chronology: 1800–1899 |date=August 24, 2021 |website=Maryland State Archives |access-date=October 13, 2021 }}</ref> Soon after the city created the world's first dental college, the [[University of Maryland School of Dentistry|Baltimore College of Dental Surgery]], in 1840, and shared in the [[Baltimore–Washington telegraph line|world's first telegraph line]], between Baltimore and [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1844. Maryland, a [[slave state]] with limited popular support for [[secession]], especially in the three counties of Southern Maryland, remained part of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]], following the 55–12 vote by the Maryland General Assembly against secession. Later, the Union's strategic occupation of the city in 1861 ensured Maryland would not further consider secession.<ref>{{cite news| last=Clayton| first=Ralph| title=A bitter Inner Harbor legacy: the slave trade |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2000-07-12/news/0007120236_1_slave-pens-pratt-street-slave-trade |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |date=July 12, 2000 |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=McPherson| first=James M. | author-link=James M. McPherson |title=Battle Cry of Freedom |date=December 11, 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press| location=US| isbn=978-0-19-516895-2| page=287| title-link=Battle Cry of Freedom (book) }}</ref> The Union's capital of Washington, D.C. was well-situated to impede Baltimore and Maryland's communication or commerce with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. Baltimore experienced some of the first casualties of Civil War on April 19, 1861, when [[Union Army]] soldiers en route from [[President Street Station]] to [[Camden Yards]] clashed with a secessionist mob in the [[Baltimore riot of 1861|Pratt Street riot]]. In the midst of the [[Long Depression]] that followed the [[Panic of 1873]], the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] company attempted to lower its workers' wages, leading to [[Baltimore railroad strike of 1877|strikes and riots]] in the city and [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877|beyond]]. Strikers clashed with the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]], leaving 10 dead and 25 wounded.<ref>Scharf (1879), Vol. 3, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/historymaryland02thomgoog#page/n764/mode/2up 728]–742.</ref> The beginnings of [[settlement movement]] work in Baltimore were made early in 1893, when Rev. Edward A. Lawrence took up lodgings with his friend Frank Thompson, in one of the [[Mount Winans, Baltimore|Winans]] tenements, the [[Lawrence House (Baltimore)|Lawrence House]] being established shortly thereafter at 814-816 West Lombard Street.<ref name="Gavit-1897">{{cite book |last1=Gavit |first1=John Palmer |title=Bibliography of College, Social and University Settlements |date=1897 |publisher=Co-operative Press |page=24 |edition=Public domain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA24 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref><ref name="WoodKennedy-1911">{{cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Robert Archey |last2=Kennedy |first2=Albert Joseph |title=Handbook of Settlements |date=1911 |publisher=Charities Publication Committee |edition=Public domain |pages=100–01 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNUJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> ===20th century=== [[File:Baltimore Fire 1904 - West from Pratt and Gay Streets 3a.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Baltimore Fire]] in 1904 photographed from [[Pratt Street|Pratt]] and [[Gay Street (Baltimore)|Gay]] streets in Baltimore; the fire destroyed over 1,500 Baltimore buildings in 30 hours.]] On February 7, 1904, the [[Great Baltimore Fire]] destroyed over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours, leaving more than 70 blocks of the downtown area burned to the ground. Damages were estimated at $150 million in 1904 dollars.<ref>{{cite press release|title=A Howling Inferno: The Great Baltimore Fire|date=January 12, 2004|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|url=http://www.jhu.edu/news/audio-video/fire.html|access-date=March 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719221414/http://www.jhu.edu/news/audio-video/fire.html|archive-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> As the city rebuilt during the next two years, lessons learned from the fire led to improvements in firefighting equipment standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firemuseummd.org/thegreatbaltimorefireof1904.htm|title=Legacy of the Fire|first=Pete|year=2009|publisher=The Fire Museum of Maryland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121228/http://www.firemuseummd.org/thegreatbaltimorefireof1904.htm|archive-date=October 3, 2011|access-date=March 18, 2011|last=Petersen}}</ref> Baltimore lawyer Milton Dashiell advocated for an ordinance to bar African-Americans from moving into the [[Eutaw Place]] neighborhood in northwest Baltimore. He proposed to recognize majority white residential blocks and majority black residential blocks and to prevent people from moving into housing on such blocks where they would be a minority. The Baltimore Council passed the ordinance, and it became law on December 20, 1910, with Democratic [[J. Barry Mahool|Mayor J. Barry Mahool]]'s signature.<ref name=power>{{cite journal|author=Power, Garrett|title=Apartheid Baltimore Style: the Residential Segregation Ordinances of 1910–1913|journal=Maryland Law Review|volume=42|issue=2|url=http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2498&context=mlr|year=1983|pages=299–300}}</ref> The Baltimore segregation ordinance was the first of its kind in the United States. Many other southern cities followed with their own segregation ordinances, though the US Supreme Court ruled against them in ''[[Buchanan v. Warley]]'' (1917).<ref>Power (1983), p. 289.</ref> The city grew in area by annexing new suburbs from the surrounding counties through 1918, when the city acquired portions of Baltimore County and [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nVKAAAAYAAJ&q=Baltimore+City+line+1918&pg=PA769| title=The annotated code of the public civil laws of Maryland, Volume 4| editor=George P. Bagby| year=1918| publisher=King Bros., Printers and Publishers| page=769}}</ref> A state constitutional amendment, approved in 1948, required a special vote of the citizens in any proposed annexation area, effectively preventing any future expansion of the city's boundaries.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Baltimore seals its borders| last=Duffy| first=James| date=December 2007| work=[[Baltimore (magazine)|Baltimore]] | pages=124–27}}</ref> [[Streetcar]]s enabled the development of distant neighborhoods areas such as [[Edmondson, Baltimore|Edmonson Village]] whose residents could easily commute to work downtown.<ref>Orser (1994), pp. 21–30.</ref> Driven by migration from the [[deep South]] and by [[white flight|white suburbanization]], the relative size of the city's [[African American|black]] population grew from 23.8% in 1950 to 46.4% in 1970.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vhc9YTPkYwYC&pg=PA142 Alabaster cities: urban U.S. since 1950]''. John R. Short (2006). [[Syracuse University Press]]. p.142. {{ISBN|0-8156-3105-7}}</ref> Encouraged by real estate [[blockbusting]] techniques, recently settled white areas rapidly became all-black neighborhoods, in a rapid process which was nearly total by 1970.<ref>Orser (1994), pp. 84–94.</ref> The [[Baltimore riot of 1968]], coinciding with [[King assassination riots|uprisings in other cities]], followed the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]] on April 4, 1968. Public order was not restored until April 12, 1968. The Baltimore uprising cost the city an estimated $10 million (US$ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|10|1968|r=0}}}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}}). A total of 12,000 Maryland National Guard and federal troops were ordered into the city.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://archives.ubalt.edu/bsr/timeline.htm| title=Baltimore '68 Events Timeline| work=Baltimore 68: riots and Rebirth| publisher=University of Baltimore Archives| access-date=January 19, 2011}}</ref> The city experienced challenges again in 1974 when teachers, [[Baltimore municipal strike of 1974|municipal workers]], and [[Baltimore police strike|police officers]] conducted strikes.<ref>Police Chief [[Donald Pomerleau]] said, "We're in a semi-riot mode, similar to the 1968 riots." See: {{cite news| title=Cops storm jail rebels; Baltimore in semi-riot state| newspaper=Chicago Tribune| date=July 14, 1974| agency=UPI| id={{ProQuest|171096090}}}}</ref> By the beginning of the 1970s, Baltimore's downtown area, known as the Inner Harbor, had been neglected and was occupied by a collection of abandoned warehouses. The nickname "Charm City" came from a 1975 meeting of advertisers seeking to improve the city's reputation.<ref name="Sandler95">{{cite news| last=Sandler| first=Gilbert| title=How the city's nickname came to be| url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-07-18/news/1995199190_1_charm-city-bill-evans-loden| access-date=August 1, 2012| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=July 18, 1995}}</ref><ref name="Sandler98">{{cite news| last=Sandler| first=Gil| title=Where did city get its charming nickname? Baltimore Glimpses| url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-08-18/news/1998230119_1_charm-city-mencken-bill-evans| access-date=August 1, 2012| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=August 18, 1998}}</ref> Efforts to redevelop the area started with the construction of the [[Maryland Science Center]], which opened in 1976, the [[Baltimore World Trade Center]] (1977), and the [[Baltimore Convention Center]] (1979). [[Harborplace]], an urban retail and restaurant complex, opened on the waterfront in 1980, followed by the [[National Aquarium in Baltimore|National Aquarium]], Maryland's largest tourist destination, and the [[Baltimore Museum of Industry]] in 1981. In 1995, the city opened the [[American Visionary Art Museum]] on Federal Hill. During the [[HIV/AIDS in the United States|epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the United States]], [[Baltimore City Health Department]] official Robert Mehl persuaded the city's mayor to form a committee to address food problems. The Baltimore-based charity [[Moveable Feast (organization)|Moveable Feast]] grew out of this initiative in 1990.<ref name="fuller">{{cite news|url-access=subscription|access-date=October 26, 2015|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159913164.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417222638/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159913164.html|archive-date=April 17, 2016|title=Moveable Feast, which gives food to HIV/AIDS, terminally ill patients, might turn away clients|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=February 28, 2007|first=Nicole|last=Fuller}}</ref><ref name="godsend">{{cite news|access-date=October 26, 2015|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1131306.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416090514/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1131306.html|archive-date=April 16, 2016|url-access=|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Meals a Godsend To AIDS Patients;Md. Program Helps Ease Burden for Homebound|date=June 9, 1990|first=Retha|last=Hill}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite news|url=http://www.mfeast.org/about_us/history|access-date=October 26, 2015|title=History of Moveable Feast|work=About Us|publisher=Moveable Feast|date=2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918164227/http://www.mfeast.org/about_us/history}}</ref> In 1992, the [[Baltimore Orioles]] [[Major League Baseball|baseball team]] moved from [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]] to [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]], located downtown near the harbor. [[Pope John Paul II]] held an open-air mass at Camden Yards during his papal visit to the United States in October 1995. Three years later the [[Baltimore Ravens]] [[National Football League|football team]] moved into [[M&T Bank Stadium]] next to Camden Yards.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mdstad.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26| title=Who We Are| work=Maryland Stadium Authority| access-date=October 26, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081018034743/http://www.mdstad.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26| archive-date= October 18, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Baltimore has had a [[Crime in Baltimore|high homicide rate]] for several decades, peaking in 1993, and again in 2015.<ref>Mary Rose Madden, "[http://wypr.org/post/watch-part-6-baltimores-homicide-numbers-spike-closure-rate-drops On The Watch, Part 6: Baltimore's Homicide Numbers Spike As Closure Rate Drops]"; ''WYPR'' February 18, 2016.</ref><ref>Jess Bidgood, "[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/14/us/Baltimore-homicides-record.html The Numbers Behind Baltimore's Record Year in Homicides]", ''The New York Times'', January 15, 2016.</ref> These deaths have taken an especially severe toll within the black community.<ref>Jocelyn R. Smith, "[http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302535 Unequal Burdens of Loss: Examining the Frequency and Timing of Homicide Deaths Experienced by Young Black Men Across the Life Course]"; ''American Journal of Public Health'' 105(53), July 2015; [[doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302535]].</ref> Following the [[death of Freddie Gray]] in April 2015, the city experienced [[2015 Baltimore protests|major protests]] and international media attention, as well as a clash between local youth and police that resulted in a [[state of emergency]] declaration and a curfew.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sanburn|first1=Josh|title=What's Behind Baltimore's Record-Setting Rise in Homicides|url=http://time.com/3905876/baltimore-murders-homicide-rate-record/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 2, 2015|access-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> ===21st century=== Baltimore has seen the reopening of the [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]] in 2004,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-to.hippo25jan25-story.html |title= Hippodrome's first hurrahs |date=January 25, 2005 |access-date=April 30, 2015 |first1=J. Wynn |last1=Rousuck |first2=Edward |last2=Gunts |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun }}</ref> the opening of the [[Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture]] in 2005, and the establishment of the [[National Slavic Museum]] in 2012. On April 12, 2012, Johns Hopkins held a dedication ceremony to mark the completion of one of the United States' largest medical complexes – the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore – which features the Sheikh Zayed Cardiovascular and Critical Care Tower and The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center. The event, held at the entrance to the $1.1 billion 1.6 million-square-foot-facility, honored the many donors including [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], first president of the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Michael Bloomberg]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.middleeasthealthmag.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?http://www.middleeasthealthmag.com/may2012/feature1.htm |title=UAE royal family honoured at opening of new Johns Hopkins Hospital |date=May 2012 |magazine=Middle East Health |access-date=January 30, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/blog/real-estate/2012/04/photos-johns-hopkins-dedicates-11.html |title=Photos: Johns Hopkins dedicates $1.1 billion patient towers |date=April 13, 2012 |newspaper=Baltimore Business Journal |access-date=January 30, 2016 |first=Sarah |last=Gantz }}</ref> In September 2016, the Baltimore City Council approved a $660 million bond deal for the $5.5 billion [[Port Covington]] redevelopment project championed by [[Under Armour]] founder [[Kevin Plank]] and his real estate company Sagamore Development. Port Covington surpassed the Harbor Point development as the largest [[tax-increment financing]] deal in Baltimore's history and among the largest urban redevelopment projects in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-sagamore-20160324-story.html|title=Sagamore: A major opportunity that requires scrutiny equal in scale|date=March 24, 2016|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> The waterfront development that includes the new headquarters for Under Armour, as well as shops, housing, offices, and manufacturing spaces is projected to create 26,500 permanent jobs with a $4.3 billion annual economic impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archpaper.com/2016/09/baltimore-council-660-million-build-port-covington/|title=Baltimore city council approves $660 million for "Build Port Covington"|last=Martin|first=Olivia|date=September 22, 2016|publisher=Archpaper.com|access-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> [[Goldman Sachs]] invested $233 million into the redevelopment project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/under-armour-blog/bs-bz-port-covington-partner-20170913-story.html|title=Goldman Sachs invests $233 million in Port Covington|last=Mirabella|first=Lorraine|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=October 26, 2017|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027031221/http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/under-armour-blog/bs-bz-port-covington-partner-20170913-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the early hours of March 26, 2024, the city's {{convert|1.6|mile|km|adj=mid|-long}} [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]] was struck by a container ship and [[Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse|completely collapsed]]. A major rescue operation was launched with US authorities attempting to rescue people in the water.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alonso |first1=Melissa |last2=Wolfe |first2=Elizabeth |title=Rescuers are searching for at least 7 people in the water after Baltimore bridge collapse, official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/26/us/baltimore-key-bridge-collapse-tuesday/index.html |date=March 26, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326081517/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/26/us/baltimore-key-bridge-collapse-tuesday/index.html |archive-date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=March 26, 2024 |work=CNN}}</ref> Eight construction workers, who were working on the bridge at the time, fell into the [[Patapsco River]].<ref name="ap3">{{cite news |last=Skene |first=Lea |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Police had about 90 seconds to stop traffic before Baltimore bridge fell. 6 workers are feared dead |url=https://apnews.com/article/baltimore-key-bridge-collapse-03-27-2024-6a95340e5daeff6551fc999d23feb278 |access-date=March 27, 2024 |work=Associated Press |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329123428/https://apnews.com/article/baltimore-key-bridge-collapse-03-27-2024-6a95340e5daeff6551fc999d23feb278 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Geography== Baltimore is in north-central Maryland on the [[Patapsco River]], close to where it empties into the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. The city is located on the [[fall line]] between the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] Plateau and the [[Atlantic coastal plain]], which divides Baltimore into "lower city" and "upper city". The city's elevation ranges from sea level at the harbor to {{convert|480|ft|m}} in the northwest corner near [[Pimlico, Baltimore|Pimlico]].<ref name="elevation" /> According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of {{convert|92.1|sqmi|sp=us}}, of which {{convert|80.9|sqmi|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|11.1|sqmi|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_24.txt|title=(no title provided)|website=2010 Census Gazetteer Files|publisher=United States Census Bureau|at=Counties > Maryland<!--present in archive.org-->|access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> The total area is 12.1 percent water. Baltimore is almost surrounded by Baltimore County, but is [[Independent city (United States)|politically independent]] of it. It is bordered by [[Anne Arundel County]] to the south. ===Cityscape=== {{wide image|Baltimore-sunset-pano.jpg|1100px|3=<div align=center>A panoramic view of Baltimore in September 2016, including the [[Inner Harbor|Inner]] and Outer Harbors at dusk, seen from [[HarborView Condominium]]</div>}} ====Architecture==== [[File:West baltimore formstone facing rowhouse.jpg|thumb|An [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] rowhouse clad in [[formstone]] in West Baltimore]] Baltimore exhibits examples from each period of architecture over more than two centuries, and work from architects such as [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe|Benjamin Latrobe]], [[George A. Frederick]], [[John Russell Pope]], [[Mies van der Rohe]], and [[I. M. Pei]]. Baltimore is rich in architecturally significant buildings in a variety of styles. The [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Baltimore Basilica]] (1806–1821) is a neoclassical design by Benjamin Latrobe, and one of the oldest [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] cathedrals in the United States. In 1813, Robert Cary Long Sr. built for [[Rembrandt Peale]] the first substantial structure in the United States designed expressly as a museum. Restored, it is now the Municipal Museum of Baltimore, or popularly the [[Peale Museum]]. The [[McKim's School|McKim Free School]] was founded and endowed by John McKim. The building was erected by his son [[Isaac McKim|Isaac]] in 1822 after a design by William Howard and William Small. It reflects the popular interest in [[ancient Greece|Greece]] when the nation was securing its independence and a scholarly interest in recently published drawings of Athenian antiquities. The [[Phoenix Shot Tower]] (1828), at {{convert|234.25|ft|m}} tall, was the tallest building in the United States until the time of the Civil War, and is one of few remaining structures of its kind.<ref>Dorsey & Dilts (1997), pp. 182–183. "Once there were three such towers in Baltimore; now there are only a few left in the world."</ref> It was constructed without the use of exterior scaffolding. The Sun Iron Building, designed by R.C. Hatfield in 1851, was the city's first iron-front building and was a model for a whole generation of downtown buildings. [[Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church]], built in 1870 in memory of financier [[George Brown (financier)|George Brown]], has [[stained glass]] windows by [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] and has been called "one of the most significant buildings in this city, a treasure of art and architecture" by ''[[Baltimore (magazine)|Baltimore]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.browndowntown.org/files/april_balt_magazine.pdf|title=Window to the Future|last=Evitts|first=Elizabeth|date=April 2003|magazine=[[Baltimore (magazine)|Baltimore]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911075155/http://www.browndowntown.org/files/april_balt_magazine.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2011|access-date=May 6, 2009|via=[[Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church]]}}</ref><ref name=Sun2003>{{Cite news| last=Bishop| first=Tricia| title=Illuminated by a jewel| work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]| date=April 7, 2003| url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/321974201.html?dids=321974201:321974201&FMT=ABS&FMTS| access-date=May 6, 2009| archive-date=May 24, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524173047/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/321974201.html?dids=321974201:321974201&FMT=ABS&FMTS| url-status=dead}}</ref> The 1845 [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]]-style [[Lloyd Street Synagogue]] is one of the [[oldest synagogues in the United States]]. The [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], designed by [[John Shaw Billings|Lt. Col. John S. Billings]] in 1876, was a considerable achievement for its day in functional arrangement and fireproofing. I.M. Pei's [[Baltimore World Trade Center|World Trade Center]] (1977) is the tallest equilateral pentagonal building in the world at {{convert|405|ft|m}} tall. The [[Inner Harbor East|Harbor East]] area has seen the addition of two new towers which have completed construction: a 24-floor tower that is the new world headquarters of [[Legg Mason]], and a 21-floor [[Four Seasons Hotel]] complex. The streets of Baltimore are organized in a grid and spoke pattern, lined with tens of thousands of [[Terraced house|rowhouses]]. The mix of materials on the face of these rowhouses also give Baltimore its distinct look. The rowhouses are a mix of brick and formstone facings, the latter a technology patented in 1937 by Albert Knight. [[John Waters (director born 1946)|John Waters]] characterized formstone as "the polyester of brick" in a 30-minute documentary film, ''Little Castles: A Formstone Phenomenon''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paul K. Williams |date=September 23, 2009 |title=The Story of Formstone |url=http://welcometobaltimorehon.com/the-story-behind-formstone |access-date=March 21, 2011 |work=Welcome to Baltimore, Hon! |archive-date=November 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130174743/http://welcometobaltimorehon.com/the-story-behind-formstone |url-status=dead }}</ref> In ''The Baltimore Rowhouse'', Mary Ellen Hayward and [[Charles Belfoure]] considered the rowhouse as the architectural form defining Baltimore as "perhaps no other American city".<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pGARnkq3eUC&q=baltimore+rowhouse| title=The Baltimore Rowhouse| author=Mary Ellen Hayward and Charles Belfoure| publisher=Princeton Architectural Press| year=1999| isbn=978-1-56898-283-0| page=back cover| access-date=March 21, 2011}}</ref> In the mid-1790s, developers began building entire neighborhoods of the British-style rowhouses, which became the dominant house type of the city early in the 19th century.<ref>Hayward and Belfoure, pp 17–18, 22.</ref> [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] is a [[Major League Baseball]] park, which opened in 1992 and was built as a [[retro style]] baseball park. Along with the National Aquarium, Camden Yards have helped revive the Inner Harbor area from what once was an exclusively [[industrial district]] full of dilapidated warehouses into a bustling commercial district full of bars, restaurants, and retail establishments. After an international competition, the [[University of Baltimore School of Law]] awarded the [[Germany|German]] firm [[Behnisch Architekten]] 1st prize for its design, which was selected for the school's new home. After the building's opening in 2013, the design won additional honors including an ENR National "Best of the Best" Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Baltimore Law School Wins ENR National "Best of the Best" Award for Design and Construction|url=http://www.muellerassoc.com/university-baltimore-law-school-wins-enr-national-%E2%80%9Cbest-best%E2%80%9D-award-design-and-construction|publisher=Mueller Associates|date=January 2, 2014|access-date=May 13, 2017|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415120852/http://muellerassoc.com/university-baltimore-law-school-wins-enr-national-%E2%80%9Cbest-best%E2%80%9D-award-design-and-construction|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baltimore's newly rehabilitated [[Everyman Theatre, Baltimore|Everyman Theatre]] was honored by the Baltimore Heritage at the 2013 Preservation Awards Celebration in 2013. Everyman Theatre will receive an Adaptive Reuse and Compatible Design Award as part of Baltimore Heritage's 2013 historic preservation awards ceremony. Baltimore Heritage is Baltimore's nonprofit historic and architectural preservation organization, which works to preserve and promote Baltimore's historic buildings and neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baltimore.broadwayworld.com/article/Everyman-Theatre-Honored-with-Baltimore-Heritage-Historic-Preservation-Award-20130618 |title=Everyman Theatre Honored with 'Baltimore Heritage Historic Preservation Award' |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> ====Tallest buildings==== {{Main|List of tallest buildings in Baltimore}} {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 1em 1em 0; font-size: 90%;" |- style="background:#ccc;" !Rank||Building||Height||Floors||Built|| |- |1 || [[Transamerica Tower (Baltimore)|Transamerica Tower]] (formerly the Legg Mason Building, originally built as the U.S. Fidelity and Guarantee Co. Building)<ref>{{cite news|last=Hopkins|first=Jamie Smith|title=Transamerica workers begin move to downtown skyscraper|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-10-31/business/bs-bz-transamerica-move-20111031_1_lexington-realty-trust-legg-mason-tower-ober-kaler|access-date=November 16, 2011|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=October 31, 2011}}</ref> || {{convert|529|ft|m|0}} || 40 || 1973 ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=leggmasonbuilding-baltimore-md-usa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205174820/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=leggmasonbuilding-baltimore-md-usa | archive-date=February 5, 2007 | title=Legg Mason Building | publisher=Emporis Corporation | access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" |2 ||[[Bank of America Building (Baltimore)|Bank of America Building]] (originally built as Baltimore Trust Building, later Sullivan, Mathieson, Md. Nat. Bank, NationsBank Bldgs.) || {{convert|509|ft|m|0}} || 37 || 1929 ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=bankofamericabuilding-baltimore-md-usa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214111632/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=bankofamericabuilding-baltimore-md-usa | archive-date=February 14, 2007 | title=Bank of America Building | publisher=Emporis Corporation | access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> |- |3 ||[[414 Light Street (Baltimore)|414 Light Street]] || {{convert|500|ft|m|0}} || 44 || 2018 ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real-estate/bs-bz-questar-topping-off-20171110-story.html|title=Questar tops off 414 Light St. tower on Baltimore Inner Harbor|last=Gantz|first=Sarah|work=baltimoresun.com|access-date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" |4 || [[William Donald Schaefer Tower]] (originally built as the Merritt S. & L. Tower) || {{convert|493|ft|m|0}} || 37 || 1992 ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=williamdonaldschaefertower-baltimore-md-usa| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217032306/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=williamdonaldschaefertower-baltimore-md-usa| archive-date=February 17, 2007| title=William Donald Schaefer Tower| publisher=Emporis Corporation | access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> |- |5 ||[[Commerce Place (Baltimore)|Commerce Place]] (Alex. Brown & Sons/Deutsche Bank Tower)|| {{convert|454|ft|m|0}} || 31 || 1992 ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=commerceplace-baltimore-md-usa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213235836/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=commerceplace-baltimore-md-usa | archive-date=February 13, 2007 | title=Commerce Place | publisher=Emporis Corporation | access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" |6 ||[[Baltimore Marriott Waterfront Hotel]]|| {{convert|430|ft|m|0}} || 32 || 2001 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/baltimore-marriott-waterfront-hotel/10605 |title=Baltimore Marriott Waterfront Hotel |access-date=April 26, 2020 |publisher=Skyscraper Center }}</ref> |- |7 || [[100 East Pratt Street]] (originally built as the I.B.M. Building)|| {{convert|418|ft|m|0}} || 28 || 1975/1992 ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=100eastprattstreet-baltimore-md-usa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206194436/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=100eastprattstreet-baltimore-md-usa | archive-date=February 6, 2007 | title=100 East Pratt Street | publisher=Emporis Corporation | access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" |8 || [[Baltimore World Trade Center]] || {{convert|405|ft|m|0}} || 28 || 1977 ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=worldtradecenter-baltimore-md-usa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221161452/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=worldtradecenter-baltimore-md-usa | archive-date=February 21, 2007 | title=Trade Center | publisher=Emporis Corporation | access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> |- |9 || [[Tremont Plaza Hotel]] || {{convert|395|ft|m|0}} || 37 || 1967 ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=tremontplazahotel-baltimore-md-usa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217030454/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=tremontplazahotel-baltimore-md-usa | archive-date=February 17, 2007 | title=Tremont Plaza Hotel | publisher=Emporis Corporation | access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" |10 || [[Charles Center|Charles Towers South]] || {{convert|385|ft|m|0}} || 30 || 1969 ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=charlestowerssouthapartments-baltimore-md-usa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219181921/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=charlestowerssouthapartments-baltimore-md-usa | archive-date=February 19, 2007 | title=Charles Towers South Apartments | publisher=Emporis Corporation | access-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" |} ====Neighborhoods==== {{See also|List of Baltimore neighborhoods}} [[File:Baltimore neighborhoods map.png|thumb|A map of [[List of Baltimore neighborhoods|Baltimore's designated neighborhoods]]]] Baltimore is officially divided into nine geographical regions: North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, and Central, with each district patrolled by a respective [[Baltimore Police Department]]. [[Interstate 83]] and [[Charles Street (Baltimore)|Charles Street]] down to [[Maryland Route 2|Hanover Street]] and [[Ritchie Highway]] serve as the east–west dividing line and [[Maryland Route 150|Eastern Avenue]] to [[U.S. Route 40 in Maryland|Route 40]] as the north–south dividing line; however, [[Baltimore Street]] is north–south dividing line for the [[U.S. Postal Service]].<ref name="Tilghman">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/insidersguidetob0000tilg/page/2|title=Insiders' Guide to Baltimore|first=Mary K.|publisher=Globe Pequot Press<!--from Google Books-->|others=Elizabeth A. Evitts<!--from Google Books-->|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7627-4553-1|edition=5th|series=Insiders' Guide Series|location=Guilford, Connecticut|page=[https://archive.org/details/insidersguidetob0000tilg/page/2 2]|oclc=144227820|last=Tilghman|url-access=registration}}</ref> =====Central Baltimore===== Central Baltimore, originally called the Middle District,<ref name=bpdhistory>{{citation|title=Central District|url=http://baltimorecitypolicedept.org/citypolice/baltimore-police-districts/central-district.html|website=Baltimore City Police History|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> stretches north of the Inner Harbor up to the edge of [[Druid Hill Park]]. Downtown Baltimore has mainly served as a commercial district with limited residential opportunities; however, between 2000 and 2010, the downtown population grew 130 percent as old commercial properties have been replaced by residential property.<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite news| url=http://thedailyrecord.com/2011/05/17/families-increasing-in-downtown-baltimore/ |title= Families increasing in downtown Baltimore|first=Rachel|last=Bernstein|work=The Daily Record |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=January 8, 2012}}</ref> Still the city's main commercial area and business district, it includes Baltimore's sports complexes: [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]], [[M&T Bank Stadium]], and the [[Royal Farms Arena]]; and the shops and attractions in the Inner Harbor: [[Harborplace]], the [[Baltimore Convention Center]], the [[National Aquarium in Baltimore|National Aquarium]], [[Maryland Science Center]], [[Pier Six Pavilion]], and [[Power Plant Live]].<ref name=Tilghman /> The [[University of Maryland, Baltimore]], the [[University of Maryland Medical Center]], and [[Lexington Market]] are also in the central district, as well as the [[Hippodrome]] and many nightclubs, bars, restaurants, shopping centers and various other attractions.<ref name=Tilghman /><ref name=bpdhistory /> The northern portion of Central Baltimore, between downtown and the Druid Hill Park, is home to many of the city's cultural opportunities. [[Maryland Institute College of Art]], the [[Peabody Institute]] (music conservatory), [[George Peabody Library]], [[Enoch Pratt Free Library]] – Central Library, the [[Lyric Opera House]], the [[Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall]], the [[Walters Art Museum]], the [[Maryland Center for History and Culture]] and its [[Enoch Pratt]] Mansion, and several galleries are located in this region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baltimore.org/|title=Baltimore|website=Visit Baltimore|access-date=May 1, 2016}}</ref> =====North Baltimore===== [[File:1sherwoodgardens08.JPG|thumb|alt=Park and flowers at Sherwood Gardens, Guilford, Baltimore.|Baltimore's [[Sherwood Gardens]] neighborhood]] Several historic and notable neighborhoods are in this district: [[Govans, Baltimore|Govans]] (1755), [[Roland Park, Baltimore|Roland Park]] (1891), [[Guilford, Baltimore|Guilford]] (1913), [[Homeland, Baltimore|Homeland]] (1924), [[Hampden, Baltimore|Hampden]], [[Woodberry, Baltimore|Woodberry]], [[Old Goucher College Buildings|Old Goucher]] (the original campus of [[Goucher College]]), and [[Jones Falls]]. Along the [[Maryland Route 45|York Road]] corridor going north are the large neighborhoods of [[Charles Village]], [[Waverly, Baltimore|Waverly]], and [[Mount Washington, Baltimore|Mount Washington]]. The [[Station North Arts and Entertainment District]] is also located in North Baltimore.<ref>{{citation|title=Northern District Area Guide|url=https://www.baltimorepolice.org/northern-district|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423003235/https://www.baltimorepolice.org/northern-district|at=Neighborhood Resources|publisher=Baltimore Police Department|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-date=April 23, 2016}}</ref> =====South Baltimore===== [[File:Federal Hill rowhouses.jpg|alt=Brick rowhouses with flags|thumb|Rowhouses in Baltimore's [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]] neighborhood]] South Baltimore, a mixed industrial and residential area, consists of the "Old South Baltimore" peninsula below the Inner Harbor and east of the old [[B&O Railroad]]'s Camden line tracks and [[Russell Street (Baltimore)|Russell Street]] downtown. It is a culturally, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse waterfront area with neighborhoods such as [[Locust Point, Baltimore|Locust Point]] and Riverside around a large park of the same name.<ref name="Locust Point">{{cite web |url=http://www.mylocustpoint.com/LocustPointHistory/tabid/54/Default.aspx |title=Locust Point – Celebrating 300 Years of a Historic Community |author=Scott Sheads |publisher=Locust Point Civic Association |access-date=April 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092654/http://www.mylocustpoint.com/LocustPointHistory/tabid/54/Default.aspx |archive-date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref> Just south of the Inner Harbor, the historic [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]] neighborhood, is home to many working professionals, pubs and restaurants. At the end of the peninsula is historic [[Fort McHenry]], a National Park since the end of World War I, when the old U.S. Army Hospital surrounding the 1798 star-shaped battlements was torn down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicfederalhill.org/www/docs/3 |title=Discover Federal Hill |work=Historic Federal Hill |access-date=April 1, 2011 |archive-date=March 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307043122/http://www.historicfederalhill.org/www/docs/3 }}</ref> Across the Hanover Street Bridge are residential areas such as [[Cherry Hill, Baltimore|Cherry Hill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cherryhillnet.org/documents/071008CherryHillMasterPlan.pdf|title=Cherry Hill Master Plan (II. History of Cherry Hill)|date=July 10, 2008|publisher=Baltimore City Department of Planning|page=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912074251/http://www.cherryhillnet.org/documents/071008CherryHillMasterPlan.pdf|archive-date=September 12, 2011|access-date=April 1, 2011|work=Cherry Hill Community Web Site}}</ref> =====Northeast Baltimore===== Northeast is primarily a residential neighborhood, home to [[Morgan State University]], bounded by the city line of 1919 on its northern and eastern boundaries, [[Sinclair Lane]], [[Maryland Route 151|Erdman Avenue]], and [[U.S. Route 40 in Maryland|Pulaski Highway]] to the south and [[The Alameda (Baltimore)|The Alameda]] on to the west. Also in this wedge of the city on [[33rd Street (Baltimore)|33rd Street]] is [[Baltimore City College]] high school, third oldest active public secondary school in the United States, founded downtown in 1839.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/community/guide/bal-rg-learnoverview,0,5643451.story?coll=bal-relocation-features |title=Contrasting studies |access-date=July 29, 2007 |last=Anft |first=Michael |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909092919/http://www.baltimoresun.com/community/guide/bal-rg-learnoverview%2C0%2C5643451.story?coll=bal-relocation-features |archive-date=September 9, 2005 }}</ref> Across [[Loch Raven Boulevard]] is the former site of the old [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]] home of the [[History of the Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]], [[Baltimore Orioles]], and [[Baltimore Ravens]], now replaced by a [[YMCA]] athletic and housing complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bniajfi.org/uploaded_files/0000/0169/hillen_demographic_profile.pdf|title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics (2000): Hillen|website=Baltimore Neighborhood Indicators Alliance|publisher=Baltimore City Department of Planning|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812182510/http://bniajfi.org/uploaded_files/0000/0169/hillen_demographic_profile.pdf|archive-date=August 12, 2011|access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bniajfi.org/uploaded_files/0000/0262/stonewood-pentwood-winston_demographic_profile.pdf|title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics (2000): Stonewood-Pentwood-Winston|website=Baltimore Neighborhoods Indicators Alliance|publisher=Baltimore City Department of Planning|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812182517/http://bniajfi.org/uploaded_files/0000/0262/stonewood-pentwood-winston_demographic_profile.pdf|archive-date=August 12, 2011|access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> [[Lake Montebello]] is in Northeast Baltimore.<ref name=bpdhistory /> =====East Baltimore===== Located below [[Sinclair Lane]] and [[Maryland Route 151|Erdman Avenue]], above [[Orleans Street (Baltimore)|Orleans Street]], East Baltimore is mainly made up of residential neighborhoods. This section of East Baltimore is home to [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], [[Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine]], and [[Johns Hopkins Children's Center]] on [[Broadway (Baltimore)|Broadway]]. Notable neighborhoods include: [[Armistead Gardens]], [[Broadway East]], [[Barclay, Baltimore|Barclay]], [[Ellwood Park]], [[Greenmount, Baltimore|Greenmount]], and [[McElderry Park]].<ref name=bpdhistory /> This area was the on-site film location for ''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]]'', ''[[The Corner]]'' and ''[[The Wire]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www2.citypaper.com/special/story.asp?id=11846 |title=A Guided Tour of "The Wire's" East Baltimore |work=Baltimore City Paper |author=Gadi Dechter |date=May 24, 2006 |access-date=April 1, 2011}}</ref> =====Southeast Baltimore===== Southeast Baltimore, located below [[Fayette Street]], bordering the Inner Harbor and the Northwest Branch of the [[Patapsco River]] to the west, the city line of 1919 on its eastern boundaries and the Patapsco River to the south, is a mixed industrial and residential area. [[Patterson Park]], the "Best Backyard in Baltimore",<ref name=collins2008>{{citation|last=Collins|first=Dan|title=Patterson Park: Best backyard in Baltimore|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/patterson-park-best-backyard-in-baltimore/article/43971|newspaper=Washington Examiner|date=December 18, 2008|access-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref> as well as the [[Highlandtown Arts District, Baltimore, MD|Highlandtown Arts District]], and [[Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center]] are located in Southeast Baltimore. The Shops at Canton Crossing opened in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2013/10/08/the-shops-at-canton-crossing-is-officially-open-for-business/|newspaper=CBS Baltimore|title=The Shops at Canton Crossing is Officially Open for Business|date=October 8, 2013|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> The [[Canton, Baltimore|Canton]] neighborhood, is located along Baltimore's prime waterfront. Other historic neighborhoods include: [[Fell's Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]], [[Patterson Park (neighborhood), Baltimore|Patterson Park]], [[Butchers Hill, Baltimore|Butchers Hill]], [[Highlandtown, Baltimore|Highlandtown]], [[Greektown, Baltimore|Greektown]], [[Inner Harbor East, Baltimore|Harbor East]], [[Little Italy, Baltimore|Little Italy]], and [[Upper Fell's Point]].<ref name=bpdhistory /> =====Northwest Baltimore===== Northwestern is bounded by the county line to the north and west, [[Gwynns Falls Parkway]] on the south and [[Pimlico Road]] on the east, is home to [[Pimlico Race Course]], [[Sinai Hospital (Maryland)|Sinai Hospital]], and the headquarters of the [[NAACP]]. Its neighborhoods are mostly residential and are dissected by [[Northern Parkway (Baltimore)|Northern Parkway]]. The area has been the center of [[History of the Jews in Baltimore|Baltimore's Jewish community]] since after World War II. Notable neighborhoods include: [[Pimlico, Baltimore|Pimlico]], [[Mount Washington, Baltimore|Mount Washington]], and [[Cheswolde, Baltimore|Cheswolde]], and [[Park Heights]].<ref name="Park Heights">{{cite web |url=http://www.livebaltimore.com/neighborhoods/list/parkheights/ |title=Park Heights |work=Live in Baltimore |access-date=April 4, 2011}}</ref> =====West Baltimore===== West Baltimore is west of downtown and the [[Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (Baltimore)|Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard]] and is bounded by Gwynns Falls Parkway, [[Fremont Avenue]], and [[Baltimore Street|West Baltimore Street]]. The [[Old West Baltimore Historic District]] includes the neighborhoods of [[Harlem Park]], [[Sandtown-Winchester]], [[Druid Heights]], [[Madison Park, Baltimore|Madison Park]], and [[Upton, Baltimore|Upton]].<ref name=nps /><ref>{{citation|publisher=National Register of Historic Places|title=Registration form: Old West Baltimore Historic District|date=November 9, 2004|website=mht.maryland.gov|url=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-1390.pdf|access-date=May 15, 2016}}</ref> Originally a predominantly German neighborhood, by the last half of the 19th century, Old West Baltimore was home to a substantial section of the city's Black population.<ref name=nps/> It became the largest neighborhood for the city's Black community and its cultural, political, and economic center.<ref name=nps>{{citation|title=Baltimore City Heritage Area: Management Action Plan |author=HRG Consultants |author2=AB Associates |date=Sep 2001|website=National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/balt/learn/management/upload/Section-I-Background.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428114908/https://www.nps.gov/balt/learn/management/upload/Section-I-Background.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2016 |access-date=May 15, 2016}}</ref> [[Coppin State University]], [[Mondawmin Mall]], and [[Edmondson, Baltimore|Edmondson Village]] are located in this district. The area's crime problems have provided subject material for television series, such as ''[[The Wire]]''.<ref>{{citation|title=Part 3 Unhealthy Baltimore: Distrust in the hospital room|author=Capital News Service|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=May 3, 2016|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-unrest-anniversary-20160427-story.html|access-date=May 15, 2016}}</ref> Local organizations, such as the Sandtown Habitat for Humanity and the Upton Planning Committee, have been steadily transforming parts of formerly blighted areas of West Baltimore into clean, safe communities.<ref>{{citation|last=Wheeler|first=Timothy B|title=Habitat group rehabs 300th home in Sandtown|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=December 11, 2011|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-12-11/news/bs-md-habitat-20111211_1_sandtown-habitat-habitat-group-new-song-community-church|access-date=May 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://livebaltimore.com/neighborhoods/upton/|title=Upton|publisher=Live in Baltimore|website=LiveBaltimore.com|date=n.d.|access-date=May 15, 2016}}</ref> =====Southwest Baltimore===== Southwest Baltimore is bound by the Baltimore County line to the west, West [[Baltimore Street]] to the north, and [[Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (Baltimore)|Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard]] and [[Baltimore–Washington Parkway|Russell Street/Baltimore-Washington Parkway]] (Maryland Route 295) to the east. Notable neighborhoods in Southwest Baltimore include: [[Pigtown, Baltimore|Pigtown]], [[Carrollton Ridge, Baltimore|Carrollton Ridge]], [[Ridgely's Delight, Baltimore|Ridgely's Delight]], [[Gwynns Falls Leakin Park|Leakin Park]], [[Violetville, Baltimore|Violetville]], [[Lakeland, Baltimore|Lakeland]], and [[Morrell Park, Baltimore|Morrell Park]].<ref name=bpdhistory /> [[St. Agnes Hospital (Baltimore)|St. Agnes Hospital]] on [[Maryland Route 372|Wilkens]] and [[Caton Avenue|Caton]]<ref name=bpdhistory /> avenues is located in this district with the neighboring [[Cardinal Gibbons School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Cardinal Gibbons High School]], which is the former site of [[Babe Ruth]]'s alma mater, St. Mary's Industrial School.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Through this segment of Baltimore ran the beginnings of the historic [[National Road]], which was constructed beginning in 1806 along [[Old Frederick Road]] and continuing into the county on [[Maryland Route 144|Frederick Road]] into [[Ellicott City, Maryland]].{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Other sides in this district are: [[Mount Clare (Maryland)|Carroll Park]], one of the city's largest parks, the colonial Mount Clare Mansion, and [[U.S. Route 1 in Maryland|Washington Boulevard]], which dates to pre-Revolutionary War days as the prime route out of the city to [[Alexandria, Virginia]], and [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]] on the [[Potomac River]].{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} <gallery mode="nolines" widths="170"> File:Parkside1.jpg|[[Belair-Edison, Baltimore|Belair-Edison]] File:Woodberry07.JPG|[[Woodberry, Baltimore|Woodberry]] File:Res Hill HD Baltimore.JPG|[[Reservoir Hill, Baltimore|Reservoir Hill]] File:Station North Arts District Baltimore Chas St.jpg|[[Station North Arts and Entertainment District|Station North]] File:Fells Point A.JPG|[[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] File:GoodwoodGardens.jpg|[[Roland Park, Baltimore|Roland Park]] </gallery> ===Adjacent communities=== Baltimore is bordered by the following communities, all unincorporated [[census-designated place]]s. {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Arbutus, Maryland|Arbutus]] * [[Baltimore Highlands, Maryland|Baltimore Highlands]] * [[Brooklyn Park, Maryland|Brooklyn Park]] * [[Catonsville, Maryland|Catonsville]] * [[Dundalk, Maryland|Dundalk]] * [[Glen Burnie, Maryland|Glen Burnie]] * [[Lansdowne, Maryland|Lansdowne]] * [[Lochearn, Maryland|Lochearn]] * [[Overlea, Maryland|Overlea]] * [[Parkville, Maryland|Parkville]] * [[Pasadena, Maryland|Pasadena]] * [[Pikesville, Maryland|Pikesville]] * [[Rosedale, Maryland|Rosedale]] * [[Towson, Maryland|Towson]] * [[Woodlawn, Baltimore County, Maryland|Woodlawn]] }} ===Climate=== [[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Baltimore Area, MD(ThreadEx).svg|thumb|A climate chart for Baltimore]] Baltimore has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') in the [[Köppen climate classification]], with hot summers, cool winters, and a summer peak to annual precipitation.<ref>{{Citation|last=Peterson|first=Adam|title=English: Trewartha climate types for the contiguous United States|date=September 22, 2016|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_trewartha.svg|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name=vox>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/12/20/18136006/climate-change-warmer-winters|title=Winters are warming faster than summers. These US cities could lose the most freezing days by 2050.|last=Irfan|first=Umair|date=December 20, 2018|website=Vox|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Baltimore is part of USDA plant [[hardiness zone]]s 7b and 8a.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arborday.org/treeinfo/ZoneInfo.cfm?ZipCode=21222&submit=Look+it+up%21|title=USDA Zone Map Lookup: Baltimore, MD|publisher=The Arbor Day Foundation|access-date=July 8, 2013|archive-date=November 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105091502/http://www.arborday.org/treeinfo/ZoneInfo.cfm?ZipCode=21222&submit=Look+it+up%21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Summers are normally warm, with occasional late day thunderstorms. July, the warmest month, has a mean temperature of {{convert|80.3|°F|1}}. Winters range from chilly to mild but vary, with sporadic snowfall: January has a daily<!--AVG OF HIGH+LOW, NOT HIGH ALONE--> average of {{convert|35.8|°F|1}},<ref name="NOAA downtown" /> though temperatures reach {{convert|50|°F}} quite often, and can occasionally drop below {{convert|20|°F}} when Arctic air masses affect the area.<ref name="NOAA downtown" /> According to ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'', winters are warming faster than summers.<ref name=vox/> Spring and autumn are mild, with spring being the wettest season in terms of the number of precipitation days. Summers are hot and humid with a daily<!--AVG OF HIGH+LOW, NOT HIGH ALONE--> average in July of {{convert|80.7|°F|1}}.<ref name="NOAA downtown" /> The combination of heat and humidity leads to occasional thunderstorms. A southeasterly bay breeze off the Chesapeake often occurs on summer afternoons when hot air rises over inland areas. Prevailing winds from the southwest interacting with this breeze as well as the city proper's UHI can seriously exacerbate air quality.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sanderson|first=Katharine|title=Why it's hot in the city: Heat wave in Baltimore made worse by hot air from Washington DC.|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091224/full/news.2009.1164.html|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|access-date=May 31, 2014|doi=10.1038/news.2009.1164|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Roylance|first=Frank D.|title=D.C. heat stagnates Baltimore's air|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-01-08/news/bal-md.heat08jan08_1_air-pollution-hot-air-russell-r-dickerson|work=The Baltimore Sun |date=January 8, 2010 |access-date=May 31, 2014}}</ref> In late summer and early autumn the track of hurricanes or their remnants may cause flooding in downtown Baltimore, despite the city being far removed from the typical coastal [[storm surge]] areas.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mogil|first=H. Michael|author2=Seaman, Kristen L. |title=The Climate and Weather of Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.|journal=Weatherwise|date=2009 |volume=62 |issue=July–August 2009|page=16 |doi=10.3200/WEWI.62.4.16-23 |bibcode=2009Weawi..62d..16M |s2cid=191452700 |url=http://www.weatherwise.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/2009/July-August%202009/full-mogil.html|access-date=May 31, 2014}}</ref> The average seasonal snowfall is {{convert|19|in|cm}}.<ref name="NOAA NowData"/> It varies greatly by year, with some seasons seeing only trace accumulations of snow, while others see several major [[Nor'easter]]s.{{efn|Officially, seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from {{convert|0.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} in 1949–50 to {{convert|77.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} in 2009–10. See [[North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall]] (December 19–20, 2009), [[February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall]], and [[February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact]]. The February storms contributed to a monthly accumulation of {{convert|50.0|in|cm|abbr=on}}, the most for any month.<ref name="NOAA NowData"/> If no snow fell outside of February that winter, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th snowiest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baltimore Snowfall |url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/lwx/climate/bwi/bwisnow.txt|publisher=NWS Baltimore/Washington|access-date=June 15, 2014}}</ref>}} Owing to lessened [[urban heat island]] (UHI) as compared to the [[city limits|city proper]] and distance from the moderating Chesapeake Bay, the outlying and inland parts of the Baltimore metro area are usually cooler, especially at night, than the city proper and the coastal towns. Thus, in the northern and western suburbs, winter snowfall is more significant, and some areas average more than {{convert|30|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} of snow per winter.<ref>{{cite web | title=Maryland Average Annual Snowfall Map | url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/lwx/Historic_Events/md-snow-avg.gif | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date=April 16, 2006 | archive-date=May 22, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522020512/http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/lwx/Historic_Events/md-snow-avg.gif }}</ref> It is by not uncommon for the rain-snow line to set up in the metro area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/lwx/winter/storm-pr.htm |title=NWS Sterling, VA – Snowfall and Cold |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418230628/http://www.erh.noaa.gov/lwx/winter/storm-pr.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2012 }}</ref> [[Freezing rain]] and sleet occur a few times some winters in the area, as warm air overrides cold air at the low to mid-levels of the atmosphere. When the wind blows from the east, the cold air gets [[cold air damming|dammed against the mountains]] to the west and the result is freezing rain or sleet. Like [[Climate change in Maryland|all of Maryland]], Baltimore is at risk for increased impacts of [[Global warming|climate change]]. Historically, flooding has ruined houses and almost killed people, especially in lower income majority Black neighborhoods, and caused sewage backups, given the existing disrepair of Baltimore's water system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/community/climate-change-wreaking-havoc-baltimore-infrastructure-public-health|title=Hell and High Water |last=Cassie |first=Ron |date=April 22, 2019|website=Baltimore |access-date=April 22, 2020}}</ref> Extreme temperatures range from {{convert|−7|°F|0}} on February 9, 1934, and [[Great Blizzard of 1899|February 10, 1899]],{{efn|Since 1950, when the National Weather Service switched to using the suburban and generally cooler BWI Airport as the official Baltimore climatology station, this extreme has repeated three times: January 29, 1963, [[Cold Sunday|January 17, 1982]], and January 22, 1984.}} up to {{convert|108|°F|0}} on July 22, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marylandwx.com/tag/heat-index/|title=heat index " Maryland Weather|work=marylandwx.com|access-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://weather-warehouse.com/WeatherHistory/PastWeatherData_BaltimoreDowntown_Baltimore_MD_July.html|title=Past Monthly Weather Data for Baltimore July 1999–2014|work=Weather Warehouse|access-date=August 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065259/http://weather-warehouse.com/WeatherHistory/PastWeatherData_BaltimoreDowntown_Baltimore_MD_July.html|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref> On average, temperatures of {{convert|100|°F}} or more occur on three days annually, {{convert|90|°F}} or more on 43 days, and there are nine days where the high fails to reach the freezing mark.<ref name="NOAA downtown" /> {{Weather box |location = Baltimore ([[Baltimore/Washington International Airport]]) 1991−2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1872–present{{efn|For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ ThreadEx]}}) |single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan record high F = 79 |Feb record high F = 83 |Mar record high F = 90 |Apr record high F = 94 |May record high F = 98 |Jun record high F = 105 |Jul record high F = 107 |Aug record high F = 105 |Sep record high F = 101 |Oct record high F = 98 |Nov record high F = 86 |Dec record high F = 77 |year record high F = 107 |Jan avg record high F = 64.6 |Feb avg record high F = 66.4 |Mar avg record high F = 75.9 |Apr avg record high F = 85.8 |May avg record high F = 91.0 |Jun avg record high F = 95.9 |Jul avg record high F = 98.0 |Aug avg record high F = 95.9 |Sep avg record high F = 91.1 |Oct avg record high F = 83.8 |Nov avg record high F = 74.3 |Dec avg record high F = 66.0 |year avg record high F = 98.9 |Jan high F = 43.2 |Feb high F = 46.4 |Mar high F = 54.8 |Apr high F = 66.5 |May high F = 75.5 |Jun high F = 84.4 |Jul high F = 88.8 |Aug high F = 86.5 |Sep high F = 79.7 |Oct high F = 68.3 |Nov high F = 57.3 |Dec high F = 47.5 |year high F = 66.6 |Jan mean F = 34.3 |Feb mean F = 36.6 |Mar mean F = 44.3 |Apr mean F = 55.0 |May mean F = 64.4 |Jun mean F = 73.5 |Jul mean F = 78.3 |Aug mean F = 76.2 |Sep mean F = 69.2 |Oct mean F = 57.4 |Nov mean F = 46.9 |Dec mean F = 38.6 |year mean F = 56.2 |Jan low F = 25.4 |Feb low F = 26.9 |Mar low F = 33.9 |Apr low F = 43.6 |May low F = 53.3 |Jun low F = 62.6 |Jul low F = 67.7 |Aug low F = 65.8 |Sep low F = 58.8 |Oct low F = 46.5 |Nov low F = 36.5 |Dec low F = 29.6 |year low F = 45.9 |Jan avg record low F = 9.1 |Feb avg record low F = 12.2 |Mar avg record low F = 18.9 |Apr avg record low F = 29.7 |May avg record low F = 38.8 |Jun avg record low F = 49.3 |Jul avg record low F = 57.9 |Aug avg record low F = 55.8 |Sep avg record low F = 45.1 |Oct avg record low F = 32.8 |Nov avg record low F = 22.9 |Dec avg record low F = 15.6 |year avg record low F = 6.9 |Jan record low F = −7 |Feb record low F = −7 |Mar record low F = 4 |Apr record low F = 15 |May record low F = 32 |Jun record low F = 40 |Jul record low F = 50 |Aug record low F = 45 |Sep record low F = 35 |Oct record low F = 25 |Nov record low F = 12 |Dec record low F = -3 |year record low F = -7 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 3.08 |Feb precipitation inch = 2.90 |Mar precipitation inch = 4.01 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.39 |May precipitation inch = 3.85 |Jun precipitation inch = 3.98 |Jul precipitation inch = 4.48 |Aug precipitation inch = 4.09 |Sep precipitation inch = 4.44 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.94 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.13 |Dec precipitation inch = 3.71 |year precipitation inch = 45.00 |Jan snow inch = 6.4 |Feb snow inch = 7.5 |Mar snow inch = 2.8 |Apr snow inch = 0.0 |May snow inch = 0.0 |Jun snow inch = 0.0 |Jul snow inch = 0.0 |Aug snow inch = 0.0 |Sep snow inch = 0.0 |Oct snow inch = 0.0 |Nov snow inch = 0.1 |Dec snow inch = 2.5 |year snow inch = 19.3 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 10.1 |Feb precipitation days = 9.3 |Mar precipitation days = 11.0 |Apr precipitation days = 11.2 |May precipitation days = 11.9 |Jun precipitation days = 11.3 |Jul precipitation days = 10.4 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 9.1 |Oct precipitation days = 8.6 |Nov precipitation days = 8.5 |Dec precipitation days = 10.3 |year precipitation days = 121.3 |unit snow days = 0.1 in |Jan snow days = 2.8 |Feb snow days = 2.9 |Mar snow days = 1.5 |Apr snow days = 0.1 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.2 |Dec snow days = 1.5 |year snow days = 9.0 |Jan humidity = 63.2 |Feb humidity = 61.3 |Mar humidity = 59.2 |Apr humidity = 58.9 |May humidity = 66.1 |Jun humidity = 68.4 |Jul humidity = 69.1 |Aug humidity = 71.1 |Sep humidity = 71.3 |Oct humidity = 69.5 |Nov humidity = 66.5 |Dec humidity = 65.5 |year humidity = 65.8 |Jan sun = 155.4 |Feb sun = 164.0 |Mar sun = 215.0 |Apr sun = 230.7 |May sun = 254.5 |Jun sun = 277.3 |Jul sun = 290.1 |Aug sun = 264.4 |Sep sun = 221.8 |Oct sun = 205.5 |Nov sun = 158.5 |Dec sun = 144.5 |year sun = 2581.7 |Jan percentsun = 51 |Feb percentsun = 54 |Mar percentsun = 58 |Apr percentsun = 58 |May percentsun = 57 |Jun percentsun = 62 |Jul percentsun = 64 |Aug percentsun = 62 |Sep percentsun = 59 |Oct percentsun = 59 |Nov percentsun = 52 |Dec percentsun = 49 |year percentsun = 58 |Jan dew point C = -6.7 |Feb dew point C = -5.8 |Mar dew point C = -1.7 |Apr dew point C = 3.1 |May dew point C = 10.2 |Jun dew point C = 15.6 |Jul dew point C = 18.1 |Aug dew point C = 17.8 |Sep dew point C = 14.2 |Oct dew point C = 7.5 |Nov dew point C = 1.8 |Dec dew point C = -3.7 |source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity , dew points and sun 1961–1990)<ref name="NOAA NowData"/><ref name="NOAA BWI"> {{cite web | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00093721&format=pdf | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | title = Station: Baltimore Wash INTL AP, MD | work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020) | access-date = May 24, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512050303/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00093721&format=pdf | archive-date = May 12, 2023}}</ref><ref name=noaasun> {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72406.TXT | title = WMO Climate Normals for BALTIMORE/BALTO-WASH, MD 1961–1990 | access-date = May 24, 2021 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512050546/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72406.TXT | archive-date = May 12, 2023}}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Baltimore ([[Maryland Science Center]]) 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1950–present |single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan record high F = 77 |Feb record high F = 84 |Mar record high F = 97 |Apr record high F = 98 |May record high F = 100 |Jun record high F = 106 |Jul record high F = 108 |Aug record high F = 106 |Sep record high F = 102 |Oct record high F = 95 |Nov record high F = 87 |Dec record high F = 85 |year record high F = 108 |Jan avg record high F = 65.0 |Feb avg record high F = 66.5 |Mar avg record high F = 77.0 |Apr avg record high F = 87.7 |May avg record high F = 92.5 |Jun avg record high F = 97.3 |Jul avg record high F = 99.7 |Aug avg record high F = 97.8 |Sep avg record high F = 92.9 |Oct avg record high F = 85.4 |Nov avg record high F = 75.4 |Dec avg record high F = 67.1 |year avg record high F = 100.9 |Jan high F = 43.7 |Feb high F = 46.8 |Mar high F = 55.2 |Apr high F = 66.8 |May high F = 75.9 |Jun high F = 85.4 |Jul high F = 90.1 |Aug high F = 87.3 |Sep high F = 80.4 |Oct high F = 68.8 |Nov high F = 57.6 |Dec high F = 48.0 |year high F = 67.2 |Jan mean F = 36.9 |Feb mean F = 39.4 |Mar mean F = 46.9 |Apr mean F = 57.5 |May mean F = 67.0 |Jun mean F = 76.6 |Jul mean F = 81.5 |Aug mean F = 79.1 |Sep mean F = 72.5 |Oct mean F = 60.7 |Nov mean F = 50.1 |Dec mean F = 41.3 |year mean F = 59.1 |Jan low F = 30.0 |Feb low F = 31.9 |Mar low F = 38.7 |Apr low F = 48.2 |May low F = 58.0 |Jun low F = 67.7 |Jul low F = 72.9 |Aug low F = 71.0 |Sep low F = 64.5 |Oct low F = 52.6 |Nov low F = 42.6 |Dec low F = 34.6 |year low F = 51.1 |Jan avg record low F = 14.7 |Feb avg record low F = 17.3 |Mar avg record low F = 23.9 |Apr avg record low F = 36.2 |May avg record low F = 46.9 |Jun avg record low F = 57.5 |Jul avg record low F = 65.6 |Aug avg record low F = 63.2 |Sep avg record low F = 53.4 |Oct avg record low F = 40.3 |Nov avg record low F = 29.9 |Dec avg record low F = 22.2 |year avg record low F = 12.5 |Jan record low F = −4 |Feb record low F = −3 |Mar record low F = 12 |Apr record low F = 21 |May record low F = 36 |Jun record low F = 48 |Jul record low F = 58 |Aug record low F = 52 |Sep record low F = 40 |Oct record low F = 30 |Nov record low F = 16 |Dec record low F = 6 |year record low F = -4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 3.07 |Feb precipitation inch = 2.75 |Mar precipitation inch = 3.93 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.55 |May precipitation inch = 3.39 |Jun precipitation inch = 3.36 |Jul precipitation inch = 4.71 |Aug precipitation inch = 4.35 |Sep precipitation inch = 4.49 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.49 |Nov precipitation inch = 2.98 |Dec precipitation inch = 3.66 |year precipitation inch = 43.73 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 9.9 |Feb precipitation days = 9.7 |Mar precipitation days = 10.7 |Apr precipitation days = 11.0 |May precipitation days = 11.3 |Jun precipitation days = 10.7 |Jul precipitation days = 10.6 |Aug precipitation days = 9.5 |Sep precipitation days = 8.5 |Oct precipitation days = 8.5 |Nov precipitation days = 8.1 |Dec precipitation days = 10.2 |year precipitation days = 118.7 |source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name="NOAA downtown"> {{cite web | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00093784&format=pdf | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | title = Station: MD SCI CTR Baltimore, MD | work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020) | access-date = May 24, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512045725/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00093784&format=pdf | archive-date = May 12, 2023}}</ref><ref name="NOAA NowData"> {{cite web | url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=lwx | title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = May 24, 2021}}</ref> }} {|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |- !Colspan=14|Climate data for Baltimore |- !Month !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec !style="border-left-width:medium"|Year |- !Average sea temperature °F (°C) |style="background:#7575FF;color:#000000;"|46.0<br />(7.8) |style="background:#6767FF;color:#FFFFFF;"|44.4<br />(6.9) |style="background:#6D6DFF;color:#000000;"|45.1<br />(7.3) |style="background:#9999FF;color:#000000;"|50.4<br />(10.2) |style="background:#C7C7FF;color:#000000;"|55.9<br />(13.3) |style="background:#FFC200;color:#000000;"|68.2<br />(20.1) |style="background:#FF7100;color:#000000;"|75.6<br />(24.2) |style="background:#FF5E00;color:#000000;"|77.4<br />(25.2) |style="background:#FF8900;color:#000000;"|73.4<br />(23.0) |style="background:#FFD95D;color:#000000;"|66.0<br />(18.9) |style="background:#D2D2FF;color:#000000;"|57.2<br />(14.0) |style="background:#9C9CFF;color:#000000;"|50.7<br />(10.4) |style="background:#E2E2FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|59.2<br />(15.1) |- !Mean daily daylight hours |style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0 |style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0 |style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0 |style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0 |style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0 |style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0 |style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0 |style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0 |style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;"|9.0 |style="background:#FFFF35;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.2 |- !Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/maryland-usa/baltimore-climate |title=Baltimore, Maryland, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=January 24, 2019 }}</ref> |} {{Graph:Weather monthly history | table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Baltimore.tab | title=Baltimore monthly weather statistics }} ==Demographics== ===Population=== {{Historical populations |type=USA |1752| 200 |1775| 5934 |1790| 13503 |1800| 26514 |1810| 46555 |1820| 62738 |1830| 80620 |1840| 102313 |1850| 169054 |1860| 212418 |1870| 267354 |1880| 332313 |1890| 434439 |1900| 508957 |1910| 558485 |1920| 733826 |1930| 804874 |1940| 859100 |1950| 949708 |1960| 939024 |1970| 905787 |1980| 786741 |1990| 736016 |2000| 651154 |2010| 620961 |2020| 585708 |estyear=2023 |estimate=565239 |estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 3, 2024}}</ref> |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref><br />1790–1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> 1900–1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/md190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref><br />1990–2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> 2010–2020<ref name="QuickFacts" /><br /> 1752 estimate & 1775 census<ref name="ColonialPop">{{cite book |author=United States Census Bureau |date=1909 |title=A Century of Population Growth |chapter=Population in the Colonial and Continental Periods |chapter-url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00165897ch01.pdf |page=11 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-date=August 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804062114/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00165897ch01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} Baltimore reached a peak population of 949,708 at the 1950 U.S. census count. In every ten-year census count since then, the city has lost population, with its 2020 census population at 585,708. In 2011, then-Mayor [[Stephanie Rawlings-Blake]] said one of her goals was to increase the city's population, by improving city services to reduce the number of people leaving the city, and by passing legislation protecting immigrants' rights to stimulate growth.<ref name="sherman2015">{{cite news|author=Sherman, Natalie|date=April 17, 2015|title=City hopes to get more families to stay|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real-estate/wonk/bs-bz-schools-leaving-20150417-story.html#page=1|access-date=April 19, 2015}}</ref> Baltimore is identified as a [[sanctuary city]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Laura |last=Schwartzman |url=http://www.gazette.net/stories/031908/silvnew202316_32355.shtml |title=Legislation would ban Takoma Park sanctuary policies |agency=Capital News Service |date=March 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129122323/http://www.gazette.net/stories/031908/silvnew202316_32355.shtml |archive-date=January 29, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Gazette (Maryland)|The Gazette]] }}</ref> In 2019, then-Mayor [[Jack Young (politician)|Jack Young]] said that Baltimore will not assist [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE]] agents with immigration raids.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Cities Prepare For Planned ICE Raids |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/07/13/741118939/u-s-cities-prepare-for-planned-ice-raids-on-sunday?t=1567683134930 |website=National Public Radio |date=July 13, 2019 |first1=Vanessa |last1=Romo |first2=Dani |last2=Matias |access-date=September 5, 2019 }}</ref> Baltimore City's population declined from 620,961 in 2010 to 585,708 in 2020, representing a 5.7% drop. In 2020, Baltimore lost more population than any other major city in the [[United States]].<ref name="pctchange21">{{cite web|url=https://planning.maryland.gov/MSDC/Documents/pop_estimate/Estimates/county/County-table1C.pdf|title=Percent Change in Total Resident Population for Maryland's Jurisdictions, April 1, 2010 Thru July 1, 2020|access-date=July 29, 2021|date=May 4, 2021|publisher=Maryland Department of Planning, Projections and State Data Center Unit}}</ref><ref name="popchange21">{{cite web|url=https://planning.maryland.gov/MSDC/Documents/pop_estimate/Estimates/county/County-table1A.pdf|title=Total Resident Population for Maryland's Jurisdictions, April 1, 2010 Thru July 1, 2020|access-date=July 29, 2021|date=May 4, 2021|publisher=Maryland Department of Planning, Projections and State Data Center Unit}}</ref><ref name="sfchron">{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/local/article/Only-one-U-S-city-saw-a-bigger-pandemic-exodus-16258720.php|title=Only one U.S. city saw a bigger pandemic exodus than San Francisco|last=Echeverria|first=Danielle|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=June 18, 2021|access-date=July 29, 2021}}</ref> [[Gentrification]] has increased since the 2000 census, primarily in East Baltimore, downtown, and Central Baltimore, with 14.8% of census tracts having had income growth and home values appreciation at a rate higher than the city overall. Many, but not all, gentrifying neighborhoods are predominantly white areas which have seen a turnover from lower income to higher income households. These areas represent either expansion of existing gentrified areas, or activity around the Inner Harbor, downtown, or the Johns Hopkins Homewood campus.<ref name="abell">{{cite web|url=https://abell.org/sites/default/files/files/Abell_Neighborhood%20Changes%20Report%20FULL%201_13Final%20(dr).pdf|title=Drilling Down in Baltimore's Neighborhoods: Changes in racial/ethnic composition and income from 2000 to 2017|publisher=The Abell Foundation|date=April 2020|access-date=July 29, 2021|last=Mallach|first=Alan|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729194101/https://abell.org/sites/default/files/files/Abell_Neighborhood%20Changes%20Report%20FULL%201_13Final%20(dr).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some neighborhoods in East Baltimore, the Hispanic population has increased, while both the non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black populations have declined.<ref name="gentrif">{{cite news|title=Baltimore among nation's most gentrified cities, study shows|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-gentrification-study-20190319-story.html|last=Meehan|first=Sarah|date=March 20, 2019|access-date=July 29, 2021|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]}}</ref> After [[New York City]], Baltimore was the second city in the United States to reach a population of 100,000.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1840_fast_facts.html| title=1840 Fast Facts: 10 Largest Urban Places| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref><ref name="1850 Fast Facts">{{cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1850_fast_facts.html| title=1850 Fast Facts: 10 Largest Urban Places| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> From the 1820 to 1850 U.S. censuses, Baltimore was the second most-populous city,<ref name="1850 Fast Facts" /><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1830_fast_facts.html| title=1830 Fast Facts: 10 Largest Urban Places| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> before being surpassed by [[Philadelphia]] and the then-independent [[Brooklyn]] in 1860, and then being surpassed by [[St. Louis]] and [[Chicago]] in 1870.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1860_fast_facts.html| title=1860 Fast Facts: 10 Largest Urban Places| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> Baltimore was among the top 10 cities in population in the United States in every census up to the 1980 census.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1980_new.html| title=1980 Fast Facts: 10 Largest Urban Places| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> After World War II, Baltimore had a population approaching 1 million, until the population began to fall after the 1950 census. ===Characteristics=== {{Further|Ethnic groups in Baltimore}} [[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Baltimore (5559896701).png|thumb|A racial distribution map of Baltimore, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]] {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! Demographic profile !2020<ref name="2020 census figures">{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Baltimore city, Maryland; United States|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/baltimorecitycountymaryland,US/POP010220|access-date=October 3, 2022|website=www.census.gov|language=en}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2010, Summary File 1. Baltimore city – Race Profile 1: Detailed Race by Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity, with Total Tallies|website=planning.maryland.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://planning.maryland.gov/msdc/census/cen2010/SF1/RaceProf/Race_baci.pdf|access-date=January 22, 2017|via=Maryland Department of Planning}}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="census1">{{cite web|title=Maryland – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|access-date=January 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref>!! 1970<ref name="census1"/> !! 1940<ref name="census1"/> |- | [[White American|White]] |31.9%|| 29.6% || 39.1% || 53.0% || 80.6% |- | —[[Non-Hispanic whites]] |27.6%|| 28.0% || 38.6% || 52.3%{{efn|name="fifteen"|From 15% sample}} || 80.6% |- | [[African American|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic) |62.4%|| 63.7% || 59.2% || 46.4% || 19.3% |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) |6.0%|| 4.2% || 1.0% || 0.9%{{efn|name="fifteen"}} || 0.1% |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] |2.8%|| 2.3% || 1.1% || 0.3% || 0.1% |} In the {{as of|2010|alt=2010 census}}, Baltimore's population was 63.7% [[African Americans|Black]], 29.6% [[White Americans|White]] (6.9% [[German Americans|German]], 5.8% [[Italian Americans|Italian]], 4% [[Irish Americans|Irish]], 2% [[Americans|American]], 2% [[Polish Americans|Polish]], 0.5% [[Greek Americans|Greek]]) 2.3% [[Asian Americans|Asian]] (0.54% [[Korean Americans|Korean]], 0.46% [[Indian Americans|Indian]], 0.37% [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]], 0.36% [[Filipino Americans|Filipino]], 0.21% [[Nepali American|Nepali]], 0.16% [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani]]), and 0.4% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American and Alaska Native.]] Across races, 4.2% of the population are of [[History of the Hispanics and Latinos in Baltimore|Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin]] (1.63% [[Salvadoran Americans|Salvadoran]], 1.21% [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]], 0.63% [[Puerto Rican-American|Puerto Rican]], 0.6% [[Honduran Americans|Honduran]]).<ref name="QuickFacts" /> As per the 2020 census, 8.1% of residents between 2016 and 2020 were foreign born persons.<ref name="2020 census figures"/> Females made up 53.4% of the population. The median age was 35 years old, with 22.4% under 18 years old, 65.8% from 18 to 64 years old, and 11.8% 65 or older.<ref name="QuickFacts" /> Baltimore has a large [[Caribbean American]] population, with the largest groups being [[Jamaican Americans|Jamaicans]] and [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans|Trinidadians]]. Baltimore's Jamaican community is largely centered in the [[Park Heights, Baltimore|Park Heights]] neighborhood, but generations of immigrants have also lived in Southeast Baltimore.<ref name="jamaican-immigration">{{cite news|url=https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2019/11/15/immigrants-led-by-jamaicans-slow-baltimore-population-loss/|newspaper=WJZ 13 CBS Baltimore|title=Immigrants, led by Jamaicans, slow Baltimore population loss|date=November 15, 2019|access-date=July 29, 2021}}</ref> In 2005, approximately 30,778 people (6.5%) identified as [[LGBT|gay, lesbian, or bisexual]].<ref name=GLB>{{cite web|url=http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf|title=Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey|author=Gary J. Gates, PhD|publisher=The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation|access-date=January 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609015224/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf|archive-date=June 9, 2013}}</ref> In 2012, [[same-sex marriage in Maryland]] was legalized, going into effect January 1, 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/07/nation/la-na-gay-marriage-20121107|title=Voters OK gay marriage in Maine, Maryland|author=Alana Semuels|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=November 7, 2012|access-date=January 22, 2014}}</ref> ===Income and housing=== Between 2016 and 2020, the median household income was $52,164 and the median income per capita was $32,699, compared to the national averages of $64,994 and $35,384, respectively.<ref name="2020 census figures"/> In 2009, the median household income was $42,241 and the median income per capita was $25,707, compared to the national median income of $53,889 per household and $28,930 per capita.<ref name="QuickFacts" /> In 2009, 23.7% of the population lived below the poverty line, compared to 13.5% nationwide.<ref name="QuickFacts" /> In the 2020 census, 20% of Baltimore residents were living in poverty, compared to 11.6% nationwide.<ref name="2020 census figures"/> Housing in Baltimore is relatively inexpensive for large, near-coastal cities of its size. The median sale price for homes in Baltimore as of December 2022 was $209,000, up from $95,000 in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltimore MD Home Prices & Home Values |url=https://www.zillow.com/home-values/3523/baltimore-md/ |access-date=January 14, 2023 |website=Zillow |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Additional Statistics for Single Family Homes and Condos in Baltimore, MD| url=http://www.realestate.com/local/market/MD/Baltimore/| work=Baltimore Real Estate Market| publisher=RealEstate.com| access-date=February 5, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231020/http://www.realestate.com/local/market/MD/Baltimore/| archive-date=November 11, 2012}}</ref> Despite the late 2000s housing price collapse, and along with the national trends, Baltimore residents still faced slowly increasing rent, up 3% in the summer of 2010.<ref name=name>{{Cite news| url= http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/realestate/blog/2010/10/a_smaller_rent_increase_for_a_wider_swath_of_baltimore_apart.html| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun-news| title=A smaller rent increase for a wider swath of Baltimore apartments| author=Jamie Smith Hopkins| date=October 27, 2010| access-date=March 18, 2011}}</ref> The median value of owner-occupied housing units between 2016 and 2020 was $242,499.<ref name="2020 census figures"/> The [[Homelessness|homeless]] population in Baltimore is steadily increasing. It exceeded 4,000 people in 2011. The increase in the number of young homeless people was particularly severe.<ref name="CP-homelessness-19Oct2011">{{cite news| last=Smith| first=Van| title=Census shows striking growth in Baltimore homelessness Population swells nearly 20 percent in two years; ranks of homeless young people increase 50 percent| url=http://citypaper.com/news/census-shows-striking-growth-in-baltimore-homelessness-1.1219779| access-date=August 9, 2012| newspaper=CityPaper| date=October 19, 2011| quote=The biennial homeless censuses, which are required under federal law and are conducted on a single day—this year, Jan. 25—have trended upward since the first one in 2003 counted 2,681 homeless people in Baltimore, compared to 4,088 this year, according to the report by Morgan State's School of Architecture and Planning. Called a "point-in-time" survey, the census effort looks for homeless people living on the streets and those checking into shelters and hospital emergency rooms and receiving other homeless services. The count of Baltimore's young homeless people, which is evaluated separately by the Center for Adolescent Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and is undertaken over a period of weeks instead of one day, has risen 135 percent since 2007, from 272 to 640. Rather than canvassing the streets for homeless youngsters, the effort relies on data provided by cooperating service providers, including the city public-schools system.| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306180352/http://citypaper.com/news/census-shows-striking-growth-in-baltimore-homelessness-1.1219779| archive-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> ===Life expectancy=== In 2015, life expectancy in Baltimore was 74 to 75 years, compared to the U.S. average of 78 to 80. Fourteen neighborhoods had lower life expectancies than [[North Korea]]. The life expectancy in Downtown/Seton Hill was comparable to that of [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/04/30/baltimores-poorest-residents-die-20-years-earlier-than-its-richest/ |title=14 Baltimore neighborhoods have lower life expectancies than North Korea |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 30, 2015 |first=Christopher |last=Ingraham |access-date=August 3, 2019 }}</ref> ===Religion=== [[File:Baltimore Basilica, Baltimore, Maryland.JPG|thumb|[[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Baltimore Basilica]], the first [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] cathedral built in the United States]] In 2015, 25% of adults in Baltimore reported affiliation with no religion. 50% of the adult population of Baltimore are [[Protestantism|Protestants]].{{efn|Including [[Evangelical Protestants]] (19%), [[Mainline Protestants]] (16%) and Historically [[Black Protestant]]s (15%).<ref name=PEW2015/>}} [[Catholicism]] is the second-largest religious affiliation, constituting 15% percent of the population, followed by [[Judaism]] (3%) and [[Islam]] (2%). Around 1% identify with other [[Christian denominations]].<ref name=PEW2015>[https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/baltimore-metro-area/ Adults in the Baltimore metro area], ''Religious Landscape Study'', [[Pew Research Center]], May 12, 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/baltimore-population-2013/ |title=Baltimore Population 2013 |publisher=World Population Statistics |date=September 2, 2013 |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestplaces.net/religion/city/maryland/baltimore |title=Baltimore, Maryland: Religion |publisher=Sperling's Best Places |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> ===Languages=== In 2010, 91% (526,705) of Baltimore residents five years old and older spoke only English at home. Close to 4% (21,661) spoke Spanish. Other languages, such as [[Languages of Africa|African languages]], French, and Chinese are spoken by less than 1% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619224705/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archive-date=June 19, 2006 |title=Baltimore (city) County, Maryland |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |access-date=August 10, 2013 }}</ref> ==Economy== Once a predominantly industrial town, with an economic base focused on steel processing, shipping, auto manufacturing (General Motors [[Baltimore Assembly]]), and transportation, Baltimore experienced [[deindustrialization]], which cost residents tens of thousands of low-skill, high-wage jobs.<ref name="Vicino 2008">{{cite book| last=Vicino| first=Thomas J.| title=Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore| year=2008| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| location=New York| isbn=978-0-230-60545-9| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxWvM9P4epoC}}</ref> Baltimore now relies on a low-wage [[service economy]], which accounts for 31% of jobs in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/news-release/occupationalemploymentandwages_baltimore.htm|title=Occupational Employment and Wages in Baltimore-Towson – May 2015 : Mid–Atlantic Information Office: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|website=bls.gov|access-date=November 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Hopkins| first=Jamie Smith| title='Next economy' envisioned for Baltimore region: Brookings study calls on leaders to reshape economy, reverse low-wage trend| url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/breaking/bs-bz-baltimore-next-economy-20120426,0,6740003.story| access-date=October 7, 2012| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=April 26, 2012| archive-date=June 5, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605130504/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/breaking/bs-bz-baltimore-next-economy-20120426,0,6740003.story| url-status=dead}}</ref> Around the turn of the 20th century, Baltimore was the leading U.S. manufacturer of [[rye whiskey]] and [[straw hat]]s. It led in the refining of crude oil, brought to the city by pipeline from Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/dining/drinks/rye-whiskey-maryland.html|title=Maryland Rye Whiskey Has Finally Returned. But What Was It in the First Place?|work=The New York Times |date=February 14, 2019 | access-date=March 17, 2019|last1=Risen |first1=Clay }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9F7PAAAAMAAJ&q=Baltimore+Industry&pg=PA389|title=Baltimore Industry|access-date=March 17, 2019|year=1909}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://baltimore.org/info/baltimores-key-industries|title=Baltimore's Key Industries|work=baltimore.org|access-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> In March 2018, Baltimore's unemployment rate was 5.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/news-release/areaemployment_baltimore.htm |title=the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|work=bls..gov|access-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> In 2012, one quarter of Baltimore residents, and 37% of Baltimore children, lived in poverty.<ref name="Kilar – 20 Sept 2012">{{cite news| last=Kilar| first=Steve| title=Baltimore's poverty rate unchanged at 1 in 4 residents: More young Marylanders insured following healthcare overhaul|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bs-bz-economic-characteristics-2011-20120918,0,1710811.story| access-date=October 7, 2012| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=September 20, 2012}}</ref> The 2012 closure of a major steel plant at Sparrows Point is expected to have a further impact on employment and the local economy.<ref>{{cite news| last=Shen| first=Fern| title=Baltimore steelworkers brace for unemployment: "It's rough out there" Men and women schooled in steelmaking reflect on their future.| url=http://www.baltimorebrew.com/2012/08/20/baltimore-steelworkers-brace-for-unemployment-its-rough-out-there/| access-date=October 7, 2012| newspaper=Baltimore Brew| date=August 20, 2012}}</ref> In 2013, 207,000 workers commuted into Baltimore city each day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2013/cb13-r01.html |title=Census Bureau Reports 207,000 Workers Commute into Baltimore city, Md., Each Day |date=March 5, 2013 |access-date=May 23, 2015 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref> [[Downtown Baltimore]] is the primary economic asset within Baltimore City and the region, with 29.1 million square feet of office space. The tech sector is rapidly growing as the Baltimore metro ranks 8th in the CBRE Tech Talent Report among 50 U.S. metro areas for high growth rate and number of tech professionals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbre.com/EN/aboutus/MediaCentre/2015/Pages/Top-Tech-Talent-Markets-2015.aspx |title=Demand for Tech Workers Driving Office Market Momentum, says new CBRE Report Ranking Top 50 U.S. 'Tech Talent' Markets |date=April 13, 2015 |access-date=May 23, 2015 |publisher=CBRE }}</ref> In 2013, ''Forbes'' ranked Baltimore fourth among America's "new tech hot spots".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45eldd/no-4-baltimore-towson-md/ |title=America's New Tech Hot Spots |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=May 23, 2015 }}</ref> The city is home to the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]. Other large [[:Category:Companies based in Baltimore|companies in Baltimore]] include [[Under Armour]],<ref name="UA HQ 2011">{{cite news| last=Mirabella| first=Lorraine| title=Under Armour's growth worries some neighbors: Company plans to double size of Baltimore headquarters| url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-10-14/business/bs-bz-under-armour-locust-point-20111014_1_armour-plans-growth-worries-tide-point| access-date=October 5, 2012| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=October 14, 2011}}</ref> [[BRT Laboratories]], [[Cordish Company]],<ref>{{cite web| title=Company Overview of The Cordish Company, Inc.| url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=13639308| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519201707/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=13639308| archive-date=May 19, 2009| work=Real Estate Management and Development| publisher=Business Week| access-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref> [[Legg Mason]], [[McCormick & Company]], [[T. Rowe Price]], and [[Royal Farms]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Best Convenience-Store Dining: Royal Farms| url=http://www2.citypaper.com/bob/story.asp?id=1009| access-date=October 5, 2012| newspaper=CityPaper| date=September 19, 2001}}</ref> A [[sugar refinery]] owned by [[American Sugar Refining]] is one of Baltimore's cultural icons. Nonprofits based in Baltimore include [[Lutheran Services in America]] and [[Catholic Relief Services]]. Almost a quarter of the jobs in the Baltimore region were in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as of mid-2013, a fact attributed in part to the city's extensive undergraduate and graduate schools; maintenance and repair experts were included in this count.<ref name="bizjournal">{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/blog/2013/06/stem-jobs-account-for-23-of.html |title=STEM jobs account for 23% of Baltimore-area workforce, Brookings says |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> ===Port=== {{Update section|date=March 2024}} The center of international commerce for the region is the [[Baltimore World Trade Center|World Trade Center Baltimore]]. It houses the Maryland Port Administration and U.S. headquarters for major shipping lines. Baltimore is ranked 9th for total dollar value of cargo and 13th for cargo tonnage for all U.S. ports. In 2014, total cargo moving through the port totaled 29.5 million tons, down from 30.3 million tons in 2013. The value of cargo traveling through the port in 2014 came to $52.5 billion, down from $52.6 billion in 2013. The [[Port of Baltimore]] generates $3 billion in annual wages and salary, as well as supporting 14,630 direct jobs and 108,000 jobs connected to port work. In 2014, the port generated more than $300 million in taxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/port.html#cruise |title=Port of Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Msa.maryland.gov |access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> The port serves over 50 ocean carriers, making nearly 1,800 annual visits. Among all U.S. ports, Baltimore is first in handling automobiles, light trucks, farm and construction machinery; and imported forest products, aluminum, and sugar. The port is second in coal exports. The Port of Baltimore's cruise industry, which offers year-round trips on several lines, supports over 500 jobs and brings in over $90 million to Maryland's economy annually. Growth at the port continues with the Maryland Port Administration plans to turn the southern tip of the former steel mill into a marine terminal, primarily for car and truck shipments, and for anticipated new business coming to Baltimore after the completion of the [[Panama Canal expansion project]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/port.html#cruise |title=Port of Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Msa.maryland.gov |access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> ===Tourism=== Baltimore's history and attractions have made it a popular tourist destination. In 2014, the city hosted 24.5 million visitors, who spent $5.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maryland.newshub.us/baltimore/news/item/08-19-2015/Baltimore%20attracted%20record%20visits_03_%20spending%20in%202014 |title=Baltimore attracted record visits, spending in 2014 | Baltimore, MD | U.S. News Hub – 8/19/2015 |publisher=Maryland.newshub.us |date=August 19, 2015 |access-date=October 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013142721/http://maryland.newshub.us/baltimore/news/item/08-19-2015/Baltimore%20attracted%20record%20visits_03_%20spending%20in%202014 |archive-date=October 13, 2015 }}</ref> The Baltimore Visitor Center, which is operated by [[Visit Baltimore]], is located on Light Street in the Inner Harbor. Much of the city's tourism centers around the Inner Harbor, with the [[National Aquarium in Baltimore|National Aquarium]] being Maryland's top tourist destination. Baltimore Harbor's restoration has made it "a city of boats", with several historic ships and other attractions on display and open to the public. The [[USS Constellation (1854)|USS ''Constellation'']], the last Civil War-era vessel afloat, is docked at the head of the Inner Harbor; the [[USS Torsk (SS-423)|USS ''Torsk'']], a submarine that holds the Navy's record for dives (more than 10,000); and the Coast Guard cutter ''[[WHEC-37]]'', the last surviving U.S. warship that was in [[Pearl Harbor]] during the [[attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese attack]] on December 7, 1941, and which engaged Japanese Zero aircraft during the battle.<ref name="soundingsonline.com">{{cite news|author=Stephen Blakely|work=Soundings|date=November 1, 2010|title=The best of Baltimore Begins at the deck of your boat|url=http://www.soundingsonline.com/news/home-waters/102-mid-atlantic/266372-the-best-of-baltimore-begins-at-the-deck-of-your-boat}}</ref> Also docked is the [[Lightvessel|lightship]] ''Chesapeake'', which for decades marked the entrance to Chesapeake Bay; and the Seven Foot Knoll Lighthouse, the oldest surviving [[screw-pile lighthouse]] on Chesapeake Bay, which once marked the mouth of the Patapsco River and the entrance to Baltimore. All of these attractions are owned and maintained by the [[Historic Ships in Baltimore]] organization. The Inner Harbor is also the home port of ''[[Pride of Baltimore II]]'', the state of Maryland's "goodwill ambassador" ship, a reconstruction of a famous [[Baltimore Clipper]] ship.<ref name="soundingsonline.com" /> Other tourist destinations include sporting venues such as [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]], [[M&T Bank Stadium]], and [[Pimlico Race Course]], [[Fort McHenry]], the [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon]], [[Federal Hill, Baltimore|Federal Hill]], and [[Fells Point]] neighborhoods, [[Lexington Market]], [[Horseshoe Casino Baltimore|Horseshoe Casino]], and museums such as the [[Walters Art Museum]], the [[Baltimore Museum of Industry]], the [[Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum]], the [[Maryland Science Center]], and the [[B&O Railroad Museum]]. <gallery mode="packed"> File:Baltimore Visitor Center.JPG|The Baltimore Visitor Center at the [[Inner Harbor]] File:Fountain@InnerHarbor Baltimore.JPG|Fountain near visitor center in Inner Harbor File:Sunset@Baltimore 1.JPG|Sunset views from Inner Harbor File:Sunset@Baltimore 2.JPG| File:Sunset@Baltimore 3.JPG| File:Sunset@Baltimore II.JPG File:BaltimoreNationalAquarium.JPG|Baltimore is the home of the [[National Aquarium in Baltimore|National Aquarium]], one of the world's largest aquariums. </gallery> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Baltimore}} {{See also|List of people from Baltimore|Music of Baltimore|List of museums in Baltimore}} [[File:Washington Monument (Baltimore).png|thumb|The [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]], erected in 1815 in Baltimore in honor of [[George Washington]]]] [[File:BromoSeltzertowerBaltimore.jpg|thumb|[[Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower]], built in 1911, includes 15 stories that have been transformed into studio spaces for visual and literary artists.]] Baltimore has historically been a working-class port town, sometimes dubbed a "city of neighborhoods". It comprises 72 designated historic districts<ref>{{cite web |title = Baltimore City Residents |publisher = City of Baltimore, Maryland |url = http://www.ci.baltimore.md.us/residents/ |access-date = June 5, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090621195940/http://www.ci.baltimore.md.us/residents/ |archive-date = June 21, 2009 }}</ref> traditionally occupied by distinct ethnic groups. Most notable today are three downtown areas along the port: the Inner Harbor, frequented by tourists because of its hotels, shops, and museums; Fells Point, once a favorite entertainment spot for sailors but now refurbished and gentrified (and featured in the movie ''[[Sleepless in Seattle]]''); and [[Little Italy, Baltimore|Little Italy]], located between the other two, where Baltimore's Italian-American community is based – and where U.S. House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] grew up. Further inland, [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon]] is the traditional center of cultural and artistic life of the city. It is home to a distinctive [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]], set atop a hill in a 19th-century urban square, that predates the monument in Washington, D.C. by several decades. Baltimore has a significant [[History of the Germans in Baltimore|German American]] population,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.germanroots.com/gtoa.html |title=Germans to America – Lists of Passengers Arriving at U.S. Ports 1850–1897 |publisher=German Roots |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> and was the second-largest port of immigration to the United States behind [[Ellis Island]] in New York and New Jersey. Between 1820 and 1989, almost 2 million who were German, [[History of the Poles in Baltimore|Polish]], English, Irish, [[History of the Russians in Baltimore|Russian]], [[History of the Lithuanians in Baltimore|Lithuanian]], [[History of the French in Baltimore|French]], [[History of the Ukrainians in Baltimore|Ukrainian]], [[History of the Czechs in Baltimore|Czech]], [[History of the Greeks in Baltimore|Greek]] and [[Italian Americans|Italian]] came to Baltimore, mostly between 1861 and 1930. By 1913, when Baltimore was averaging forty thousand immigrants per year, World War I closed off the flow of immigrants. By 1970, Baltimore's heyday as an immigration center was a distant memory. There was a [[Chinatown, Baltimore|Chinatown]] dating back to at least the 1880s, which consisted of 400 Chinese residents. A local Chinese-American association remains based there, with one Chinese restaurant as of 2009. Beer making thrived in Baltimore from the 1800s to the 1950s, with over 100 old breweries in the city's past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kilduffs.com/American_Brewery_Baltimore.html|title=Old Baltimore Breweries|author=Thomas Paul|work=kilduffs.com|access-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> The best remaining example of that history is the old [[American Brewery (building)|American Brewery Building]] on North Gay Street and the [[National Brewing Company]] building in the [[Brewers Hill, Baltimore|Brewer's Hill]] neighborhood. In the 1940s the National Brewing Company introduced the nation's first six-pack. National's two most prominent brands, were [[National Bohemian]] Beer colloquially "Natty Boh" and [[Colt 45 (malt liquor)|Colt 45]]. Listed on the [[Pabst Brewing Company|Pabst]] website as a "Fun Fact", Colt 45 was named after running back [[Jerry Hill (American football)|#45 Jerry Hill]] of the 1963 [[Indianapolis Colts#The NFL Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] and not the [[.45 Colt|.45 caliber handgun ammunition round]]. Both brands are still made today, albeit outside of Maryland, and served all around the Baltimore area at bars, as well as [[Baltimore Orioles|Orioles]] and [[Baltimore Ravens|Ravens]] games.<ref name="draft">{{cite news|last1=Maza|first1=Erik|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-01-26/entertainment/bs-ae-natty-boh-20110126_1_national-bohemian-historic-baltimore-brew-halethorpe-brewery|title=National Bohemian beer to be served on draft again|access-date=July 6, 2012|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=January 26, 2011}}</ref> The Natty Boh logo appears on all cans, bottles, and packaging. Merchandise featuring him can be found in shops in Maryland, including several in [[Fells Point]]. Each year the [[Artscape (festival)|Artscape]] takes place in the city in the [[Bolton Hill, Baltimore|Bolton Hill]] neighborhood, close to the Maryland Institute College of Art. Artscape styles itself as the "largest free arts festival in America".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://baltimore.about.com/od/eventsfestivals/a/Artscape.htm| title=Artscape 2010 in Baltimore| author=Mike Unger| work=About.com Baltimore| access-date=March 15, 2011| archive-date=July 7, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074830/http://baltimore.about.com/od/eventsfestivals/a/Artscape.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> Each May, the [[Maryland Film Festival]] takes place in Baltimore, using all five screens of the historic [[Charles Theatre]] as its anchor venue. Many movies and television shows have been filmed in Baltimore. ''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]]'' was set and filmed in Baltimore, as well as ''[[The Wire]].'' ''[[House of Cards (U.S. TV series)|House of Cards]]'' and ''[[Veep]]'' are set in Washington, D.C. but filmed in Baltimore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-spacey-fincher-house-of-cards-netflix-20130125,0,7602581.story|author=David Zurawik|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=February 1, 2013|title=Spacey, Fincher build a winning 'House of Cards' for Netflix|access-date=September 17, 2014|archive-date=October 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017000034/http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-spacey-fincher-house-of-cards-netflix-20130125,0,7602581.story|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baltimore has cultural museums in many areas of study. [[Baltimore Museum of Art|The Baltimore Museum of Art]] and the [[Walters Art Museum]] are internationally renowned for their collections of art. The Baltimore Museum of Art has the largest holding of works by [[Henri Matisse]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://artbma.org/about/ |title=About The Baltimore Museum of Art |publisher=The Baltimore Museum of Art |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> The [[American Visionary Art Museum]] has been designated by [[United States Congress|Congress]] as America's national museum for [[visionary art]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/327/cosponsors|title=Cosponsors - H.Con.Res.327 – 102nd Congress (1991–1992): Expressing the sense of the Congress regarding visionary art as a national treasure and regarding the American Visionary Art Museum as a national repository and educational center for visionary art.|last=Cardin|first=Benjamin L.|date=May 28, 1992|website=congress.gov|access-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref> The [[National Great Blacks In Wax Museum]] is the first African American wax museum in the country, featuring more than 150 life-size and lifelike wax figures.<ref name=firsts /> ===Cuisine=== Baltimore is known for its Maryland [[Callinectes sapidus|blue crabs]], crab cake, [[Old Bay Seasoning]], pit beef, and the "chicken box". The city has many restaurants in or around the Inner Harbor. The most known and acclaimed are the Charleston, Woodberry Kitchen, and the [[Duff Goldman|Charm City Cakes]] bakery featured on the Food Network's ''[[Ace of Cakes]]''. The [[Little Italy, Baltimore|Little Italy]] neighborhood's biggest draw is the food. Fells Point also is a foodie neighborhood for tourists and locals and is where the oldest continuously running tavern in the country, "The Horse You Came in on Saloon", is located.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4B4J_Edgar_Allen_Poe_Lives_The_Horse_You_Came_in_On_Fells_Point_Batitmore_MD |title=Edgar {{sic|Al|len|nolink=y}} Poe Lives @ The Horse You Came in On |author=Math Teacher |date=July 31, 2008 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Groundspeak }}</ref> Many of Baltimore's upscale restaurants are found in Harbor East. Five public markets are located across Baltimore. The [[Baltimore Public Markets|Baltimore Public Market System]] is the oldest continuously operating public market system in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpmarkets.com/history.html |title=History |publisher=Baltimore Public Markets Corporation |access-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812172407/http://bpmarkets.com/history.html |archive-date=August 12, 2015 }}</ref> [[Lexington Market]] is one of the longest-running markets in the world and the longest running in the country, having been around since 1782. The market continues to stand at its original site. Baltimore is the last place in America where one can still find [[arabber]]s, vendors who sell fresh fruits and vegetables from a horse-drawn cart that goes up and down neighborhood streets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelchannel.com/shows/bizarre-foods/travel-guides/baltimore-and-chesapeake-bay-travel-guide |title=Baltimore and Chesapeake Bay Travel Guide |publisher=The Travel Channel |work=Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> Food- and drink-rating site [[Zagat]] ranked Baltimore second in a list of the 17 best food cities in the US in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-best-us-cities-for-foodies-2015-12 |title=The 17 best US cities for people who really like to eat |first=Tanza |last=Loudenback |website=Business Insider |date=December 30, 2015 |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> ===Local dialect=== {{Main|Baltimore dialect}} Baltimore city, along with its surrounding regions, is home to a unique local dialect known as the [[Baltimore dialect]]. It is part of the larger [[Mid-Atlantic American English]] group and is noted to be very similar to the [[Philadelphia dialect]].<ref name=labov>{{cite book|last1=Labov|first1=William|author-link=William Labov|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|year=2005|title=The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-020683-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.evolpub.com/Americandialects/MidAtldialects.html| title=The Mid-Atlantic Dialects| publisher=Evolution Publishing |access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> The so-called "Bawlmerese" accent is known for its characteristic pronunciation of its long "o" vowel, in which an "eh" sound is added before the long "o" sound (/oʊ/ shifts to [ɘʊ], or even [eʊ]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.umbc.edu/che/tahlessons/pdf/historylabs/Maryland:_A_Mid_student:RS01.pdf|title=Baltimore's Dialect: North or South, Hon?|access-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> It adopts Philadelphia's pattern of the short "a" sound, such that the tensed vowel in words like "bath" or "ask" does not match the more relaxed one in "sad" or "act".<ref name=labov /> Baltimore native [[John Waters (director born 1946)|John Waters]] parodies the city and its dialect extensively in his films. Most are [[List of films shot in Baltimore|filmed in Baltimore]], including the 1972 cult classic ''[[Pink Flamingos]]'', as well as ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)|Hairspray]]'' and its [[Hairspray (musical)|Broadway musical remake]]. ===Performing arts=== <!---International Theater Festival redirects to this section---> [[File:Hippodrome Baltimore.JPG|thumb|The [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]]]] Baltimore has four state-designated arts and entertainment districts: The Pennsylvania Avenue Black Arts and Entertainment District, [[Station North Arts and Entertainment District]], [[Highlandtown Arts District, Baltimore, MD|Highlandtown Arts District]], and the Bromo Arts & Entertainment District.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://baltimore.org/what-to-do/explore-baltimores-arts-entertainment-districts/ |title=Explore Baltimore's Arts & Entertainment Districts |publisher=Baltimore Office of Promotion and The Arts |access-date=February 15, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/pennsylvania-avenue-is-now-a-state-designated-black-arts-and-entertainment-district/|title=Pennsylvania Avenue is now a state-designated black arts and entertainment district|date=July 2019 |publisher=Baltimore Fishbowl |access-date=February 15, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackartsdistrict.org |title=Pennsylvania Avenue Black Arts & Entertainment District, Inc.|publisher=Pennsylvania Avenue Black Arts & Entertainment District, Inc. |access-date=February 15, 2023 }}</ref> The Baltimore Office of Promotion and The Arts, a non-profit organization, produces events and arts programs as well as managing several facilities. It is the official Baltimore City Arts Council. BOPA coordinates Baltimore's major events, including New Year's Eve and July 4 celebrations at the Inner Harbor, [[Artscape (festival)|Artscape]], which is America's largest free arts festival, Baltimore Book Festival, Baltimore Farmers' Market & Bazaar, School 33 Art Center's Open Studio Tour, and the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Parade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://baltimore.org/what-to-do/explore-baltimores-arts-entertainment-districts/ |title=About Us |publisher=Baltimore Office of Promotion and The Arts |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> The [[Baltimore Symphony Orchestra]] is an internationally renowned orchestra, founded in 1916 as a publicly funded municipal organization. Its most recent music director was [[Marin Alsop]], a protégé of [[Leonard Bernstein]]'s. [[Centerstage (theater)|Centerstage]] is the premier theater company in the city and a regionally well-respected group. The [[Lyric Opera House]] is the home of [[Lyric Opera Baltimore]], which operates there as part of the Patricia and Arthur Modell Performing Arts Center. Shriver Hall Concert Series, founded in 1966, presents classical chamber music and recitals featuring nationally and internationally recognized artists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 24, 2015 |title=Shriver Hall celebrates 50th season with old and new |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-ae-shriver-concerts-50th-20151024-story.html |access-date=August 12, 2023 |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |first=Tim |last=Smith}}</ref> [[The Baltimore Consort]] has been a leading early music ensemble for over twenty-five years. The France-Merrick Performing Arts Center, home of the restored [[Thomas W. Lamb]]-designed [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]], has afforded Baltimore the opportunity to become a major regional player in the area of touring Broadway and other performing arts presentations. Renovating Baltimore's historic theatres has become widespread throughout the city. Renovated theatres include the [[Everyman Theatre, Baltimore|Everyman]], Centre, [[Senator Theatre|Senator]], and most recently [[Parkway Theatre (Baltimore)|Parkway]] Theatre. Other buildings have been reused. These include the former [[Mercantile Deposit and Trust (Baltimore, Maryland)|Mercantile Deposit and Trust]] Company bank building, which is now [[The Chesapeake Shakespeare Company]] Theater. Baltimore has a wide array of professional (non-touring) and community theater groups. Aside from Center Stage, resident troupes in the city include The Vagabond Players, the oldest continuously operating community theater group in the country, [[Everyman Theatre, Baltimore|Everyman Theatre]], [[Single Carrot Theatre]], and Baltimore Theatre Festival. Community theaters in the city include Fells Point Community Theatre and the [[The Arena Players|Arena Players Inc.]], which is the nation's oldest continuously operating African American community theater.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.baltimore.org/africanamerican/visual_performingarts.htm | title=Baltimore's African American Heritage and Attractions Guide: Visual and Performing Arts | publisher=Visit Baltimore (affiliated with the Baltimore Convention & Tourism Board) | access-date=January 5, 2010 | archive-date=July 5, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705085205/http://www.baltimore.org/africanamerican/visual_performingarts.htm }}</ref> In 2009, the [[Baltimore Rock Opera Society]], an all-volunteer theatrical company, launched its first production.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tales of Brotopia: The Baltimore Rock Opera Society drops Gründlehämmer |author=Michael Byrne |url= http://www2.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=19049&p=1 |newspaper=Baltimore City Paper |date=September 30, 2009 |access-date=July 7, 2011}}</ref> Baltimore is home to the [[Pride of Baltimore Chorus]], a three-time international silver medalist women's chorus, affiliated with [[Sweet Adelines International]]. The [[Maryland State Boychoir]] is located in the northeastern Baltimore neighborhood of Mayfield. Baltimore is the home of non-profit [[chamber music]] organization Vivre Musicale. VM won a 2011–2012 award for Adventurous Programming from the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] and [[Chamber Music America]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.chamber-music.org/pdf/FY12-cma-ascap-press.pdf |title=Presenters and Ensembles Honored for Adventurous Programming of Contemporary Music |publisher=Chamber Music America |date=December 13, 2011 |access-date=February 15, 2012}}</ref> The [[Peabody Institute]], located in the Mount Vernon neighborhood, is the oldest conservatory of music in the United States.<ref name="kennedy-center1">{{cite web |url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=10868&source_type=B |title=The Peabody Institute at the Johns Hopkins University – The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts |publisher=Kennedy-center.org |access-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511232127/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=10868&source_type=B |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref> Established in 1857, it is one of the most prestigious in the world,<ref name="kennedy-center1" /> along with [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]], [[Eastman School of Music|Eastman]], and the [[Curtis Institute of Music|Curtis Institute]]. The [[Morgan State University]] Choir is also one of the nation's most prestigious university choral ensembles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16802-2004Jul26.html |title=Morgan State Choir Director Nathan M. Carter Dies at 68 |last=Schudel |first=Matt |date=July 27, 2004 |access-date=January 22, 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=led the Morgan State University Choir in performances all over the world while building it into one of the premier vocal groups in the nation }}</ref> The city is home to the [[Baltimore School for the Arts]], a public high school in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore. The institution is nationally recognized for its success in preparation for students entering music (vocal/instrumental), theatre (acting/theater production), dance, and visual arts. In 1981, Baltimore hosted the first International Theater Festival, the first such festival in the country. Executive producer Al Kraizer staged 66 performances of nine shows by international [[theatre companies]], including from Ireland, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=International Theater Festival |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 31, 1981 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/05/31/international-theater-festival/2116bb9f-4a07-4bb5-9395-f6bba14beeca/ |access-date=December 11, 2021}}</ref> The festival proved to be expensive to mount, and in 1982 the festival was hosted in Denver, called the World Theatre Festival,<ref>{{cite news |title=The Script Was in Serbo-Croatian |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 31, 1982 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/08/31/the-script-was-in-serbo-croatian/fe0796fb-3ba0-4a80-aca1-01c98c8c6eef/ |access-date=December 11, 2021}}</ref> at the [[Denver Center for Performing Arts]], after the city had asked Kraizer to organize it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Baltimore's World Theater Festival blooms anew in Denver |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 27, 1982 |first=William E. |last=Schmidt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/27/theater/baltimore-s-world-theater-festival-blooms-anew-in-denver.html |access-date=December 11, 2021}}</ref> In June 1986, the 20th Theatre of Nations, sponsored by the [[International Theatre Institute]], was held in Baltimore, the first time it had been held in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Theater Festival Set for Baltimore in June |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 20, 1986 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/20/theater/world-theater-festival-set-for-baltimore-in-june.html |access-date=December 11, 2021}}</ref> ==Sports== {{Main|Sports in Baltimore}} ===Baseball=== {{Further|List of World Series champions|American League Championship Series}} [[File:CamdenYards 2005-05-08.jpg|thumb|[[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]], home to the [[Baltimore Orioles]] of [[Major League Baseball]]]] Baltimore has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of [[Babe Ruth]] in 1895. The original [[Baltimore Orioles (19th century)|19th century Baltimore Orioles]] were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the [[New York Yankees]]. Ruth played for the [[Baltimore Orioles (minor league)|minor league Baltimore Orioles]] team, which was active from 1903 to 1914. After playing one season in 1915 as the Richmond Climbers, the team returned the following year to Baltimore, where it played as the Orioles until 1953.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} The team currently known as the [[Baltimore Orioles]] has represented Major League Baseball locally since 1954 when the [[St. Louis Browns]] moved to Baltimore. The Orioles advanced to the World Series in 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979 and 1983, winning three times (1966, 1970 and 1983), while making the playoffs all but one year (1972) from 1969 through 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/orioles/history/timeline|title=Baltimore Orioles Franchise Timeline|website=[[Baltimore Orioles]]|publisher=[[MLB Advanced Media]]|access-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref> In 1995, local player (and later Hall of Famer) [[Cal Ripken Jr.]] broke [[Lou Gehrig]]'s streak of 2,130 consecutive games played, for which Ripken was named [[Sportsman of the Year]] by ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' magazine.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Six former Orioles players, including Ripken (2007), and two of the team's managers have been inducted into the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]]. Since 1992, the Orioles' home ballpark has been [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]], which has been hailed as one of the league's best since it opened.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orioles Ballparks: 1954 - Present {{!}} Baltimore Orioles |url=https://www.mlb.com/orioles/history/ballparks |access-date=September 27, 2023 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> ===Football=== {{Further|History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Ravens}} [[File:M&T Bank Stadium DoD.jpg|thumb|[[M&T Bank Stadium]], home to the [[Baltimore Ravens]] of the [[National Football League]]]] Prior to a [[National Football League]] team moving to Baltimore, there had been several attempts at a professional football team prior to the 1950s, which were blocked by the Washington team and its NFL friends. Most were minor league or [[semi-professional]] teams. The first major league to base a team in Baltimore was the [[All-America Football Conference]] (AAFC), which had a team named the [[Baltimore Colts (1947–50)|Baltimore Colts]]. The AAFC Colts played for three seasons in the AAFC (1947, 1948, and 1949), and when the AAFC folded following the 1949 season, moved to the NFL for a single year (1950) before going bankrupt. In 1953, the NFL's [[Dallas Texans (NFL)|Dallas Texans]] folded. Its assets and player contracts were purchased by an ownership team headed by Baltimore businessman [[Carroll Rosenbloom]], who moved the team to Baltimore, establishing a new team also named the [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]]. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Colts were one of the NFLs more successful franchises, led by [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] quarterback [[Johnny Unitas]] who set a then-record of 47 consecutive games with a touchdown pass. The Colts advanced to the [[NFL Championship]] twice (1958 & 1959) and [[Super Bowl]] twice (1969 & 1971), winning all except [[Super Bowl III]] in 1969. After the 1983 season, the team [[Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis|left Baltimore for Indianapolis in 1984]], where they became the [[Indianapolis Colts]]. The NFL returned to Baltimore when the former [[Cleveland Browns relocation controversy|Cleveland Browns]] moved to Baltimore to become the [[Baltimore Ravens]] in 1996. Since then, the Ravens won a Super Bowl championship in [[Super Bowl XXXV|2000]] and [[Super Bowl XLVII|2012]], seven [[AFC North]] division championships (2003, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019 and 2023), and appeared in five [[AFC Championship Game]]s (2000, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/team/history/baltimore-football|title=Baltimore Ravens History|access-date=May 15, 2022}}</ref> Baltimore also hosted a [[Canadian Football League]] franchise, the [[Baltimore Stallions]] for the [[1994 CFL season|1994]] and [[1995 CFL season|1995 season]]s. Following the 1995 season, and ultimate end to the [[Canadian Football League in the United States]] experiment, the team was sold and relocated to [[Montreal]]. ===Other teams and events=== [[File:Shackleford preakness winner.jpg|thumb|The [[Preakness Stakes]], the second leg of the [[United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown]], is run every May at [[Pimlico Race Course]] in Baltimore.]] The first professional sports organization in the United States, [[Maryland Jockey Club|The Maryland Jockey Club]], was formed in Baltimore in 1743. [[Preakness Stakes]], the second race in the [[United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing]], has been held every May at [[Pimlico Race Course]] in Baltimore since 1873. College [[lacrosse]] is a common sport in the spring, as the [[Johns Hopkins Blue Jays]] men's lacrosse team has won 44 national championships, the most of any program in history. In addition, [[Loyola University Maryland|Loyola University]] won its first men's [[NCAA]] lacrosse championship in 2012. The [[Baltimore Blast]] are a professional arena [[soccer]] team that play in the [[Major Arena Soccer League]] at the [[SECU Arena]] on the campus of [[Towson University]]. The Blast have won nine championships in various leagues, including the MASL. A previous entity of the [[Baltimore Blast (1980–92)|Blast]] played in the [[Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–92)|Major Indoor Soccer League]] from 1980 to 1992, winning one championship. The Baltimore Kings, a Baltimore Blast affiliate,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Graham|first=Glenn|title=Blast welcome the Baltimore Kings, who will serve as farm team in Major Arena Soccer League's third division|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bs-sp-masl-baltimore-kings-blast-farm-team-20210630-kltsvfe3z5br7fsw5rd237hxkm-story.html|access-date=December 30, 2021|website=baltimoresun.com|date=June 30, 2021 }}</ref> joined [[Major Arena Soccer League 3|MASL 3]] in 2021 to begin play in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MASL 3 Announces Regular Season Schedule for Eastern Conference|url=http://www.masl3.com/news/masl3-easternconference-scheduleannouncement|access-date=December 30, 2021|website=www.masl3.com|date=November 29, 2021 }}</ref> [[FC Baltimore|FC Baltimore 1729]] was a semi-professional soccer club in the [[National Premier Soccer League|NPSL league]], with the goal of bringing a community-oriented competitive soccer experience to Baltimore. Their inaugural season started on May 11, 2018, and they played their home games at [[Community College of Baltimore County#Essex Campus|CCBC Essex Field]]. Baltimore City F.C. is an [[Eastern Premier Soccer League]] club that plays since 2023 at Middle Branch Fitness Center in [[Cherry Hill, Baltimore|Cherry Hill]]. The [[Baltimore Blues]] were a semi-professional [[rugby league]] club which began competition in the [[USA Rugby League]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usarugbyleague.com/2011/12/usarl-welcome-the-blues/ |title=USARL | USA Rugby League | American Rugby League " Uncategorized " USARL welcome the Blues! |publisher=USA Rugby League |date=December 12, 2011 |access-date=January 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109033821/http://www.usarugbyleague.com/2011/12/usarl-welcome-the-blues/ |archive-date=January 9, 2012 }}</ref> The [[Baltimore Bohemians]] were an American [[Football (soccer)|soccer club]] which competed in the [[USL Premier Development League]], the fourth tier of the [[American Soccer Pyramid]]. Their inaugural season started in the spring of 2012. The [[Baltimore Grand Prix]] debuted along the streets of the Inner Harbor section of the city's downtown on September 2–4, 2011. The event played host to the [[American Le Mans Series]] on Saturday and the [[IndyCar Series]] on Sunday. Support races from smaller series were also held, including [[Indy Lights]]. After three consecutive years, on September 13, 2013, it was announced that the event would not be held in 2014 or 2015 due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-no-grand-prix-20130913,0,5532611.story|title=Grand Prix of Baltimore canceled through 2015, and likely beyond|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|author=Scott Dance|date=September 13, 2013|access-date=April 8, 2014|archive-date=August 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802231954/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-no-grand-prix-20130913,0,5532611.story|url-status=dead}}</ref> The athletic equipment company [[Under Armour]] is also based in Baltimore. Founded in 1996 by [[Kevin Plank]], a [[University of Maryland]] alumnus, the company's headquarters are located in Tide Point, adjacent to [[Fort McHenry]] and the [[Domino Sugar]] factory. The [[Baltimore Marathon]] is the flagship race of several races. The marathon begins at [[Camden Yards]] and travels through many diverse neighborhoods of Baltimore, including the scenic Inner Harbor waterfront area, historic Federal Hill, [[Fells Point]], and [[Canton, Baltimore]]. The race then proceeds to other important focal points of the city such as [[Patterson Park]], Clifton Park, Lake Montebello, the Charles Village neighborhood, and the western edge of downtown. After winding through 42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi) of Baltimore, the race ends at virtually the same point at which it starts. The [[Baltimore Brigade]] were an [[Arena Football League]] team based in Baltimore that, from 2017 to 2019, played at [[Royal Farms Arena]]. In 2019, the team ceased operations along with the rest of the league. ==Parks and recreation== [[File:Patterson Park October Aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Patterson Park]] in October]] Baltimore has over {{convert|4900|acres|0|abbr=on}} of parkland.<ref name="City Profiles: Baltimore">[http://parkscore.tpl.org/city.php?city=Baltimore "City Profiles: Baltimore"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223192810/http://parkscore.tpl.org/city.php?city=Baltimore |date=February 23, 2014 }} ''The Trust for Public Land''. Retrieved on July 5, 2013</ref> The Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks manages the majority of parks and recreational facilities in the city, including [[Patterson Park]], [[Federal Hill Park]], and [[Druid Hill Park]].<ref>[http://bcrp.baltimorecity.gov/ParksTrails.aspx "Baltimore: Parks and Trails"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701120500/http://bcrp.baltimorecity.gov/ParksTrails.aspx |date=July 1, 2013 }} ''City of Baltimore: Department of Recreation and Parks''. Retrieved on July 5, 2013.</ref> The city is home to [[Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine]], a coastal star-shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812. {{As of|2015}}, [[Trust for Public Land|The Trust for Public Land]], a national land conservation organization, ranks Baltimore 40th among the 75-largest U.S. cities.<ref name="City Profiles: Baltimore" /> ==Law, government, and politics== Baltimore is an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]], and not part of any [[county (United States)|county]]. For most governmental purposes under Maryland law, Baltimore City is treated as a county-level entity. The [[United States Census Bureau]] uses counties as the basic unit for presentation of statistical information in the United States, and treats Baltimore as a county equivalent for those purposes. Baltimore has been a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] stronghold for over 150 years, with Democrats dominating every level of government. In virtually all elections, the Democratic primary is the real contest.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/baltimoreitshis02compgoog| quote=baltimore democratic stronghold.| title=Baltimore: its history and its people, Volume 1—History| editor=Clayton Coleman Hall| publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Co., New York| year=1912| pages=[https://archive.org/details/baltimoreitshis02compgoog/page/n394 372]–273| access-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> As of the 2020 elections, registered Democrats outnumbered registered [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] by almost 10-to-1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2020/06/09/brandon-scott-wins-democratic-nomination-for-baltimore-mayor/ |title=Brandon Scott Wins Democratic Nomination For Baltimore Mayor |work=Baltimore CBS |author=Paul Gessler |date=June 10, 2020 |access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> No Republican has been elected to the City Council since 1939. The city's last Republican mayor, [[Theodore McKeldin]], left office in 1967. No Republican candidate since then has received 25 percent or more of the vote. In the [[2016 Baltimore mayoral election|2016]] and [[2020 Baltimore mayoral election|2020 mayoral election]]s, the Republicans were pushed into third place by write-in and independent candidates, respectively. The last Republican candidate for president to win the city was [[Dwight Eisenhower]] in his successful reelection bid in 1956. The city hosted the first six [[Democratic National Convention]]s, from 1832 through 1852, and hosted the DNC again in [[1860 Democratic National Convention|1860]], [[1872 Democratic National Convention|1872]], and [[1912 Democratic National Convention|1912]].<ref>{{cite web| last=Kelly| first=Martin| title=Democratic National Conventions: List of Democratic National Conventions Since 1832| url=http://americanhistory.about.com/od/politicalparties/a/democratic_con.htm| work=American History| publisher=About.com| access-date=October 5, 2012| archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20121006115854/http://americanhistory.about.com/od/politicalparties/a/democratic_con.htm| archive-date=October 6, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Rasmussen convs 2012">{{cite news| last=Rasmussen| first=Frederick N.| title=Baltimore has been site of many national political conventions| url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-08-02/news/bs-md-backstory-political-conventions-20120802_1_baltimore-hotels-gilmor-house-conventions-in-american-history| access-date=October 5, 2012| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=August 2, 2012}}</ref> ===Voter registration=== {| class=wikitable ! colspan = 6 | Voter registration and party enrollment as of March 2024<ref name="MDBOE">{{cite web |title=Maryland Board of Elections Voter Registration Activity Report March 2024 |url=https://elections.maryland.gov/pdf/vrar/2024_03.pdf |website=Maryland Board of Elections |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | align = center | {{formatnum: 296108}} | align = center | {{Percentage |296108 |394,197 |2}} |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | Unaffiliated | align = center | {{formatnum: 62566}} | align = center | {{Percentage |62566 |394,197 |2}} |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | align = center | {{formatnum: 28400}} | align = center | {{Percentage |28400 |394,197 |2}} |- | {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] | align = center | {{formatnum: 1192}} | align = center | {{Percentage |1192 |394,197 |2}} |- | {{party color cell|None}} | [[Third party (U.S. politics)|Other parties]] | align = center | {{formatnum: 5931}} | align = center | {{Percentage |5931 |394,197 |2}} |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! align = center | {{formatnum: 394,197}} ! align = center | {{Percentage |100}} |} ===City government=== ====Mayor==== {{for|a full list of mayors|List of mayors of Baltimore}} [[Brandon Scott]] is the current [[mayor of Baltimore]]. He was elected in 2020 and took office on December 8, 2020. Scott succeeded [[Jack Young (politician)|Jack Young]] who had been mayor since May 2, 2019, upon the resignation of [[Catherine Pugh]]. Prior to Pugh's official resignation, Young was the president of the [[Baltimore City Council]] and had been the acting mayor since April 2.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-pugh-resigns-20190502-story.html |title=Baltimore Mayor Pugh resigns amid growing children's book scandal |date=May 2, 2019 |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |first1=Luke |last1=Broadwater |first2=Ian |last2=Duncan |first3=Jean |last3=Marbella |access-date=August 1, 2019 }}</ref> [[Catherine Pugh]] became the Democratic nominee for mayor in 2016 and won the [[2016 Baltimore mayoral election|mayoral election in 2016]] with 57.1% of the vote; Pugh took office as mayor on December 6, 2016.<ref name=Fritze>{{cite news|title=How does a Donald Trump administration look in Maryland? In a word, different|first=John|last=Fritze|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=November 9, 2016|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-trump-maryland-20161109-story.html|access-date=December 12, 2016}}</ref> Pugh took a leave of absence in April 2019 due to health concerns, then officially resigned from office on May 2.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/baltimore-mayor-catherine-pugh-resigns-11556825577 |title=Baltimore Mayor Pugh Resigns in Book-Sales Scandal |date=May 2, 2019 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |first1=Scott |last1=Calvert |first2=Jon |last2=Kamp |access-date=August 1, 2019 }}</ref> The resignation coincided with a scandal over a "self-dealing" book-sales arrangement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kmph.com/news/nation-world/baltimore-mayor-goes-on-leave-as-book-scandal-intensifies |title=Baltimore mayor goes on leave as 'self-serving' book deal scandal intensifies |date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=[[KMPH-TV]] |first=David |last=McFadden |access-date=August 1, 2019 }}</ref> [[Stephanie Rawlings-Blake]] assumed the office of Mayor on February 4, 2010, when predecessor Dixon's resignation became effective.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ebenezerusa.org/bal-rawlings-blake-mayor/ | title=Rawlings-Blake sworn in as mayor | work=The Baltimore Sun | date=January 8, 2018 | first=Ben | last=Nuckols }}</ref> Rawlings-Blake had been serving as City Council President at the time. She was elected to a full term in 2011, defeating Pugh in the primary election and receiving 84% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scharper |first=Julie |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-srb-plans-20110914,0,206953.story |title=Rawlings-Blake: 'We have a unique opportunity' |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=September 14, 2011 |access-date=November 8, 2011 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928104156/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-srb-plans-20110914,0,206953.story |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sheila Dixon]] became the first female mayor of Baltimore on January 17, 2007. As the former City Council President, she assumed the office of Mayor when former Mayor [[Martin O'Malley]] took office as Governor of Maryland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dixon Takes Oath |last=Fritze |first=John |date=January 19, 2007 |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-01-19/news/0701190012_1_dixon-new-mayor-baltimore |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> On November 6, 2007, Dixon won the [[Baltimore mayoral election, 2007|Baltimore mayoral election]]. Mayor Dixon's administration ended less than three years after her election, the result of a criminal investigation that began in 2006 while she was still City Council President. She was convicted on a single misdemeanor charge of [[embezzlement]] on December 1, 2009. A month later, Dixon made an [[Alford plea]] to a [[perjury]] charge and agreed to resign from office; Maryland, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Dixon Resigns| url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bal-md.plea07jan07,0,5485782.story| last=Bykowicz| first=Julie| date=January 7, 2010| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| access-date=December 21, 2010| archive-date=June 29, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629173841/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bal-md.plea07jan07,0,5485782.story| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bal-dixon-trial1201,0,2096336.story | work=The Baltimore Sun | title=Dixon convicted of embezzlement | first=Julie | last=Bykowicz | author2=Annie Linskey | date=December 1, 2009 | access-date=December 2, 2009 | archive-date=June 29, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629173951/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bal-dixon-trial1201,0,2096336.story | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:1city hall baltimore.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Baltimore City Hall]]]] ====Baltimore City Council==== Grassroots pressure for reform, voiced as [[Question P]], restructured the city council in November 2002, against the will of the mayor, the council president, and the majority of the council. A coalition of union and community groups, organized by the [[Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now]] (ACORN), backed the effort.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-md.city06nov06,0,1845299.story?coll=bal-local-headlines |title=Voters OK reshaping of City Council |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |author=Laura Vozzella |date=November 6, 2002 |access-date=March 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193012/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-md.city06nov06%2C0%2C1845299.story?coll=bal-local-headlines |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> [[Baltimore City Council]] is made up of 14 single-member districts and one elected at-large council president.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Election Results |url=https://www.elections.maryland.gov/elections/2020/results/general/gen_results_2020_4_by_county_030.html |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |access-date=March 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Brew110320>{{Cite web| last = Round| first = Ian| title = Brandon Scott is the next mayor of Baltimore| work = Baltimore Brew| access-date = March 15, 2021| date = November 3, 2020| url = https://baltimorebrew.com/2020/11/03/brandon-scott-is-the-next-mayor-of-baltimore/}}</ref> ====Law enforcement==== [[File:1Courthouse east.JPG|thumb|[[United States Post Office and Courthouse (Baltimore, Maryland)|Courthouse East]] in Baltimore is a historic combined post office and federal courthouse in Battle Monument Square.]] The [[Baltimore Police Department|Baltimore City Police Department]] is the current primary law enforcement agency serving Baltimore citizens. It was founded 1784 as a "Night City Watch" and day Constables system and later reorganized as a City Department in 1853, with a later reorganization under State of Maryland supervision in 1859, with appointments made by the [[Governor of Maryland]] after a period of civic and elections violence with riots in the later part of the decade. Campus and building security for the city's [[Baltimore City Public Schools|public schools]] is provided by the Baltimore City Public Schools Police, established in the 1970s. In the four-year span of 2011 to 2015, 120 lawsuits were brought against Baltimore police for alleged brutality and misconduct. The Freddie Gray settlement of $6.4 million exceeds the combined total settlements of the 120 lawsuits, as state law caps such payments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-boe-20150908-story.html|title=Baltimore to pay Freddie Gray's family $6.4 million to settle civil claims|date=September 8, 2015|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=July 27, 2018|first1=Yvonne|last1=Wenger|first2=Mark|last2=Puente|archive-date=September 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908191013/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-boe-20150908-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Maryland Transportation Authority Police]] under the [[Maryland Department of Transportation]], originally established as the "Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Police" when opened in 1957, is the primary law enforcement agency on the Fort McHenry Tunnel Thruway on [[Interstate 95 in Maryland|I-95]] and the [[Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Thruway]], which goes underneath the northwestern branch of [[Patapsco River]], and [[Interstate 395 (Maryland)|Interstate 395]], which has three ramp bridges crossing the middle branch of the Patapsco River that are under [[Maryland Transportation Authority|MdTA]] jurisdiction, and have limited concurrent jurisdiction with the [[Baltimore Police Department]] under a [[memorandum of understanding]]. Law enforcement on the fleet of transit buses and transit rail systems serving Baltimore is the responsibility of the [[Maryland Transit Administration Police]], which is part of the Maryland Transit Administration of the state [[Maryland Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]]. The MTA Police also share jurisdiction authority with the Baltimore City Police, governed by a memorandum of understanding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mta.maryland.gov/about/mtapoliceforce/|title=MTA Police Force|publisher=Maryland Transit Administration|access-date=April 5, 2011}}</ref> As the enforcement arm of the Baltimore circuit and district court system, the [[Baltimore City Sheriff's Office (Maryland)|Baltimore City Sheriff's Office]], created by state constitutional amendment in 1844, is responsible for the security of city courthouses and property, service of court-ordered writs, protective and peace orders, warrants, tax levies, prisoner transportation and traffic enforcement. Deputy Sheriffs are sworn law enforcement officials, with full arrest authority granted by the constitution of Maryland, the [[Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission]] and the Sheriff of Baltimore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/sheriff/ |title=Baltimore CIty Sheriff's Office |publisher=City of Baltimore |access-date=January 5, 2010}}</ref> The [[United States Coast Guard]], operating out of their shipyard and facility (since 1899) at Arundel Cove on [[Curtis Creek]], (off Pennington Avenue extending to Hawkins Point Road/Fort Smallwood Road) in the [[Curtis Bay, Baltimore|Curtis Bay]] section of southern Baltimore City and adjacent northern Anne Arundel County. The U.S.C.G. also operates and maintains a presence on Baltimore and Maryland waterways in the [[Patapsco River]] and [[Chesapeake Bay]]. "Sector Baltimore" is responsible for commanding law enforcement and search & rescue units as well as aids to navigation. =====Crime===== {{Main|Crime in Baltimore}} [[File:2016-05-11 18 45 30 Baltimore City Police Car at the intersection of Franklin Street (U.S. Route 40) and Franklintown Road in Baltimore City, Maryland.jpg|thumb|A [[Baltimore Police Department]] patrol car, May 2018]] Baltimore is considered one of the most dangerous cities in the U.S.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2023/01/31/report-ranks-americas-15-safest-and-most-dangerous-cities-for-2023/?sh=652dc70b309a |title=Report Ranks America's 15 Safest (And Most Dangerous) Cities For 2023 |date=January 31, 2023 |magazine=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] |first=Laura Begley |last=Bloom |access-date=February 14, 2024 }}</ref> Experts say an emerging gang presence and heavy recruitment of adolescent boys into these gangs, who are statistically more likely to get serious charges reduced or dropped, are major reasons for the sustained crime crises in the city.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIbg7vqEVU8 |title=The reason gangs recruit children in Baltimore and why they join, according to one expert |date=April 23, 2023 |work=[[WBFF]] |access-date=February 17, 2024 |via=YouTube }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://mcac.maryland.gov/2023/04/are-gangs-driving-crime-in-baltimore-city/#:~:text=Experts%20say%20many%20gangs%20have,by%20those%20drug%20trafficking%20organizations |title=Are Gangs Driving Crime in Baltimore City? |date=April 24, 2023 |website=Maryland Coordination and Analysis Center |access-date=February 17, 2024 }}</ref> Overall reported crime dropped by 60% from the mid-1990s to the mid-2010s, but homicides and gun violence remain high and far exceed the national average.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bidgood |first=Jess |date=January 15, 2016 |title=The Numbers Behind Baltimore's Record Year in Homicides |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/14/us/Baltimore-homicides-record.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/14/us/Baltimore-homicides-record.html |access-date=September 27, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The worst years for crime in Baltimore overall were from 1993 to 1996, with 96,243 crimes reported in 1995. Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015 represented the highest homicide rate in the city's recorded history—52.5 per 100,000 people, surpassing the record ratio set in 1993—and the second-highest for U.S. cities behind [[St. Louis]] and ahead of [[Detroit]]. Of Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015, 321 (93.3%) of the victims were African-American.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bidgood |first=Jess |date=January 15, 2016 |title=The Numbers Behind Baltimore's Record Year in Homicides |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/14/us/Baltimore-homicides-record.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/14/us/Baltimore-homicides-record.html |access-date=September 27, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Drug use and deaths by drug use, particularly drugs used intravenously, such as heroin, are a related problem which has impaired Baltimore for decades. Among cities greater than 400,000, Baltimore ranked 2nd in its opiate drug death rate in the United States. The [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] reported that 10% of Baltimore's population – about 64,000 people – are addicted to heroin, most of which is trafficked into the city from New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://healthversed.com/2016/07/20-most-drug-addicted-cities-in-america/26/|title=30 Most Drug Addicted Cities in America|newspaper=Healthversed|date=July 26, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.maryland.gov/Public-Safety/Violent-Crime-Property-Crime-by-County-1975-to-Pre/jwfa-fdxs|title=Violent Crime & Property Crime by County: 1975 to Present – Open Data – data.maryland.gov|website=data.maryland.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://data.baltimoresun.com/bing-maps/homicides/index.php?show_results=UPDATE+MAP&range=2015&district=all&zipcode=All&cause=all&age=all&gender=all&race=all&article=all |title=Baltimore Homicides |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |access-date=December 14, 2015 |archive-date=December 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218201023/http://data.baltimoresun.com/bing-maps/homicides/index.php?show_results=UPDATE+MAP&range=2015&district=all&zipcode=All&cause=all&age=all&gender=all&race=all&article=all |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-homicide-per-capita-20151117-story.html |title=Per capita, Baltimore reaches its highest ever homicide rate |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=December 3, 2015 |first1=Kevin |last1=Rector |first2=Justin |last2=Fenton |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011085419/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-homicide-per-capita-20151117-story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-11-11/news/1994315031_1_eastern-district-homicide-rate-police-report |title=46 slayings in 41 days push homicide rate up |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |date=November 11, 1994 |access-date=December 3, 2015 |first=Michael |last=James |quote=1993, the city's most murderous year ever with 353 killings }}</ref> In 2011, Baltimore police reported 196 homicides, the lowest number in the city since 197 homicides in 1978, and far lower than the peak homicide count of 353 slayings in 1993. City leaders at the time credited a sustained focus on repeat violent offenders and increased community engagement for the continued drop, reflecting a nationwide decline in crime.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-01-01/news/bs-md-ci-year-end-crime-20120101_1_killings-violent-crime-deadly-cities|title=Baltimore has fewer than 200 killings for first time in decades|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|author=Justin Fenton|date=January 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2012/11/25/as-baltimores-homicide-total-climbs-d-c-murders-plummet/|title=As Baltimore's homicide total climbs, D.C. murders plummet|work=Baltimore Brew|author=Mark Reutter|date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> In August 2014, Baltimore's new youth [[curfew]] law went into effect. It prohibits unaccompanied children under age 14 from being on the streets after 9 p.m. and those aged 14–16 from being out after 10 p.m. during the week and 11 p.m. on weekends and during the summer. The goal is to keep children out of dangerous places and reduce crime.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Honan|first1=Edith|title=Go home kids: Baltimore launches strict evening curfew for youth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/go-home-kids-baltimore-launches-strict-evening-curfew-for-youth/2014/08/09/197f7f9e-1ff8-11e4-ab7b-696c295ddfd1_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 10, 2014}}</ref> Crime in Baltimore reached another peak in 2015 when the year's tally of 344 homicides was second only to the record 353 in 1993, when Baltimore had about 100,000 more residents. The killings in 2015 were on pace with recent years in the early months of 2015, but skyrocketed after the [[Baltimore Uprising|unrest and rioting of late April]] following the [[killing of Freddie Gray]] by police. In five of the next eight months, killings topped 30–40 per month. Nearly 90 percent of 2015's homicides resulted from shootings, renewing calls for new gun laws. In 2016, there were 318 murders in the city.<ref>Rector, Kevin (January 3, 2017). [http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/crime/bs-md-ci-homicide-id-20170103-story.html "Baltimore police identify last homicide victim of 2016, one of first in 2017"]. ''The Baltimore Sun''. Retrieved January 14, 2017.</ref> This total marked a 7.56 percent decline in homicides from 2015. In an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'' on November 2, 2017,<ref name="theguardian.com">Gately, Gary (November 2, 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/02/baltimore-murder-rate-homicides-ceasefire " Baltimore is more murderous than Chicago. Can anyone save the city from itself?"] ''The Guardian''.</ref> [[David Simon]], himself a former police reporter for ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', ascribed the most recent surge in murders to the high-profile decision by Baltimore state's attorney, [[Marilyn Mosby]], to charge six city police officers following the [[death of Freddie Gray]] after he was paralyzed during a "rough-ride" in a police van while in police custody in April 2015, dying from the injury a week later. "What Mosby basically did was send a message to the Baltimore police department: 'I'm going to put you in jail for making a bad arrest.' So officers figured it out: 'I can go to jail for making the wrong arrest, so I'm not getting out of my car to clear a corner,' and that's exactly what happened post-Freddie Gray."<ref name="theguardian.com"/> In Baltimore, "arrest numbers have plummeted from more than 40,000 in 2014, the year before Gray's death and the charges against the officers, to about 18,000 [as of November 2017]. This happened as homicides soared from 211 in 2014 to 344 in 2015 – an increase of 63%."<ref name="theguardian.com"/> Simon's HBO miniseries ''[[We Own This City]]'' aired in April 2022 and covered many of the events surrounding the death of Freddie Gray and the work [[slowdown]] by the Baltimore Police Department during that time period. In the six years between 2016 and 2022, Baltimore tallied 318, 342, 309, 348, 335, 338, and 335 homicides, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Baltimore |title=Baltimore City Homicides |url=https://homicides.news.baltimoresun.com/ |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=The Baltimore Sun |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2023, Baltimore saw a 20% drop in homicides to 263.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/baltimore-homicides-decrease-2023-d88000d65d3916d1fbbe6352becd8881 |title=Baltimore celebrates historic 20% drop in homicides even as gun violence remains high |date=January 5, 2024 |work=Associated Press |first=Lea |last=Skene |access-date=February 14, 2024 }}</ref> ====Baltimore City Fire Department==== {{Main|Baltimore City Fire Department}} Baltimore is protected by the over 1,800 professional firefighters of the Baltimore City Fire Department (BCFD). It was founded in December 1858 and began operating the following year. Replacing several warring independent volunteer companies since the 1770s and the confusion resulting from [[Know-Nothing Riot of 1856|a riot]] involving the "[[Know-Nothing]]" political party two years before, the establishment of a unified professional fire fighting force was a major advance in urban governance. The BCFD operates out of 37 fire stations located throughout the city and has a long history and sets of traditions in its various houses and divisions. ===State government=== {{See also|Baltimore City Delegation}} {{update|date=December 2019}} Since the legislative [[redistricting]] in 2002, Baltimore has had six legislative districts located entirely within its boundaries, giving the city six seats in the 47-member [[Maryland Senate]] and 18 in the 141-member [[Maryland House of Delegates]].<ref name="Delegation">{{cite web| url=http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/07leg/html/gacobcit.html| title=General Assembly Members by County: Baltimore City| work=Maryland Manual On-Line| publisher=Maryland State Archives| date=January 27, 2011| access-date=March 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110331203017/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/07leg/html/gacobcit.html| archive-date= March 31, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="2002 Plan">{{cite web| url=http://planning.maryland.gov/PDF/OurProducts/Redistrict/2002ld_courtappeals_62102_MD_map_web.pdf| title=2002 Legislative District Plan| publisher=Maryland Department of Planning| access-date=March 30, 2011}}</ref> During the previous 10-year period, Baltimore had four legislative districts within the city limits, but four others overlapped the Baltimore County line.<ref name="1992 Plan">{{cite web| url=http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/07leg/map/html/bcm.html| title=Legislative Election Districts 1992–2000| work=Maryland Manual On-Line| publisher=Maryland State Archives| date=June 17, 2004| access-date=March 31, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110331203617/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/07leg/map/html/bcm.html| archive-date= March 31, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> {{as of|2011|January|}}, all of Baltimore's state senators and delegates were Democrats.<ref name="Delegation" /> ====State agencies==== {{See also|List of state agencies headquartered in Baltimore}} ===Federal government=== {{Further|Maryland's 2nd congressional district|Maryland's 7th congressional district}} {{See also|United States Senate election in Maryland, 2006}} Two of the state's eight [[congressional district]]s include portions of Baltimore: the [[Maryland's 2nd congressional district|2nd]], represented by [[Dutch Ruppersberger]] and the [[Maryland's 7th congressional district|7th]], represented by [[Kweisi Mfume]]. Both are Democrats. A Republican has not represented a significant portion of Baltimore in Congress since [[John Boynton Philip Clayton Hill]] represented the 3rd District in 1927, and has not represented any of Baltimore since the [[Eastern Shore of Maryland|Eastern Shore]]-based 1st District lost its share of Baltimore after the 2000 census. It was represented by Republican [[Wayne Gilchrest]] at the time. Maryland's senior [[United States senator]], [[Ben Cardin]], is from Baltimore. He is one of three people in the last four decades to have represented the 3rd District before being elected to the [[United States Senate]]. [[Paul Sarbanes]] represented the 3rd from 1971 until 1977, when he was elected to the first of five terms in the Senate. Sarbanes was succeeded by [[Barbara Mikulski]], who represented the 3rd from 1977 to 1987. Mikulski was succeeded by Cardin, who held the seat until handing it to John Sarbanes upon his election to the Senate in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.state.md.us/elections/2006/results/general/office_US_Senator.html | title=Official 2006 Gubernatorial General Election results for U.S. Senator | publisher=Maryland State Board of Elections | access-date=January 5, 2010}}</ref> {{PresHead|place=Baltimore, Maryland|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|first=David|last=Leip|website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref>}} <!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> {{PresRow|2020|Democratic|25,374|207,260|4,827|Maryland}} {{PresRow|2016|Democratic|25,205|202,673|11,524|Maryland}} {{PresRow|2012|Democratic|28,171|221,478|4,356|Maryland}} {{PresRow|2008|Democratic|28,681|214,385|2,902|Maryland}} {{PresRow|2004|Democratic|36,230|175,022|2,311|Maryland}} {{PresRow|2000|Democratic|27,150|158,765|6,489|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1996|Democratic|28,467|145,441|9,415|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1992|Democratic|40,725|185,753|18,613|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1988|Democratic|59,089|170,813|2,465|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1984|Democratic|80,120|202,277|1,766|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1980|Democratic|57,902|191,911|14,962|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1976|Democratic|81,762|178,593|0|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1972|Democratic|119,486|141,323|3,843|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1968|Democratic|80,146|178,450|31,288|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1964|Democratic|76,089|240,716|0|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1960|Democratic|114,705|202,752|0|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1956|Republican|178,244|140,603|0|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1952|Democratic|166,605|178,469|4,784|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1948|Democratic|110,879|134,615|8,396|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1944|Democratic|112,817|163,493|0|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1940|Democratic|112,364|199,715|3,917|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1936|Democratic|97,667|210,668|1,959|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1932|Democratic|78,954|160,309|7,969|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1928|Republican|135,182|126,106|1,770|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1924|Republican|69,588|60,222|33,442|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1920|Republican|125,526|86,748|7,872|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1916|Democratic|49,805|60,226|2,382|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1912|Democratic|15,597|48,030|35,695|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1908|Republican|51,528|49,139|2,756|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1904|Democratic|47,444|47,901|2,192|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1900|Republican|58,880|51,979|2,149|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1896|Republican|61,965|40,859|3,777|Maryland}} {{PresRow|1892|Democratic|36,492|51,098|1,867|Maryland}} |} The [[United States Postal Service|Postal Service]]'s Baltimore Main Post Office is located at 900 East Fayette Street in the [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33287?p=1&s=MD&service_name=post_office&z=bALTIMORE |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120702215231/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33287?p=1&s=MD&service_name=post_office&z=bALTIMORE |archive-date=July 2, 2012 |title=Post Office Location—Baltimore |publisher=United States Postal Service / WhitePages Inc |access-date=May 5, 2009 }}</ref> The national headquarters for the [[United States Social Security Administration]] is located in Woodlawn, just outside of Baltimore. ==Education== {{See also|List of high schools in Maryland}} ===Colleges and universities=== Baltimore is the home of numerous places of higher learning, both public and private. 100,000 college students from around the country attend Baltimore City's 10 accredited two-year or four-year colleges and universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baltimoredevelopment.com/about-baltimore/economic-profile/ |title=Economic Profile |work=baltimoredevelopment.com |access-date=August 4, 2015 |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811042824/http://baltimoredevelopment.com/about-baltimore/economic-profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mica.edu/About_MICA/About_Baltimore.html |title=About Baltimore |publisher=Maryland Institute College of Art |access-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319064702/https://www.mica.edu/About_MICA/About_Baltimore.html |archive-date=March 19, 2016 }}</ref> Among them are: ====Private==== [[File:JHU-V.jpg|thumb|Keyser Quadrangle at [[Johns Hopkins University]], the nation's first research university]] [[File:George-peabody-library.jpg|thumb|The interior of [[George Peabody Library]] at the [[Peabody Institute]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]] is renowned for its beauty.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/books/the-most-beautiful-libraries-in-the-world |title=The Most Beautiful Libraries in the World |magazine=[[ShortList]] |department=Books |access-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094055/http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/books/the-most-beautiful-libraries-in-the-world }}</ref>]] * [[Johns Hopkins University]] * [[Loyola University Maryland]] * [[Maryland Institute College of Art]] * [[St. Mary's Seminary and University]] * [[Notre Dame of Maryland University]] * The [[Peabody Institute]] of Johns Hopkins University ====Public==== <!-- PLEASE NOTE: Towson University is in Towson, not Baltimore. Univ. of MD, Baltimore County is in Baltimore County, not Baltimore City --> * [[Baltimore City Community College]] * [[Coppin State University]] * [[Morgan State University]] * [[University of Baltimore]] * [[University of Maryland, Baltimore]] ===Primary and secondary schools=== {{See also|List of private and parochial schools in Baltimore}} The city's public schools are managed by [[Baltimore City Public Schools]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st24_md/schooldistrict_maps/c24510_baltimore/DC20SD_C24510.pdf|title=2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Baltimore city, MD|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 23, 2022}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st24_md/schooldistrict_maps/c24510_baltimore/DC20SD_C24510_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> and include: [[Carver Vocational Technical High School|Carver Vocational-Technical High School]], the first African American vocational high school and center that was established in the state of Maryland; [[Digital Harbor High School]], one of the secondary schools that emphasizes [[information technology]], [[Lake Clifton Eastern High School]], which is the largest school campus in Baltimore in physical size, the historic [[Frederick Douglass Senior High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Frederick Douglass High School]], which is the second oldest African American high school in the United States;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globegazette.com/articles/2008/06/21/entertainment/tv/doc485dd0f84f4ed169476907.txt|title=Film shows Baltimore school struggling despite No Child Left Behind law|date=June 21, 2008|agency=Associated Press |access-date=January 24, 2009}}</ref> [[Baltimore City College]], the third-oldest public high school in the nation,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://baltimore.bizjournals.com/baltimore/stories/2000/01/31/focus2.html|title=School boundaries|last=Katz-Stone|first=Adam|date=January 28, 2000|work=Baltimore Business Journal|access-date=January 24, 2009}}</ref> and [[Western High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Western High School]], the oldest public all-girls school in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westernhighschool.org/academics/WHS_flyer.pdf |title=WHS Flyer |publisher=Western High School |access-date=January 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090205000343/http://www.westernhighschool.org/academics/WHS_flyer.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 }}</ref> Baltimore City College and [[Baltimore Polytechnic Institute]] share the nation's second-oldest high school [[Baltimore City College football|football rivalry]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patterson|first=Ted|title=Football in Baltimore: History and Memorabilia|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|year=2000|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZeye8iTWyMC|isbn=978-0-8018-6424-7}}</ref> ==Transportation== [[File:BaltimoreLightRail.JPG|thumb|A [[Baltimore Light RailLink]] train stops at [[Convention Center station (Light RailLink)|Convention Center station]], just west of [[Baltimore Convention Center]] on [[Pratt Street]]]] Baltimore has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 30.7 percent of Baltimore households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 28.9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Baltimore averaged 1.65 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map|journal=Governing|date=December 9, 2014 |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html|access-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref> ===Roads and highways=== [[File:2019-07-15 13 34 07 View south along Interstate 395 (Cal Ripken Way) at its junction with Interstate 95 from the overpass for the ramp from Interstate 395 southbound to Interstate 95 northbound in Baltimore City, Maryland.jpg|thumb|[[Interstate 95 in Maryland|I-95]] northbound in Baltimore]] Baltimore's highway growth has done much to influence the development of the city and its suburbs. The first [[limited-access highway]] serving Baltimore was the [[Baltimore–Washington Parkway]], which opened in stages between 1950 and 1954. Maintenance of it is split: the half closest to Baltimore is maintained by the state of Maryland, and the half closest to Washington by the [[National Park Service]]. Trucks are only permitted to use the northern part of the parkway. Trucks (tractor-trailers) continued to use [[U.S. Route 1 in Maryland|U.S. Route 1]] (US 1) until [[Interstate 95 in Maryland|Interstate 95]] (I-95) between Baltimore and Washington opened in 1971. The Interstate highways serving Baltimore are [[Interstate 70 in Maryland|I-70]], [[Interstate 83|I-83]] (the Jones Falls Expressway), I-95, [[Interstate 395 (Maryland)|I-395]], [[Interstate 695 (Maryland)|I-695]] (the Baltimore Beltway), [[Interstate 795 (Maryland)|I-795]] (the Northwest Expressway), [[Interstate 895 (Maryland)|I-895]] (the Harbor Tunnel Thruway), and [[Interstate 97|I-97]]. The city's mainline Interstate highways—I-95, I-83, and I-70—do not directly connect to each other, and in the case of I-70 end at a park and ride lot just inside the city limits, because of [[highway revolts|freeway revolts]] in Baltimore. These revolts were led primarily by [[Barbara Mikulski]], a former [[United States senator]] for Maryland, which resulted in the abandonment of the original plan. There are two tunnels traversing Baltimore Harbor within the city limits: the four-bore [[Fort McHenry Tunnel]] (opened in 1985 and serving I-95) and the two-bore [[Baltimore Harbor Tunnel|Harbor Tunnel]] (opened in 1957 and serving I-895). Until [[Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse|its collapse in March 2024]], the Baltimore Beltway crossed south of Baltimore Harbor over the [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]]. The first interstate highway built in Baltimore was [[Interstate 83|I-83]], called the Jones Falls Expressway (first portion built in the early 1960s). Running from the downtown toward the northwest (NNW), it was built through a natural corridor over the [[Jones Falls|Jones Falls River]], which meant that no residents or housing were directly displaced. A planned section from what is now its southern terminus to I-95 was abandoned. Its route through parkland received criticism. Planning for the Baltimore Beltway antedates the creation of the [[Interstate Highway System]]. The first portion completed was a small strip connecting the two sections of I-83, the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway and the Jones Falls Expressway. The only [[United States Numbered Highways|U.S. Highways]] in the city are US 1, which bypasses downtown, and [[U.S. Route 40 in Maryland|US 40]], which crosses downtown from east to west. Both run along major surface streets, US 40 utilizes a small section of a freeway cancelled in the 1970s in the west side of the city, originally intended for [[Interstate 170 (Maryland)|Interstate 170]]. State routes in the city travel along surface streets, with the exception of [[Maryland Route 295]], which carries the Baltimore–Washington Parkway. The Baltimore City Department of Transportation (BCDOT) is responsible for several functions of the road transportation system in Baltimore, including repairing roads, sidewalks, and alleys; road signs; street lights; and managing the flow of transportation systems.<ref name=bcdot>{{cite web |url=http://www.baltimorecity.gov/Government/AgenciesDepartments/Transportation.aspx |title=Home |publisher=[[Baltimore City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=January 21, 2011 }}</ref> In addition, the agency is in charge of vehicle towing and [[traffic camera]]s.<ref name=bcdot2>{{cite web |url=http://www.baltimorecity.gov/Government/AgenciesDepartments/Transportation/VehicleTowing.aspx |title=Vehicle Towing |publisher=[[Baltimore City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=January 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=bcdot3>{{cite web |url=http://www.baltimorecity.gov/Government/AgenciesDepartments/Transportation/TrafficCameras.aspx |title=Traffic Cameras |publisher=[[Baltimore City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=January 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127061625/http://www.baltimorecity.gov/Government/AgenciesDepartments/Transportation/TrafficCameras.aspx |archive-date=January 27, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> BCDOT maintains all streets within the Baltimore. These include all streets that are marked as state and U.S. highways and portions of [[Interstate 83 in Maryland|I-83]] and [[Interstate 70 in Maryland|I-70]] within Baltimore's city limits. The only highways in the city that are not maintained by BCDOT are [[Interstate 95 in Maryland|I-95]], [[Interstate 395 in Maryland|I-395]], [[Interstate 695 in Maryland|I-695]], and [[Interstate 895 in Maryland|I-895]], which are maintained by the [[Maryland Transportation Authority]].<ref name="Baltimore City HLR 2005">{{cite web| title=Highway Location Reference: Baltimore City |publisher=Maryland State Highway Administration |year=2005 |url=http://www.marylandroads.com/Location/2005_BALTIMORECITY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714044312/http://www.marylandroads.com/Location/2005_BALTIMORECITY.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> ===Transit systems=== ====Public transit==== [[File:Charm City Circulator Vanhool 1101.jpg|thumb|Charm City Circulator Van Hool on the Orange Line]] Public transit in Baltimore is mostly provided by the [[Maryland Transit Administration]] (abbreviated "MTA Maryland") and [[Charm City Circulator]]. MTA Maryland operates a comprehensive [[MTA Maryland bus service|bus]] network, including many local, express, and commuter buses, [[Baltimore Light RailLink|a light rail network]] connecting [[Hunt Valley, Maryland|Hunt Valley]] in the north to BWI Airport and [[Glen Burnie station|Glen Burnie]] in the south, and a [[Baltimore Metro SubwayLink|subway line]] between [[Owings Mills, Maryland|Owings Mills]] and [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtamaryland.com/ |title=Maryland Transit Administration |publisher=Maryland Transit Administration |access-date=April 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405053628/http://www.mtamaryland.com/ |archive-date=April 5, 2007 }}</ref> A proposed rail line, known as the [[Red Line (Baltimore)|Red Line]], which would link the [[Social Security Administration]]'s headquarters in [[Woodlawn, Baltimore County, Maryland|Woodlawn]] to [[Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center]] in East Baltimore, was cancelled in June 2015 by former Governor [[Larry Hogan]]. In June 2023, Governor [[Wes Moore]] announced the relaunch of the Red Line project.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://redlinemaryland.com/ | title=redlinemaryland.com | publisher=Maryland Transit Administration | access-date=July 31, 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230731180130/https://redlinemaryland.com/| archive-date= July 31, 2023 }}</ref> The Charm City Circulator (CCC), a [[shuttle bus service]] operated by First Transit for the Baltimore City Department of Transportation, began operating in the downtown area in January 2010. Funded partly by a 16 percent increase in the city's parking fees, the Circulator provides free bus service seven days a week, picking up passengers every 15–25 minutes at designated stops during service hours.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://transportation.baltimorecity.gov/charm-city-circulator | title=Charm City Circulator | date=August 10, 2020 | publisher=Baltimore City Department of Transportation | access-date=July 31, 2023}}</ref><ref name="CCC City Paper">{{cite news| url=http://www2.citypaper.com/arts/story.asp?id=20397| title=The Charm City Circulator is more than a cool free bus| author=John Barry| work=Baltimore City Paper| date=July 7, 2010| access-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> The Charm City Circulator consists of four routes, the Green Route runs from City Hall to Johns Hopkins Hospital via Fells Point, the Purple Route runs from 33rd Street to Federal Hill, the Orange Route runs between Hollins Market and Harbor East, and the Banner Route runs from the Inner Harbor to [[Fort McHenry]].<ref name="CCC Baltimore Sun">{{cite news| url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-charm-city-circulator-routes-back-20230119-tf3pf2jr3faalh52yw6zkf2p74-story.html| title=After vendor transition, Baltimore's Charm City Circulator routes being restored to normal frequency| author=Dan Belson| work=Baltimore Sun| date=January 18, 2023| access-date=July 31, 2023}}</ref> Baltimore has a [[water taxi]] service, operated by [[Baltimore Water Taxi]]. The water taxi's six routes provide service throughout the city's harbor, and was purchased by [[Under Armour]] CEO [[Kevin Plank]]'s Sagamore Ventures in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/news/2016/10/12/first-of-sagamores-new-water-taxis-hits-the-water.html |title=First of Sagamore's new water taxis hits the water |date=October 12, 2016 |newspaper=Baltimore Business Journal |access-date=June 22, 2017 |first=Jonathan |last=Munshaw }}</ref> In June 2017, the BaltimoreLink bus network redesign was launched. The BaltimoreLink redesign consisted of a dozen high frequency, color-coded routes branded CityLink, running every 10 to 15 minutes through downtown Baltimore, along with changes to local and express bus service, rebranded LocalLink and ExpressLink.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-baltimorelink-launch-20170619-story.html|title=Some bumps in the road for bus riders as BaltimoreLink hits city streets|last1=Richman|first2=Colin |last2=Campbell |first1=Talia|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=June 22, 2017|date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> ====Intercity rail==== [[File:Baltimore Pennsylvania Station corrected.jpg|thumb|[[Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore)|Baltimore Pennsylvania Station]] in Baltimore, the seventh-busiest rail station in the nation]] Baltimore is a top destination for [[Amtrak]] along the [[Northeast Corridor]]. Baltimore's [[Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore)|Penn Station]] is one of the busiest in the country. As of 2014, Penn Station was ranked the [[List of busiest Amtrak stations|seventh-busiest]] rail station in the [[United States]] by number of passengers served each year.<ref name="Fact Sheet">{{cite web |title=Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2014 State of Maryland |publisher=[[Amtrak]] Government Affairs |date=November 2014 |url=http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/MARYLAND14.pdf |access-date=May 6, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126202551/http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/MARYLAND14.pdf |archive-date=January 26, 2015 }}</ref> The building sits on a raised "island" of sorts between two open trenches, one for the Jones Falls Expressway and the other for the tracks of the Northeast Corridor (NEC). The NEC approaches from the south through the two-track, {{Convert|7660|ft}} [[Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel]], which opened in 1873 and whose {{convert|30|mph|abbr=on|-1}} limit, sharp curves, and steep grades make it one of the NEC's worst bottlenecks. The NEC's northern approach is the 1873 [[Union Tunnel (Baltimore)|Union Tunnel]], which has one [[single track (rail)|single-track]] bore and one [[double track|double-track]] bore. Just outside the city, [[BWI Rail Station|Baltimore/Washington International (BWI) Thurgood Marshall Airport Rail Station]] is another stop. Amtrak's ''[[Acela Express]]'', ''[[Palmetto (train)|Palmetto]]'', ''[[Carolinian (train)|Carolinian]]'', ''[[Silver Star (Amtrak train)|Silver Star]]'', ''[[Silver Meteor]]'', ''[[Vermonter (train)|Vermonter]]'', ''[[Crescent (train)|Crescent]]'', and ''[[Northeast Regional]]'' trains are the scheduled passenger train services that stop in the city. [[MARC Train|MARC]] commuter rail service connects the city's two main intercity rail stations, Camden Station and Penn Station, with Washington, D.C.'s [[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station]] as well as stops in between. The MARC consists of 3 lines; the Brunswick, Camden and Penn. On December 7, 2013, the Penn Line began weekend service.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-09-04/local/41740904_1_weekend-service-penn-line-rafi-guroian | newspaper=The Washington Post | first1=John | last1=Wagner | first2=Dana | last2=Hedgpeth | title=Weekend MARC trains between D.C. and Baltimore will start Dec. 7, O'Malley announces | date=September 5, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118204549/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-09-04/local/41740904_1_weekend-service-penn-line-rafi-guroian | archive-date=November 18, 2013 }}</ref> ===Airports=== [[File:Kbwi.jpg|thumb|The interior of [[Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport]], Baltimore's international commercial airport]] Baltimore is served by two airports, both operated by the Maryland Aviation Administration, which is part of the [[Maryland Department of Transportation]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.marylandaviation.com/ | title=Maryland Aviation Administration | publisher=Maryland Aviation Administration | access-date=April 5, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405093832/http://www.marylandaviation.com/| archive-date= April 5, 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport]], generally known as "BWI", lies about {{convert|10|mi|0}} to the south of Baltimore in neighboring Anne Arundel County. The airport is named after [[Thurgood Marshall]], a Baltimore native who was the first African American to serve on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. In terms of passenger traffic, BWI is the 22nd busiest airport in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bwiairport.com/en/about-bwi/factsfigures/genpassengerstats |title=General Passenger Statistics |publisher=Baltimore/Washington International Airport |access-date=October 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106203412/http://www.bwiairport.com/en/about-bwi/factsfigures/genpassengerstats |archive-date=November 6, 2016 }}</ref> As of 2014, BWI is the largest, by passenger count, of three major airports serving the [[Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area]]. It is accessible by [[Interstate 95 in Maryland|I-95]] and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway via [[Interstate 195 (Maryland)|Interstate 195]], the [[Baltimore Light Rail]], and Amtrak and MARC Train at [[BWI Rail Station]]. Baltimore is also served by [[Martin State Airport]], a [[general aviation]] facility, to the northeast in Baltimore County. Martin State Airport is linked to [[downtown Baltimore]] by [[Maryland Route 150]] (Eastern Avenue) and by MARC Train at [[Martin State Airport (MARC station)|its own station]]. ===Pedestrians and bicycles=== Baltimore has a comprehensive system of bicycle routes in the city. These routes are not numbered, but are typically denoted with green signs displaying a silhouette of a bicycle upon an outline of the city's border, and denote the distance to destinations, much like bicycle routes in the rest of the state. The roads carrying bicycle routes are also labelled with either bike lanes, sharrows, or Share the Road signs. Many of these routes pass through the downtown area. The network of bicycle lanes in the city continues to expand, with over {{convert|140|mi}} added between 2006 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-01-22/entertainment/bs-b-0122-baltimore-bikes-20140121_1_downtown-baltimore-penny-troutner-nathan-krasnopoler|title=Wheels of Change: Baltimore's bike crusade|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|author=Andrew Zaleski|date=January 22, 2014|access-date=September 2, 2014}}</ref> Alongside bike lanes, Baltimore has also built [[bike boulevard]]s, starting with Guilford Avenue in 2012. Baltimore has three major trail systems within the city. The [[Gwynns Falls Trail]] runs from the Inner Harbor to the I-70 Park and Ride, passing through [[Gwynns Falls Park]] and possessing numerous branches. There are also many pedestrian hiking trails traversing the park. The [[Jones Falls Trail]] runs from the Inner Harbor to the Cylburn Arboretum. It is undergoing expansion. Long-term plans call for it to extend to the [[Mount Washington (Baltimore Light Rail station)|Mount Washington Light Rail Stop]], and possibly as far north as the Falls Road stop to connect to the Robert E. Lee boardwalk north of the city. It will incorporate a spur alongside Western Run. The two aforementioned trails carry sections of the [[East Coast Greenway]] through the city. The Herring Run Trail runs from [[Maryland Route 147|Harford Road]] east, to its end beyond Sinclair Lane, utilizing Herring Run Park. Long-term plans call for its extension to [[Morgan State University]] and north to points beyond. Other major bicycle projects include a protected cycle track installed on both Maryland Avenue and Mount Royal Avenue, expected to become the backbone of a downtown bicycle network. Installation for the cycletracks is expected in 2014 and 2016, respectively. In addition to the bicycle trails and cycletracks, Baltimore has the Stony Run Trail, a walking path that will eventually connect from the Jones Falls north to Northern Parkway, utilizing much of the old Ma and Pa Railroad corridor inside the city. In 2011, the city undertook a campaign to reconstruct many sidewalk ramps in the city, coinciding with mass resurfacing of the city's streets. A 2011 study by [[Walk Score]] ranked Baltimore the 14th-most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/|title=2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings |publisher=Walk Score |year=2011 |access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> ===Port of Baltimore=== {{Main|Port of Baltimore}} [[File:Baltimoreharborview.jpg|thumb|The [[Inner Harbor]] in Baltimore]] [[File:Washington Monument, 1849, from Federal Hill 1a.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Baltimore]] with the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] in the background in 1849]] [[File:The Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore).jpg|thumb|[[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]] crossing the [[Port of Baltimore]] in 2015]] The port was founded in 1706, preceding the founding of Baltimore. The Maryland colonial legislature made the area near [[Locust Point, Baltimore|Locust Point]] as the [[port of entry]] for the [[tobacco]] trade with England. Fells Point, the deepest point in the natural harbor, soon became the colony's main ship building center, later on becoming leader in the construction of [[Baltimore Clipper|clipper ships]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.baltimoremd.com/monuments/sea01.html| title=Fells Point: The Port of Early Baltimore| author=Christopher T. George| work=Baltimore A Link to the City| access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> After Baltimore's founding, mills were built behind the wharves. The [[California Gold Rush]] led to many orders for fast vessels. Many overland pioneers also relied upon canned goods from Baltimore. After the Civil War, a coffee ship was designed here for trade with [[Brazil]]. At the end of the nineteenth century, European ship lines had terminals for immigrants. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad made the port a major [[transshipment]] point.<ref name=Stover>{{cite book | last = Stover | first = John F. | title = History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | publisher=Purdue University Press | year = 1987 | location = West Lafayette, IN | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IEPCqQErPHAC&q=History+of+the+Baltimore+and+Ohio+Railroad&pg=PP1 | isbn = 978-0-911198-81-2}}</ref>{{rp|17,75}} The port has major [[roll-on/roll-off]] facilities, as well as bulk facilities, especially steel handling.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mpa.maryland.gov/content/types-of-cargo.php | title=Types of Cargo| publisher=Maryland Port Administration | access-date=January 19, 2011}}</ref> [[Water taxi]]s operate in the Inner Harbor. Governor Ehrlich participated in naming the port after [[Helen Delich Bentley]] during the 300th anniversary of the port.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.teslasociety.com/bentley.htm | title=Governor Ehrlich Names Port of Baltimore After Helen Delich Bentley | publisher=Tesla Memorial Society of New York | access-date=January 5, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100104174645/http://teslasociety.com/bentley.htm| archive-date= January 4, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> In 2007, [[Duke Realty]] Corporation began a new development near the Port of Baltimore, named the Chesapeake Commerce Center. This new industrial park is located on the site of a former General Motors plant. The total project comprises {{convert|184|acre|km2}} in eastern Baltimore City, and the site will yield {{convert|2800000|sqft|m2}} of warehouse/distribution and office space. Chesapeake Commerce Center has direct access to two major Interstate highways ([[I-95]] and [[Interstate 895 (Maryland)|I-895]]) and is located adjacent to two of the major Port of Baltimore terminals. The Port of Baltimore is one of two seaports on the U.S. East Coast with a {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} dredge to accommodate the largest shipping vessels.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mpasafepassage.org/safe.html| title=Safe Passage| publisher=Maryland Port Administration| access-date=January 19, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320042637/http://www.mpasafepassage.org/safe.html| archive-date=March 20, 2011}}</ref> Along with cargo terminals, the port also has a passenger cruise terminal, which offers year-round trips on several lines, including Royal Caribbean's Grandeur of the Seas and Carnival's Pride. Overall five cruise lines have operated out of the port to the Bahamas and the Caribbean, while some ships traveled to New England and Canada. The terminal has become an embarkation point where passengers have the opportunity to park and board next to the ship visible from Interstate 95.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/02/AR2009100202643.html |title=Baltimore Port to Open Year-Round for Cruise Traffic |work=Washingtonpost.com |date=October 4, 2009 |access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> Passengers from [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[New Jersey]] make up a third of the volume, with travelers from Maryland, [[Virginia]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and other regions accounting for the rest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/02/AR2009100202643_2.html |title=Baltimore Port to Open Year-Round for Cruise Traffic |work=Washingtonpost.com |date= October 4, 2009|access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> ==Environment== Baltimore's Inner Harbor, known for its skyline waterscape and its tourist-friendly areas, was horribly polluted. The waterway was often filled with garbage after heavy rainstorms, failing its 2014 water quality report card. The Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore took steps to remediate the waterways, in hopes that the harbor would be fishable and swimmable once again. ===Trash interceptors=== {{Main|Trash interceptor#Baltimore's Mr. Trash Wheel}} [[File:Mr. Trash Wheel--Baltimore MD.jpg|thumb|The "Mr. Trash Wheel" [[trash interceptor]] at the mouth of the Jones Falls River in Baltimore's [[Inner Harbor]]]] Baltimore has four water wheel trash interceptors for removing garbage in area waterways. One is at the mouth of [[Jones Falls]] in Baltimore's Inner Harbor, dubbed "Mr. Trash Wheel".<ref name="ew20151217">{{cite web|last=Chow|first=Lorraine|date=December 17, 2015|title=Solar-Powered Water Wheel Removes 350 Tons of Trash From Baltimore Harbor|url=http://ecowatch.com/2015/12/17/solar-powered-water-wheel/|access-date=January 24, 2016|website=EcoWatch}}</ref> Another, "Professor Trash Wheel" was added at Harris Creek in the [[Canton, Baltimore|Canton]] neighborhood in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|title=Canton Water Wheel|url=http://www.cantonwaterwheel.com/|access-date=January 24, 2016|archive-date=January 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131045239/http://www.cantonwaterwheel.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-professor-trash-wheel-20161204-story.html |title=Professor Trash Wheel makes its debut in Canton|last=McDaniels|first=Andrea|date=December 4, 2016|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=June 5, 2018}}</ref> with "Captain Trash Wheel" following at Mason Creek in 2018<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wbaltv.com/article/you-can-reinvent-the-wheel-baltimore-welcomes-captain-trash-wheel/21086797|title=You can reinvent the wheel: Baltimore welcomes Captain Trash Wheel|last=Robinson|first=Lisa|date=June 5, 2018|work=[[WBAL-TV]]|access-date=June 5, 2018}}</ref> and "Gwynnda, the Good Wheel of the West" at the mouth of the [[Gwynns Falls]] in 2021.<ref> {{cite news|url=https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2021/03/11/meet-baltimores-fourth-trash-wheel-gwynnda-the-good-wheel-of-the-west/|title=Meet Baltimore's Fourth Trash Wheel: Gwynnda The Good Wheel Of The West |date=March 11, 2021|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> A February 2015 agreement with a local waste-to-energy plant is believed to make Baltimore the first city to use reclaimed waterway debris to generate electricity.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baltimoremagazine.net/2015/2/11/inner-harbors-amazing-trash-wheel-just-got-more-amazing |title=Inner Harbor's Amazing Trash Wheel Just Got Better |newspaper=Baltimore |date=February 11, 2015 |access-date=December 22, 2015 }}</ref> ===Other water pollution control=== In August 2010, the National Aquarium assembled, planted, and launched a [[floating island|floating wetland island]] designed by Biohabitats in Baltimore's Inner Harbor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aqua.org/care/conservation-initiatives/floating-wetland-island |title=Floating Wetland Island |publisher=National Aquarium |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> Hundreds of years ago, Baltimore's harbor shoreline would have been lined with tidal [[wetland]]s. Floating wetlands provide many environmental benefits to water quality and habitat enhancement, which is why the Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore has included them in their Healthy Harbor Initiative pilot projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spinsheet.com/the-floating-wetlands-of-baltimores-inner-harbor/ |title=The Floating Wetlands of Baltimore's Inner Harbor |date=March 13, 2015 |last=Kellett |first=Pamela Tenner |publisher=SpinSheet |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> Biohabitats also developed a concept to transform a dilapidated wharf into a living pier that cleans Harbor water, provides habitat and is an aesthetic attraction. Currently under design, the top of the pier will become a [[Constructed wetland|constructed tidal wetland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biohabitats.com/projects/baltimore-healthy-harbor/ |title=Baltimore Healthy Harbor Initiative Pilot Projects |publisher=Biohabitats |access-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref> Other projects to improve water quality include the Blue Alleys project, expanded street sweeping, and stream restoration.<ref name="ew20151217" /> === Air quality and pollution === Since 1985 the [[Wheelabrator Incinerator|Wheelabrator incinerator]], formerly known as the Baltimore Refuse Energy Systems Co., has operated as a [[Waste-to-energy plant|waste-to-energy]] incinerator. The incinerator is a significant source of air pollution to nearby neighborhoods. Several environmental groups, such as the [[Environmental Integrity Project]], and the [[Chesapeake Climate Action Network]], have been successful in advocating for reinforced pollution monitoring. According to Shashawnda Campbell, the incinerator is "the city's single largest standing source of air pollution".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisbrod |first=Katelyn |date=2021-02-19 |title=Baltimore Continues Incinerating Trash, Despite Opposition from its New Mayor and City Council |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19022021/baltimore-continues-incinerating-trash-despite-opposition-from-its-new-mayor-and-city-council/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Media== {{Main|Media in Baltimore}} Baltimore's main media outlet since 2010 is ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' which was sold by its Baltimore owners in 1986 to the Times Mirror Company,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-Times-Mirror-Company-Company-History.html |title=The Times Mirror Company—Company History |access-date=September 25, 2008 |work=fundinguniverse.com |publisher=Funding Universe | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081010072625/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-Times-Mirror-Company-Company-History.html| archive-date= October 10, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> and then bought by the [[Tribune Company]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Terence |last=Smith |author-link=Terence Smith (journalist)|title=Tribune Buys Times Mirror |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/media/jan-june00/tribune_3-21.html |work=pbs.org |publisher=MacNeil/Lehrer Productions |date=March 21, 2000 |access-date=September 25, 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080907210447/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/media/jan-june00/tribune_3-21.html| archive-date= September 7, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Since the sale, ''The Baltimore Sun'' prints some local news along with regional and national articles. The ''[[Baltimore News-American]]'', another long-running paper that competed with the Sun, ceased publication in 1986.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/RARE/MarylandCollection/NewsAmerican/Index.html | title=The Baltimore News American Photograph Collection | publisher=University of Maryland: Libraries | date=December 18, 2009 | access-date=December 31, 2009 | archive-date=April 30, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430114453/http://www.lib.umd.edu/RARE/MarylandCollection/NewsAmerican/Index.html }}</ref> The city is home to the [[Baltimore Afro-American]], an influential African American newspaper founded in 1892.<ref>{{cite web|title=Newspapers: Baltimore Afro-American|url=https://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/afroamerican.html|work=The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords|publisher=PBS|access-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name="McEwen 2012">{{cite news|last=McEwen|first=Lauren|title=The Baltimore Afro-American celebrates 120 years in print|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/the-baltimore-afro-american-celebrates-120-years-in-print/2012/08/28/b914a49e-f084-11e1-ba17-c7bb037a1d5b_blog.html|access-date=October 5, 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 28, 2012}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[The Baltimore Examiner]]'' was launched to compete with ''The Sun''. It was part of a national chain that includes ''[[The San Francisco Examiner]]'' and ''[[The Washington Examiner]]''. In contrast to the paid subscription ''Sun'', ''The Examiner'' was a free newspaper funded solely by advertisements. Unable to turn a profit and facing a deep recession, ''The Baltimore Examiner'' ceased publication on February 15, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2009 |title=Examiner closing |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2009-01-30-0901290071-story.html |access-date=September 27, 2023 |website=Baltimore Sun}}</ref> Despite being located 40 miles northeast of [[Washington, D.C.]], Baltimore is a major media market in its own right, with all major English language television networks represented in the city. [[WJZ-TV]] 13 is a [[CBS]] [[owned and operated station]], and [[WBFF]] 45 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]) is the flagship of [[Sinclair Broadcast Group]], the largest station owner in the country. Other major television stations in Baltimore include [[WMAR-TV]] 2 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[WBAL-TV]] 11 ([[NBC]]), [[WUTB]] 24 ([[TBD (TV network)|TBD]]), [[WBFF|WBFF-DT2]] 45.2 ([[MyNetworkTV]]), [[WNUV]] 54 ([[The CW|CW]]), and [[WMPB]] 67 ([[PBS]]). Baltimore is also served by low-power station [[WMJF-CD]] 39 ([[Ion Television|Ion]]), which transmits from the campus of [[Towson University]]. Nielsen ranked Baltimore as the 27th-largest [[television market]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2009-2010-dma-ranks.pdf|title=Local Television Market Universe Estimates|publisher=nielsen|access-date=March 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317170600/http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2009-2010-dma-ranks.pdf|archive-date=March 17, 2011}}</ref> Arbitron's Fall 2010 rankings identified Baltimore as the 22nd-largest radio market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbitron.com/home/mm001050.asp |title=Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Fall 2010|publisher=Arbitron|access-date=March 16, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110414180218/http://www.arbitron.com/home/mm001050.asp| archive-date= April 14, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> ==Notable people== {{Main|List of people from Baltimore}} * [[Spiro Agnew]], 39th [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. vice president]] under [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Richard Nixon]] * [[Eubie Blake]], jazz pianist and composer * [[Muggsy Bogues]], former professional basketball player * [[Julie Bowen]], actress * [[Christine Michel Carter]], author and marketing strategist * [[Tom Clancy]], author of the [[Ryanverse]] book series * [[Elijah Cummings]], former U.S. Congressman and civil rights activist * [[Gervonta Davis]], professional boxer and four-time world champion in two weight classes * [[Cass Elliot]], born Ellen Naomi Cohen, singer and member of [[the Mamas & the Papas]] * [[Daniel Coit Gilman]], founding president of [[Johns Hopkins University]] * [[Stavros Halkias]], [[stand-up comedian]] * [[Kyle Harrison (lacrosse)|Kyle Harrison]], professional lacrosse player and first black [[Tewaaraton Award]] recipient * [[David Hasselhoff]], actor, producer, and businessman * [[Johns Hopkins]], entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist, and namesake of [[Johns Hopkins University]] * [[Thurgood Marshall]], [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] justice * [[H. L. Mencken]], journalist, essayist, satirist, cultural critic, and scholar of [[American English]] * [[Joe Metheny]], serial killer and cannibal * [[Ric Ocasek]], rock musician and lead singer of [[the Cars]] * [[Bob Parsons]], Entrepreneur, billionaire, and philanthropist Founded the [[GoDaddy]] group of companies * [[Nancy Pelosi]], former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]] * [[Michael Phelps]], swimmer and [[List of multiple Olympic medalists|all-time leader in Olympic medals]] * [[Edgar Allan Poe]], poet * [[Emily Post]], author of [[etiquette]] books * [[Lance Reddick]], actor and musician * [[Babe Ruth]], professional baseball player and [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]] inductee * [[Wallis Simpson]], Duchess of Windsor * [[Jada Pinkett Smith]], actress, singer, and businesswoman * [[M. Carey Thomas]], educator, [[Suffragette|suffragist]], and linguist * [[Anne Tyler]], [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction|Pulitzer Prize]]-winning novelist * [[John Waters]], filmmaker * [[D. Watkins]], screenwriter, author, public intellectual * [[Biddy Wood]], journalist and jazz promoter * [[Frank Zappa]], rock musician ==International relations== {{SisterCities|Baltimore|eleven}}<ref name=ssbm>{{cite web |url=http://legacy.sistercities.org/interactive-map/Baltimore,%20Maryland |title=Interactive City Directory: Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Sister Cities International |access-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805201534/http://legacy.sistercities.org/interactive-map/Baltimore,%2520Maryland |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoreegypt.org/|title=Sister City Committee|publisher=Baltimore-Luxor-Alexandria Sister City Committee|access-date=March 30, 2011}}</ref> {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Alexandria]], Egypt (1995, B) * [[Ashkelon]], Israel (1974) * [[Changwon]], South Korea (2018, B) * [[Gbarnga]], Liberia (1973, B) * [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], Japan (1979, B) * [[Luxor]], Egypt (1995, B) * [[Odesa]], Ukraine (1974, B) * [[Piraeus]], Greece (1982, B) * [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands (1985, B) * [[Xiamen]], China (1985, B) * [[Bendigo]], Australia (2023){{citation needed|date=November 2023}} }} Baltimore's own Sister City Committees recognize nine of these sister cities, indicated above with a "B" notation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://baltimoresistercities.org/ |website=Baltimore Sister Cities |access-date=August 5, 2019 |title=Baltimore Sister Cities }}</ref> Three additional sister cities have "emeritus status":<ref name="ssbm" /> * [[Genova]], Italy (1985)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.genova.it/content/cronologico-accordi-e-gemellaggi |title=Cronologico accordi e gemellaggi |language=it |access-date=February 4, 2020 |website=Comune di Genova }}</ref> * [[Ely O'Carroll]], Ireland * [[Bremerhaven]], Germany (2007) ==See also== * [[Baltimore Development Corporation]] * [[Baltimore in fiction]] * [[Baltimore National Heritage Area]] * ''[[Bluegrass in Baltimore: The Hard Drivin' Sound and Its Legacy]]'' (Book on the history of the [[History of the Appalachian people in Baltimore|Appalachian migrants]]' move into the city in the 20th century) * [[History of the Germans in Baltimore, Maryland]] * [[USS Baltimore|USS ''Baltimore'']], 6 ships * [[:Category:Cemeteries in Baltimore]] * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Baltimore}}</small>''''' == Explanatory notes == {{notelist}} ==References== === Citations === {{Reflist}} === General bibliography === * Brooks, Neal A. & Eric G. Rockel (1979). ''A History of Baltimore County''. Towson, Maryland: Friends of the Towson Library. * Crenson, Matthew A. (2017). ''Baltimore: A Political History''. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. * Dorsey, John, & James D. Dilts (1997). ''A Guide to Baltimore Architecture''. Third Edition. Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Publishers. (First edition published in 1973.) {{ISBN|0-87033-477-8}}. * Hall, Clayton Coleman (1912). ''Baltimore: Its History and Its People''. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. [https://archive.org/details/baltimoreitshist01hall Vol. 1]. * Orser, Edward W. (1994). ''Blockbusting in Baltimore: the Edmonston Village Story''. University Press of Kentucky. * [[John Thomas Scharf|Scharf, J. Thomas]] (1879). ''History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day''. Baltimore: John B. Piet. [https://archive.org/details/historymaryland01thomgoog Vol. 1]; [https://archive.org/details/historymaryland00thomgoog Vol. 2]; [https://archive.org/details/historymaryland02thomgoog Vol. 3]. * {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Isaiah |title=The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers |volume=I |publisher=New York, B. Franklin |year=1874 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofprintin01thom |ref=thomas1874a}} * Townsend, Camilla (2000). ''Tales of Two Cities: Race and Economic Culture in Early Republican North and South America: Guyaquil, Ecuador, and Baltimore, Maryland''. University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-78167-9}}. * {{cite book |last=Wroth |first=Lawrence C. |title=A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland, 1686–1776 |year=1922 |author-link=Lawrence C. Wroth |publisher=Baltimore : Typothetae of Baltimore |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofprintin00wrotuoft |ref=wroth1922}} * {{cite book |last=Wroth |first=Lawrence C. |title=The Colonial Printer |author-link=Lawrence C. Wroth |publisher=Portland, Me., The Southworth-Anthoensen press |year=1938 |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialprinter00wrot |ref=wroth1938}} ==Further reading== * Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1 online]; see index at pp. 406–411 for list. * {{cite book |last1=Malka |first1=Adam |title=The Men of Mobtown; Policing Baltimore in the Age of Slavery and Emancipation |date=April 2018 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=978-1-4696-3629-0 |url=https://uncpress.org/book/9781469636290/the-men-of-mobtown/#:~:text=Policing%20Baltimore%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Slavery%20and%20Emancipation&text=The%20post%E2%80%93Civil%20War%20triumph,%E2%80%9D%20are%20very%2C%20very%20old. |format=Hardcover}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Baltimore, Maryland |commonscat=yes|s=Category:Baltimore|voy=Baltimore}} * {{official website|http://www.baltimorecity.gov/}} * [http://www.baltimorecitycouncil.com/ Baltimore City Council] * [http://www.baltimore.org/ Visit Baltimore – official Destination Marketing Organization] * [http://www.baltimorecityschools.org/ Baltimore City Public Schools] * [http://baltimoredevelopment.com/ Baltimore Development Corporation] * [https://archive.today/20121211082423/http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/maps/baltimore/baltoverview.html Baltimore City Maps], historic maps at the [[Johns Hopkins University Libraries|Sheridan Libraries]]. * [http://mdhistory.net/msaref07/html/index.html Papenfuse: Atlases and Maps of Baltimore City and County, 1876–1915 & Block Maps], April 2005 * ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'': [http://graphics.wsj.com/baltimore-demographics/ Baltimore Demographics], 2015. {{S-start}} {{Succession box |before=[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] |title=Capitol of the United States of America |years=1776–1777 |after=[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] }} {{S-end}} {{Baltimore}} {{Navboxes | title = Articles relating to the city of Baltimore | list = {{BaltimoreMetroArea}} {{Maryland county seats}} {{Maryland}} {{All-American City Award Hall of Fame}} {{Location of US capital}} {{Northeast Megalopolis}} {{Southern United States}} {{USPopulousCities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Baltimore| ]] [[Category:1729 establishments in Maryland]] [[Category:Cities in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area]] [[Category:Cities in Maryland]] [[Category:Former capitals of the United States]] [[Category:Independent cities in the United States]] [[Category:Majority-minority counties and independent cities in Maryland]] [[Category:Maryland counties on the Chesapeake Bay]] [[Category:Maryland counties]] [[Category:Maryland populated places on the Chesapeake Bay]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1729]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Maryland]] [[Category:Ukrainian communities in the United States]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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