Argentina Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! {{Short description|Country in South America}} {{Other uses}} {{redirect|The Argentine|other uses|Argentine (disambiguation)}} {{redirect|República Argentina|the metro station|República Argentina (Madrid Metro)}} {{Pp|small=yes}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Argentine Republic{{efn-ua|name=altnames|Article 35 of the [[Argentine Constitution]] gives equal recognition to the names "[[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]]", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and using "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 35}}}} | native_name = {{native name|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = Argentina | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />(Sun of May) | national_motto = {{unbulleted list | list_style = line-height:125%; | {{native phrase|es|"[[En unión y libertad]]"|nolink = yes|paren=off}} | ("In Unity and Freedom") }} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|es|[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]|nolink = yes|paren=off}}<br />("Argentine National Anthem")<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - Himno Nacional Argentino.ogg]]</div> | image_map = ARG orthographic (+all claims).svg | map_caption = Argentine territory in dark green; [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|territory claimed but not controlled]] by Argentina in light green <!--Please see MOS:INFOBOX#Purpose discuss in the talk page before re-adding ethnic information.-->| map_width = 220px | capital = [[Buenos Aires]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Rioplatense Spanish|Spanish]] (de facto){{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages_type = Co-official languages | languages = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|Guaraní]] in [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]]<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|Quechua]] in [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]]<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territorio de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|Qom]], [[Mocoví language|Mocoví]], and [[Wichí languages|Wichí]] in [[Chaco Province|Chaco]]<ref name=kom /> * [[Patagonian Welsh|Welsh]] in [[Chubut Province|Chubut]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 78.2% [[Christianity]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|Catholicism]] ** 15.3% other [[Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |20.5% [[Irreligion in Latin America|no religion]] |1.3% other}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions - Demographics }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = {{unbulleted list |[[Argentines|Argentine]] |Argentinian |{{nowrap|Argentinean (uncommon)}} }} | government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] presidential republic | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Javier Milei]] | leader_title2 = [[List of vice presidents of Argentina|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Victoria Villarruel]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers]] | leader_name3 = [[Nicolás Posse]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] | leader_name4 = [[Martín Menem]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|President of Supreme Court]] | leader_name5 = [[Horacio Rosatti]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|National Congress]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] | established_event1 = [[May Revolution]] | established_date1 = 25 May 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]] | established_date2 = 9 July 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|Constitution]]}} | established_date3 = 1 May 1853 | area_km2 = 2780400 | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|Area does not include territorial claims in [[Argentine Antarctica#Argentine claim|Antarctica]] (965,597 km{{smallsup|2}}, including the [[South Orkney Islands]]), the [[Falkland Islands]] (11,410 km{{smallsup|2}}), the [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] (3,560 km{{smallsup|2}}) and the [[South Sandwich Islands]] (307 km{{smallsup|2}}).<ref name=totalpop>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS |title=Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010 |work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |year=2010 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |archive-date=8 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_census = 47,327,407<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2022/05/19/hay-mas-de-47-millones-de-argentinos-segun-el-censo-2022/ |title=Hay más de 47 millones de argentinos, según el Censo-2022 |date=19 May 2022 |publisher=Infobae |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712203413/https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2022/05/19/hay-mas-de-47-millones-de-argentinos-segun-el-censo-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 31st | population_density_km2 = 14.4 | pop_den_footnote = <ref name=totalpop /> | population_density_rank = 178th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.239 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=213,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023043212/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=213,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $26,506<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 66th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $621.833 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 24th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,297<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 42.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2020 <!-- use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.849 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022 <!-- use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|page=288|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 48th | currency = [[Argentine peso]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = −3 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|yyyy|year}} ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = right{{efn|name=note-train}} | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|Though not declared official ''[[de jure]]'', the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts thus making it the ''[[de facto]]'' official language.}} {{efn|name=note-train|Since 10 June 1945, but trains are still driven on left.}} }} }} '''Argentina''',{{efn|{{IPA-es|aɾxenˈtina|-|Es Argentina.ogg}}}} officially the '''Argentine Republic''',{{efn|{{efn-ua|name=altnames}} {{lang-es|link=no|República Argentina}}}} <!-- {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina}} --> is a country in the southern half of [[South America]]. Argentina covers an area of {{convert|2780400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} making it the [[List of South American countries by area|second-largest country in South America]] after [[Brazil]], the fourth-largest country in the [[Americas]], and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|eighth-largest country]] in the world. It shares the bulk of the [[Southern Cone]] with [[Chile]] to the west, and is also bordered by [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]] to the north, Brazil to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the South [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south. Argentina is a [[Federation|federal state]] subdivided into twenty-three [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]], and one [[autonomous city]], which is the [[federal capital]] and [[List of cities in Argentina by population|largest city]] of the nation, [[Buenos Aires]]. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a [[Federalism|federal system]]. Argentina claims sovereignty over the [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|Falkland Islands]], [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]], the [[Southern Patagonian Ice Field dispute|Southern Patagonian Ice Field]], and [[Argentine Antarctica|a part of Antarctica]]. The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] period.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}} The [[Inca Empire]] expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times. The country has its roots in [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonization]] of the region during the 16th century.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} Argentina rose as the successor state of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–97|2ps=: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."}} a Spanish [[Viceroyalty|overseas viceroyalty]] founded in 1776. The [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declaration]] and [[Argentine War of Independence|fight for independence]] (1810–1818) was followed by an [[Argentine Civil Wars|extended civil war]] that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a [[federation]]. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with [[Immigration to Argentina|several waves of European immigration]], mainly [[Italian Argentines|Italians]] and [[Spanish Argentines|Spaniards]], influencing its [[Culture of Argentina|culture]] and [[Demographics of Argentina|demography]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Britain and the Making of Argentina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXNgInLwwIoC&pg=PA101 |page=101 |author=Gordon A. Bridger |year=2013 |publisher=WIT Press |isbn=9781845646844 |quote=Some 86% identify themselves as being of European descent, of whom 60% would claim Italian links |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027022806/https://books.google.com/books?id=jXNgInLwwIoC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LaMatanza">{{cite web |url=http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432 |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina |date=14 November 2011 |author=Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [[National University of La Matanza|Universidad Nacional de La Matanza]] |publisher=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |language=es |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia. |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226054106/http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf|title=Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre|trans-title=Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures|language=it|date=30 April 2004|publisher=Migranti Torino|access-date=22 September 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022729/http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/BajarondelosBarcos/frames.htm O.N.I. – Department of Education of Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915043427/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/BajarondelosBarcos/frames.htm |date=15 September 2008}}</ref> Following the death of President [[Juan Perón]] in 1974, his widow and vice president, [[Isabel Perón]], ascended to the presidency, before being overthrown [[1976 Argentine coup d'état|in 1976]]. The following [[National Reorganization Process|military junta]], which was supported by the United States, persecuted and murdered thousands of political critics, activists, and leftists in the [[Dirty War]], a period of [[state terrorism]] and civil unrest that lasted until the election of [[Raúl Alfonsín]] as president in [[1983 Argentine general election|1983]]. Argentina is a [[regional power]], and retains its historic status as a [[middle power]] in international affairs.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader."|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa."}}{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=: "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=: "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."}} A [[major non-NATO ally]] of the United States,<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status">{{cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/major-non-nato-ally-status/ | title=Major Non-NATO Ally Status | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=27 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227062358/https://www.state.gov/major-non-nato-ally-status/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Argentina is a [[developing country]] with the second-highest [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (human development index) in [[Latin America]] after [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina – Human Development Index – HDI 2021 {{!}} countryeconomy.com |url=https://countryeconomy.com/hdi/argentina |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=countryeconomy.com |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528223912/https://countryeconomy.com/hdi/argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> It maintains the [[Economy of Argentina|second-largest economy]] in South America, and is a member of [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G20]]. Argentina is also a founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[World Bank Group|World Bank]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[Mercosur]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]] and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]]. == Etymology == {{main|Etymology of Argentina}} The description of the region by the word ''Argentina'' has been found on a [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] map in 1536.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> In English, the name "Argentina" comes from the [[Spanish language]]; however, the naming itself is not Spanish, but [[Italian language|Italian]]. ''Argentina'' ([[Grammatical gender|masculine]] ''argentino'') means in Italian "(made) of silver, silver coloured", derived from the Latin ''argentum'' for silver. In Italian, the adjective or the [[proper noun]] is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said ''l'Argentina''. The name ''Argentina'' was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as [[Giovanni Caboto]]. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for "silver" are respectively ''plata'' and ''prata'' and "(made) of silver" is ''plateado'' and ''prateado'', although ''"argento"'' for "silver" and ''"argentado"'' for "covered in silver" exist in Spanish. ''Argentina'' was first associated with the [[Sierra de la Plata|silver mountains legend]], widespread among the first European explorers of the [[La Plata Basin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to ''[[La Argentina (poem)|La Argentina]]'',{{efn-ua|The poem's full name is ''La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú, Tucumán y estado del Brasil''.}} a 1602 poem by [[Martín del Barco Centenera]] describing the region.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} Although "Argentina" was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country was formally named "[[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]" by the [[Spanish Empire]], and "[[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]]" after independence. The [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|1826 constitution]] included the first use of the name "Argentine Republic" in legal documents.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} The name "Argentine Confederation" was also commonly used and was formalized in the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} In 1860 a presidential decree settled the country's name as "Argentine Republic",{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} and that year's constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally valid.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1860 amd., art. 35}}{{efn-ua|Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994 (current)}} In [[English language|English]], the country was traditionally called "the Argentine", mimicking the typical [[Spanish language|Spanish]] usage ''la Argentina''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|title=Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|place=Oxford, UK|date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305011413/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina|archive-date=5 March 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening of the fuller name 'Argentine Republic'. 'The Argentine' fell out of fashion during the mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is referred to as "Argentina". == History == {{Main|History of Argentina}} === Pre-Columbian era === {{Main|Indigenous peoples in Argentina}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|left|thumb|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]] in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]]]] The earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are dated from the [[Paleolithic]] period, with further traces in the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]].{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}} Until the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} which can be divided into three main groups.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without the development of [[pottery]], such as the [[Selk'nam people|Selk'nam]] and [[Yaghan people|Yaghan]] in the extreme south. The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the [[Puelche people|Puelche]], [[Querandí]] and Serranos in the centre-east; and the [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]] in the south—all of them conquered by the [[Mapuche]] spreading from [[Chile]]{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=13}}—and the [[Kom people (South America)|Kom]] and [[Wichi]] in the north. The last group are farmers with pottery, like the [[Charrúa]], [[Minuane]] and [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]] in the northeast, with [[slash and burn agriculture|slash and burn]] semisedentary existence;{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} the advanced [[Diaguita]] sedentary [[trade|trading culture]] in the northwest, which was conquered by the [[Inca Empire]] around 1480; the [[Toconoté]] and [[Comechingones|Hênîa and Kâmîare]] in the country's centre, and the [[Huarpe]] in the centre-west, a culture that raised [[llama]] cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === Colonial era === {{Main|Colonial Argentina}} {{See also|Spanish colonization of the Americas}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting showing the surrender during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata.|The surrender of Beresford to [[Santiago de Liniers]] during the [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata]]]] Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]]. The Spanish navigators [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] and [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} In 1536 [[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the small settlement of [[Buenos Aires]], which was abandoned in 1541.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} Further colonization efforts came from [[Paraguay]]—establishing the [[Governorate of the Río de la Plata]]—[[Peru]] and Chile.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=96–140}} [[Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] founded [[Santiago del Estero]] in 1553. [[Londres, Catamarca|Londres]] was founded in 1558; [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], in 1561; [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]], in 1562; [[San Miguel de Tucumán]], in 1565.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} [[Juan de Garay]] founded [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]] in 1573 and the same year [[Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera]] set up [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]].{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=134}} Garay went further south to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=135}} [[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]] was established in 1596.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=353}} The [[Spanish Empire]] subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of the silver and gold mines in [[Bolivia]] and Peru, and as such it became part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until the creation of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} Buenos Aires repelled [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|two ill-fated British invasions]] in 1806 and 1807.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} The ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and the example of the first [[Atlantic Revolutions]] generated criticism of the [[absolutist monarchy]] that ruled the country. As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] during the [[Peninsular War]] created great concern.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} === Independence and civil wars === {{Main|Argentine War of Independence|Argentine Civil Wars}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of General [[José de San Martin]], "the [[Libertadores|Liberator]] of Argentina, Chile and [[Peru]]"<ref>John Lynch, ''San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero'' (2009)</ref>|alt=Painting of San Martín holding the Argentine flag]] Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty,{{sfnm|1a1=Levene|1y=1948|1p=11|1ps=: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."|2a1=Sánchez Viamonte|2y=1948|2pp=196–97|2ps=: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."|3a1=Vanossi|3y=1964|3p=11|3ps=: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."}} the 1810 [[May Revolution]] replaced the viceroy [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]] with the [[Primera Junta|First Junta]], a new government in [[Buenos Aires]] made up from locals.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist [[Liniers Counter-revolution|counter-revolution in Córdoba]],{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=81}} but failed to overcome those of the [[Banda Oriental]], [[First Upper Peru campaign|Upper Peru]] and [[Paraguay campaign|Paraguay]], which later became independent states.{{sfn|Rock|1987|pp=82–83}} The French-Argentine [[Hippolyte Bouchard]] then brought his fleet to wage war against Spain overseas and attacked [[Spanish California]], [[Spanish Peru]] and [[Spanish Philippines]]. He secured the allegiance of escaped Filipinos in San Blas who defected from the Spanish to join the Argentine navy, due to common Argentine and Philippine grievances against Spanish colonization.<ref>Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación.</ref><ref>Mercene, Manila men, p. 52.</ref> Jose de San Martin's brother, [[Juan Fermín de San Martín]], was already in the Philippines and drumming up revolutionary fervor prior to this.<ref name=ins>[http://www.sanmartiniano.gov.ar/documentos/documento004.php ''Sus padres y hermanos – Por José A. Torre Revell (1893–1964)'']{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630220442/http://www.sanmartiniano.gov.ar/documentos/documento004.php|date=30 June 2015}} Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano</ref> At a later date, the Argentine sign of Inca origin, the [[Sun of May]] was adopted as a symbol by the Filipinos in the [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato|Philippine Revolution]] against Spain. He also secured the diplomatic recognition of Argentina from King [[Kamehameha I]] of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. Historian Pacho O'Donnell affirms that Hawaii was the first state that recognized Argentina's independence.{{sfn|O'Donnell|1998}}He was finally arrested in 1819 by Chilean patriots. Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the [[Unitarian Party|Centralists]] and the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalists]]—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} The [[Assembly of the Year XIII]] appointed [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] as Argentina's first [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Supreme Director]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} On 9 July 1816, the [[Congress of Tucumán]] formalized the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]],{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} which is now celebrated as Independence Day, a national holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/feriados |title=Feriados nacionales 2018 |trans-title=National Holidays 2018 |publisher=Argentina Ministry of the Interior |language=es |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011015/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/feriados |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> One year later General [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]] stopped royalists on the north, and General [[José de San Martín]] He joined [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] and they led a combined army [[Crossing of the Andes|across the Andes]] and secured the independence of Chile; then it was sent by O'Higgins orders to the Spanish stronghold of [[Lima]] and proclaimed the [[independence of Peru]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=349–53}}{{efn-ua|San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of [[Simón Bolívar]] in [[Gran Colombia]] are collectively known as the [[Spanish American wars of independence]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=185–252}}}} In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|centralist constitution]] that was soon [[repeal|abrogated]] by federalists.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=41}} Some of the most important figures of Argentine independence made a proposal known as the [[Inca plan]] of 1816, which proposed that [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] (Present Argentina) should be a monarchy, led by a descendant of the [[Sapa Inca|Inca]]. Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru (half-brother of [[Túpac Amaru II]]) was proposed as monarch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/elobservador/juan-bautista-tupac-amaru-el-rey-que-argentina-pudo-tener-0067.phtml |title=Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru: el rey que Argentina pudo tener |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923182044/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/elobservador/juan-bautista-tupac-amaru-el-rey-que-argentina-pudo-tener-0067.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Some examples of those who supported this proposal were [[Manuel Belgrano]], [[José de San Martín]] and [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]]. The [[Congress of Tucumán]] finally decided to reject the Inca plan, creating instead a republican, centralist state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2012/07/06/opinion/OPIN-04.html |title=El 'plan del Inca' de Belgrano |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923182044/https://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2012/07/06/opinion/OPIN-04.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/04/sociedad/s-05001.htm |title=Plan del Inca |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173055/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/04/sociedad/s-05001.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1820 [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the ''end of the Supreme Director rule''. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another [[Argentine Constitution of 1826|centralist constitution]], with [[Bernardino Rivadavia]] being appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=43}} Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the [[Argentine Confederation]] in 1831, led by [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=45}} During his regime he faced a [[French blockade to the Río de la Plata|French blockade]] (1838–1840), the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836–1839), and an [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata|Anglo-French blockade]] (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=46–47}} His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 [[Justo José de Urquiza]], another powerful [[caudillo]], [[Battle of Caseros|beat him out of power]]. As the new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the [[liberalism|liberal]] and federal 1853 Constitution. [[State of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires seceded]] but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]].{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=48–50}} === Rise of the modern nation === {{Main|List of Presidents of Argentina|Generation of '80|Infamous Decade}} {{See also|Argentine–Chilean naval arms race|South American dreadnought race}} [[File:25 de mayo por F. Fortuny.jpg|thumb|People gathered in front of the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo]] during the [[May Revolution]]|alt=]] [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|Immigrants [[Italian Argentines|from Italy]] arriving in Buenos Aires, during the [[great European immigration wave to Argentina]]]] Overpowering Urquiza in the 1861 [[Battle of Pavón]], [[Bartolomé Mitre]] secured Buenos Aires' predominance and was elected as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]] and [[Nicolás Avellaneda]]; these three presidencies set up the basis of the modern Argentine State.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} Starting with [[Julio Argentino Roca]] in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized [[economic liberalism|liberal economic policies]]. The [[Immigration in Argentina|massive wave of European immigration]] they promoted—second only to the United States'—led to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh wealthiest{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} developed nation{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} in the world. Driven by this [[immigration]] wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} from 1870 to 1910, Argentina's [[wheat]] exports went from {{convert|100000|to|2500000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per year, while frozen beef exports increased from {{convert|25000|to|365000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} per year,{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} placing Argentina as one of the world's top five exporters.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Its railway mileage rose from {{convert|503|to|31104|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} Fostered by a new [[Argentine Law 1420|public, compulsory, free and secular education]] system, [[literacy]] quickly increased from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most [[Latin America]]n nations would reach even fifty years later.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} Furthermore, real [[GDP]] grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, [[per capita income]] between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%:{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} In 1865, Argentina was already one of the top 25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and the Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina's per capita income was 70% higher than Italy's, 90% higher than Spain's, 180% higher than Japan's and 400% higher than [[Brazil]]'s.{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} Despite these unique achievements, the country was slow to meet its original goals of industrialization:{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=567–625}} after the steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s, a significant part of the manufacturing sector remained labour-intensive in the 1930s.{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=37–38}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Conquest of the Desert]]'', by [[Juan Manuel Blanes]] ''(fragment showing [[Julio Argentino Roca]], at the front, a major figure of the [[Generation of '80]])''<ref>Douglas A. Richmond, "Julio Argentino Roca" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 4 p. 583. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref>]] Between 1878 and 1884, the so-called [[Conquest of the Desert]] occurred, with the purpose of tripling the Argentine territory by means of the constant confrontations between natives and Criollos in the border,<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territorios federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> and the appropriation of the indigenous territories. The first conquest consisted of a series of military incursions into the Pampa and Patagonian territories dominated by the indigenous peoples,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ras|first=Norberto|title=La guerra por las vacas|publisher=Galerna |location=Buenos Aires |year=2006 |isbn=978-987-05-0539-6|language=es}}</ref> distributing them among the members of the ''Sociedad Rural Argentina'', financiers of the expeditions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/contratapa/13-44426-2004-12-04.html|title=Pulgas y garrapatas|last=Bayer|first=Osvaldo|agency=Página/12|date=4 December 2004|access-date=4 December 2013|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203074349/http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/contratapa/13-44426-2004-12-04.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> The conquest of Chaco lasted up to the end of the century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maeder |first=Ernesto J. A. |publisher=Editorial Plus Ultra |title=Historia del Chaco |year=1997 |isbn=978-950-21-1256-5 |page=105|chapter=VIII|language=es}}</ref> since its full ownership of the national economic system only took place when the mere extraction of wood and [[tannin]] was replaced by the production of [[cotton]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Iñigo Carrera |first=Nicolás |title=La colonización del Chaco |publisher=Centro Editor de América Latina |year=1983 |pages=16–23|isbn=978-950-25-0123-9|language=es}}</ref> The Argentine government considered [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|indigenous people]] as inferior beings, without the same rights as Criollos and Europeans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221021535/http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 1912, President [[Roque Sáenz Peña]] enacted [[Saenz Peña Law|universal and secret male suffrage]], which allowed [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]], leader of the [[Radical Civic Union]] (or UCR), to win [[Argentine general election, 1916|the 1916 election]]. He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during [[World War I]]. The second administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the [[Great Depression]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|Crowds outside the [[Argentine National Congress]] during the [[1930 Argentine coup d'état]] which marked the start of the [[Infamous Decade]]]] In 1930, Yrigoyen [[1930 Argentine coup d'état|was ousted from power]] by the military led by [[José Félix Uriburu]]. Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century,{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} this [[coup d'état]] marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the country back into underdevelopment.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|place=London|date=3 June 2004|quote=Argentina is thus not a "developing country". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320033128/http://www.economist.com/node/2704457|archive-date=20 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> Uriburu ruled for two years; then [[Agustín Pedro Justo]] was elected in a [[Argentine general election, 1931|fraudulent election]], and signed a controversial [[Roca-Runciman Treaty|treaty with the United Kingdom]]. Argentina [[Argentina in World War II|stayed neutral during World War II]], a decision that had full British support but was rejected by the United States after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. In 1943 [[Revolution of '43|a military coup d'état]] led by [[Arturo Rawson|General Arturo Rawson]] toppled the democratically elected government of [[Ramón Castillo]]. Under pressure from the United States, later Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers (on 27 March 1945, roughly a month before the [[end of World War II in Europe]]). During the Rawson dictatorship a relatively unknown military colonel named [[Juan Perón]] was named head of the Labour Department. Perón quickly managed to climb the political ladder, being named Minister of Defence by 1944. Being perceived as a political threat by rivals in the military and the conservative camp, he was forced to resign in 1945, and was arrested days later. He was finally released under mounting pressure from both his base and several allied unions.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=181–302}} He would later become president after a landslide victory over the [[Radical Civic Union|UCR]] in the [[1946 Argentine general election|1946 general election]] as the [[Labour Party (Argentina)|Laborioust]] candidate.<ref>Alexander, Robert Jackson. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCc4QThKRSMC A History of Organized Labor in Argentina]''. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003.</ref> === Peronist years === {{Main|Peronism}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|alt=Juan Domingo Perón and his wife Eva Perón, 1947.|[[Juan Perón]] and his wife [[Eva Perón]], 1947]] The [[Labour Party (Argentina)|Labour Party]] (later renamed [[Justicialist Party]]), the most powerful and influential party in Argentine history, came into power with the rise of Juan Perón to the presidency in 1946. He [[nationalization|nationalized]] strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions, paid the full [[external debt]] and claimed he achieved nearly [[full employment]]. He pushed Congress to enact [[women's suffrage]] in 1947,{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} and developed a system of social assistance for the most vulnerable sectors of society.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|pp=113ff}} The economy began to decline in 1950 due in part to government expenditures and the [[protectionism|protectionist]] economic policies.<ref name=Reutuers2014>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt-chronology/chronology-argentinas-turbulent-history-of-economic-crises-idUSKBN0FZ23N20140730|title=Chronology: Argentina's turbulent history of economic crises|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=30 July 2014|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219062714/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt-chronology/chronology-argentinas-turbulent-history-of-economic-crises-idUSKBN0FZ23N20140730|url-status=live}}</ref> He also engaged in a campaign of political suppression. Anyone who was perceived to be a political dissident or potential rival was subject to threats, physical violence and harassment. The Argentine [[intelligentsia]], the middle-class, university students, and professors were seen as particularly troublesome. Perón fired over 2,000 university professors and faculty members from all major public education institutions.<ref name=auth>{{cite book |last=Rock |first=David |title=Authoritarian Argentina |publisher=University of California Press |year=1993}}</ref> Perón tried to bring most trade and labour unions under his thumb, regularly resorting to violence when needed. For instance, the meat-packers union leader, [[Cipriano Reyes]], organised strikes in protest against the government after elected labour movement officials were forcefully replaced by Peronist puppets from the [[Justicialist Party|Peronist Party]]. Reyes was soon arrested on charges of terrorism, though the allegations were never substantiated. Reyes, who was never formally charged, was tortured in prison for five years and only released after the regime's downfall in 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/08/02/p-02401.htm |title=Clarín |website=Clarin.com |date=2 August 2001 |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627040037/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/08/02/p-02401.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Perón [[Argentine general election, 1951|managed to get re-elected in 1951]]. His wife [[Eva Perón]], who played a critical role in the party, died of cancer in 1952. As the economy continued to tank, Perón started losing popular support, and came to be seen as a threat to the national process. The Navy took advantage of Perón's withering political power, and [[bombing of Plaza de Mayo|bombed the Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. Perón survived the attack, but a few months later, during the [[Revolución Libertadora|Liberating Revolution]] coup, he was deposed and went into [[exile]] in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === Revolución Libertadora === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} [[File:Plaza-Mayo-bombardeo-1955.JPG|220px|thumb|Civilian casualties after the [[Bombing of Plaza de Mayo|air attack and massacre on Plaza de Mayo]], June 1955]] The new head of State, [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], [[proscription|proscribed]] Peronism and banned the party from any future elections. [[Arturo Frondizi]] from the [[Radical Civic Union|UCR]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1958|1958 general election]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=353–379}} He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency, reversed a chronic [[trade deficit]] and lifted the ban on Peronism; yet his efforts to stay on good terms with both the Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=34}} Amidst the political turmoil, Senate leader [[José María Guido]] reacted swiftly and applied anti-[[power vacuum]] legislation, ascending to the presidency himself; elections were repealed and Peronism was prohibited once again. [[Arturo Illia]] was [[Argentine general election, 1963|elected in 1963]] and led an increase in prosperity across the board; however he was overthrown in 1966 by another military [[coup d'état]] led by General [[Juan Carlos Onganía]] in the self-proclaimed [[Argentine Revolution]], creating a new military government that sought to rule indefinitely.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === Perón's return and death=== [[File:Asunción_de_Juan_Domingo_Perón_e_Isabel_Perón,_1973.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Juan Perón]] and his wife [[Isabel Perón]], 1973]] Following several years of military rule, [[Alejandro Agustín Lanusse]] was appointed president by the [[military junta]] in 1971. Under increasing political pressure for the return of democracy, Lanusse called for elections in 1973. Perón was banned from running but the Peronist party was allowed to participate. The presidential elections were won by Perón's surrogate candidate, [[Hector Cámpora]], a left-wing Peronist, who took office on 25 May 1973. A month later, in June, Perón returned from Spain. One of Cámpora's first presidential actions was to grant amnesty to members of organizations that had carried out political assassinations and terrorist attacks, and to those who had been tried and sentenced to prison by judges. Cámpora's months-long tenure in government was beset by political and social unrest. Over 600 social conflicts, [[Strike action|strikes]], and [[Workers' self-management|factory occupations]] took place within a single month.<ref>{{cite book |first=Hugo |last=Moreno |title=Le désastre argentin. Péronisme, politique et violence sociale (1930–2001) |publisher=Editions Syllepses |location=Paris |year=2005 |page=109 |language=fr}}</ref> Even though far-left terrorist organisations had suspended their armed struggle, their joining with the [[participatory democracy]] process was interpreted as a direct threat by the Peronist right-wing faction.<ref>Manuel Justo Gaggero, [http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-80601-2007-02-19.html "El general en su laberinto"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132134/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-80601-2007-02-19.html |date=1 December 2017 }}, ''[[Pagina/12]]'', 19 February 2007</ref> Amid a state of political, social, and economic upheaval, Cámpora and Vice President Vicente Solano Lima resigned in July 1973, calling for new elections, but this time with Perón as the Justicialist Party nominee. Perón won the election with his wife [[Isabel Perón]] as vice president. Perón's third term was marked by escalating conflict between left and right-wing factions within the Peronist party, as well as the return of armed terror guerrilla groups like the Guevarist [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|ERP]], leftist Peronist [[Montoneros]], and the state-backed far-right [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance|Triple A]]. After a series of heart attacks and signs of pneumonia in 1974, Perón's health deteriorated quickly. He suffered a final heart attack on Monday, 1 July 1974, and died at 13:15. He was 78 years old. After his death, [[Isabel Perón]], his wife and vice president, succeeded him in office. During her presidency, a military junta, along with the Peronists' far-right fascist faction, once again became the [[de facto]] [[head of state]]. Isabel Perón served as President of Argentina from 1974 until 1976, when she was ousted by the military. Her short presidency was marked by the collapse of Argentine political and social systems, leading to a constitutional crisis that paved the way for a decade of instability, left-wing terrorist guerrilla attacks, and state-sponsored terrorism.<ref name=Reutuers2014/><ref>{{cite web|last=de Onis|first=Juan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/02/archives/argentinas-terror-army-is-ahead.html|title=Argentina's Terror: Army Is Ahead|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 January 1977|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219063400/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/02/archives/argentinas-terror-army-is-ahead.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Adam|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/jorge-rafael-videla-argentine-junta-leader-dies-at-87/2013/05/17/f22ae8d0-2f5c-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html|title=Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentine junta leader, dies at 87|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=17 May 2013|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410204418/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/jorge-rafael-videla-argentine-junta-leader-dies-at-87/2013/05/17/f22ae8d0-2f5c-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === National Reorganization Process === {{Main|National Reorganization Process|Dirty War}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|The "[[National Reorganization Process|first military junta]]" – Admiral [[Emilio Eduardo Massera|Emilio Massera]], Lieutenant General [[Jorge Rafael Videla|Jorge Videla]] and Brigadier General [[Orlando Ramón Agosti|Orlando Agosti]] (from left to right) – observing the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Independence Day]] military parade on [[Avenida del Libertador (Buenos Aires)|Avenida del Libertador]], 9 July 1978]] The "Dirty War" ({{lang-es|Guerra Sucia|links=no}}) was part of [[Operation Condor]], which included the participation of other right-wing dictatorships in the [[Southern Cone]]. The Dirty War involved [[state terrorism]] in Argentina and elsewhere in the Southern Cone against political dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with socialism or somehow contrary to the [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economic policies of the regime.<ref>''Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina'', Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007</ref><ref>''Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo'', Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128 "Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026112012/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128 |date=26 October 2019 }}, ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', 7 March 1976</ref> Victims of the violence in Argentina alone included an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade unionists, students, journalists, [[Marxist]]s, [[Peronism|Peronist]] [[guerrilla]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|access-date=9 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref> and alleged sympathizers. Most of the victims were casualties of [[state terrorism]]. The opposing guerrillas' victims numbered nearly 500–540 military and police officials<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827125022/http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> and up to 230 civilians.<ref>Gambini, Hugo (2008). Historia del peronismo. La violencia (1956–1983). Buenos Aires: Javier Vergara Editor. pp. 198/208.</ref> Argentina received technical support and military aid from the United States government during the [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]], [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Presidency of Gerald Ford|Ford]], [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]], and [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administrations. The exact chronology of the [[political repression|repression]] is still debated, yet the roots of the long political war may have started in 1969 when trade unionists were targeted for assassination by Peronist and Marxist paramilitaries. Individual cases of [[state-sponsored terrorism]] against Peronism and the left can be traced back even further to the [[Bombing of Plaza de Mayo]] in 1955. The [[Trelew massacre]] of 1972, the actions of the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] commencing in 1973, and [[Isabel Perón]]'s "annihilation decrees" against left-wing guerrillas during ''[[Operativo Independencia]]'' (Operation Independence) in 1975, are also possible events signaling the beginning of the Dirty War.{{efn-ua|Citations discussing this include:<ref name=Reutuers2014/><ref name=Buncombe2022>{{cite web|last=Buncombe|first=Andrew|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/florida-businessman-79-face-trial-210300460.html?guccounter=1|title=Florida businessman, 79, to face trial over notorious 1972 massacre in Argentina|work=[[The Independent]]|via=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|date=11 February 2022|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219065302/https://sports.yahoo.com/florida-businessman-79-face-trial-210300460.html?guccounter=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McDonnell|first=Patrick J.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-13-fg-isabel13-story.html|title=Arrest of Isabel Peron signals willingness to reexamine era|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 January 2007|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219065302/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-13-fg-isabel13-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Burke|first=Hilary|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN10477880|title=Argentina probes pre-Dirty War rights crimes|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=21 January 2007|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219065302/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN10477880|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Onganía shut down Congress, banned all political parties, and dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two massive protests: the ''[[Cordobazo]]'' and the ''[[Rosariazo]]''. The terrorist guerrilla organization [[Montoneros]] kidnapped and executed Aramburu.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=127}} The newly chosen head of government, [[Alejandro Agustín Lanusse]], seeking to ease the growing political pressure, allowed [[Héctor José Cámpora]] to become the Peronist candidate instead of Perón. Cámpora won the [[Argentine general election, March 1973|March 1973 election]], issued [[amnesty|pardons]] for condemned guerrilla members, and then secured Perón's return from his exile in Spain.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=423–65}} [[File:Soldadosargentinos3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Argentine soldiers during the [[Falklands War]], 1982]] On the day Perón returned to Argentina, the clash between Peronist internal factions—[[right-wing]] union leaders and [[left-wing]] youth from the Montoneros—resulted in the [[Ezeiza Massacre]]. Overwhelmed by political violence, Cámpora resigned and Perón won the following [[Argentine general election, September 1973|September 1973 election]] with his third wife [[Isabel Perón|Isabel]] as vice-president. He [[expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo|expelled Montoneros from the party]]{{sfn|Robben|2011|pp=76–77}} and they became once again a clandestine organization. [[José López Rega]] organized the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance]] (AAA) to fight against them and the [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|People's Revolutionary Army]] (ERP).{{sfn|Anderson|Sloan|2009|p=40–41}}{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=167}} Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" the left-wing subversion,{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=145}} [[Operation Independence|stopping ERP's attempt]] to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province.{{sfn|Robben|2011|p=148}} [[March 1976 coup|Isabel Perón was ousted]] one year later by a junta of the combined armed forces, led by army general [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]. They initiated the [[National Reorganization Process]], often shortened to ''Proceso''.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=467–504}} The ''Proceso'' shut down Congress, removed the judges on the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted to employing the [[forced disappearance]] of suspected guerrilla members including individuals suspected of being associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976, the Montoneros had lost nearly 2,000 members and by 1977, the ERP was completely subdued. Nevertheless, the severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly put down, effectively ending the guerrilla threat and securing the junta's position in power.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} In 1977, Argentina set up a military base on the uninhabited British [[South Sandwich Islands]] in the South Atlantic Ocean. In March 1982, an Argentine force took control of the British territory of [[South Georgia]] and, on 2 April, Argentina invaded the [[Operation Rosario|Falkland Islands]]. The United Kingdom quickly dispatched a task force to regain possession. After a short, bloody conflict, Argentina surrendered on 14 June and its forces were sent home. Street riots in Buenos Aires followed the humiliating defeat and the military leadership stood down.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050234/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CBS News releases video of the Falklands War riots |url=https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/cbs-news-releases-video-of-the-falklands-war-riots |work=Fox News |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=24 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107224852/https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/cbs-news-releases-video-of-the-falklands-war-riots |archive-date=7 November 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> [[Reynaldo Bignone]] replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic governance.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === Return to democracy === {{Main|Presidency of Raúl Alfonsín|Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[Carlos Menem]] with the new president, [[Fernando de la Rúa]], on 10 December 1999]] [[Raúl Alfonsín]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1983|1983 elections]] campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for [[human rights]] violations during the ''Proceso'': the [[Trial of the Juntas]] and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the [[Full Stop Law|Full Stop]] and [[Law of Due Obedience|Due Obedience]] laws,<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23492|date=29 December 1986|bo=26058}}</ref><ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23521|date=9 June 1987|bo=26155}}</ref> which halted prosecutions further down the [[chain of command]]. The worsening economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] reduced his popular support and the Peronist [[Carlos Menem]] won the [[Argentine general election, 1989|1989 election]]. Soon after, [[1989 riots in Argentina|riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} Menem embraced and enacted [[neo-liberalism|neoliberal]] policies:{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=6}} a [[Argentine Currency Board|fixed exchange rate]], business [[deregulation]], [[privatization]]s, and the dismantling of [[protectionism|protectionist]] barriers normalized the economy in the short term. He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government. The [[1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Amendment]] allowed Menem to [[Argentine general election, 1995|be elected for a second term]]. With the economy beginning to decline in 1995, and with increasing unemployment and recession,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} the UCR, led by [[Fernando de la Rúa]], returned to the presidency in the [[Argentine general election, 1999|1999 elections]].{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} [[File:Crisis_20_diciembre_2001.jpg|thumb|left|Protests in the city of Buenos Aires during the [[December 2001 riots in Argentina]]]] De la Rúa left Menem's economic plan in effect despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=9}} Massive [[capital flight]] from the country was responded to with a [[corralito|freezing of bank accounts]], generating further turmoil. The [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December 2001 riots]] forced him to resign.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=575–87}} Congress appointed [[Eduardo Duhalde]] as acting president, who revoked the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=12}} causing many working- and middle-class Argentines to lose a significant portion of their savings. By late 2002, the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of two ''[[piquetero]]s'' by the police caused political unrest, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} [[Néstor Kirchner]] was [[Argentine general election, 2003|elected as the new president]]. On 26 May 2003, he was sworn in.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kirchner Sworn in as President of Argentina – 2003-05-26 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-05-26-30-kirchner/395751.html |work=VOA |language=en |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816113526/https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-05-26-30-kirchner/395751.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=587–95}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Néstor Kirchner]] and his wife and political successor, [[Cristina Kirchner]]]] Boosting the [[neo-Keynesianism|neo-Keynesian]] economic policies{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=13}} laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and rapid [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=16}} Under his administration, Argentina [[Argentine debt restructuring|restructured its defaulted debt]] with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the [[International Monetary Fund]],{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} purged the military of officers with dubious human rights records,{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=14}} [[void (law)|nullified and voided]] the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=25779|date=3 September 2003|bo=30226|p=1}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=24952|date=17 April 1998|bo=28879|p=1}}</ref>}} ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Junta's crimes. He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], who was [[Argentine general election, 2007|elected in 2007]]{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} and [[Argentine general election, 2011|reelected in 2011]]. Fernández de Kirchner's administration established positive foreign relations with countries with questionable human rights records, including Venezuela, Iran, and Cuba, while at the same time relations with the United States and the United Kingdom became increasingly strained. By 2015, the Argentine GDP grew by 2.7%<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP growth (annual %) – Argentina |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=AR |website=The World Bank |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820141734/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=AR |url-status=live }}</ref> and real incomes had risen over 50% since the post-Menem era.<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$) – Argentina |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?end=2017&locations=AR&start=2002 |website=The World Bank |access-date=7 April 2021 |language=EN |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423055935/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?end=2017&locations=AR&start=2002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite these economic gains and increased renewable energy production and subsidies, the overall economy had been sluggish since 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bouchier |first1=Dewitt |title=Ruin redux: Argentina's Economy under Mauricio Macri |url=https://politicalmilitaryclub.home.blog/2019/01/22/ruin-redux-argentinas-economy-under-mauricio-macri/ |website=The Political Military Club |access-date=7 April 2021 |date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050045/https://politicalmilitaryclub.home.blog/2019/01/22/ruin-redux-argentinas-economy-under-mauricio-macri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 November 2015, after a tie in the first round of [[Argentine general election, 2015|presidential elections on 25 October]], [[Juntos por el Cambio|center-right coalition]] candidate [[Mauricio Macri]] won the first [[Ballotage in Argentina|ballotage]] in Argentina's history, beating [[Front for Victory]] candidate [[Daniel Scioli]] and becoming president-elect.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina shifts to the right after Mauricio Macri wins presidential runoff |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/22/argentina-election-exit-polls-buenos-aires-mauricio-macri |work=The Guardian |date=23 November 2015 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123083643/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/22/argentina-election-exit-polls-buenos-aires-mauricio-macri |url-status=live }}</ref> Macri was the first democratically elected non-[[Justicialist Party|peronist]] president since 1916 that managed to complete his term in office without being overthrown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|date=22 November 2015|publisher=Los Andes|language=es|access-date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125231834/http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|archive-date=25 November 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> He took office on 10 December 2015 and inherited an economy with a high inflation rate and in a poor shape.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Mauricio Macri sworn in |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20151210-macri-argentina-president-inaugurattion-assumes-power-promises-change |work=France 24 |date=10 December 2015 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815150949/https://www.france24.com/en/20151210-macri-argentina-president-inaugurattion-assumes-power-promises-change |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2016, the [[Presidency of Mauricio Macri|Macri Government]] introduced neoliberal austerity measures intended to tackle [[inflation]] and overblown public deficits.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carrelli Lynch|first1=Guido|title=Macri anunció medidas para amortiguar la inflación|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|access-date=25 June 2016|work=Clarín|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616232749/http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html|archive-date=16 June 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Under Macri's administration, economic recovery remained elusive with GDP shrinking 3.4%, inflation totaling 240%, billions of US dollars issued in sovereign debt, and mass poverty increasing by the end of his term.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alcalá Kovalski |first1=Manuel |title=Lessons learned from the Argentine economy under Macri |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/09/05/lessons-learned-from-the-argentine-economy-under-macri/ |website=Brookings Institution |access-date=7 April 2021 |language=EN |date=5 September 2019 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610010840/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/09/05/lessons-learned-from-the-argentine-economy-under-macri/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rabouin |first1=Dion |title=Argentine president leads economy to debt, inflation and mass poverty |url=https://www.axios.com/argentina-economy-tanks-under-mauricio-macri-20995628-5475-4bf8-b21b-c6cba9aeb8a8.html |website=Axios |access-date=7 April 2021 |language=EN |date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327153336/https://www.axios.com/argentina-economy-tanks-under-mauricio-macri-20995628-5475-4bf8-b21b-c6cba9aeb8a8.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He ran for re-election in 2019 but lost by nearly eight percentage points to [[Alberto Fernández]], the Justicialist Party candidate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina election: Centre-left Alberto Fernández wins presidency |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50203727 |work=BBC News |date=28 October 2019 |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604183854/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50203727 |url-status=live }}</ref> President Alberto Fernández and Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner took office in December 2019,<ref>{{cite news |title='We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/10/argentina-alberto-fernandez-inauguration |work=The Guardian |date=10 December 2019 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728090448/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/10/argentina-alberto-fernandez-inauguration |url-status=live }}</ref> just months before the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina|COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina]] and among accusations of [[corruption]], [[bribery]] and [[The Route of the K-Money|misuse of public funds during Nestor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's presidencies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afip.gob.ar/english/|title=''Administracion Federal''|website=AFIP|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-date=31 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231075127/http://www.afip.gob.ar/english/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mercopress">{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2013/05/15/allegations-of-a-network-of-corruption-money-involves-former-president-kirchner|title= Allegations of a network of corruption money involves former president Kirchner|date= 15 March 2013|publisher= Merco Press|access-date= 27 March 2020|archive-date= 7 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072817/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/05/15/allegations-of-a-network-of-corruption-money-involves-former-president-kirchner|url-status= live}}</ref> On 14 November 2021, the center-left coalition of Argentina's ruling Peronist party, [[Frente de Todos]] (Front for Everyone), lost its majority in Congress, for the first time in almost 40 years, in midterm [[2021 Argentine legislative election|legislative elections]]. The election victory of the center-right coalition, [[Juntos por el Cambio]] (Together for Change) limited President Alberto Fernandez's power during his final two years in office. Losing control of the Senate made it difficult for him to make key appointments, including to the judiciary. It also forced him to negotiate with the opposition every initiative he sends to the legislature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Peronists may lose Argentina Congress for first time in 40 years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/15/argentinas-peronists-looks-set-to-lose-senate-control |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820224116/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/15/argentinas-peronists-looks-set-to-lose-senate-control |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bronstein |first1=Hugh |last2=Misculin |first2=Nicolás |title=Argentina's Peronists on the ropes after bruising midterm defeat |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentines-vote-midterm-trial-by-fire-president-fernandez-2021-11-14/ |work=Reuters |date=15 November 2021 |language=en |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117231933/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentines-vote-midterm-trial-by-fire-president-fernandez-2021-11-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2023, President Alberto Fernandez announced that he will not seek re-election in the next [[2023 Argentine general election|presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina's President Fernandez will not seek re-election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/21/argentinas-president-fernandez-will-not-seek-re-election |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907063725/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/21/argentinas-president-fernandez-will-not-seek-re-election |url-status=live }}</ref> The 19 November 2023 [[2023 Argentine general election|election]] run-off vote ended in a win for libertarian outsider [[Javier Milei]] with close to 56% of the vote against 44% of the ruling coalition candidate [[Sergio Massa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2023 |title=Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67470549 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124015721/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67470549 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 December 2023, Javier Milei was sworn in as the new president of Argentina.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211003316/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geography == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|Topographical map of Argentina]] With a mainland surface area of {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} Argentina is located in [[Southern Cone|southern South America]], sharing land borders with Chile across the [[Andes]] to the west;<ref>{{harvnb|Young|2005|p=52}}: "The Andes Mountains form the "backbone" of Argentina along the western border with Chile."</ref> Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the northeast, [[Uruguay]] and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east;<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Drake Passage]] to the south;{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} for an overall land border length of {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}}. Its coastal border over the [[Río de la Plata]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean]] is {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=igngeo /> Argentina's highest point is [[Aconcagua]] in the [[Mendoza province]] ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level),<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> also the highest point in the [[Southern Hemisphere|Southern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} The lowest point is [[Laguna del Carbón]] in the ''San Julián Great Depression'' [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]] ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} below sea level,<ref name=ignmax /> also the lowest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> The northernmost point is at the confluence of the [[Río Grande de San Juan|Grande de San Juan]] and Mojinete rivers in [[Jujuy province]]; the southernmost is [[Cape San Pío]] in [[Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego province]]; the easternmost is northeast of [[Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones]] and the westernmost is within [[Los Glaciares National Park]] in Santa Cruz province.<ref name=igngeo /> The maximum north–south distance is {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}}, while the maximum east–west one is {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=igngeo /> Some of the major rivers are the [[Paraná River|Paraná]], [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]—which join to form the Río de la Plata, [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]], [[Salado River, Argentina|Salado]], [[Río Negro River, Argentina|Negro]], [[Santa Cruz River, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Pilcomayo River|Pilcomayo]], [[Bermejo River|Bermejo]] and [[Colorado River, Argentina|Colorado]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} These rivers are discharged into the [[Argentine Sea]], the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [[Argentine Shelf]], an unusually wide [[continental platform]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} Its waters are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [[Brazil Current]] and the cold [[Falklands Current]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === Biodiversity === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=Mountain tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|Argentina features geographical locations such as this glacier, known as the [[Perito Moreno Glacier]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |page=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |language=en |issn=2052-4463|bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B}}</ref>]] Argentina is one of the most [[biodiverse]] countries in the world<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> hosting one of the greatest [[ecosystem]] varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 2 marine zones, and the Antarctic region are all represented in its territory.<ref name=cbd /> This huge ecosystem variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world's largest:<ref name=cbd /><ref name=wcmc>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity 2005. Cambridge, UK: UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme. 2005 |url=https://www.bipindicators.net/system/resources/files/000/000/393/original/801.pdf?1480337758 |website=www.bipindicators.net |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170515/https://www.bipindicators.net/system/resources/files/000/000/393/original/801.pdf?1480337758 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> 9,372 cataloged [[vascular plant]] species (ranked 24th);{{efn-ua|Includes higher plants only: [[fern]]s and fern allies, [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s, and [[flowering plant]]s.<ref name=wcmc />}} 1,038 cataloged bird species (ranked 14th);{{efn-ua|Includes only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.<ref name=wcmc />}} 375 cataloged [[mammal]] species (ranked 12th);{{efn-ua|Excludes marine mammals.<ref name=wcmc />}} 338 cataloged [[reptile|reptilian]] species (ranked 16th); and 162 cataloged [[amphibian]] species (ranked 19th). The original [[pampa]] had virtually no trees; some imported species like the [[Platanus occidentalis|American sycamore]] or [[eucalyptus]] are present along roads or in towns and country estates (''estancias''). The only tree-like plant native to the pampa is the evergreen [[Ombú]]. The surface soils of the pampa are a deep black color, primarily [[mollisols]], known commonly as ''humus''. This makes the region one of the most agriculturally productive on Earth; however, this is also responsible for decimating much of the original ecosystem, to make way for commercial agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/pampas|title=Pampas|publisher=[[ScienceDirect]]|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219080121/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/pampas|url-status=live}}</ref> The western pampas receive less rainfall, this ''dry pampa'' is a plain of short grasses or [[steppe]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maenza|first1=Reinaldo A.|last2=Agosta|first2=Eduardo A.|last3=Bettolli|first3=María L.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315369042|title=Climate change and precipitation variability over the western 'Pampas' in Argentina|journal=[[International Journal of Climatology]]|volume=37|issue=Suppl.1|pages=445–463|doi=10.1002/joc.5014|date=21 February 2017|bibcode=2017IJCli..37..445M |s2cid=132539062 |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/grasslands-explained|title=Grasslands Explained|work=[[National Geographic]]|access-date=19 December 2022|quote=Grasslands go by many names. In the United States Midwest, they're often called prairies. In South America, they're known as pampas.|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219080108/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/grasslands-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Parks of Argentina]] make up a network of 35 [[national park]]s in Argentina. The parks cover a very varied set of terrains and [[biotope]]s, from [[Baritú National Park]] on the northern border with [[Bolivia]] to [[Tierra del Fuego National Park]] in the far south of the continent. The [[Administración de Parques Nacionales]] (National Parks Administration) is the agency that preserves and manages these national parks along with [[Natural monument]]s and [[National Reserve]]s within the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parquesnacionales.gob.ar/institucional/objetivos-de-la-administracion/ |language=es |title=Objetivos de la Administración |publisher=Administración de Parques Nacionales |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029082936/https://www.parquesnacionales.gob.ar/institucional/objetivos-de-la-administracion/ |archive-date=29 October 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 7.21/10, ranking it 47th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ARG_present.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification]] in Argentina]] In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold, all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |page=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214|pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B}}</ref> Although the most populated areas are generally [[temperate climate|temperate]], Argentina has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,<ref name = FAO>{{cite web |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date= 7 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150525011748/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm |archive-date= 25 May 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> ranging from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[Polar climate|polar]] in the far south.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830193152/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm |archive-date=30 August 2015 |url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm |title=General Information |publisher=Ministerio de Turismo |access-date=21 August 2015 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Consequently, there is a wide variety of [[biomes]] in the country, including subtropical rain forests, semi-arid and [[arid]] regions, temperate plains in the Pampas, and cold subantarctic in the south.<ref name =Fernandez>{{cite web |last1=Fernandez |first1=Osvaldo |last2=Busso |first2=Carlos |title=Arid and semi–arid rangelands: two thirds of Argentina |url=http://www.rala.is/rade/ralareport/fernandez.pdf |publisher=The Agricultural University of Iceland |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084601/http://www.rala.is/rade/ralareport/fernandez.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status = dead}}</ref> The average annual precipitation ranges from {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} in the driest parts of [[Patagonia]] to over {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern parts of the country.<ref name = FAO /> Mean annual temperatures range from {{convert|5|C|0}} in the far south to {{convert|25|C|0}} in the north.<ref name=FAO /> Major wind currents include the cool [[Pampero Winds]] blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}} The [[Sudestada]] usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and [[coastal flooding]]. It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=69}} The [[Zonda wind|Zonda]], a [[foehn wind|hot dry wind]], affects Cuyo and the central Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the {{convert|6000|m|0|abbr=on}} descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and [[blizzard]] (''viento blanco'') conditions usually affect higher elevations.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[Climate change in Argentina]] is predicted to have significant effects on the living conditions in Argentina.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>{{rp|30}} The [[climate of Argentina]] is changing with regards to precipitation patterns and temperatures. The highest increases in precipitation (from the period 1960–2010) have occurred in the eastern parts of the country. The increase in precipitation has led to more variability in precipitation from year to year in the northern parts of the country, with a higher risk of prolonged [[droughts]], disfavoring agriculture in these [[regions]]. == Politics == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} In the 20th century, Argentina experienced significant political turmoil and democratic reversals.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|work=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1930 and 1976, the [[Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic|armed forces]] overthrew six governments in Argentina;<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> and the country alternated periods of democracy (1912–1930, 1946–1955, and 1973–1976) with periods of restricted democracy and [[military regime|military rule]].<ref name=Robinson /> Following a [[transition to democracy|transition]] that began in 1983,<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> full-scale democracy in Argentina was reestablished.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> Argentina's democracy endured through the [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|2001–02 crisis]] and to the present day; it is regarded as more robust than both its pre-1983 predecessors and other democracies in [[Latin America]].<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]], Argentina in 2023 was the second most [[Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean|electoral democratic country in Latin America]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Government === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|left|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of Argentina|President]]]] [[File:Palacio_del_Congreso_in_Buenos_Aires_(6370115601).jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Congress of Argentina|National Congress]] composed of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] and the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] Argentina is a [[Federalism|federal]] constitutional republic and [[representative democracy]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} The government is regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the [[Constitution of Argentina]], the country's supreme legal document. The [[seat of government]] is the city of [[Buenos Aires]], as designated by [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Suffrage is [[Universal suffrage|universal]], [[Equal suffrage|equal]], [[Secret ballot|secret]] and [[Compulsory voting|mandatory]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} The federal government is composed of three branches. The [[Legislature|Legislative]] branch consists of the [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress, made up of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] and the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]. The Congress makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves [[treaty|treaties]] and has the [[power of the purse]] and of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the government.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population every tenth year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 45, 47, 50}} {{As of|2014}} ten provinces have just five deputies while the [[Buenos Aires Province]], being the most populous one, has 70. The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces, and has 72 members elected [[at-large]] to six-year terms, with each province having three seats; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 54, 56}} At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women. In the [[Executive (government)|Executive]] branch, the [[President of Argentina|President]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can [[veto]] [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law—subject to Congressional override—and appoints the [[Cabinet of Argentina|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} The President is elected [[direct vote|directly]] by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a row.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} The [[Judiciary|Judicial]] branch includes the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Law of Argentina|federal courts]] interpret laws and [[judicial review|overturn those]] they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} The Judicial is independent of the Executive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President—subject to Senate approval—who serve for life. The lower courts' judges are proposed by the [[Council of Magistracy of the Nation|Council of Magistracy]] (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the president on Senate approval.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 99, 114}} === Provinces === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 220px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one [[autonomous city]], Buenos Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into [[Departments of Argentina|departments]] and [[Municipalities of Argentina|municipalities]], except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into [[Partidos of Buenos Aires|partidos]]. The City of Buenos Aires is divided into [[Barrios and Communes of Buenos Aires|communes]]. Provinces hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government;{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 5–6}} Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} freely organize their local governments,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} and own and manage their natural and financial resources.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} Some provinces have bicameral legislatures, while others have [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ones.{{efn-ua|Although not a province, the [[City of Buenos Aires]] is a federally [[autonomous city]], and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces: it has its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 129}} As [[federal capital]] of the nation it holds the status of [[federal district]].}} [[La Pampa Province|La Pampa]] and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the [[Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province]] in 1990.{{sfn|Rey Balmaceda|1995|p=19}} It has three components, although two are nominal because they are not under Argentine sovereignty. The first is the Argentine part of Tierra del Fuego; the second is an area of Antarctica claimed by Argentina that overlaps with similar areas claimed by the UK and Chile; the third comprises the two disputed British Overseas Territories of the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]].<ref name="Duggan and Lewis">{{cite book |author1=Bernado A. Duggan |author2=Colin M. Lewis |title=Historical Dictionary of Argentina |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-1970-9 |page=696 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiCmDwAAQBAJ&q=Islas+Sandwich+del+Sur:+La+Argentina+en+el+Atl%C3%A1ntico+Sur&pg=PA696 |access-date=21 March 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143453/https://books.google.com/books?id=wiCmDwAAQBAJ&q=Islas+Sandwich+del+Sur:+La+Argentina+en+el+Atl%C3%A1ntico+Sur&pg=PA696#v=snippet&q=Islas%20Sandwich%20del%20Sur%3A%20La%20Argentina%20en%20el%20Atl%C3%A1ntico%20Sur&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cristina Kirchner]] alongside the members of [[BRICS]] and [[Union of South American Nations]] in 2014]] Foreign policy is handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship]], which answers to the [[President of Argentina|President]]. The country is one of the [[Group of 15|G-15]] and [[G-20 major economies]] of the world, and a founding member of the [[UN]], [[World Bank Group|WBG]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and [[Organization of American States|OAS]]. In 2012 [[United Nations Security Council election, 2012|Argentina was elected again]] to a two-year non-permanent position on the [[United Nations Security Council]] and is participating in major peacekeeping operations in [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti|Haiti]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Western Sahara]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo 'Symbol of Argentina's Commitment to Peace'|publisher=United Nations – Secretary General|place=New York|date=14 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605041457/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm|archive-date=5 June 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina is described as a [[middle power]].{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}}<ref name="Cooper">Cooper AF (1997) [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=033368186X Niche Diplomacy – Middle Powers after the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306033144/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=033368186X |date=6 March 2012 }}, ''palgrave''</ref> A prominent Latin American{{sfnm|1a1=Huntington|1y=2000|1p=6|2a1=Nierop|2y=2001|2p=61|2ps=: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."|3a1=Lake|3y=2009|3p=55|3ps=: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."|4a1=Papadopoulos|4y=2010|4p=283|4ps=: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."|5a1=Malamud|5y=2011|5p=9|5ps=: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader."|6a1=Boughton|6y=2012|6p=101|6ps=: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa."}} and Southern Cone{{sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=1988|1p=63|1ps=: "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."|2a1=Adler|2a2=Greve|2y=2009|2p=78|2ps=: "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."|3a1=Ruiz-Dana|3a2=Goldschag|3a3=Claro|3a4=Blanco|3y=2009|3p=18|3ps=: "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."}} [[regional power]], Argentina co-founded [[Organization of Ibero-American States|OEI]] and [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]]. It is also a founding member of the [[Mercosur]] block, having Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and [[Venezuela]] as partners. Since 2002 the country has emphasized its key role in [[Latin American integration]], and the block—which has some supranational legislative functions—is its first international priority.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} Argentina claims {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}} in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], where it has the world's oldest [[Orcadas Base|continuous state presence]], since 1904.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento Naval Orcadas|trans-title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundación Marambio|place=Buenos Aires|year=1999|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> This overlaps claims by [[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]], though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty]], of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member, with the [[Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]] being based in Buenos Aires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ats.aq/|title=ATS – Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty|publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|place=Buenos Aires|year=2013|access-date=8 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207074956/http://www.ats.aq/|archive-date=7 February 2006|url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina [[Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute|disputes sovereignty]] over the Falkland Islands ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}}), and [[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]],{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=T. P. 1}} which are administered by the United Kingdom as [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]]. Argentina is a party to the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/latin%20american%20and%20caribbean%20states/Pages/latin%20american%20and%20caribbean%20states.aspx |title=Latin American and Caribbean State Parties to the Rome Statute, International Criminal Court. Retrieved 10 July 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809030312/https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/latin%20american%20and%20caribbean%20states/Pages/latin%20american%20and%20caribbean%20states.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Argentina is a [[Major non-NATO ally]] since 1998<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> and an [[OECD]] candidate country since January 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/oecd-takes-first-step-in-accession-discussions-with-argentina-brazil-bulgaria-croatia-peru-and-romania.htm | title=OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania – OECD | access-date=12 February 2022 | archive-date=13 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913055555/https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/oecd-takes-first-step-in-accession-discussions-with-argentina-brazil-bulgaria-croatia-peru-and-romania.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> === Armed forces === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|[[Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk]] operated by the [[Argentine Air Force]]]] [[File:D13_ARA_Sarandi_DN-SC-91-01826.jpg|thumb|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Sarandí (D-13)|ARA ''Sarandí'' (D-13)]]]] The president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the Argentine Armed Forces, as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation between national defense and internal security systems:<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref><ref name=lsi>{{cite Argentine law|l=24059 – Seguridad Interior|bo=27307|p=1|date=17 January 1992}}</ref> The [[Argentine defense industry|National Defense System]], an exclusive responsibility of the federal government,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 125–126}} coordinated by the [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]], and comprising the [[Argentine Army|Army]], the [[Argentine Navy|Navy]] and the [[Argentine Air Force|Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina – Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}} through the Houses' Defense Committees,<ref name=resdal>{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|title=A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean – Argentina|publisher=RESDAL – Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> it is organized on the essential principle of legitimate self-defense: the repelling of any external military aggression in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity.<ref name=resdal /> Its secondary missions include committing to multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations, participating in internal support missions, assisting friendly countries, and establishing a sub-regional defense system.<ref name=resdal /> [[Military service]] is voluntary, with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and no [[conscription]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina – Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina's defense has historically been one of the best equipped in the region, even managing [[Argentine defense industry|its own weapon research facilities, shipyards, ordnance, tank and plane factories]].{{sfn|Maldifassi|Abetti|1994|pp=65–86}} However, real military expenditures declined steadily after the defeat in the [[Falklands War|Falklands/Malvinas War]] and the defense budget in 2011 was only about 0.74% of GDP, a historical minimum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|title=Argentina – Military expenditure|publisher=Index Mundi – SIPRI – Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906190435/http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/military-expenditure|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> below the Latin American average. Within the defence budget itself, funding for training and even basic maintenance has been significantly cut, a factor contributing to the [[Disappearance of ARA San Juan|accidental loss of the Argentine submarine San Juan]] in 2017. The result has been a steady erosion of Argentine military capabilities, with some arguing that Argentina had, by the end of the 2010s, ceased to be a capable military power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/argentina-has-now-ceased-to-be-a-capable-military-power/|title=Argentina has now ceased to be a capable military power|publisher=UK Defence Journal|date=16 May 2018|last=Allison|first=George|access-date=6 January 2021|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050348/https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/argentina-has-now-ceased-to-be-a-capable-military-power/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Interior Security System]] is jointly administered by the federal and subscribing provincial governments.<ref name=lsi /> At the federal level it is coordinated by the Interior, [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Security]] and Justice ministries, and monitored by Congress.<ref name=lsi /> It is enforced by the [[Argentine Federal Police|Federal Police]]; the [[Argentine Naval Prefecture|Prefecture]], which fulfills [[coast guard]] duties; the [[Argentine National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]], which serves [[border guard]] tasks; and the [[Airport Security Police (Argentina)|Airport Security Police]].<ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=18711 – Fuerzas de Seguridad|bo=21955|date=23 June 1970}}</ref> At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security ministries and enforced by local police agencies.<ref name=lsi /> Argentina was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991 to the [[Gulf War]] under [[United Nations|UN]] mandate and has remained involved in [[peacekeeping]] efforts in multiple locations like [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Croatia]]/[[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Gulf of Fonseca]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]] in [[Cyprus]] (where among Army and Marines troops the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and [[MINUSTAH]] in [[Haiti]]. Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops in [[Kosovo]] during [[SFOR]] (and later [[EUFOR]]) operations where [[Combat engineering|combat engineers]] of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded in an [[Italian Army|Italian brigade]]. In 2007, an Argentine contingent including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help [[Bolivia]] against their worst floods in decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209|title=Gaceta Marinera – Portal Oficial de Noticias de la Armada Argentina|first=Armada|last=Argentina|website=Gacetamarinera.com.ar|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513095337/https://gacetamarinera.com.ar/?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal¬a_id=3209|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved in [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti]] and [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake|Chile]] humanitarian responses after their respective earthquakes. == Economy == {{Main|Economy of Argentina}} {{See also|Industry in Argentina|Argentine foreign trade}} [[File:Paseo_del_Bajo,_Retiro.jpg|thumb|The [[Catalinas Norte]] business complex in [[Buenos Aires Central Business District|Buenos Aires CBD]]]] Benefiting from rich [[natural resources]], a highly literate population, a diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, the economy of Argentina is Latin America's third-largest,<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> and the second-largest in [[South America]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina was one of the richest countries in the world, on the 20th century in 1913 it was one of the wealthiest countries in the world by GDP per capita<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent - ABC News |url=https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has a [[List of countries by Human Development Index|"very high"]] rating on the Human Development Index<ref name="UNHDR" /> and ranks 66th by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> with a considerable [[Single market|internal market]] size and a growing share of the high-tech sector. As a [[emerging economy|middle emerging economy]] and one of the world's top developing nations, it is a member of the [[G-20 major economies]].<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[Vineyard]] in [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]]. Argentina is the [[List of wine-producing regions|sixth-largest producer of wine]].<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] Argentina is the largest producer in the world of [[yerba mate]] (due to the large domestic consumption of [[Mate (drink)|mate]]), one of the five largest producers in the world of [[soybeans]], [[maize]], [[sunflower seed]], [[lemon]] and [[pear]], one of the ten largest producers in the world of [[barley]], [[grape]], [[artichoke]], [[tobacco]] and [[cotton]], and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of [[wheat]], [[sugarcane]], [[sorghum]] and [[grapefruit]]. It is the largest producer in South America of wheat, sunflower seed, barley, lemon and pear.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[wine]], Argentina is usually among the ten largest producers in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> Argentina is also a traditional meat exporter, having been, in 2019, the 4th world producer of [[beef]], with a production of 3 million tons (only behind US, Brazil and China), the 4th world producer of [[honey]], and the 10th world producer of [[wool]], in addition to other relevant productions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] is a [[gold]] mine located in the [[San Juan Province, Argentina|San Juan Province]].]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[Fiat]] factory in [[Córdoba, Argentina]]]] The [[mining industry]] of Argentina is not as relevant as that of other countries. It stands out for being the fourth-largest producer of [[lithium]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 9th of [[silver]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and 17th of [[gold]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> worldwide (based on 2019 data). The country stands out in the production of [[natural gas]], being the largest producer in South America and the 18th-largest in the world, and has an average annual production close to 500 thousand barrels/day of [[petroleum]], even with the under-utilization of the Vaca Muerta field, due to the country's technical and financial inability to extract these resources.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nacionalismo do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}}, [[manufacturing]] accounted for 20.3% of GDP—the largest sector in the nation's economy.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Well-integrated into Argentine agriculture, half of the industrial exports have rural origin.<ref name=infoeco1 /> With a 6.5% production growth rate {{as of|2011|alt=in 2011}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> the diversified manufacturing sector rests on a steadily growing network of [[industrial park]]s (314 {{as of|2013|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing |title=Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing |work=Digital Guardian |place=Port of Spain |year=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140709/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> {{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} the leading sectors by volume were: food processing, beverages and tobacco products; motor vehicles and auto parts; [[textiles]] and leather; [[petroleum refineries|refinery products]] and [[biodiesel]]; chemicals and pharmaceuticals; steel, aluminum and iron; industrial and farm machinery; home appliances and furniture; plastics and tires; glass and cement; and recording and print media.<ref name=infoeco1 /> In addition, Argentina has since long been one of the top five wine-producing countries in the world.<ref name=infoeco1 /> High [[inflation]]—a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades—has become a trouble once again,<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> with an annual rate of 24.8% in 2017.<ref name="Official INDEC consumer price index figures (Spanish)">{{cite web|url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/uploads/informesdeprensa/ipc_01_18.pdf|title=Indice de precios al consumidor|publisher=INDEC|language=es|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160200/https://www.indec.gob.ar/uploads/informesdeprensa/ipc_01_18.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2023 the inflation reached 102.5% among the highest inflation rates in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Argentina inflation soars past 100% mark |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64960385 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417111639/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64960385 |url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 43% of the Argentina's population lives below the poverty line as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> To deter it and support the peso, the government imposed foreign currency control.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Income distribution]], having improved since 2002, is classified as "medium", although it is still considerably unequal.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2024, Argentina's poverty rate reached 57.4%, the highest poverty rate in the country since 2004.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024}}</ref> Argentina ranks 85th out of 180 countries in the [[Transparency International]]'s 2017 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> an improvement of 22 positions over its 2014 rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina settled its long-standing debt default crisis in 2016 with the so-called [[vulture funds]] after the election of Mauricio Macri, allowing Argentina to enter capital markets for the first time in a decade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> The government of Argentina defaulted on 22 May 2020 by failing to pay a $500 million bill by its due date to its creditors. Negotiations for the restructuring of $66 billion of its debt continue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Argentina}} The country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of international tourist arrivals as the top destination in [[South America]], and second in [[Latin America]] after Mexico.<ref name=UNWTO2014>{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427093655/http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |archive-date=27 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Revenues from international tourists reached {{USD|4.41}} billion in 2013, down from {{USD|4.89}} billion in 2012.<ref name=UNWTO2014 /> The country's capital city, [[Buenos Aires]], is the most visited city in [[South America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos |title=México DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos turísticos favoritos |publisher=Infobae América |language=es |date=June 2011 |access-date=19 December 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115022952/http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> There are 30 [[National Parks of Argentina]] including many [[World Heritage Sites in Argentina|World Heritage Sites]]. {{wide image|Panorama_from_Cerro_Campanario_-_Bariloche_-_panoramio.jpg|1700|Panorama of the [[Nahuel Huapi National Park]] and the [[Nahuel Huapi Lake]] from Cerro Campanario, [[Bariloche]]}} === Transport === {{Main|Transport in Argentina}} [[File:Autopista Rosario - Córdoba km 365 hacia el Este.JPG|thumb|Stretch of [[National Route 9 (Argentina)|National Route 9]] between [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]] and [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]]]] [[File:Mar_del_plata_station_1.jpg|thumb|A [[Trenes Argentinos]] [[CNR CKD8G]] at [[Mar del Plata railway and bus station|Mar del Plata railway station]]]] {{As of|2004|alt=By 2004}} Buenos Aires, all provincial capitals except Ushuaia, and all medium-sized towns were interconnected by {{convert|69412|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads, out of a total road network of {{convert|231374|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|title=Argentina – Roadways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061828/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2021, the country had about {{convert|2800|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[Dual carriageway|duplicated highways]], most leaving the capital [[Buenos Aires]], linking it with cities like [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]] and [[Córdoba (Argentina)|Córdoba]], [[Santa Fe (Argentina)|Santa Fe]], [[Mar del Plata]] and [[Paso de los Libres]] (in border with Brazil), there are also duplicated highways leaving from [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] towards the capital, and between Córdoba and Santa Fé, among other locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/los-100-objetivos-de-macri-hasta-2019-de-la-inflacion-al-5-a-los-2800-kilometros-nuevos-de-autopistas-nid1967275/ |title=The 100 goals of Macri until 2019: from inflation at 5% to 2800 kilometers of new highways |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427054419/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/los-100-objetivos-de-macri-hasta-2019-de-la-inflacion-al-5-a-los-2800-kilometros-nuevos-de-autopistas-nid1967275/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, this road infrastructure is still inadequate and cannot handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the railway system.<ref name=eotn1 /> Argentina has the largest [[Rail transport in Argentina|railway system]] in Latin America, with {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} of operating lines {{as of|2008|alt=in 2008}}, out of a full network of almost {{convert|48000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina – Railways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos Aires City, and connects with all neighbouring countries.<ref name=eotn1>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina – Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> There are four incompatible [[Track gauge|gauges]] in use; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through Buenos Aires.<ref name=eotn1 /> The system has been in decline since the 1940s: regularly running up large budgetary deficits, by 1991 it was transporting 1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973.<ref name=eotn1 /> However, in recent years the system has experienced a [[Rail transport in Argentina#Recent developments and moves towards re-nationalisation|greater degree of investment]] from the state, in both commuter rail lines and long-distance lines, renewing rolling stock and infrastructure.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km Desde hoy, toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326034816/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km |date=26 March 2015}} – La Nacion, 09, February 2015</ref><ref>[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/ Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314230122/http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/ |date=14 March 2015}} – EnElSubte, 09, March 2015</ref> In April 2015, by overwhelming majority the [[Argentine Senate]] passed a law which re-created [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos]] (2015), effectively re-nationalising the country's railways, a move which saw support from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum.<ref>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520040405/http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html |date=20 May 2015}} – Pagina/12, 16 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416183104/http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/ |date=16 April 2015}} – EnElSubte, 15 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184115/http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php |date=16 April 2015}} – Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April 2015</ref> {{As of|2012|alt=In 2012}} there were about {{convert|11000|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[waterway]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|title=Argentina – Waterways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200000/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> mostly comprising the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers, with Buenos Aires, [[Zárate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]], [[Campana, Buenos Aires|Campana]], Rosario, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, [[Barranqueras]] and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main [[fluvial port]]s. Some of the largest [[sea port]]s are [[La Plata]]–[[Ensenada, Buenos Aires|Ensenada]], Bahía Blanca, [[Mar del Plata]], [[Quequén]]–[[Necochea]], [[Comodoro Rivadavia]], [[Puerto Deseado]], [[Puerto Madryn]], Ushuaia and [[San Antonio Oeste]]. Buenos Aires has historically been the most important port; however since the 1990s the Up-River port region has become dominant: stretching along {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}} of the Paraná river shore in Santa Fe province, it includes 17 ports and {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} accounted for 50% of all exports. {{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} there were 161 airports with paved runways<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html|title=Argentina – Airports with paved runways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195757/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/airports_with_paved_runways.html|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> out of more than a thousand.<ref name=eotn1 /> The [[Ezeiza International Airport]], about {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from downtown Buenos Aires,{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=76}} is the largest in the country, followed by [[Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport|Cataratas del Iguazú]] in Misiones, and [[El Plumerillo International Airport|El Plumerillo]] in Mendoza.<ref name=eotn1 /> [[Aeroparque]], in the city of Buenos Aires, is the most important domestic airport.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=24–25}} === Energy === {{Main|Electricity sector in Argentina}} [[File:Central_Nuclear_Atucha_I_-_II.JPG|thumb|[[Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant in [[Latin America]].<ref>[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf Brittle Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402203813/http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf |date=2 April 2016}}, p. 144.</ref>]] In 2020, more than 60% of Argentina's electricity came from non-renewable sources such as natural gas, oil and coal. 27% came from [[hydropower]], 7.3% from wind and solar energy and 4.4% from nuclear energy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/energia/planeamiento-energetico/panel-de-indicadores/potencia-instalada |title=Potencia Instalada Energía Eléctrica |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901173152/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/energia/planeamiento-energetico/panel-de-indicadores/potencia-instalada |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 21st country in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW), the 26th country in the world in terms of installed wind energy (3.2 GW) and the 43rd country in the world in terms of installed solar energy (1.0 GW).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |work=IRENA |title=RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The wind potential of the Patagonia region is considered gigantic, with estimates that the area could provide enough electricity to sustain the consumption of a country like Brazil alone. However, Argentina has infrastructural deficiencies to carry out the transmission of electricity from uninhabited areas with a lot of wind to the great centers of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI307062-18537,00-ARGENTINA+INVESTE+BILHOES+PARA+TRANSFORMAR+VENTOS+DA+PATAGONIA+EM+ENERGIA.html |title=Argentina investe bilhões para transformar ventos da patagônia em energia |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427053525/https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI307062-18537,00-ARGENTINA+INVESTE+BILHOES+PARA+TRANSFORMAR+VENTOS+DA+PATAGONIA+EM+ENERGIA.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, [[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha I]]. Although the Argentine-built parts for that station amounted to 10% of the total, the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely built in the country. Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage of Argentine-built components; [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station|Embalse]], finished in 1983, a 30% and the 2011 [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha II]] reactor a 40%.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php |title= Atucha III se construirá con un 60% de componentes nacionales |author= Reneau, Leandro |date= 29 September 2012 | publisher= Tiempo Argentino| language= es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805233045/http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php |archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Argentina}} [[File:Leloir festejando.jpg|thumb|left|[[Luis Federico Leloir]] (''left'') and his staff toast his 1970 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].]] Argentines have received three [[Nobel Prize]]s in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American recipient, discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating [[glucose]] in animals, and shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1947. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s, receiving the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1970. [[César Milstein]] did extensive research in [[antibody|antibodies]], sharing the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. Argentine research has led to treatments for [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] that was successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. [[René Favaloro]] developed the techniques and performed the world's first [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary bypass surgery]]. Argentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]]. This reliance on the development of its own nuclear-related technologies, instead of buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s; since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title= Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation|author= Argüello, Irma|date= 8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace|access-date= 9 June 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024231402/http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|archive-date= 24 October 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation efforts<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183124/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and is highly committed to global nuclear security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |url-status = dead|archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:SAOCOM_1A_-_sala_de_integración_-_CEATSA_-_072018_-22_0.jpg|thumb|[[SAOCOM 1A]] inside the facilities of [[CEATSA]]]] Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]] as well as [[René Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]], an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]]. Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine-built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language=es |publisher=Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial |access-date=24 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117023136/http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |archive-date=17 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and those developed by [[CONAE]], the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |title='Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> Argentina has its own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.<ref name=science>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar</ref> Established in 1991, the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite Missions |publisher=CONAE |access-date=25 October 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |archive-date= 4 February 2009}}</ref> in June 2009, secured an agreement with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]], the world's foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre Auger Observatory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |archive-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock<ref>[http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173400/http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 |date=3 March 2016}}. Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.</ref> Argentina was ranked 73rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Demographics == {{Main|Demographics of Argentina|Argentines}} [[File:Argentina_Population_Density,_2000_(6172432038).jpg|thumb|Population density map of Argentina (2000)]] The [[INDEC|2010 census]] counted 40,117,096 inhabitants, up from 36,260,130 in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> Argentina ranks third in South America in total population, fourth in Latin America and 33rd globally. Its population density of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area is well below the world average of 50 persons. The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03% annually, with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. Since 2010, the crude [[net migration rate]] has ranged from below zero to up to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Argentina is in the midst of a [[demographic transition]] to an older and slower-growing population. The proportion of people under 15 is 25.6%, a little below the world average of 28%, and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high at 10.8%. In Latin America, this is second only to [[Uruguay]] and well above the world average, which is currently 7%. Argentina has a comparatively low [[infant mortality rate]]. Its birth rate of 2.3 children per woman is considerably below the high of 7.0 children born per woman in 1895,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> though still nearly twice as high as in Spain or Italy, which are culturally and demographically similar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> The median age is 31.9 years and [[life expectancy]] at birth is 77.14 years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Attitudes towards [[LGBT rights in Argentina|LGBT people]] are generally positive within Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, Argentina became the first country in Latin America, the second in the Americas, and the tenth worldwide to legalize [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === Ethnography === {{Main|Argentines}} {{See also|Ethnography of Argentina|Immigration to Argentina}} [[File:Macri con Félix Diaz.jpg|thumb|left|The cacique [[Toba people|Qom]] [[Félix Díaz (cacique)|Félix Díaz]] meets with then president Mauricio Macri.]] Argentina is considered a country of immigrants.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Argentines usually refer to the country as a ''crisol de razas'' (crucible of races, or [[melting pot]]). A 2010 study conducted on 218 individuals by the Argentine geneticist [[Daniel Corach]] established that the average genetic ancestry of Argentines is 79% European (mainly Italian and Spanish), 18% indigenous and 4.3% African; 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|Indigenous]].<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{cite journal|title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA| doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x|pmid=20059473|volume=74|issue=1|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|pages=65–76|year=2010|last1=Corach|first1=Daniel|last2=Lao|first2=Oscar|last3=Bobillo|first3=Cecilia|last4=Van Der Gaag|first4=Kristiaan|last5=Zuniga|first5=Sofia|last6=Vermeulen|first6=Mark|last7=Van Duijn|first7=Kate|last8=Goedbloed|first8=Miriam|last9=Vallone|first9=Peter M|last10=Parson|first10=Walther|last11=De Knijff|first11=Peter|last12=Kayser|first12=Manfred| s2cid=5908692|hdl=11336/14301|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es |title=Medicina (B. Aires) vol.66 número2; Resumen: S0025-76802006000200004 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225555/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0025-76802006000200004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> The majority of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups, primarily of [[Italian people|Italian]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent, with over 25 million Argentines (almost 60% of the population) having some partial Italian origins.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina is also home to a notable [[Asian Argentine|Asian]] population, the majority of whom are descended from either West Asians (namely [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] and [[Syrians]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> or East Asians (such as the Chinese,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Korean people|Koreans]], and the [[Japanese people|Japanese]]).<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> The latter of whom number around 180,000 individuals. The total number of [[Arab Argentines]] (most of whom are of Lebanese or Syrian origin) is estimated to be 1.3 to 3.5 million. Many immigrated from various Asian countries to Argentina during the 19th century (especially during the latter half of the century) and the first half of the 20th century.<ref name="Elindependiente">{{cite news|title=Recopilaron casi 200 años de los sirio libaneses en Argentina|url=http://www.elindependiente.com.ar/papel/hoy/archivo_2004/noticias_v.asp?39074|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908043743/http://www.elindependiente.com.ar/papel/hoy/archivo_2004/noticias_v.asp?39074|archive-date=8 September 2014|access-date=9 November 2021|newspaper=El Independiente|quote=González convenció a sus pares de rechazarla, con el argumento de que eran "los más europeos del Asia y son sumisos y laboriosos".|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|page=194|quote=La etnia asiática tiene su origen en los flujos migratorios que partieron de diversos países de Asia, os cuales fueron especialmente relevantes durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX.}}</ref> Most Arab Argentines belong to the Catholic Church (including both the Latin Church and the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]) or the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. A minority are [[Muslims]]. From the 1970s, immigration has mostly been coming from [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]], with smaller numbers from the [[Dominican Republic]], Ecuador and [[Romania]].<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm "El varieté de la calle Florida"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315005735/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm |date=15 March 2007}} (Editorial) – [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] {{in lang|es}}</ref> The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched a program<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar |title=Patria Grande |publisher=Patriagrande.gov.ar |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723172541/http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar/ |archive-date=23 July 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> to encourage illegal immigrants to declare their status in return for two-year residence visas—so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |title=Alientan la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior – Sociedad – |publisher=Perfil.com |access-date=25 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930194007/http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As of July 2023, more than 18,500 Russians have come to Argentina after the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Languages === {{Main|Languages of Argentina}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|Dialectal variants of the [[Spanish language]] in Argentina]] The ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|Though not declared official ''[[de jure]]'', the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.}} official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], spoken by almost all Argentines.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} The country is the largest [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking society]] that universally employs {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}}, the use of the [[pronoun]] ''vos'' instead of ''tú'' ("you"), which imposes the use of alternative verb forms as well. Owing to the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions, although the prevalent dialect is ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'', primarily spoken in the Pampean and Patagonian regions and accented similarly to the [[Neapolitan language]].{{sfn|Colantoni|Gurlekian|2004|pp=107–119}} Italian and other European immigrants influenced ''[[Lunfardo]]''—the regional slang—permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well. There are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population: English taught since [[elementary school]]; 42.3% of Argentines claim to speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}); [[Italian language|Italian]] (by 1.5 million people);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|Many elder people also speak a [[macaronic language]] of Italian and Spanish called ''[[cocoliche]]'', which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.}} [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (specially its [[Levantine Arabic|Northern Levantine dialect]], by one million people);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} [[Standard German]] (by 200,000 people);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}}{{efn-ua|It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called ''[[Belgranodeutsch]]''.}} [[Guarani language|Guaraní]] (by 200,000 people,{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} mostly in Corrientes and Misiones);<ref name="Corrientes-5598">{{Cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|d=2326/2004|date=22 October 2004|url=https://hcdcorrientes.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Ley5598.pdf}}</ref> [[Catalan language|Catalan]] (by 174,000 people);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} [[Quechua language|Quechua]] (by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} [[Wichí languages|Wichí]] (by 53,700 people, mainly in Chaco{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} where, along with [[Kom language (South America)|Kom]] and [[Moqoit language|Moqoit]], it is official ''de jure'');<ref name=kom>{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 July 2010}}</ref> [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]] (by 52,000 people);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (by [[Albanians in South America|40,000 people]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf |title=Albanian migration and development: state of the art review|access-date=9 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (by 32,000 people);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} [[Aymara language|Aymara]] (by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (by 27,000 people);{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} === Religion === {{Main|Religion in Argentina}} [[File:Francis 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pope Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the Americas, was born and raised in Argentina.|alt=]] [[Christianity]] is the largest religion in Argentina. The Constitution guarantees [[freedom of religion]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}} it gives [[Roman Catholicism]] a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.<ref name=irfr1 />}} According to a 2008 CONICET poll, Argentines were 76.5% [[Catholic]], 11.3% [[Agnostic]]s and [[Atheist]]s, 9% [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestants]], 1.2% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and 0.9% [[Mormon]]s, while 1.2% followed other religions, including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=9}} These figures appear to have changed quite significantly in recent years: data recorded in 2017 indicated that Catholics made up 66% of the population, indicating a drop of 10.5% in nine years, and the nonreligious in the country standing at 21% of the population, indicating an almost doubling over the same period.<ref name="Latinobarometro 2017">{{cite web|title=Latinobarómetro 1995–2017: El Papa Francisco y la Religión en Chile y América Latina|url=http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/site/artic/20180112/asocfile/20180112124342/f00006494_religion_chile_america_latina_2017.pdf|access-date=19 January 2018|language=es|date=January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093209/http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/site/artic/20180112/asocfile/20180112124342/f00006494_religion_chile_america_latina_2017.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> The country is home to both one of the [[Islam in Argentina|largest Muslim]]<ref name=irfr1>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – Argentina|publisher=US Department of State|place=Washington, DC|year=2012|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325215847/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Jewish Argentine|largest Jewish]] communities in Latin America, the latter being the seventh most populous in the world.{{sfn|DellaPergola|2013|p=50}} Argentina is a member of the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]].<ref name=irfr1 /> Argentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization of religious beliefs;{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=21}} 23.8% claim to always attend religious services; 49.1% seldom do and 26.8% never do.{{sfn|Mallimaci|Esquivel|Irrazábal|2008|p=24}} On 13 March 2013, Argentine [[Pope Francis|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop of Buenos Aires]], was [[Papal conclave, 2013|elected]] [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]] and [[Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He took the name "[[St. Francis of Assisi|Francis]]", and he became the first Pope from either the [[Americas]] or from the [[Southern Hemisphere]]; he is the first Pope born outside of Europe since the [[Papal conclave|election]] of [[Pope Gregory III]] (who was [[Syrian]]) in 741.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|title=Cardinals Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|work=The New York Times|place=New York|date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326231033/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html|archive-date=26 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === Health === {{Main|Health care in Argentina}} [[File:Nuevo HECA Rosario.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hospital de Emergencias Clemente Álvarez|Clemente Álvarez Emergency Hospital]] in [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]]]] Health care is provided through a combination of employer and labour union-sponsored plans (''Obras Sociales''), government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and through private health insurance plans. Health care cooperatives number over 300 (of which 200 are related to [[Trade union|labour unions]]) and provide health care for half the population; the national INSSJP (popularly known as PAMI) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens.<ref name=iadb>{{cite web |url=http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |title=IADB |publisher=IADB |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902020302/http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2008}}</ref> There are more than 153,000 hospital beds, 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists (ratios comparable to [[developed country|developed nations]]).<ref name=deis>[http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf Estadisticas Vitales – Informacionn Basica Año2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031148/http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf |date=25 January 2011}}. Ministry of Health (December 2009)</ref><ref name=undata>{{cite web|url=http://undata.un.org/ |title=UNData |access-date=28 August 2016}} {{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations': from 1953 to 2005, deaths from [[cardiovascular disease]] increased from 20% to 23% of the total, those from [[tumors]] from 14% to 20%, [[respiratory]] problems from 7% to 14%, [[digestive system|digestive]] maladies (non-infectious) from 7% to 11%, strokes a steady 7%, injuries, 6%, and [[infection|infectious]] diseases, 4%. Causes related to [[senility]] led to many of the rest. Infant deaths have fallen from 19% of all deaths in 1953 to 3% in 2005.<ref name=deis /><ref name=un57>''UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.''</ref> The availability of health care has also reduced [[infant mortality]] from 70 per 1000 live births in 1948<ref name=un97>''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics. 1997''.</ref> to 12.1 in 2009<ref name=deis /> and raised [[life expectancy]] at birth from 60 years to 76.<ref name=un97 /> Though these figures compare favorably with global averages, they fall short of levels in developed nations and in 2006, Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America.<ref name=undata /> === Education === {{Main|Education in Argentina}} [[File:School_of_Law_-_University_of_Buenos_Aires_(4729499370).jpg|thumb|[[Faculty of Law, University of Buenos Aires|Faculty of Law]] of the [[University of Buenos Aires]]]] The Argentine education system consists of four levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|title=El Sistema Educativo – Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino|publisher=Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041917/http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> An initial level for children between 45 days to 5 years old, with the last two years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|title=Desde hoy, es obligatorio que todos los niños de cuatro años ingresen al sistema educativo – educación, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses|website=Infobae.com|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415064957/http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> being compulsory. An elementary or [[lower school]] mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff|Level duration depends on jurisdiction.}} {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} the [[literacy rate]] was 98.07%.<ref name=educ1>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Población de 10 años y más por condición de alfabetismo y sexo, según provincia. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003634/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> A secondary or [[high school]] mandatory level lasting 5 or 6 years.{{efn-ua|name=leveldiff}} {{as of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 38.5% of people over age 20 had completed secondary school.<ref name=educ2>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|format=XLS|title=Total del país. Población de 5 años y más que asistió a un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educación alcanzado y completud del nivel, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010|work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010|publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|place=Buenos Aires|year=2010|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226003726/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> A [[Higher education|higher level]], divided in tertiary, university and post-graduate sub-levels. {{As of|2013|alt=in 2013}} there were 47 [[List of Argentine universities|national public universities]] across the country, as well as 46 private ones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|title=Sistema Universitario|publisher=Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070100/http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> {{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}} 7.1% of people over age 20 had graduated from university.<ref name=educ2 /> The public universities of [[University of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Universidad Nacional de Córdoba|Córdoba]], [[Universidad Nacional de La Plata|La Plata]], [[Universidad Nacional de Rosario|Rosario]], and the [[National Technological University]] are some of the most important. The Argentine state guarantees universal, secular and free-of-charge public education for all levels.{{efn-ua|The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} Responsibility for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial states. In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across all educational stages. === Urbanization === {{See also|List of cities in Argentina by population|List of cities in Argentina}} Argentina is highly urbanized, with 92% of its population living in cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> the ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population. About 3 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires, and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> The metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each.<ref name=majorcities /> Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each.<ref name=majorcities /> The population is unequally distributed: about 60% live in the Pampas region (21% of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province. The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe, and the city of Buenos Aires have 3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. With {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}}, Tucumán is the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average; by contrast, the southern province of Santa Cruz has around {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Largest cities of Argentina}} == Culture == {{Main|Culture of Argentina}} {{See also|List of Argentines}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Sun of May]] on the [[Asamblea del Año XIII|first Argentine coin]], 1813]] Argentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and other European immigration from [[France]], [[Russia]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], among others. Its cities are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture and design.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant in all the large urban centres, as well as traditional establishments such as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]] influences, particularly in the fields of music and art.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu. Argentine writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina as follows: {{blockquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition: because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''Patria Grande'' San Martín and Bolívar once imagined. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === Literature === {{Main|Argentine literature}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|Four of the most influential Argentine writers. '''Top-left to bottom-right''': [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].|alt=Mosaic image showing the four photographs]] Although Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence with [[Esteban Echeverría]]'s ''El Matadero'', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]] landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]]' ''[[Martín Fierro]]'' and the elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]'s masterpiece, ''[[Facundo]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} The [[Modernist literature|Modernist]] movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo Güiraldes]]'s ''[[Don Segundo Sombra]]'' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]], Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''[[Ficciones]]'' and ''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'' are among his most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''[[The Invention of Morel]]''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]], one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} A remarkable episode in Argentine literary history is the social and literarial dialectica between the so-called [[:es:Grupo Florida|Florida Group]], named this way because its members used to meet together at the [[:es: Confitería Richmond|Richmond Cafeteria]] at Florida street and published in the [[:es:Martín Fierro (Revista)|''Martin Fierro'']] magazine, like [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[:es: Leopoldo Marechal|Leopoldo Marechal]], [[:es:Antonio Berni|Antonio Berni]] (artist), among others; versus the [[:es:Grupo Boedo|Boedo Group]] of [[Roberto Arlt]], [[:es:Cesar Tiempo|Cesar Tiempo]], [[:es:Homero Manzi|Homero Manzi]] (tango composer), that used to meet at the [[:es:Café El Japonés|Japanese Cafe]] and published their works with the [[:es: Editorial Claridad|Editorial Claridad]], with both the cafe and the publisher located at Boedo Avenue. Other highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Martínez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel Mujica Láinez]], [[Ernesto Sábato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo Walsh]], [[María Elena Walsh]], [[Tomás Eloy Martínez]], [[Manuel Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66, 85, 97–121|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|2p=43|3a1=Díaz Alejandro|3y=1970|3pp=22, 91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51–54}} === Music === {{Main|Music of Argentina}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of [[Mercedes Sosa]] by [[Annemarie Heinrich]]]] [[Tango]], a ''[[Río de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'' musical genre with European and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina's international cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} The golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]] in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]], [[Aníbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan d'Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} After 1955, virtuoso [[Astor Piazzolla]] popularized ''[[Nuevo tango]]'', a subtler and more intellectual trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} Tango enjoys worldwide popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and [[Tanghetto]]. Argentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer; [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]], pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director; [[José Cura]] and [[Marcelo Álvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s [[Jorge Donn]], [[José Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''Maximiliano Guerra'', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela Núñez]], [[Iñaki Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} A national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from dozens of regional musical genres and went on to influence the entirety of [[Latin American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim. The [[romantic ballad]] genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de América]]. [[Tenor saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro "Gato" Barbieri]] and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians. [[Argentine rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians. Founding bands like [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]] were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]] and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andrés Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto Spinetta]], [[Charly García]], [[Fito Páez]] and [[León Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} A dance and a musical genre popular at present is [[Cachengue]], a subgenre of [[Argentine cumbia]] and [[reggaeton]] spreading in popularity in nearby countries such as [[Uruguay]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Bolivia]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.elonce.com/secciones/espectaculos/244338-la-cumbia-turra-tiene-sus-voceros-en-parana-ya-suenan-los-rompebarrios.htm | title = The "cumbia turra "Has its spokespersons in Paraná:" Los Rompebarrios "is already playing | access-date = 29 December 2011 | archive-date = 14 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050350/https://www.elonce.com/secciones/espectaculos/244338-la-cumbia-turra-tiene-sus-voceros-en-parana-ya-suenan-los-rompebarrios.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> === Theatre and cinema === {{Main|Theatre in Argentina|Cinema of Argentina}} [[File:Andrés Muschietti.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Andy Muschietti]], director of ''[[It (2017 film)|It]]'', the [[List of highest-grossing horror films|highest-grossing horror film of all-time]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/sep/29/stephen-king-it-the-exorcist-highest-grossing-horror-film-ever|title=Stephen King's It scares off The Exorcist to become highest-grossing horror ever |last=Mumford |first=Gwilym |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=29 September 2017|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114000256/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/sep/29/stephen-king-it-the-exorcist-highest-grossing-horror-film-ever|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/10/blade-runner-2049-it-movie-horror-record-despicable-me-3-kingsman-never-say-die-weekend-results-international-box-office-1202184382/ |access-date=8 October 2017 |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=8 October 2017 |title='Blade Runner 2049' Launches With $50M Overseas; 'It' Tops $600M WW; 'Despicable 3' Hops Past 'Zootopia' – Intl Box Office |website=Deadline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008205909/http://deadline.com/2017/10/blade-runner-2049-it-movie-horror-record-despicable-me-3-kingsman-never-say-die-weekend-results-international-box-office-1202184382/ |archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>]] Buenos Aires is one of the great theatre capitals of the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> with a scene of international caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], "the street that never sleeps", sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics are considered among the world's top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}{{efn-ua|The other top venues being Berlin's [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna's [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam's [[Concertgebouw, Amsterdam|Concertgebouw]] and Boston's [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}}} The Argentine film industry has historically been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Carl J. |last=Mora|title=Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society|year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04304-6|page=196}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Started in 1896; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America's leading film producer, a place it kept until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world's first [[list of animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.<ref>{{cite web|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi |url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator|publisher=Animation World Network|year=1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html |archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentine films have achieved worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]], for ''[[The Official Story]]'' (1985) and ''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'' (2009). In addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Academy Awards for Best Original Score]], and [[Armando Bó (screenwriter)|Armando Bó]] and [[Nicolás Giacobone]] shared in the [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] for 2014. Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[Bérénice Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 2011 and won the [[César Award for Best Actress]] and won the [[Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''[[The Past (2013 film)|The Past]]''.<ref name="CannesAwards">{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |access-date= 26 May 2013 |work= Cannes |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131017041240/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html |archive-date= 17 October 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina also has won seventeen [[Goya Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film]], being by far the most awarded country in [[Latin America]] with twenty-four nominations. Many other Argentine films also have been acclaimed by international critique. {{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|title=Market Study – Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> === Visual arts and architecture === {{See also|Argentine painting|Architecture of Argentina}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|left|''Las Nereidas Font'' by [[Lola Mora]]]] Some of the best-known Argentine painters are [[Cándido López]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Naïve art|Naïve style]]); [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]] and [[Eduardo Sívori]] ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[Pío Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós]] ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barragán]] ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]); [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Košice]] ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''Carlos Torrallardona'', ''Luis Aquino'', ''Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez'' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]] ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tomás Maldonado]], [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract art]]); [[León Ferrari]], [[Marta Minujín]] ([[Conceptual art]]); [[Ciruelo Cabral|Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]), and [[Fabian Perez|Fabián Pérez (Neoemotionalism)]].{{vague|date=February 2022}} In 1946 Gyula Košice and others created The [[Madí Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and the United States, where it had a significant impact.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> Tomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential globally. Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]], whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito Quinquela Martín]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighbourhood. Internationally laureate sculptors [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} The colonization brought the [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler ''Rioplatense'' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San Ignacio Miní]], the [[Cathedral of Córdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral of Córdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luján. Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]] overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === Mass media === {{Main|Communications in Argentina}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|Headquarters of the [[TV Pública Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]], the first television station in the country]] The print media industry is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers. The major national ones include {{lang|es|[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]}} (centrist, Latin America's best-seller and the second most widely circulated in the Spanish-speaking world), ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]'' (centre-right, published since 1870), ''[[Página/12]]'' (leftist, founded in 1987), ''[[La Voz del Interior]]'' (centre, founded in 1904),{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}} and the ''[[Argentinisches Tageblatt]]'' (German weekly, liberal, published since 1878).{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} Argentina began [[History of radio|the world's first regular radio broadcasting]] on 27 August 1920, when [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Parsifal]]'' was aired by a team of medical students led by [[Enrique Telémaco Susini]] in Buenos Aires' [[Teatro Coliseo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Don |title=Radio with a past in Argentina |url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html |archive-date=23 May 2013}} A slightly edited version of this article was originally published as {{cite magazine |last1=Moore|first1=Don|date=January 1995 |title=Argentina: Radio with a Past|journal=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises |place=Brasstown, NC}}</ref> {{As of|2002|alt=By 2002}} there were 260 [[AM broadcasting|AM]] and 1150 [[FM broadcasting|FM]] registered radio stations in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina–Infraestructura |publisher=Mi Buenos Aires Querido |year=2002 |url=http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm |access-date=2 October 2008 |language=es |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032928/http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Television in Argentina|Argentine television]] industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions and [[TV format]]s having been exported abroad. Since 1999 Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|title=Homes with Cable TV in Latin America|publisher=LANIC – Latin American Network Information Center|place=Austin, TX|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022948/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> {{as of|2014|lc=y}} totaling 87.4% of the country's households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada and Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|title=Penetración TV paga en hogares 2014 – Argentina|publisher=LAMAC – Latin American Multichannel Advertising Council|place=Coral Gables, FL|year=2014|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502045137/http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/|archive-date=2 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2011|alt=By 2011}} Argentina also had the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American powers: about 67% of its population had internet access and the ratio of mobile phone subscriptions to population was 137.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South America|publisher=IWS–ITU – Internet World Stats|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archive-date=2 April 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Based on the results the data analysis seems to be fairly naive, however it is not clear what methodology the modern site uses either|date=June 2023}} === Cuisine === {{Main|Argentine cuisine}} [[File:Asado_2005.jpg|thumb|[[Argentine beef]] as ''[[asado]]''|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]] Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]] creations, including ''[[empanada]]s'' (a small stuffed pastry), ''[[locro]]'' (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''[[humita]]'' and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199, 221}} In various localities of Argentina, this dish is consumed as a [[beefmelt]]. The country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee, WI|year=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> traditionally prepared as ''[[asado]]'', the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including ''[[chorizo]]'', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}} Common desserts include ''[[facturas]]'' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]] pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''[[dulce de leche]]'' (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''[[alfajor]]es'' (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, ''dulce de leche'' or a fruit paste), and ''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80, 143}} [[Argentine wine]], one of the world's finest,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archive-date=11 December 2012|url-status = dead}}</ref> is an integral part of the local menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torrontés]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230, 252, 261–62, 265}} === Sport === {{Main|Sport in Argentina}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Footballer [[Lionel Messi]], eight-time [[Ballon d'Or]] winner, is the current captain of the [[Argentina national football team]].]] ''[[Pato]]'' is the [[national sport]],<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> The most popular sport is [[Association football|football]]. Along with [[Brazilian national football team|Brazil]] and [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national football team|men's national team]] is the only one to have won the most important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]], and the [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]]. It has also won 15 [[Copa América|Copas América]], 7 [[Football at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]] and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]], [[Diego Maradona]] and [[Lionel Messi]] are among the best players in the game's history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} The country's [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|women's field hockey team ''Las Leonas'']], is one of the world's most successful with four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women's Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]] and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of the sport,<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> being the only player to have received the [[FIH Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Basketball]] is a very popular sport. The [[Argentina national basketball team|men's national team]] is the only one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South American Championships]], and many other tournaments.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andrés Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and [[Juan Ignacio Sánchez]] are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2017}}, the [[Argentina national rugby union team|men's national team]], known as 'Los Pumas' has competed at the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest-ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012 Rugby Championship|2012]], the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|secondary men's national team]] known as the 'Jaguares' has competed against the [[USA Selects|US]], [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]], and [[Uruguay national rugby union team|Uruguay]] first teams in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]], which Los Jaguares have won six out of eight times it has taken place. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Open Championship]]]] Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[boxing]], including [[Carlos Monzón]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers of all times; [[Horacio Accavallo]], the former [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] and [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] world flyweight champion; [[Víctor Galíndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}}, record holder for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses and [[Nicolino Locche]], nicknamed "The Untouchable" for his masterful defense; they are all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[Tennis]] has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached number 3 in the [[WTA ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].<ref name=ithf1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport, RI|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archive-date=14 February 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> Argentina has won the [[World Team Cup]] four times, in 1980, 2002, [[2007 ARAG World Team Cup|2007]] and [[2010 ARAG World Team Cup|2010]] and has reached the semifinals of the [[Davis Cup]] 7 times in the last 10 years, losing the finals against Russia in [[2006 Davis Cup|2006]] and Spain in [[2008 Davis Cup|2008]] and [[2011 Davis Cup|2011]]; the Argentine team also played the final in [[1981 Davis Cup|1981]], where they lost against the United States. The national squad won the [[2016 Davis Cup]]. Argentina reigns undisputed in [[polo]], having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is the sport's most important international team trophy. The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} Historically, Argentina has had a strong showing within [[auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was a five-time [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo Gálvez]], [[Juan Gálvez (racing driver)|Juan Gálvez]], [[José Froilán González]] and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171, 195}} == See also == {{portal|Argentina|Latin America}} * [[Index of Argentina-related articles]] * [[Outline of Argentina]] * <!--[[Bibliography of Argentina]] --> * <!--[[List of places in Argentina]] --> == Notes == {{notelist}} {{notelist-ua}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Bibliography == === Legal documents === {{refbegin}} * {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |author=National Constituent Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}} |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |archive-date= 9 May 2004}} {{refend}} === Articles === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|journal=Maddison Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105044340/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism: Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|place=Cambridge, UK|date=August 2004|pages=107–19|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|hdl=11336/118441|s2cid=56111230|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5602/592422ab3fa2442138ac0c00ecd0aa4374bb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726085900/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5602/592422ab3fa2442138ac0c00ecd0aa4374bb.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2020}} * {{cite magazine|last1=Cruz |first1=Arturo Jr.|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|magazine=Insight on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New York |date=6 August 1990|page=8}} * {{cite book <!-- no bot --> |last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|author-link=Sergio DellaPergola|chapter=World Jewish Population, 2013|chapter-url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113 |volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|title=The American Jewish Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht|year=2013|pages=279–358|isbn=978-3-319-01658-0 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-01658-0_6|series=American Jewish Year Book}} * {{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Marshall |title=What is So Special About Shoebox Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment |url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf |journal=Acoustics Today |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=April 2009 |pages=21–25 |doi=10.1121/1.3182843 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081005/http://www.mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andrés|title=A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics and Society |volume=53 |issue=3 |place=Lisbon|year=2011|pages=1–24 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x |hdl=10451/15545|s2cid=154469332|hdl-access=free}} * {{cite web |last1=Mallimaci |first1=Fortunato |last2=Esquivel |first2=Juan Cruz |last3=Irrazábal |first3=Gabriela |date=26 August 2008 |title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina |publisher=CONICET – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Es |url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf |access-date=7 May 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010051330/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2008/08/27/um/encuesta1.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Solomon |first1=Hussein |year=1997 |title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive Diplomacy |publisher=Centre for International Political Studies |place=Pretoria, South Africa |url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2014 }} {{refend}} === Books === {{Main article|Category:Books about Argentina}} {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Abad de Santillán|first=Diego|author-link=Diego Abad de Santillán|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipográfica Editora Argentina|place=Buenos Aires|year=1971|language=es}} * {{cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge|year=2009|pages=59–84|isbn=978-0-521-75988-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The rough guide to Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoarge0000aebe_z0y6|url-access=registration|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1-85828-569-6}} * {{cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Björn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH–Verlag|place=Berlin|year=2013|language=de|isbn=978-3-9815158-1-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Sean K.|last2=Sloan|first2=Stephen|author-link2=Stephen Sloan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC|title=Historical Dictionary of Terrorism|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield#Imprints|Scarecrow Press]]|date=3 August 2009|access-date=19 December 2022|isbn=9780810863118|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143454/https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Latin American sport: an annotated bibliography, 1988-1998 |series=Bibliographies and indexes on sports history|volume=3|publisher=Greenwood Press|place=Westport, CT |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-3132-9611-6}} * {{harvc|last=Arbena|first=Joseph |c=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete |in1=Arbena |in2=LaFrance |year=2002 |pp=219–232}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8420-2821-9}} * {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón|publisher=Grove Press|place=New York|year=1978|isbn=978-0-8021-3479-0|url=https://archive.org/details/evitafirstlady00john}} * {{cite book|last=Bidart Campos|first=Germán J.|title=Manual de la Constitución Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos Aires|year=2005|language=es|isbn=978-950-574-121-2}} * {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The Western Canon:la The Books and School of the Ages|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company|place=New York|year=1994|isbn=978-1-57322-514-4|url=https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo}} * {{cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington, DC|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61635-084-0}} * {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley|year=1992|isbn=978-0-520-07723-2|url=https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow}} * {{cite book |last=Díaz Alejandro |first=Carlos F. |title=Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic |publisher=Yale University Press |place=New Haven, CT |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-300-01193-7}} * {{cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4525-1096-5}} * {{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/argentinaglobals0000edwa|url-access=registration|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, CA|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-986-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington Books|place=Lanham, MD|year=2006|pages=3–26|isbn=978-0-7391-0928-1}} * {{cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|author-link=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho Político|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1985|language=es|isbn=978-950-14-0276-6}} * {{cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|publisher=Evans Brothers|place=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0-237-52759-4}} * {{cite book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport, CT|year=1998|isbn=978-0-313-30319-7|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00fost}} * {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian C.|title=Latino Athletes|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4381-0784-4}} * {{cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|author-link=Norberto Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos Aires|year=2011|language=es|isbn=978-950-563-478-1}} * {{cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|author-link=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization, Power, and Democracy|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD|year=2000|pages=3–13|isbn=978-0-8018-6568-8}} * {{cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London|year=2000|isbn=978-1-85984-233-1}} * {{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4291-2251-1}} * {{cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|year=2009|pages=35–58|isbn=978-0-521-75988-5}} * {{cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires|year=1948|language=es}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|series=Palgrave Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York|year=2003|isbn=978-1-4039-6254-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofargenti00lewi}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M. Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX|year=2014}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8078-4356-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=José O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile|publisher=Praeger|year=1994|isbn=978-0-275-94729-3}} * {{cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84162-138-8}} * {{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|publisher=GuildAmerica Books|place=New York|year=1993|isbn=978-1-56865-032-6|url=https://archive.org/details/everydaygeograph00mcki}} * {{cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=María Mercedes|title=Geografía Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires|year=1980|language=es}} *{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Marilyn Grace |title=Rise and Fall of the Cosmic Race |year=2004 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-70572-7 |pages=82–89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fK1xia7EQjkC&pg=PA86 |access-date=22 March 2009 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143447/https://books.google.com/books?id=fK1xia7EQjkC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht|year=1988|isbn=978-0-7923-0181-3}} * {{cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America and the World Economy, 1850–1914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/peopleissuesinla00hank/page/86 86–96]|isbn=978-1-55876-018-9|url=https://archive.org/details/peopleissuesinla00hank/page/86}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, CA|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59884-301-9}} * {{cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam|year=2001|pages=51–76|isbn=978-90-5629-188-4}} * {{cite book|last=O'Donnell|first=Pacho|year=1998|title=El Aguila Guerrera: La Historia Argentina Que No Nos Contaron|url=https://archive.org/details/elaguilaguerrera00odon|publisher=Editorial Sudamericana|edition=3rd|language=es|isbn=978-9500714617}} * {{cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-19646-8}} * {{cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Raúl|title=Mi país, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos Aires|year=1995|language=es|isbn=978-84-599-3442-8}} * {{cite book|last=Rivas|first=José Andrés|title=Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina|year=1989|language=es}} * {{cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C.G.M.|title=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8122-0331-8}} * {{cite book|last=Rock|first=David|author-link=David Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA|year=1987|isbn=978-0-520-06178-1}} * {{cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Robert G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7864-5284-2}} * {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=Ángel|author-link=Ángel Rosenblat|title=El nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=es}} * {{cite book|last1=Ruiz-Dana|first1=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hernán|title=Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York|year=2009|pages=15–44|isbn=978-0-415-47673-7}} * {{cite book|last=Sánchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|place=Mexico D. F.|year=1948|language=es}} * {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=es}} * {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política|volume=2|title=Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=es}} * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jonathan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP7cCgAAQBAJ|title=Angels with Dirty Faces: How Argentinian Soccer Defined a Nation and Changed the Game Forever|publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|date=23 August 2016|access-date=19 December 2022|isbn=9781568585529|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP7cCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general interest|url=https://archive.org/details/middlepowersgene0000wood|url-access=registration|publisher=North–South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0-920494-81-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000youn|url-access=registration|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8108-7498-5}} * {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York|year=2005|pages=51–53|isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3}} {{refend}} == Further reading == * {{cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris|year=1864|language=es}} * {{cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4381-0481-2}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Argentina | volume= 2 |last1= Lamoureux |first1= Andrew Jackson |author1-link= |last2= Edmundson |first2= George |author2-link= George Edmundson | pages = 460–475 |short= 1}} * {{cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1991|language=es|isbn=978-950-14-0610-8}} * {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|author-link=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris|year=1995|isbn=978-92-64-14549-8}} * {{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|author-link=Angus Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=OECD Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-92-64-18654-5}} * {{cite book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder, CO|year=2010|isbn=978-1-935049-19-7}} == External links == {{sister project links|auto=1|wikt=y|q=y|s=y|b=y|v=y}} * {{official website}} * [http://www.argentina.travel/en National Institute of Tourism Promotion] * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/ Argentina]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{Curlie|Regional/South_America/Argentina}} * [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/ Argentina] at the Latin American Network Information Center * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821135441/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]] * {{osmrelation-inline|286393}} * {{wikiatlas|Argentina}} {{Argentina topics}} {{Navboxes |title=Related articles |list= {{Andean Community of Nations}} {{G15 nations}} {{G20}} {{Mercosur/Mercosul (Southern Common Market)}} {{Organization of American States}} {{Union of South American Nations}} {{World Trade Organization}} {{Founding member states of the United Nations}} {{Countries of South America}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|34|S|64|W|display=title}} [[Category:Argentina| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:1816 establishments in South America]] [[Category:Christian states]] [[Category:Countries in South America]] [[Category:Federal constitutional republics]] [[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:G20 members]] [[Category:Member states of Mercosur]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Southern Cone countries]] [[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1816]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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