Antichrist

{{Short description|Figure in the New Testament Bible}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Hortus Deliciarum - Antichrist.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Antichrist (the figure on the left, with the attributes of a king) by [[Herrad of Landsberg]] (about 1180), from the 12th-century ''[[Hortus deliciarum]]'']]
[[File:Signorelli-Antichrist and the devil.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Devil in Christianity|Devil]] whispers to the Antichrist; detail from ''Sermons and Deeds of the Antichrist'', [[Luca Signorelli]], 1501, [[Orvieto Cathedral]].]]

In [[Christian eschatology]], the '''Antichrist''' refers to people prophesied by the [[Bible]] to oppose [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]] and substitute themselves as "saviors" in Christ's place before the [[Second Coming]].<ref name="EECO 2018">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2018 |title=Antichrist |encyclopedia=Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]], Netherlands and [[Boston]], Massachusetts |editor1-last=Hunter |editor1-first=David G. |doi=10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000194 |issn=2589-7993 |author-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |author-first=Bert Jan |editor2-last=van Geest |editor2-first=Paul J. J. |editor3-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |editor3-first=Bert Jan |s2cid=239226039}}</ref> The term Antichrist (including one plural form)<ref name="1-2John">[[First Epistle of John|1 John]] {{Bibleverse-nb||1 John|2:18–22|NRSV}}; {{Bibleverse-nb||1 John|4:1–6|NRSV}}. [[Second Epistle of John|2 John]] {{Bibleverse-nb||2 John|1:7–11|NRSV}}.</ref> is found four times in the [[New Testament]], solely in the [[First Epistle of John|First]] and [[Second Epistle of John]].<ref name="1-2John"/> The Antichrist is announced as the one "who denies the Father and the Son."<ref name="1-2John"/>

The similar term ''pseudokhristos'' or "false Christ" is also found in the Gospels.<ref name="Strong 1890">{{cite book |last=Strong |first=James |author-link=James Strong (theologian) |chapter=G5580 – pseudochristos |chapter-url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g5580 |title=[[Strong's Concordance]] |date=1890 |publisher=[[Blue Letter Bible]] |access-date=27 December 2021 |quote='''{{Lang|grc|ψευδόχριστος}}''' '''pseudóchristos''', psyoo-dokh'-ris-tos; [...] a spurious Messiah:—false Christ. {{Lang|grc|ψευδόχριστος}}, {{Lang|grc|ψευδοχριστου}}, {{Lang|grc|ὁ}} ({{Lang|grc|ψευδής}} and {{Lang|grc|χριστός}}), a false Christ (or Messiah) (one who falsely lays claim to the name and office of the Messiah): Matthew 24:24; Mark 13:22.}}</ref> In [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] ([[Matthew 24#Jesus predicts the destruction of the Temple|chapter 24]]) and [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] ([[Mark 13|chapter 13]]), Jesus alerts his disciples not to be deceived by the [[False prophet#Christianity|false prophets]], who will claim themselves to be the [[Christ (title)|Christ]], performing "great [[Sign#Christianity|signs]] and [[Miracle#Religious views|wonders]]".<ref name="Aune 1983">{{cite book |last=Aune |first=David E. |author-link=David Edward Aune |year=1983 |chapter=The Prophecies of Jesus: Unmasking False Prophets |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cY3kedl8NMC&pg=PA222 |title=Prophecy in Early Christianity and the Ancient Mediterranean World |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |pages=222–229 |isbn=978-0-8028-0635-2 |oclc=9555379}}</ref><ref name="Chae 2006">{{cite book |last=Chae |first=Young S. |year=2006 |chapter=Matthew 7:15: False Prophets in Sheep's Clothing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tliVZ-_MAOoC&pg=PA234 |title=Jesus as the Eschatological Davidic Shepherd: Studies in the Old Testament, Second Temple Judaism, and in the Gospel of Matthew |location=[[Tübingen]] |publisher=[[Mohr Siebeck]] |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe |volume=216 |pages=234–236 |isbn=978-3-16-148876-4 |issn=0340-9570}}</ref><ref name="France 2007">{{cite book |last=France |first=Richard T. |author-link=R. T. France |year=2007 |chapter=Scene 2: False Prophets |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA289 |title=The Gospel of Matthew |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, U.K.]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |pages=289–291 |isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8 |lccn=2007013488}}</ref> Three other images often associated with the Antichrist are the "little horn" in [[Daniel's final vision]], the "[[man of sin]]" in [[Paul the Apostle]]'s [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians]], and the [[Beast of Revelation|Beast of the Sea]] in the Book of Revelation.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |author-first=Bert Jan |year=2013 |chapter=How Antichrist Defeated Death: The Development of Christian Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Early Church |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA238 |editor1-last=Krans |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |editor2-first=L. J. |editor3-last=Smit |editor3-first=Peter-Ben |editor4-last=Zwiep |editor4-first=Arie W. |title=Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=[[Novum Testamentum|Novum Testamentum: Supplements]] |volume=149 |pages=238–255 |doi=10.1163/9789004250369_016 |isbn=978-90-04-25026-0 |issn=0167-9732 |s2cid=191738355}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rowland |author-first=Christopher |year=2010 |origyear=2007 |chapter=Part I: Historical Eschatology – The Eschatology of the New Testament Church |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voEVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |editor-last=Walls |editor-first=Jerry L. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–73 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170498.001.0001 |isbn=978-0195170498 |lccn=2006032576 |s2cid=171574084}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chrysostom |first1=John |title=Homily 4 on Second Thessalonians |url=http://newadvent.org/fathers/23054.htm |translator=John A. Broadus}} From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', First Series, Vol. 13. Edited by Philip Schaff. (Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1889.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight.</ref>

==Etymology==
''Antichrist'' is translated from the combination of two ancient [[Koine Greek|Greek]] words {{Lang|grc|ἀντί + Χριστός}} (anti + Christos). In Greek, {{Lang|grc|Χριστός}} means "anointed one" and the word Christ derives from it.<ref>See Strong's Bible Dictionary: [http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5547&t=KJV χριστος] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120711175622/http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5547&t=KJV |date=July 11, 2012 }}</ref> "{{Lang|grc|Ἀντί}}" means not only anti in the sense of "against" and "opposite of", but also "in place of".<ref>See Strong's Bible Dictionary: [http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G473&t=KJV αντί] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120716020304/http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G473&t=KJV |date=July 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref>See the [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3Da%29nti%2F Lexicon to Pindar]. Related terms as noted by the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' include: antibasileus – a king who fills an [[interregnum]]; antistrategos – a [[propraetor]]; anthoupatos – a [[proconsul]]; antitheos – in [[Homer]], one resembling a god in power and beauty (in other works it stands for a hostile god).</ref>

==History==
{{Christian Eschatology}}

===New Testament===
Whether the New Testament contains an individual Antichrist is disputed. The Greek term ''antikhristos'' originates in 1 John.<ref>{{cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |title=Messianism Among Jews and Christians: Biblical and Historical Studies |date=2003 |publisher=[[A&C Black]] |isbn=978-0567088086 |location=London, England |page=333 |language=en-uk |quote=Against this background it can be seen that the technical Greek term ''antichristos'', although it is known only from Christian … ''Antichristos'' first occurs in the Johannine epistles, and it is not used by other Greek Jewish or early Christian writings ... |author-link=William Horbury}}</ref> The similar term ''pseudokhristos'' ("False Messiah") is also first found in the [[New Testament]], but never used by [[Josephus]] in his accounts of various false messiahs.<ref name=pseudochrist>{{cite book|first=Ulrich|last=Mauser|title=The Gospel of Peace: A Scriptural Message for Today's World|date=1992|page=70|quote=From Josephus's writings we collect, first of all, without much critical comment, some statements showing the close affinity of the … nowhere in his extensive accounts of the Jewish–Roman war uses the word "pseudo-Christ" (pseudochristos).}}</ref> The concept of an ''antikhristos'' is not found in Jewish writings in the period 500 BC–50 AD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sacred texts: Judaism |url=https://www.bl.uk/works/sacred-texts-judaism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093412/https://www.bl.uk/works/sacred-texts-judaism |archive-date=April 23, 2023}}</ref> However, [[Bernard McGinn (theologian)|Bernard McGinn]] conjectures that the concept may have been generated by the frustration of Jews subject to often-capricious [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] or [[Roman Judaea|Roman rule]], who found the nebulous Jewish idea of a [[Satan]] who is more of an opposing angel of God in the [[Throne of God|heavenly court]] insufficiently humanised and personalised to be a satisfactory incarnation of evil and threat.{{sfn|Cabinet|2001}}{{unreliable source?|date=August 2018}}

The five uses of the term "antichrist" or "antichrists" in the [[Johannine epistles]] do not clearly present a single latter-day individual Antichrist. The articles "the deceiver" or "the antichrist" are usually seen as marking out a certain category of persons, rather than an individual.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Yarbrough|title=1–3 John|publisher=[[Baker Publishing Group|Baker Academic]]|location=Ada, Michigan|isbn=978-0801026874|page=344|date=2008|quote=The articles in front of "deceiver" (ὁ πλάνος, ''ho planos'') and "antichrist" (ὁ ἀντίχριστος, ''ho antikhristos'') should be seen as marking out a certain category of persons (Wallace 1996: 227–230). This is a common Johannine usage (1 John 2:23)}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Children, it is the last hour! As you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come. From this we know that it is the last hour.|1 John 2:18 [[New Revised Standard Version|NRSV]] (1989)}}

{{blockquote|Who is the liar but the one who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the antichrist, the one who denies the Father and the Son.|1 John 2:22 NRSV (1989)}}

{{blockquote|By this you know the Spirit of God: every spirit that confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God. And this is the spirit of the antichrist, of which you have heard that it is coming; and now it is already in the world.|1 John 4:2–3 NRSV (1989)}}

{{blockquote|Many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh; any such person is the deceiver and the antichrist!|2 John 1:7 NRSV (1989)}}

Consequently, attention for an individual Antichrist figure focuses on the second chapter of [[2 Thessalonians]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Jeffrey Alan David|last1=Weima|author-link1=Jeffrey A. D. Weima|first2=Stanley E.|last2=Porter|author-link2=Stanley E. Porter|title=Annotated Bibliography of 1 & 2 Thessalonians|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=Leiden, Netherlands|page=263|date=1998|quote=(2) Does the New Testament support the notion of an individual Antichrist in whom all the anti-Christian strife of all ages will be concentrated? 2 Thess 2 answers the second question in the affirmative: an individual Antichrist will bring evil to its ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony A.|last=Hoekma|author-link=Anthony A. Hoekema|title=The Bible and the Future|publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|page=[https://archive.org/details/biblefuture0000hoek/page/159 159]|date=1979|isbn=978-0802808516|quote=Whereas [[Berkouwer]] states, "There is no reason to posit with certainty on the basis of the New Testament that the antichrist ... 2. particularly his statements about the "restrainer," compel us to believe that there will be a future, individual antichrist.|url=https://archive.org/details/biblefuture0000hoek/page/159}}</ref> However, the term "antichrist" is never used in this passage:

{{blockquote|As to the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our being gathered together to him, we beg you, brothers and sisters, not to be quickly shaken in mind or alarmed, either by spirit or by word or by letter, as though from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord is already here. Let no one deceive you in any way; for that day will not come unless the rebellion comes first and the lawless one is revealed, the one destined for destruction. He opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, declaring himself to be God.|2 Thessalonians 2:1–4 NRSV (1989)}}

{{blockquote|For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work, but only until the one who now restrains it is removed. And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord Jesus will destroy with the breath of his mouth, annihilating him by the manifestation of his coming. The coming of the lawless one is apparent in the working of Satan, who uses all power, signs, lying wonders, and every kind of wicked deception for those who are perishing, because they refused to love the truth and so be saved.|2 Thessalonians 2:7–10 NRSV (1989)}}

Although the word "antichrist" (Greek ''antikhristos'') is used only in the Epistles of John, the similar word "pseudochrist" (Greek ''pseudokhristos'', meaning "false messiah") is used by Jesus in the [[Gospel]]s:<ref name=pseudochrist/>

{{blockquote|For false messiahs and false prophets will appear and produce great signs and omens, to lead astray, if possible, even the elect.|Matthew 24:24 and Mark 13:22 NRSV (1989)}}

===Early Church===
{{See also|Early Christianity}}
The second- or first-century book [[Odes of Solomon]], written by an [[Essenes|Essene]] convert to Christianity, makes mention of the Antichrist in figurative terms, where the redeemer overcomes the monstrous dragon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Efrón |first=Joshua |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqs3lj8qmIUC&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+trinity&pg=PA285 |title=Studies on the Hasmonean Period |date=1987 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-07609-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=J. Rendel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQAHBwAAQBAJ&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+antichrist&pg=PA63 |title=The Odes and Psalms of Solomon |date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-49773-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Charlesworth |first=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZujYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+docetism&pg=PA184 |title=Critical Reflections on the Odes of Solomon |date=1998 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press |isbn=978-1-85075-660-6 |language=en}}</ref>

The only one of the late 1st-/early 2nd-century [[Apostolic Fathers]] to use the term is [[Polycarp]] (c. 69 – c. 155), who warned the [[Philippian]]s that everyone who preached false doctrine was an antichrist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Polycarp |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Polycarp%27s_letter_to_the_Philippians_(Lightfoot_translation) |title=Polycarp's letter to the Philippians |at=paragraph 7}}</ref> His use of the term ''Antichrist'' follows that of the New Testament in not identifying a single personal Antichrist, but a class of people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Trebilco |first=Paul |title=The Early Christians In Ephesus From Paul To Ignatius |date=2004 |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing]] |isbn=978-0802807694 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |page=268 |quote=Finally, Hartog notes that the Johannine Letters are the only NT [New Testament] writings to use the term "antichrist" (1 Jn 2:18, 22; 4:3; 2 Jn 7) and Polycarp is also the only Apostolic Father to use the term. He notes "Thus, the tests of 'density' and 'singularity' ...}}</ref>

[[Irenaeus]] (2nd century AD – c. 202) wrote ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Against Heresies]]'' to refute the teachings of the [[Gnostic]]s. In Book V of ''Against Heresies'' he addresses the figure of the Antichrist referring to him as the "recapitulation of [[apostasy]] and rebellion." He uses "[[666 (number)#Number of the beast|666]]", the [[Number of the beast|Number of the Beast]] from Revelation 13:18, to [[Numerology|numerologically]] decode several possible names. Some names that he loosely proposed were "Evanthos", "Lateinos" ("Latin" or pertaining to the [[Roman Empire]]). In his [[exegesis]] of [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] 7:21, he stated that the ten horns of the beast will be the Roman Empire divided into ten kingdoms before the Antichrist's arrival. Additionally, he stated that the antichrist would be of the tribe of Dan, evoking Jeremiah 8:16. This would correlate to the Talmudic view of the Jewish Messiah coming from the tribe of Dan on his maternal line. However, his readings of the Antichrist were more in broader theological terms rather than within a historical context.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Kevin L.|title=Constructing antichrist : Paul, biblical commentary, and the development of doctrine in the early Middle Ages|year=2005|publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]]|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0813214153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ttvHhsEkXoC&q=Irenaeus+antichrist&pg=PA30|pages=29–31}}</ref>

The non-canonical [[Ascension of Isaiah]] presents a detailed exposition of the Antichrist as [[Belial]] and [[Nero]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Geoffrey W.|last=Bromiley|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|page=140|date=1979|isbn=978-0802837813|quote=The fullest exposition of the ideas associated with the antichrist in the early decades of Christian history is to be found in the Ascension of Isaiah. In this we are told that "Beliar" (Belial) would enter into "the matricide king" (Nero), who would work great wonders and do much evil.|title-link=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans }}</ref>

[[Tertullian]] (c. 160 – c. 220 AD) held that the Roman Empire was the restraining force written about by [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] in 2 Thessalonians 2:7–8. The [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] and the disintegration of the ten provinces of the Roman Empire into ten kingdoms were to make way for the Antichrist.

{{blockquote|By, "For that day will not come unless the rebellion comes first," he [Paul] means indeed this present empire, "and the man of lawlessness is revealed"—that is to say, the Antichrist, "the son of destruction, who opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or religion, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, declaring himself to be God. Do you not remember that I told you these things when I was still with you? And you know what is now restraining him, so that he may be revealed when his time comes. For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work, but only until the one who now restrains it is removed." What obstacles are there but the Roman state, the rebellion of which, by being scattered into the ten kingdoms, will introduce the Antichrist upon its own ruins? "And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord will destroy with the breath of his mouth, annihilating him by the manifestation of his coming. The coming of the lawless one is apparent in the working of Satan, who uses all power, signs, lying wonders, and every kind of wicked deception for those who are perishing."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.viii.xxiv.html |title=On the Resurrection, chp 24 |website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|date=June 1, 2005 |access-date=June 18, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100628020454/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.viii.xxiv.html| archive-date= June 28, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>}}

[[Hippolytus of Rome]] (c. 170 – c. 236) held that the Antichrist would come from the [[tribe of Dan]] and would [[Third Temple|rebuild the Jewish temple]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in order to reign from it. He identified the Antichrist with the Beast out of the Earth from the book of Revelation.

{{blockquote|By the beast, then, coming up out of the earth, he means the kingdom of Antichrist; and by the two horns he means him and the false prophet after him. And in speaking of "horns like a lamb," he means that he will make himself like the Son of God, and set himself forward as king. And the terms, "it spoke like a dragon," mean that he is a deceiver, and not truthful.<ref>Hippolytus's [[s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Dogmatical and Historical/Treatise on Christ and Antichrist|Treatise on Christ and Antichrist, part 2]]</ref>}}

[[Origen]] (185–254) refuted [[Celsus]]' view of the Antichrist. Origen, using scriptural citations from [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]], Paul, and the [[Gospels]] argued:
{{blockquote|Where is the absurdity, then, in holding that there exist among men, so to speak, two extremes—the one of virtue, and the other of its opposite; so that the perfection of virtue dwells in the man who realizes the ideal given in Jesus, from whom there flowed to the human race so great a conversion, and healing, and amelioration, while the opposite extreme is in the man who embodies the notion of him that is named Antichrist?... one of these extremes, and the best of the two, should be styled the Son of God, on account of His pre-eminence; and the other, who is diametrically opposite, be termed the son of the wicked demon, and of Satan, and of the devil. And, in the next place, since evil is specially characterized by its diffusion, and attains its greatest height when it simulates the appearance of the good, for that reason are signs, and marvels, and lying miracles found to accompany evil, through the cooperation of its father the devil.<ref>{{harvnb|Origen|1872|p=386}}</ref>}}

===Post-Nicene Christianity===
{{See also|First seven Ecumenical Councils}}
[[File:Antechrist in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Antichrist in the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375). The label reads: "Antichrist. He will be raised in Goraym of Galilea, and at the age of thirty he will start to preach in Jerusalem; contrary to the truth, he will proclaim that he is Christ, the living son of God. It is said that he will rebuild the Temple."<ref>{{cite web |title=Catalan Atlas. The Cresques Project – Panel VI |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>]]
[[Cyril of Jerusalem]], in the mid-4th century, delivered his [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf207.ii.xix.html 15th] [[Cyril of Jerusalem#Catechetical lectures|catechetical lecture]] about the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, in which he also lectures about the Antichrist, who will reign as the ruler of the world for three and a half years, before he is killed by Jesus Christ at the end of his three-and-a-half-year reign, shortly after which the Second Coming of Jesus Christ will happen.

[[Athanasius of Alexandria]] (c. 298–373) wrote that [[Arius]] of Alexandria is to be associated with the Antichrist, saying, "And ever since [the Council of Nicaea] has Arius's error been reckoned for a heresy more than ordinary, being known as Christ's foe, and harbinger of [the] Antichrist."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHURCH FATHERS: Discourse I Against the Arians (Athanasius) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/28161.htm |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>

As part of his prediction that the world would end before 400 CE, [[Martin of Tours]] (c. 336 - 397) wrote that "There is no doubt that the Antichrist has already been born. Firmly established already in his early years, he will, after reaching maturity, achieve supreme power."

[[John Chrysostom]] (c. 347–407) warned against speculating about the Antichrist, saying, "Let us not therefore enquire into these things". He preached that by knowing Paul's description of the Antichrist in 2 Thessalonians, Christians would avoid deception.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schaff |first=Philip |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_XIII/On_Philippians,_Colossians,_and_Thessalonians/On_2_Thessalonians/Argument |title=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume XIII/On Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians/On 2 Thessalonians |others=Original author: John Chrysostom |display-authors=et al}}</ref>

[[Jerome]] (c. 347–420) warned that those substituting false interpretations for the actual meaning of scripture belonged to the "synagogue of the Antichrist".<ref>{{harvnb|Jerome|1893b|p=334}}</ref> "He that is not of Christ is of Antichrist", he wrote to [[Pope Damasus I]].<ref>{{harvnb|Jerome|1893|p=19}}</ref> He believed that "the mystery of lawlessness" written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 was already in action when "every one chatters about his views."<ref>{{harvnb|Jerome|1893c|p=449}}</ref> To Jerome, the power restraining this mystery of lawlessness was the Roman Empire, but as it fell this restraining force was removed. He warned a noble woman of [[Gaul]]:

{{blockquote|He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near. Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ "shall consume with the spirit of his mouth." "Woe unto them," he cries, "that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days." ... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun all parts of Gaul. The whole country between the Alps and the Pyrenees, between the Rhine and the Ocean, has been laid waste by hordes of [[Quadi]], [[Vandals]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Alans]], [[Gepids]], [[Heruli|Herules]], [[Saxons]], [[Burgundians]], [[Alemanni]], and—alas for the commonweal!—even [[Pannonians]].<ref>{{harvnb|Jerome|1893d|pp=236–237}}</ref>}}

In his ''Commentary on Daniel'', Jerome noted, "Let us not follow the opinion of some commentators and suppose him to be either the Devil or some demon, but rather, one of the human race, in whom Satan will wholly take up his residence in bodily form." Instead of rebuilding the Jewish Temple to reign from, Jerome thought the Antichrist sat in God's Temple inasmuch as he made "himself out to be like God." He refuted [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]]'s idea that the "little horn" mentioned in Daniel chapter 7 was [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] by noting that the "little horn" is defeated by an eternal, universal ruler, right before the final judgment.<ref name="Commentary on Daniel">{{harvnb|Jerome|1958|pp=}}</ref> Instead, he advocated that the "little horn" was the Antichrist:

{{blockquote|We should therefore concur with the traditional interpretation of all the commentators of the Christian Church, that at the end of the world, when the Roman Empire is to be destroyed, there shall be ten kings who will partition the Roman world amongst themselves. Then an insignificant eleventh king will arise, who will overcome three of the ten kings... after they have been slain, the seven other kings also will bow their necks to the victor.<ref name="Commentary on Daniel" />}}

Circa 380, an apocalyptic pseudo-prophecy [[pseudepigraphy|falsely attributed]] to the [[Tiburtine Sibyl]] describes Constantine as victorious over [[Gog and Magog]]. Later on, it predicts:
{{blockquote|When the Roman empire shall have ceased, then the Antichrist will be openly revealed and will sit in the House of the Lord in Jerusalem. While he is reigning, two very famous men, Elijah and Enoch, will go forth to announce the coming of the Lord. Antichrist will kill them and after three days they will be raised up by the Lord. Then there will be a great persecution, such as has not been before nor shall be thereafter. The Lord will shorten those days for the sake of the elect, and the Antichrist will be slain by the power of God through Michael the Archangel on the Mount of Olives.<ref name="Sibyl">{{cite web |url=http://http-server.carleton.ca/~jopp/3850/1–1.htm |title=Latin Tiburtine Sibyl |publisher=Http-server.carleton.ca |access-date=June 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702171945/http://http-server.carleton.ca/~jopp/3850/1–1.htm |archive-date=July 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}

[[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430) wrote "it is uncertain in what temple [the Antichrist] shall sit, whether in that ruin of the temple which was built by Solomon, or in the Church."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120120.htm|title=Church Fathers: City of God, Book XX (St. Augustine)}}</ref>

[[Gregory of Tours]] claimed that the antichrist would place his image to be worshipped in the temple in Jerusalem, he would assert himself to be Christ and would call for Christians to undergo circumcision.<ref>A history of the Franks, Gregory of Tours, Pantianos Classics, 1916</ref>

[[Pope Gregory I]] wrote to the [[Maurice (emperor)|Byzantine Emperor Maurice]] in A.D. 597, concerning the titles of bishops, "I say with confidence that whoever calls or desires to call himself 'universal priest' in self-exaltation of himself is a precursor of the Antichrist."<ref>quote from McGinn, Bernard, ''Visions of the End. Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages'', New York: Columbia
University, 1979. p. 64, found in Brug's [http://www.wlsessays.net/node/376 A Scriptural and Historical Survey of the Doctrine of the Antichrist] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130093419/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/376 |date=November 30, 2010 }}</ref>

By the end of the tenth century, [[Adso of Montier-en-Der]], a Benedictine monk, compiled a biography of Antichrist based on a variety of exegetical and Sibylline sources; his account became one of the best-known descriptions of Antichrist in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book |last=Emmerson |first=Richard Kenneth |title=Antichrist in the Middle Ages |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1981 |location=Seattle, Washington |pages=74–107 |chapter=The Life and Deeds of Antichrist}}</ref><ref name=emmerson>{{cite journal|title=Antichrist as Anti-Saint: The Significance of Abbot Adso's ''Libellus de Antichristo''|first=Richard Kenneth|last=Emerson|journal=[[American Benedictine Review]]|pages=175–190|year=1979|volume=30|issue=2}}</ref>

''De Antichristo libri undecim'', published by [[Tomaso Malvenda|Tomàs Maluenda]] in 1604, is considered the most complete treatise on the subject.<ref>{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=McGinn|author-link=Bernard McGinn (theologian) | chapter=Portraying Antichrist in the Middle Ages|editor1=Werner Verbeke|editor2=D. Verhelst|editor3=Andries Welkenhuysen|title=The Use and Abuse of Eschatology in the Middle Ages|publisher=Leuven University Press|location=Leuven|date=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89frds8lRqkC|isbn=978-9061862598|page=1|quote=[...] Thomas Malvenda, the indefatigable Dominican whose massive ''De Antichristo'' published in 1604 is still the most complete treatment of the subject.}}</ref>

===Pre-Reformation Western Church accusers===
[[File:AntichristSOF.jpg|thumb|[[Woodcut]] showing the Antichrist, 1498]]
[[Arnulf (bishop of Orléans)]] disagreed with the policies and morals of [[Pope John XV]]. He expressed his views while presiding over the [[Council of Reims#Council of Reims, 991|Council of Reims in A.D. 991]]. Arnulf accused John XV of being the Antichrist while also using the [[2 Thessalonians 2|2 Thessalonians passage]] about the "[[Man of Sin|man of lawlessness]]" (or "lawless one"), saying: "Surely, if he is empty of charity and filled with vain knowledge and lifted up, he is Antichrist sitting in God's temple and showing himself as God." This incident is history's earliest record of anyone identifying a pope with the Antichrist (see [[Historicism (Christianity)|Christian Historicism]]).<ref>{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=McGinn|title=Anti-Christ: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination With Evil|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|date=2000|isbn=978-0231119771|page=100}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Schaff|Schaff|1885|p=291}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=William R. |date=1994-12-01 |title=Martin Luther's Understanding of the Pope as the Antichrist |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.14315/arg-1994-jg02/html |journal=Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte |language=de |volume=85 |issue=jg |pages=32–44 |doi=10.14315/arg-1994-jg02 |s2cid=194015213 |issn=2198-0489}}</ref>

[[Pope Gregory VII]] (c. 1015 or 1029–1085), struggled against, in his own words, "a robber of temples, a perjurer against the Holy Roman Church, notorious throughout the whole Roman world for the basest of crimes, namely, [[Antipope Clement III|Wilbert]], plunderer of the holy church of [[Ravenna]], Antichrist, and arch-[[Heresy in Christianity|heretic]]."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII|translator-first=Ephraim|translator-last=Emerton|translator-link=Ephraim Emerton|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York |date=1990|isbn=978-0231096270|page=162}}</ref>

Cardinal [[Beno of Santi Martino e Silvestro|Benno]], on the opposite side of the [[Investiture Controversy]], wrote long descriptions of abuses committed by Gregory VII, including [[necromancy]], [[torture]] of a former friend upon a bed of nails, commissioning an attempted assassination, executions without trials, unjust [[excommunication]], doubting the [[real presence of Christ in the Eucharist]], and even burning it.<ref>From long quotations in {{harvnb|Foxe|1583|p=121}}</ref> Benno held that Gregory VII was "either a member of Antichrist, or Antichrist himself."<ref>{{cite journal|first=David M.|last=Whitford|s2cid=162257968|title=The Papal Antichrist: Martin Luther and the Underappreciated Influence of Lorenzo Valla|journal=Renaissance Quarterly|volume=61|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|issue=61|pages=26–52|date=Spring 2008|doi=10.1353/ren.2008.0027}}</ref>

Eberhard II von Truchsees, [[Archbishopric of Salzburg#Prince-Archbishopric|Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg]] in 1241, denounced [[Pope Gregory IX]] at the Council of [[Regensburg]] as "that man of perdition, whom they call Antichrist, who in his extravagant boasting says, I am God, I cannot err."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Editorial Departments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTAuAAAAYAAJ|journal=The Methodist Review|publisher=J. Soule and T. Mason|location=New York City|volume=XLIII|issue=3|page=305|year = 1896}}</ref> He argued that the ten kingdoms that the Antichrist is involved with<ref>{{bibleverse-nb||Daniel|7:23–25|31}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|13:1–2|31}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|17:3–18|31}}</ref> were the "Turks, Greeks, Egyptians, Africans, Spaniards, French, English, Germans, Sicilians, and Italians who now occupy the provinces of Rome."<ref name="A Dictionary of the Bible">{{cite encyclopedia|first=John Mee|last=Fuller|title=Antichrist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM0UAAAAYAAJ|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of the Bible|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|location=London, England|date=1893|page=147}}</ref> He held that the papacy was the "little horn" of Daniel 7:8:<ref>{{bibleverse-nb||Daniel|7:8|31}}</ref>
{{blockquote|"A little horn has grown up" with "eyes and mouth speaking great things", which is reducing three of these kingdoms (i.e. Sicily, Italy, and Germany) to subserviency, is persecuting the people of Christ and the saints of God with intolerable opposition, is confounding things human and divine, and is attempting things unutterable, execrable.<ref name="A Dictionary of the Bible" />}}

===Protestant Reformation===
{{See also|Anti-Catholicism|Great Apostasy|History of Protestantism}}
[[File:The Papal Belvedere.jpg|thumb|right|From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the ''Papstspotbilder'' or ''Papstspottbilder'' in German or ''Depictions of the Papacy'' in English,<ref name=Oberman>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61|title=The Impact of the Reformation: Essays|first=Heiko Augustinus|last=Oberman|date=1994|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0802807328}}</ref> by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder|Lucas Cranach]], commissioned by [[Martin Luther]].<ref name="Edwards–1">{{Cite book |last=Edwards, Jr. |first=Mark U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4 |title=Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531-46 |date=2004-11-19 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-1398-4 |language=en}}</ref> Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.<ref>In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"</ref> German peasants respond to a papal bull of [[Pope Paul III]]. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."<ref>"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"</ref><ref name="Edwards-2">{{Cite book |last=Edwards, Jr. |first=Mark U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198 |title=Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531-46 |date=2004-11-19 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-1398-4 |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Antichrist1.jpg|thumb|right|''Passional Christi und Antichristi'', by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], from Luther's 1521 ''Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Luther |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMQ_Ar84DCcC |title=Passional Christi vnd Antichristi |date=1521 |publisher=Rhau-Grunenberg |language=de}}</ref> The [[Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation#Antichrist|Pope as the Antichrist]], signing and selling [[indulgence]]s.]]

[[Protestant Reformers]], including [[John Wycliffe]], [[Martin Luther]], [[John Calvin]], [[Thomas Cranmer]], [[John Thomas (Christadelphian)|John Thomas]], [[John Knox]], [[Roger Williams]], [[Cotton Mather]], and [[John Wesley]], as well as most [[Protestants]] of the 16th–18th centuries, felt that the [[Early Christianity|Early Church]] had been led into the [[Great Apostasy]] by the [[Papacy]] and identified the [[Pope as Antichrist|Pope with the Antichrist]].<ref name="Johnstone">{{cite book |last1=Johnstone |first1=Nathan |title=The Devil and Demonism in Early Modern England |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0511495847 |location=[[Cambridge]], England |pages=27–59 |language=en-uk |chapter=The synagogue of Satan: anti-Catholicism, false doctrine and the construction of contrariety |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511495847.002}}</ref><ref name="Burgess">{{cite book|editor1=Joseph A. Burgess|editor2=Jeffrey Gros|title=Building Unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICCi66SNBUoC&pg=PA140|publisher=Paulist Press|year=1989|location=[[New York City|New York]]|page=140|isbn=0-8091-3040-8}}</ref> Luther declared that not just a pope from time to time was Antichrist, but the [[Papacy]] was Antichrist because they were "the representatives of an institution opposed to Christ".<ref>Roland H. Bainton, The Reformation of the Sixteenth
Century (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1952), 43, 44.</ref> The [[Centuriators of Magdeburg]], a group of Lutheran scholars in [[Magdeburg]] headed by [[Matthias Flacius]], wrote the 12-volume ''[[Magdeburg Centuries]]'' to [[Anti-Catholicism|discredit the Catholic Church]] and lead other Christians to recognize the Pope as the Antichrist. So, rather than expecting a single Antichrist to rule the earth during a future [[Great Tribulation|Tribulation]] period, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other Protestant Reformers saw the Antichrist as a present feature in the world of their time, fulfilled in the Papacy.<ref name="Johnstone"/>{{Sfn |Froom|1948| pp= 244–245 | ps =: "The reformers were unanimous in its acceptance. And it was this interpretation of prophecy that lent emphasis to their reformatory action. It led them to protest against Rome with extraordinary strength and undaunted courage. [...] This was the rallying point and the battle cry that made the Reformation unconquerable."}}

Among the others who interpreted the biblical [[prophecy]] historically there were many [[Church Fathers]]; [[Justin Martyr]] wrote about the Antichrist: "He Whom Daniel foretells would have dominion for a time and times and a half, is even now at the door".<ref>''Dialogue with Trypho'', ch. 32, in Ante-Nic. Fath. I:210.</ref> [[Irenaeus]] wrote in ''[[Against Heresies]]'' about the coming of the Antichrist: "This Antichrist shall ... devastate all things ... But then, the Lord will come from Heaven on the clouds ... for the righteous".<ref>''Against Heresies'', III: 7:2, in Ante-Nic. Fath. Ib., V:30:3–4.</ref> [[Tertullian]] looking to the Antichrist wrote: "He is to sit in the temple of God, and boast himself as being god. In our view, he is Antichrist as taught us in both the ancient and the new prophecies; and especially by the [[Apostle John]], who says that 'already many false-prophets are gone out into the world' as the fore-runners of Antichrist".<ref>''Against Marcion'', V:16, in Ante-Nic. Fath. III:463f.</ref> [[Hippolytus of Rome]] in his ''Treatise on Christ and Antichrist'' wrote: "As Daniel also says (in the words) 'I considered the Beast, and look! There were ten horns behind it—among which shall rise another (horn), an offshoot, and shall pluck up by the roots the three (that were) before it.' And under this, was signified none other than Antichrist."<ref>''Treatise on Christ and Antichrist'', chs. 25 to 63, in Ante-Nic. Fath. V:209–218.</ref><ref>''Fragments from Commentaries'', 2:1–3, in Ante-Nic. Fath. V:178.</ref> [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] clearly hold to the historical view in his many writings; in ''The Deposition of Arius'', he wrote: "I addressed the letter to Arius and his fellows, exhorting them to renounce his impiety.... There have gone forth in this diocese at this time certain lawless men—enemies of Christ—teaching an apostasy which one may justly suspect and designate as a forerunner of Antichrist".<ref>''The Deposition of Arius'', paras. 2 & 4, in Nic. & Post-Nic. Fath., 2nd Ser., IV:69.</ref> [[Jerome]] wrote: "Says the apostle [Paul in the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians], 'Unless the Roman Empire should first be desolated, and antichrist proceed, Christ will not come.'"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Standish |first1=Colin D. |title=The Antichrist is here |last2=Standish |first2=Russell R. |date=November 1988 |publisher=Hartland Publications |isbn=0-923309-22-5 |pages=32 |language=en-us}}</ref> He also identifies the [[Daniel 7|little horn]] of {{Bibleverse||Daniel|7:8|ESV}} and {{Bibleverse-nb||Daniel|7:24–25|ESV}} which "He shall speak as if he were God."<ref>{{cite book|first=Adam|last=Clarke|title=Commentary on the Old Testament|volume=4|publisher=World Publishing|location=Rapidan, Virginia|date=1997|isbn=978-0529106346|page=596}}</ref>

Some [[Franciscans]] had considered the Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] a positive Antichrist who would purify the Catholic Church from opulence, riches and clergy.<ref>{{cite book | title = Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches: The Riddles of Culture | first = Marvin | last = Harris | author-link = Marvin Harris | publisher = [[Vintage Books]] | location = New York | isbn = 978-0679724681 | page = [https://archive.org/details/cowspigswarswitc00marv/page/196 196] | url = https://archive.org/details/cowspigswarswitc00marv/page/196 | year = 1989 }}</ref>

[[Historicity|Historicist]] interpretations of Book of Revelation usually included the identification of one or more of the following:
* the Antichrist ([[First Epistle of John|1]] and [[Second Epistle of John|2 John]]);
* the [[The Beast (Bible)|Beast]] of [[Revelation 13]]; 
* the [[Man of Sin]], or Man of Lawlessness, of [[2 Thessalonians 2]] ({{Bibleverse-nb||2 Thessalonians|2:1–12|ESV}}); 
* the "Little horn" of [[Daniel 7]] and [[Daniel 8|8]];
* The [[Abomination of desolation]] of [[Daniel 9]], [[Daniel 11|11]], and [[Daniel 12|12]]; and
* the [[Whore of Babylon]] of [[Revelation 17]].

The Protestant Reformers tended to hold the belief that the Antichrist power would be revealed so that everyone would comprehend and recognize that the Pope is the real, true Antichrist and not the vicar of Christ. Doctrinal works of literature published by the [[Lutherans]], the [[Reformed Churches]], the [[Presbyterians]], the [[Baptists]], the [[Anabaptists]], and the [[Methodists]] contain references to the Pope as the Antichrist, including the [[Smalcald Articles]], Article 4 (1537),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4|title=Smalcald Articles – Book of Concord|date=8 November 2019|access-date=21 April 2007|archive-date=10 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210703/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4|url-status=dead}}</ref> the ''[[Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope]]'' written by [[Philip Melanchthon]] (1537),<ref>[[Philip Melanchthon]], ''[[Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope]]'' ([http://www.bookofconcord.com/treatise.html full text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210647/http://www.bookofconcord.com/treatise.html |date=2008-10-10 }}) in the Triglot translation of the [[Book of Concord]].</ref> the [[Westminster Confession]], Article 25.6 (1646), and the [[1689 Baptist Confession of Faith]], Article 26.4. In 1754, [[John Wesley]] published his ''[[Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament]]'', which is currently a Doctrinal Standard of the [[United Methodist Church]]. In his notes on the [[Book of Revelation]] (chapter 13), he commented: "The whole succession of Popes from [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]] are undoubtedly Antichrists. Yet this hinders not, but that the last Pope in this succession will be more eminently the Antichrist, the Man of Sin, adding to that of his predecessors a peculiar degree of wickedness from the bottomless pit."<ref>[https://archive.today/20070202121310/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?mid=1648 Archived copy] at the [[Library of Congress]] (May 8, 2009).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.umc.org/frames.asp?url=http://www.livingweb.com/library/projects/notes/index.html|title=UMC.org : the official online ministry of The United Methodist Church}}</ref>

The identification of the Pope with the Antichrist was so ingrained in the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation Era]], that Luther himself stated it repeatedly:

{{blockquote|"This teaching [of the supremacy of the pope] shows forcefully that the Pope is the very Antichrist, who has exalted himself above, and opposed himself against Christ, because he will not permit Christians to be saved without his power, which, nevertheless, is nothing, and is neither ordained nor commanded by God".<ref>Smalcald Articles, II.</ref>}} and,

{{blockquote|"nothing else than the kingdom of Babylon and of the very Antichrist. For who is the man of sin and the [[son of perdition]], but he who by his teaching and his ordinances increases the sin and perdition of souls in the church; while he yet sits in the church as if he were God? All these conditions have now for many ages been fulfilled by the papal tyranny."<ref>Martin Luther, ''First Principles'', pp. 196–197.</ref>}}

[[John Calvin]] similarly wrote:

{{blockquote|"Though it be admitted that Rome was once the mother of all Churches, yet from the time when it began to be the seat of Antichrist it has ceased to be what it was before. Some persons think us too severe and censorious when we call the Roman Pontiff Antichrist. But those who are of this opinion do not consider that they bring the same charge of presumption against Paul himself, after whom we speak and whose language we adopt ... I shall briefly show that (Paul's words in II Thess. 2) are not capable of any other interpretation than that which applies them to the Papacy."<ref>John Calvin, ''[[Institutes of the Christian Religion]]'', Vol. 3, p. 149.</ref>}}

[[John Knox]] wrote on the Pope:

{{blockquote|"Yea, to speak it in plain words; lest that we submit ourselves to Satan, thinking that we submit ourselves to Jesus Christ, for, as for your Roman kirk [church], as it is now corrupted, and the authority thereof, whereon stands the hope of your victory, I no more doubt but that it is the [[synagogue of Satan]], and the head thereof, called the pope, to be that man of sin, of whom the apostle speaks."<ref>John Knox, ''[[The History of the Reformation in Scotland]]'', p. 65.</ref>}}

[[Thomas Cranmer]] on the Antichrist wrote:

{{blockquote|"Whereof it followeth Rome to be the seat of Antichrist, and the pope to be very antichrist himself. I could prove the same by many other scriptures, old writers, and strong reasons."<ref>''Works by Cranmer'', Vol. 1, pp. 6–7.</ref>}}

[[John Wesley]], speaking of the identity given in the Bible of the Antichrist, wrote:

{{blockquote|"In many respects, the Pope has an indisputable claim to those titles. He is, in an emphatical sense, the man of sin, as he increases all manner of sin above measure. And he is, too, properly styled, the son of perdition, as he has caused the death of numberless multitudes, both of his opposers and followers, destroyed innumerable souls, and will himself perish everlastingly. He it is that opposeth himself to the emperor, once his rightful sovereign; and that exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped—Commanding angels, and putting kings under his feet, both of whom are called gods in scripture; claiming the highest power, the highest honour; suffering himself, not once only, to be styled God or vice-God. Indeed no less is implied in his ordinary title, "Most Holy Lord," or, "Most Holy Father." So that he sitteth—Enthroned. In the temple of God—Mentioned Rev. xi, 1. Declaring himself that he is God—Claiming the prerogatives which belong to God alone."<ref>John Wesley, ''[[Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament]]'', p. 216.</ref>}}

[[Roger Williams]] wrote about the Pope:

{{blockquote|"the pretended [[Vicar of Christ]] on earth, who sits as God over the Temple of God, exalting himself not only above all that is called God, but over the souls and consciences of all his vassals, yea over the Spirit of Christ, over the Holy Spirit, yea, and God himself ... speaking against the God of heaven, thinking to change times and laws; but he is the Son of Perdition."<ref>Froom, ''The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers'', Vol. 3, p. 52.</ref>}}

The identification of the Roman Catholic Church as the apostate power written of in the Bible as the Antichrist became evident to many as the Reformation began, including [[John Wycliffe]], who was well known throughout Europe for his opposition to the [[Catholic theology|doctrine and practices of the Catholic Church]], which he believed had clearly deviated from the original teachings of the early Church and to be contrary to the Bible. Wycliffe himself tells (''Sermones'', III. 199) how he concluded that there was a great contrast between what the Church was and what it ought to be, and saw the necessity for reform. Along with John Hus, they had started the inclination toward ecclesiastical reforms of the Catholic Church.

When the Swiss Reformer [[Huldrych Zwingli]] became the pastor of the [[Grossmünster]] in [[Zurich]] (1518) he began to preach ideas on reforming the Catholic Church. Zwingli, who was a Catholic priest before he became a Reformer, often referred to the Pope as the Antichrist. He wrote: "I know that in it works the might and power of the Devil, that is, of the Antichrist".<ref>''Principle Works of Zwingli'', Vol. 7, p. 135.</ref>

The English Reformer [[William Tyndale]] held that while the Roman Catholic realms of that age were the empire of Antichrist, any religious organization that distorted the doctrine of the Old and New Testaments also showed the work of Antichrist. In his treatise ''The Parable of the Wicked Mammon'', he expressly rejected the established Church teaching that looked to the future for an Antichrist to rise up, and he taught that Antichrist is a present spiritual force that will be with us until the end of the age under different religious disguises from time to time.<ref>Tyndale, William, ''Parable of the Wicked Mammon'', c. 1526, (facsimile copy of later printing, no ISBN, Benediction Classics, 2008) at pp. 4–5.</ref> Tyndale's translation of 2 Thessalonians, chapter 2, concerning the "Man of Lawlessness" reflected his understanding, but was significantly amended by later revisers,<ref>"Tyndale's Doctrine of Antichrist and His Translation of 2 Thessalonians 2", R. Davis, [[Matthew Bible#Literature|New Matthew Bible Project]]; a shorter version of this article was also published in the Tyndale Society Journal No. 36, Spring 2009, under the title ''Tyndale, the Church, and the Doctrine of Antichrist'').</ref> including the [[Authorized King James Version#Committees|King James Bible committee]], which followed the [[Vulgate]] more closely.

In 1973, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' [[Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs]] and the USA National Committee of the [[Lutheran World Federation]] in the official [[Catholic–Lutheran dialogue]] officially signed an agreement on ''Papal Primacy and the Universal Church,'' including this passage:

{{blockquote|In calling the pope the "Antichrist", the early [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] stood in a [[#Pre-Reformation Western Church accusers|tradition that reached back into the eleventh century]]. Not only dissidents and [[Heresy in Christianity|heretics]] but even saints had called the bishop of Rome the "Antichrist" when they wished to castigate his [[abuse of power]]. What Lutherans understood as a [[Papal supremacy|papal claim to unlimited authority]] over everything and everyone reminded them of the [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic imagery]] of [[Daniel 11]], a passage that even prior to the Reformation had been applied to the pope as the Antichrist of the [[Eschatology|last days]].<ref name="Burgess"/>}}

In 1988 [[Ian Paisley]], [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical minister]] and founder of the [[Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster]], made headlines in an infamous manner by accusing [[Pope John Paul II]] as the Antichrist during one of the pope's speeches before the European Parliament, which at the time Paisley was member. His accusation, and the reactions of both Pope John Paul II and other members of the European Parliament, was recorded on video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/16/weekinreview/headliners-papal-audience.html|title=Papal Audience|date=October 16, 1988|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ian Paisley Heckles the Pope (1988) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlbmIMbKZa4 |access-date=2023-11-05 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] states about the Pope and the Catholic Church:<ref name="WELS"/>

{{blockquote|There are two principles that mark the papacy as the Antichrist. One is that [[Papal supremacy|the pope takes to himself the right to rule the church]] that belongs only to Christ. He can make laws forbidding the marriage of priests, eating or not eating meat on Friday, birth control, divorce and remarriage, even where there are not such laws in the Bible. The second is that he teaches that salvation is not by faith alone but by faith and works. The present pope upholds and practices these principles. This marks his rule as [[Anti-Christian|antichristian rule]] in the church. All popes hold the same office over the church and promote the same antichristian belief so they all are part of the reign of the Antichrist. The Bible does not present the Antichrist as one man for one short time, but as an office held by a man through successive generations. It is a title like King of England.<ref name=WELS-CL>{{cite web |url=https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=4242 |work=WELS Topical Q&A |title=Roman Catholic |publisher=[[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] |access-date=July 5, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927213220/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=4242 |archive-date=September 27, 2009 }}</ref>}}

Currently, many Protestant and [[Restorationism|Restorationist denominations]] still officially maintain that the Papacy is the Antichrist, such as the [[Confessional Lutheranism|conservative Lutheran Churches]]<ref name="WELS">{{cite web |url=https://wels.net/about-wels/what-we-believe/doctrinal-statements/antichrist/ |title=Doctrinal Statements: Antichrist |date=2018 |website=[[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] |access-date=August 17, 2018 |quote=We reject the idea that the teaching that the Papacy is the Antichrist rests on a merely human interpretation of history or is an open question. We hold rather that this teaching rests on the revelation of God in Scripture which finds its fulfillment in history. The Holy Spirit reveals this fulfillment to the eyes of faith (cf. The Abiding Word, Vol. 2, p. 764). Since Scripture teaches that the Antichrist would be revealed and gives the marks by which the Antichrist is to be recognized (2 Th 2:6, 8), and since this prophecy has been clearly fulfilled in the history and development of the Roman Papacy, it is Scripture which reveals that the Papacy is the Antichrist.}}</ref><ref>Nolting, Paul F., [http://www.clclutheran.org/atlanta/bibleclass/endtimes/antichrist1.html The Antichrist (part 1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522192542/http://www.clclutheran.org/atlanta/bibleclass/endtimes/antichrist1.html |date=May 22, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=lutheran |date=2011-12-20 |title=The Brief Statement of 1932 {{!}} Church of the Lutheran Confession |url=https://clclutheran.org/2011/12/the-brief-statement-of-1932/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-day Adventism|Seventh-day Adventists]].<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.666truth.org/ | title = 666 Truth}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bacchiocchi |first=Samuele |title=Islam and The Papacy in Prophecy |date=July 6, 2002 |url=http://www.biblicalperspectives.com/endtimeissues/eti_86.html |journal=Endtime Issues |number=86 |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822065910/http://www.biblicalperspectives.com/endtimeissues/eti_86.html |url-status=dead |place=Berrien Springs, Michigan |publisher=Biblical perspectives |archive-date=August 22, 2013}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Paulien |first1=Jon |title=September 11 and God's Mysterious Mercy |date=October 17, 2002 |url=http://www.biblicalperspectives.com/endtimeissues/eti_90.html |journal=End Time Issues |number=90 |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405142918/http://www.biblicalperspectives.com/endtimeissues/eti_90.html |url-status=dead |place=Berrien Springs, Michigan |publisher=Biblical perspectives |archive-date=April 5, 2018 |last2=Bacchiocchi |first2=Samuele}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | contribution = Reformed | title = Eschatology | url = http://www.mountainretreatorg.net/eschatology/reformedescha.html | publisher = Mountain Retreat}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.presenttruthmag.com/archive/XVII/17-2.htm | title = Antichrist Today | journal = Present Truth | volume = XVII | number = 2}}.</ref>

===Counter-Reformation===
In the [[Counter-Reformation]], the views of [[Preterism]] and [[Futurism (Christian eschatology)|Futurism]] were advanced by Catholic Jesuits beginning in the 16th century in response to the identification of the Papacy as Antichrist. These were rival methods of prophetic interpretation: the futurist and the preterist systems both are in conflict with the historicist method of interpretation.

Historically, preterists and non-preterists have agreed that the Jesuit [[Luis del Alcázar|Luis de Alcasar]] (1554–1613) wrote the first systematic preterist exposition of prophecy—''Vestigatio arcani sensus in Apocalypsi'' (published in 1614)—during the [[Counter-Reformation]].

==Christian views==

===Roman Catholicism===
From the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran]], the Catholic Church teaches that priests may not "preach or declare a fixed time for...the coming of antichrist..."<ref>[http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum18.htm PapalEncyclicals: Lateran Council V, Session 11] They are in no way to presume to preach or declare a fixed time for future evils, the coming of antichrist or the precise day of judgment; for Truth says, it is not for us to know times or seasons which the Father has fixed by his own authority. Let it be known that those who have hitherto dared to declare such things are liars, and that because of them not a little authority has been taken away from those who preach the truth .</ref> The church also teaches that it must undergo trials before the [[Second Coming]],<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p1.htm#769 Catechism of the Catholic Church 769]</ref> and that the church's ultimate trial will be the mystery of iniquity.<ref name="vatican.va">[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c2a7.htm#675 Catechism of the Catholic Church 675]</ref> In Judaism, iniquity is a sin done out of moral failing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIN – JewishEncyclopedia.com |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13761-sin |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> The mystery of iniquity, according to the church, will be a religious deception: Christians receiving alleged solutions to their problems at the cost of [[apostasy]].<ref name="vatican.va"/> The supreme religious deception, according to the church, will be the Antichrist's [[messianism]]: mankind glorifying himself rather than God and Jesus.<ref name="vatican.va"/> The church teaches that this supreme deception is committed by people who claim to fulfill Israel's [[messiah in Judaism|messianic hopes]], such as [[millenarianism]] and secular messianicism.<ref name="vatican.va"/>

====Popes====
[[Pope Pius IX]] in the encyclical ''Quartus Supra'', quoting [[Cyprian]], said Satan disguises the Antichrist with the title of Christ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IX |first=Pope BI Pius |date=1873-01-06 |title=Quartus Supra |url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9quartu.htm |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Papal Encyclicals |language=en}}</ref> [[Pope Pius X]] in the encyclical ''E Supremi'' said that the distinguishing mark of the Antichrist is claiming to be God and taking his place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E Supremi (October 4, 1903) {{!}} PIUS X |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_04101903_e-supremi.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]], in his August 18, 1985 address on his apostolic journey to Africa, said 1 John 4:3 ("Every spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus does not belong to God. This is the spirit of antichrist") evokes the danger of theology divorced from holiness and theological culture divorced from serving Christ.<ref>[https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1985/august/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19850818_inaugurazione.pdf Vatican.Va: John Paul II, August 18, 1985 Address]</ref> [[Pope Benedict XVI]] said in the Sunday Angelus of March 11, 2012 that violence is the tool of the Antichrist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angelus, 11 March 2012 {{!}} BENEDICT XVI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/angelus/2012/documents/hf_ben-xvi_ang_20120311.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> In the General Audience of November 12, 2008, Benedict XVI said Christian tradition had come to identify the son of perdition as the Antichrist.<ref>[https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20081112.pdf Vatican.Va: Benedict XVI, General Audience of March 11, 2012]</ref> [[Pope Francis]], in his morning meditation of February 2, 2014, said that Christian faith is not an ideology, but that "the [[James the Great|Apostle James]] says that ideologues of the faith are the Antichrist."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith is not casuistry (21 February 2014) {{!}} Francis |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/cotidie/2014/documents/papa-francesco-cotidie_20140221_faith-not-casuistry.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> In his morning meditation of September 19, 2014, Francis said the Antichrist must come before the final resurrection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fear of resurrection (19 September 2014) {{!}} Francis |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/cotidie/2014/documents/papa-francesco-cotidie_20140919_fear-of-resurrection.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> In his morning meditation of January 7, 2016, he said the evil spirit spoken of in 1 John 4:6 is the Antichrist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The only criterion (7 January 2016) {{!}} Francis |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/cotidie/2016/documents/papa-francesco-cotidie_20160107_the-only-criterion.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> In his morning meditation on November 11, 2016, Francis said whoever says the criteria of Christian love is not the Incarnation is the Antichrist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter of Love (11 November 2016) {{!}} Francis |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/cotidie/2016/documents/papa-francesco-cotidie_20161111_letter-of-love.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>

====Speculation====

The ''[[Prophecy of the Popes]]'' (identified as a 16th century forgery by historians<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Brien |first=M. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIZVuIhz06cC |title=An Historical and Critical Account of the So-called Prophecy of St. Malachy Regarding the Succession of Popes |date=1880 |publisher=M.H. Gill and Son |language=en}}</ref>) claims Rome will be destroyed during the pontificate of the last Pope, implying a connection to the Antichrist.

[[Fulton J. Sheen]], a Catholic [[bishop]], wrote in 1951:<ref name="Sheen1951">{{cite book|last=Sheen|first=Fulton J.|title=Communism and the Conscience of the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysKEnQEACAAJ|access-date=October 24, 2015|year=1951|publisher=Country Life Press|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Joseph|last=Pronechen|title=Fulton Sheen's Clear Warning About the Anti-Christ|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/joseph-pronechen/fulton-sheens-view-of-the-anti-christ|newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]]|publisher=[[EWTN]]|location=Irondale, Alabama|date=February 10, 2019|access-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The Antichrist will not be so called; otherwise he would have no followers... he will come disguised as the Great Humanitarian; he will talk peace, prosperity and plenty not as means to lead us to God, but as ends in themselves... He will tempt Christians with the same three temptations with which he tempted Christ... He will have one great secret which he will tell to no one: he will not believe in God. Because his religion will be brotherhood without the fatherhood of God, he will deceive even the elect. He will set up a counterchurch... It will have all the notes and characteristics of the Church, but in reverse and emptied of its divine content. It will be a mystical body of the Antichrist that will in all externals resemble the mystical body of Christ.}}

====Catechism of the Catholic Church====

The Catechism of the Catholic Church, which John Paul II said is a "sure norm for teaching the faith," puts the doctrine on the Antichrist under a subsection entitled "The Church's Ultimate Trial," equating it with "the supreme religious deception" and "pseudo-messianism" of human "self-glorification":

{{blockquote|Before Christ's second coming the Church must pass through a final trial that will shake the faith of many believers. The persecution that accompanies her pilgrimage on earth will unveil the "mystery of iniquity" in the form of a religious deception offering men an apparent solution to their problems at the price of apostasy from the truth. The supreme religious deception is that of the Antichrist, a pseudo-messianism by which man glorifies himself in place of God and of his Messiah come in the flesh. (CCC 675)}}

{{blockquote|The Antichrist's deception already begins to take shape in the world every time the claim is made to realize within history that messianic hope which can only be realized beyond history through the eschatological judgment. The Church has rejected even modified forms of this falsification of the kingdom to come under the name of millenarianism, especially the "intrinsically perverse" political form of a secular messianism. (CCC 676)}}

===Eastern Orthodox===
Throughout history, various ecclesiastics of the Eastern Orthodox Church have identified the office of the Roman Catholic papacy with the antichrist.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://orthodoxethos.com/post/does-the-russian-orthodox-church-accept-the-mysteries-of-the-heretics|title=Does the Russian Orthodox Church Accept the "Mysteries" of the Heretics?|website=Orthodox Ethos|date=April 22, 2016|access-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref> [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] Metropolitan [[Anthony Khrapovitsky]], in explaining the necessity of rebaptism for Roman Catholics, Protestants and [[Nestorianism|Nestorians]], declared:<ref name="auto"/>
{{Cquote|It is clear that by this regulation the Church does not recognize in heretics and schismatics either the priesthood or the other mysteries, and considers them subject to ecclesiastical baptism in the nature of things ... the Church by receiving Latins into communion in the same way as Nestorians (Council of Trullo, 95) does not make any distinction between old heresies and the Latin one. I think that the Latins are considerably further from the Church and they are worse than Monophysites and Monophelites, because they created a second Christ, i.e., the antichrist in the person of the Pope, who is supposedly infallible...<ref name="auto"/>}}

In a [[Christmas in Russia|Christmas]] 2018 interview on Russian state television, [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]] warned that "The Antichrist is the person that will be at the head of the world wide web controlling all of humanity. That means that the structure itself poses a danger. There shouldn't be a single centre, at least not in the foreseeable future, if we don't want to bring on the apocalypse." He exhorted listeners not to "fall into slavery to what's in your hands"..."You should remain free inside and not fall under any addiction, not to alcohol, not to narcotics, not to gadgets."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/08/smartphones-paving-way-antichrist-says-russian-church-leader/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/08/smartphones-paving-way-antichrist-says-russian-church-leader/ |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Smartphones are paving way for the Antichrist, says head of Russian church|website=The Telegraph|date=8 January 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Old Believers===
After [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow]] reformed the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] during the second half of the 17th century, a large number of [[Old Believers]] held that [[Peter the Great]], the [[Tsar]] of the [[Russian Empire]] until his death in 1725, was the Antichrist because of his treatment of the Orthodox Church, namely subordinating the church to the state, requiring clergymen to conform to the standards of all Russian civilians (shaved beards, being fluent in French), and requiring them to pay state taxes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/pe/Peter1-Rus.html|title=Peter I, czar of Russia|encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]]|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|location=New York City|date=1935|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080212044338/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pe/Peter1-Rus.html| archive-date= February 12, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

There are two conceptions of the Antichrist among the Old Believers: the spiritual Antichrist and the sensual Antichrist. The sensual means a particular person who will rule at the end of times for literal 3.5 years. The priested Old believers mostly adhere to this conception. The spiritual Antichrist is said to rule in the heretical church and state as a spirit through many people – since the year 1000 in the West and since 1666 in Russia. The true priesthood is considered to be lacking in the world due to 'abomination of desolation', which is synonymous with the rule of Antichrist. Most non-priested Old believers adhere to this conception (except the so called "Chasovennye").<ref>{{cite web |date=25 March 2021 |title=О чувственном и духовном антихристе |url=https://ruvera.ru/articles/o_duhovnom_antihriste |language=ru}}</ref>

===Age of Enlightenment===
Bernard McGinn noted that complete denial of the Antichrist was rare until the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. Following frequent use of "Antichrist" laden rhetoric during religious controversies in the 17th century, the use of the concept declined during the 18th century due to the rule of [[Enlightened absolutism|enlightened absolutists]], who as European rulers of the time wielded significant influence over official state churches. These efforts{{explain|date=June 2018|reason= why?}} to cleanse Christianity of "legendary" or "folk" accretions effectively removed the Antichrist from discussion in mainstream Western churches.{{sfn|Cabinet|2001}}

===Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints===
In [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], the "Antichrist" is anyone or anything that counterfeits the true gospel or [[Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)|plan of salvation]] and that openly or secretly is set up in opposition to Christ. The great antichrist is [[Lucifer]], but he has many assistants<ref>Korihor is directly referred to in ''The Book of Mormon'' as an anti-Christ ([[Book of Alma|Alma]] 30:6)</ref> both as spirit beings and as mortals."<ref>{{cite web|last=LDS|first=Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|title=Bible Dictionary: Antichrist|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bd/antichrist?lang=eng|publisher=[[Intellectual Reserve]], Inc}}</ref> [[Latter-day Saint]]s use the New Testament scriptures: 1 John 2:18, 22; 1 John 4:3–6; 2 John 1:7, and the [[Book of Mormon]]: [[Book of Jacob|Jacob]] 7:1–23, [[Book of Alma|Alma]] 1:2–16, Alma 30:6–60, in their [[exegesis]] or interpretation of the Antichrist.

===Seventh-day Adventists===
[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] teach that the "Little Horn Power", which (as predicted in the [[Book of Daniel]]) rose after the break-up of the Roman Empire, is the [[Papacy]]. The [[Western Roman Empire]] collapsed in the late 5th century. In 533, [[Justinian I]], the emperor of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] (which historians have labelled the Byzantine Empire), legally recognized the bishop (pope) of Rome as the head of all the Christian churches.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1                 = Levillain
| first1                = Philippe
| title                 = The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDcmDeLuV4C
| volume                = 2 
| publisher             = Psychology Press
| date      = 2002
| page                  = 832
| isbn                  = 978-0415922302
| access-date            = July 17, 2015
| quote                 = [Pope John II] received from Justinian a letter dated June 6, 533 [...]. In his letter, Justinian proclaimed that the Holy See is the leader of all the holy churches and confirmed the need for all churches to join together with Rome [...].
}}
</ref>
Because of the [[Arianism|Arian]] domination of some of the Roman Empire by barbarian tribes, the bishop of Rome could not fully exercise such authority. In 538, [[Belisarius]], one of Justinian's generals, [[Siege of Rome (537–38)|succeeded in withstanding a siege of the city of Rome]] by Arian [[Ostrogoths|Ostrogoth]] besiegers, and the bishop of Rome could begin establishing universal civil authority. So, by the military intervention of the Eastern Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome became all-powerful throughout the area of the old Roman Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://adventist.org.uk/__data/assets/text_file/0011/10910/1260days.txt |title=The 1260 days of Daniel 7 |access-date=2018-12-07 |archive-date=2018-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203230201/http://adventist.org.uk/__data/assets/text_file/0011/10910/1260days.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Ostrogoths]] promptly [[Sack of Rome (546)|re-captured the city of Rome eight years later in 546]], and [[Siege of Rome (549–550)|again in 550]].

Seventh-day Adventists understand the 1260 years as lasting AD 538 to 1798 as the (supposed) duration of the papacy's domination over Rome.<ref>''The Great Controversy'' by Ellen White, p. 266. "[http://egwdatabase.whiteestate.org/nxt/gateway.dll/egw-comp/section00000.htm/book01953.htm/chapter01971.htm Chap. 15 – The Bible and the French Revolution]".</ref><ref>{{Cite book
|title=Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed)
|publisher=Ministerial Association, [[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]]
|year=2005
|isbn=1-57847-041-2
|pages=184–185
}}</ref> This period is seen as starting from one of the [[Gothic War (535–554)|defeats]] of the Ostrogoths by the general [[Belisarius]] and as ending with the successes of French general [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], specifically, with the capture of [[Pope Pius VI]] by general [[Louis Alexandre Berthier]] in 1798.

Like many [[Reformation Era|Reformation-era]] Protestant leaders, the Adventist pioneer [[Ellen G. White]] (1827–1915) spoke of the [[Catholic Church]] as a fallen church in preparation for its nefarious eschatological role as the antagonist against God's true church; she saw the pope as the Antichrist. Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther, John Knox, John Calvin, William Tyndale and others held similar beliefs about the Catholic Church and the papacy when they broke away from the Catholic Church during the Reformation.<ref name="whitehorsemedia.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.whitehorsemedia.com/articles/?d=44|title= Articles – White Horse Media|work= White Horse Media}}</ref>

Ellen White writes,
{{blockquote|His word has given warning of the impending danger; let this be unheeded, and the Protestant world will learn what the purposes of Rome really are, only when it is too late to escape the snare. She is silently growing into power. Her doctrines are exerting their influence in legislative halls, in the churches, and in the hearts of men. She is piling up her lofty and massive structures in the secret recesses of which her former persecutions will be repeated. Stealthily and unsuspectedly she is strengthening her forces to further her own ends when the time shall come for her to strike. All that she desires is vantage ground, and this is already being given her. We shall soon see and shall feel what the purpose of the Roman element is. Whoever shall believe and obey the word of God will thereby incur reproach and persecution.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book
 |last= White 
 |first= Ellen G. 
 |title= The Great Controversy: Between Christ and Satan 
 |orig-year= 1888 
 |url= http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc.asp 
 |access-date= June 6, 2006 
 |year= 1999 
 |publisher= The Ellen G. White Estate 
 |isbn= 0-8163-1923-5 
 |chapter= Enmity Between Man and Satan 
 |chapter-url= http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc30.html 
 |page= 581 
 |url-status= dead 
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070531225517/http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc.asp 
 |archive-date= May 31, 2007 
}}</ref>}}

Seventh-day Adventists view the length of time the apostate church's unbridled power was permitted to rule as shown in Daniel 7:25: "The little horn would rule a time and times and half a time" – or 1,260 years. They regard papal rule as supreme in Europe from 538 (when the Arian Ostrogoths retreated from Rome into temporary oblivion) until 1798 (when the French general [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] took [[Pope Pius VI]] captive){{snd}}a period of 1,260 years<ref>Paulien, John (2006) "[https://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/sites/default/files/pdf/1260%20Days%20in%20Revelation.pdf The 1260 Days in the Book of Revelation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027234546/https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/sites/default/files/pdf/1260%20Days%20in%20Revelation.pdf |date=2015-10-27 }}"</ref> – including the 67 years of the [[Avignon Captivity]] (1309–1376).

===Other Christian interpretations===
====Martin Wight====
The devout Christian and political theorist [[Martin Wight]], writing immediately after [[World War II]], favoured the revival of the Antichrist doctrine not as a person, but as a recurrent situation featuring "demonic concentrations of power."<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Hall|title=The International Thought of Martin Wight|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=London, England|date=2006|isbn=978-1403969279|page=37}}</ref>

====As "man of lawlessness"====
{{main|Man of sin}}
The Antichrist has been equated with the "man of lawlessness" or "lawless one" of 2 Thessalonians 2:3, though commentaries on the identity of the "man of lawlessness" greatly vary.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schink |first=W. F. |title=Our Great Heritage: Vol. 3 |date=1991 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod#Publishing|Northwestern Publishing House]] |isbn=978-0810003798 |editor1=Lange |editor1-first=Lyle |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |page=572 |chapter=The Scriptural Doctrine of the Antichrist |editor2-last=Albrecht |editor2-first=Jerome G.}}</ref> The "man of lawlessness" has been identified with [[Caligula]],<ref name="netbible"/> Nero,<ref>St. John Chrysostom, Homilies on II Thess., Nicene-Post Nicene Fathers</ref> and the end times Antichrist. Some scholars believe that the passage contains no genuine prediction, but represents a speculation of the apostle's own, based on contemporary ideas of the Antichrist.<ref name="netbible">[http://net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=MAN%20OF%20SIN Net Bible: Man of sin] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707075356/http://net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=MAN%20OF%20SIN |date=July 7, 2009 }}</ref>

====As "being in league with other figures"====
Several American [[evangelical]] and [[fundamentalist]] theologians, including [[C. I. Scofield|Cyrus Scofield]], have identified the Antichrist as being in league with (or the same as) several figures in the Book of Revelation including the Dragon (or [[Serpent (Bible)|Serpent]]), the Beast, the False Prophet, and the Whore of Babylon.<ref>See footnotes in [http://www.studylight.org/com/srn/view.cgi?book=re Revelation 7 and 13] in the ''Scofield Reference Bible'', 1917</ref>

====As Satan====
[[Bernard McGinn (theologian)|Bernard McGinn]] described multiple traditions detailing the relationship between the Antichrist and [[Satan#Christianity|Satan]]. In the dualist approach, Satan will become incarnate in the Antichrist, just as [[Incarnation (Christianity)|God became incarnate in Jesus]]. However, in [[Eastern Orthodox Church|orthodox Christian]] thought, this view was problematic because it was too similar to Christ's incarnation and suggested [[Dualism in cosmology|dualism]]. Instead, the "indwelling" view became more accepted. It stipulates that the Antichrist is a human figure inhabited by Satan, since the latter's power is not to be seen as equivalent to God's.{{sfn|Cabinet|2001}} [[Luca Signorelli]]'s fresco, ''The Sermon and Deeds of the Antichrist'' (see above), depicts the indwelling view. Satan whispers in the ear of this Christlike figure and his left arm is slipped through the Antichrist's garment as if he is manipulating him.

====As Jesus himself====
Creciendo en Gracia (Growing in Grace) was a sect led by [[José Luis de Jesús]], who claimed to be both the returned phase of Jesus Christ and the Antichrist. He claimed that the term Antichrist had nothing to do with Satan (who according to him was destroyed); rather, it referred to his assertion that the old "Jewish" laws, which Jesus had taught during his first coming, were now abrogated during his second coming as de Jesús. Followers of the sect had themselves tattooed with the number 666, referencing this belief.

==Non-Christian views==
{{Eschatology}}

===Judaism===
There are warnings against [[false prophet]]s in the [[Old Testament]] of the bible.

An anti-Messiah figure known as [[Armilus]], said to be the offspring of Satan and a statue, appears in some schools of [[Jewish eschatology]], such as the 7th century CE [[Sefer Zerubbabel]] and 11th century CE [[Midrash Vayosha]]. He is stated to be the God and Messiah of the Christians, making him identical to Jesus.<ref name="Armilus-JE">{{Cite web |title=ARMILUS – JewishEncyclopedia.com |url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1789-armilus |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> He is described as "a monstrosity, bald-headed, with one large and one small eye, deaf in the right ear and maimed in the right arm, while the left arm is two and one-half ells long." Being considered similar to, or even identical with [[Gog and Magog|Gog]],<ref name="Armilus-JE" /> his believed destruction by a "[[Messiah ben Joseph]]" (Messiah, of the tribe of Joseph) symbolizes the ultimate victory of the Jewish Messiah in the [[Messianic Age]].<ref name="Armilus-JE" />

===Islam===
{{Main|Islamic eschatology}}
{{See also|List of Mahdi claimants}}
[[File:Dajjal.jpg|thumb|An image from a Falname made in India around 1610-1630, depicts Jesus fighting the Dajjal (False Prophet). Behind, the Mahdi with a veiled face.]]

[[Al-Masih ad-Dajjal]] ({{lang-ar|المسيح الدجّال|Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl|Deceitful Messiah}}), or in short Ad-Dajjal (الدجّال), is an evil figure in [[Islamic eschatology]], who will appear after the coming of the [[Mahdi]].<ref name="Farhang 2017">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2017 |title=Dajjāl |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]], Netherlands and [[Boston]], Massachusetts |editor1-last=Madelung |editor1-first=Wilferd |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_035982 |issn=1875-9823 |author-last=Farhang |author-first=Mehrvash |translator-last=Negahban |translator-first=Farzin |editor2-last=Daftary |editor2-first=Farhad}}</ref> The Dajjal is never mentioned in the [[Quran]] but he is mentioned and described in the [[Hadith|''ḥadīth'' literature]].<ref name="Farhang 2017"/> The Dajjal is described as one eyed (blind in the right eye) and the blind eye looks like a bulging out grape.<ref>{{CiteHadith|bukhari|3439|b=yl}}</ref> Like in Christianity, the Dajjal is said to emerge out in the east, although the specific location varies among the various sources.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |title=Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic |publisher=Gerlach Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-3959941211 |location=[[Berlin]], Germany and [[London]], England |pages=93–104 |oclc=238821310 |author-link=David Cook (historian) |origyear=2002}}</ref> He will imitate the miracles performed by [[Jesus in Islam|ʿĪsā]] (Jesus), such as healing the sick and raising the dead, the latter done with the aid of demons (''[[Shaitan|Shayāṭīn]]''). He will deceive many people, such as weavers, magicians, half-castes, children of prostitutes, and non believers but the majority of his followers will be [[Jews]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> According to the [[Islamic eschatology|Islamic eschatological narrative]], the events related to the final battle before the [[Day of Judgment]] will proceed in the following order:
{{Blockquote|11 ''Hadith'' also report on the "[[Islamic eschatology#Greater signs|Greater Signs]]" of the end, which include the appearance of the [[Al-Masih ad-Dajjal|Antichrist (Dajjal)]] and the reappearance of the prophet [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] to join in battle with him at [[Dabiq, Syria|Dabbiq]] in [[Syria (region)|Syria]], as well as the arrival of the Mahdi, the "guided one." As another ''hadith'' attributed to [[Ali|Alī ibn Abī Talib]] puts it, "Most of the Dajjal's followers are [[Jews]] and [[Fornication in Islam|children of fornication]]; God will kill him in Syria, at a pass called the Pass of Afiq, after three hours are gone from the day, at the hand of Jesus".<ref name="Gallagher 2020">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Gallagher |author-first=Eugene |author-link=Eugene V. Gallagher |date= 2020 |title=Millennialism |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-125 |url-access=subscription |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.125 |isbn=9780199340378 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>}}

Imam Mahdi ({{lang-ar|ٱلْمَهْدِيّ|al-Mahdī}}, meaning "the rightly guided one") is the redeemer according to Islam.<ref name="EI2">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1986 |title=al-Mahdī |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]], Netherlands |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |volume=5 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0618 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |author-last=Madelung |author-first=Wilferd |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat}}</ref> Just like the Dajjal,<ref name="Farhang 2017"/> the Mahdi is never mentioned in the Quran but his description can be found in the ''ḥadīth'' literature;<ref name="EI2"/> according to the Islamic eschatological narrative, he will appear on Earth before the [[Day of Judgment]].<ref name="Farhang 2017"/><ref name="Gallagher 2020"/><ref name="Muslim World 2004 p.421">Martin 2004: 421</ref><ref name="Glasse">Glasse 2001: 280</ref> At the time of the [[Second Coming of Christ#Islam|Second Coming of Christ]],<ref>{{Quran-usc|3|55|q=}}</ref> the prophet ʿĪsā shall return to defeat and kill al-Masih ad-Dajjal.<ref name="Farhang 2017"/><ref name="Gallagher 2020"/><ref>{{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|41|7023}}</ref> Muslims believe that both ʿĪsā and the Mahdi will rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice, and tyranny, ensuring peace and tranquility.<ref name="Momen">Momen 1985: 166–168</ref> Eventually, the Dajjal will be killed by theʿĪsā at the gate of [[Lod|Lud]], who upon seeing Dajjal will cause him to slowly dissolve (like salt in water).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

====Ahmadiyya====
{{Ahmadiyya|Distinct views}}

Prophecies concerning the emergence of the Antichrist (''Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl'') are interpreted in [[Ahmadiyya]] teachings as designating a specific group of nations centred upon a false theology (or Christology) instead of an individual, with the reference to the Antichrist as an individual indicating its unity as a class or system rather than its personal individuality. As such, Ahmadis identify the Antichrist collectively with the missionary expansion and colonial dominance of [[European Christianity]] throughout the world that was propelled by the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glassé|first1=Cyril|last2=Smith|first2=Huston|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2003|publisher=Altamira Press|isbn=0-7591-0190-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC|page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Valentine|first=Simon|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70094-8|page=148}}</ref><ref name="aaiil.org">Muhammad Ali. (1992) [http://aaiil.org/text/books/mali/gog/antichristgogmagog.pdf ''The Antichrist and Gog and Magog''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701133728/http://aaiil.org/text/books/mali/gog/antichristgogmagog.pdf |date=2018-07-01 }}, Ohio: Ahmadiyya Anjuman-i Ishāʿat-i Islām</ref> [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] wrote extensively on this topic, identifying the Antichrist principally with [[Christianity and colonialism|colonial missionaries]] who, according to him, were to be countered through argumentation rather than by physical warfare and whose power and influence was to gradually disintegrate, ultimately allowing for the recognition and worship of God along Islamic ideals to prevail throughout the world in a period similar to the period of time it took for nascent Christianity to rise through the Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Valentine|first=Simon|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70094-8|pages=148–149}}</ref> The teaching that Jesus was a mortal man who survived crucifixion and [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam|died a natural death]], as propounded by Ghulam Ahmad, has been seen by some scholars in this regard as a move to neutralise Christian soteriologies of Jesus and to project the superior rationality of Islam.<ref>Francis Robinson.[https://books.google.com/books?id=XLvL4zh8KK4C 'The British Empire and the Muslim World' in Judith Brown, Wm Roger Louis (ed) ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century''.] Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 411. "At their most extreme religious strategies for dealing with the Christian presence might involve attacking Christian revelation at its heart, as did the Punjabi Muslim, Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908), who founded the Ahmadiyya missionary sect. He claimed that he was the messiah of the Jewish and Muslim tradition; the figure known as Jesus of Nazareth had not died on the cross but survived to die in Kashmir."</ref><ref>Yohanan Friedmann. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8EAAAACAAJ&q=Prophecy+Continuous ''Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background''] Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 114. "He [Ghulam Ahmad] realized the centrality of the crucifixion and of the doctrine of vicarious atonement in the Christian dogma, and understood that his attack on these two was an attack on the innermost core of Christianity "</ref><ref>[[Kambiz GhaneaBassiri]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xKsLCx2VmcwC ''A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order''] Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 208. "Ghulam Ahmad denied the historicity of Jesus' crucifixion and claimed that Jesus had fled to India where he died a natural death in Kashmir. In this way, he sought to neutralize Christian soteriologies of Christ and to demonstrate the superior rationality of Islam."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Valentine|first=Simon|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70094-8|page=21}} "Proclaiming himself as reformer of Islam, and wanting to undermine the validity of Christianity, Ahmad went for the theological jugular, the foundational teachings of the Christian faith. 'The death of Jesus Christ' explained one of Ahmad's biographers 'was to be the death-knell of the Christian onslaught against Islam'. As Ahmad argued, the idea of Jesus dying in old age, rather than death on a cross, as taught by the gospel writers, 'invalidates the divinity of Jesus and the doctrine of Atonement'."</ref>

===Baha'i===
The Antichrist is considered to subvert the religion of God from the inner reality of man as [['Abdu'l-Baha]] narrates: "Christ was a divine Center of unity and love. Whenever discord prevails instead of unity, wherever hatred and antagonism take the place of love and spiritual fellowship, Antichrist reigns instead of Christ."<ref>{{cite web|last1='Abdu'l-Baha|first1=Abbas Effendi|title=Some Answered Questions|url=http://www.bahai.org/r/901747607|website=bahai.org|access-date=April 20, 2017}}</ref>

===Scientology===
{{Main|OT VIII}}
In a document originally released only to high-ranking followers, Scientology founder [[L. Ron Hubbard]] referred to himself as the Antichrist, who would defend humanity against an [[alien invasion]] (for which he believed the [[Second Coming of Jesus]] was a metaphor). Many Scientologists who read the document for the first time found its contents highly upsetting. It was subsequently revised after Hubbard's death, with the new version lacking any references to Hubbard as the Antichrist.

==In popular culture==
{{main|List of fictional Antichrists}}

In February 1900, the Christian Russian philosopher and mystic [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]] published the apocalyptic ''A Short Tale of the Antichrist'', showing his prophetic vision about the oncoming 20th century and the end of the human history.<ref name="Gloria.tv">{{cite web | author1 = card. [[Giacomo Biffi|G. Biffi]] | url = https://www.gloria.tv/article/t22C9vZG3G8r2sbFrxzoVtbgi | title = Russia Will Punish the World – 3rd Secret of Fatima Revealed | language = en | website = [[Gloria.tv]] | via = radiovaticana.org | quotation = The cardinal speaks often on the theme of the Antichrist. The Times of London reported in 2004 that the Cardinal described the Antichrist as "walking among us". | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032611/https://www.gloria.tv/article/t22C9vZG3G8r2sbFrxzoVtbgi| archive-date =September 7, 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="ncregister">{{cite web |author1=Pronechen |first=J. |date=February 24, 2017 |title=Vladimir Soloviev, the Mystic Admired by Popes |url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/joseph-pronechen/soloviev-the-mystic-admired-by-popes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302183919/http://www.ncregister.com/blog/joseph-pronechen/soloviev-the-mystic-admired-by-popes |archive-date=March 2, 2017 |access-date=September 5, 2018 |website=ncregister.com}}</ref> It is prophesied that the Antichrist will present himself to the whole of humanity like a [[pacifism|pacifist]], [[animalism (philosophy)|animalist]], [[ecology|ecologist]], [[vegetarian]], [[ecumenism|ecumenist]], [[biblical exegesis|biblical exegete]], [[philanthropy |philanthropist]], as a person who has [[faith]] in the [[progress]] of science and in [[apocatastasis|universal forgiveness]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.korazym.org/51972/ammonimento-sullanticristo-del-cardinale-giacomo-biffi-dal-magistero-di-solovev-profetico-e-al-tempo-stesso-un-largamente-inascoltato/|title=Ammonimento sull'Anticristo del cardinale Giacomo Biffi|author=[[Giacomo Biffi]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.tempi.it/anticristo-persona-perbene-lezione-inascoltata-solovev-biffi/|title=L’Anticristo, una persona perbene. La lezione (inascoltata) del grande Solov’ëv spiegata da Biffi|date=10 August 2015|author=Giacomo Biffi}}</ref> He "will convoke an ecumenical council and will seek the consensus of all the Christian confessions, granting something to each one."<ref name="Gloria.tv" />

The enthronement of the Antichrist is associated with [[conspiracy theories]], particularly a Satanic plot to destroy the Christian faith in [[St. Nicholas]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Dwight (Reverend) |first=Joseph |date=November 10, 2013 |title=The Masonic Plan For The Destruction Of The Catholic Church |url=http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/religion/3089699/posts |access-date=September 29, 2020}}</ref>

Antichrist is the title of a song released by British alternative band [[The 1975]] released in 2012 on the [[Facedown (EP)|Facedown EP.]]

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Armageddon]]
* [[Bible prophecy]]
* [[Christendom]]
* [[Glossary of Christianity]]
* [[Lake of fire]]
* [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)]]
* [[Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament]]
* [[References to the Antichrist in ecclesiastical writings]]
* ''[[The Omen]]''
* [[Two witnesses]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |chapter=[[s:The Apocalypse of St. John/Part 2.2|Part 2.2: The Reign and Condemnation of Antichrist]] |title=The Apocalypse of St. John |year=1921 |publisher=The Catholic Church Supply House |first=Rev. Elwood |last=Berry}}
* {{cite book |last=Froom |first=Le Roy Edwin |title=Pre-Reformation and Reformation Restoration, and Second Departure |url=http://documents.adventistarchives.org/Books/PFOF1948-V02.pdf |volume=2 |series=The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation |year=1948 |publisher=The Review and Herald Publishing Association |location=Washington, D.C. |language=en-us}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Robert |first1=Yarbrough |title=1–3 John |publisher=Baker Academic |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBYkfauh8E4C |isbn=978-0801026874 |language=en-us}}
*{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Antichrist |volume=1 |first=Anthony John |last=Maas}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lietaert Peerbolte |first1=L. J. |title=The Antecedents of Antichrist: A Traditio-Historical Study of the Earliest Christian Views on Eschatological Opponents |publisher=Brill |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEHY6a0NokQC |isbn=9004104550}}
* {{Cite book |last=Foxe |first=John |author-link=John Foxe |title=The Acts and Monuments, Book II |publisher=R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, sold by L. & G. Seeley |year=1583 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P3IuAAAAYAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P3IuAAAAYAAJ/page/n132 121] |access-date=June 6, 2010}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jerome |editor1-first=Philip |editor1-last=Schaff |editor1-link=Philip Schaff |others=[[Henry Wace (priest)|Henry Wace]] |title=A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church |access-date=June 7, 2010 |volume=VI |year=1893 |orig-year=347–420 |publisher=The Christian Literature Company |location=New York |page=19 |series=2nd series |chapter=Letter to Pope Damasus |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jerome |editor1-first=Philip |editor1-last=Schaff |others=Henry Wace |title=A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church |access-date=June 7, 2010 |volume=VI |year=1893b |orig-year=347–420 |publisher=The Christian Literature Company |location=New York |page=334 |chapter=The Dialogue against the Luciferians |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA315 |series=2nd series}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jerome |editor1-first=Philip |editor1-last=Schaff |others=Henry Wace |title=A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church |access-date=June 7, 2010 |volume=VI |year=1893c |orig-year=347–420 |publisher=The Christian Literature Company |location=New York |page=449 |chapter=Against the Pelagians, Book I |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT134 |series=2nd series}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jerome |editor1-first=Philip |editor1-last=Schaff |others=Henry Wace |title=A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church |access-date=June 8, 2010 |volume=VI |year=1893d |orig-year=347–420 |publisher=The Christian Literature Company |location=New York |pages=236–237 |chapter=Letter to Ageruchia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236 |series=2nd series}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jerome |editor1-first=Gleason L. |editor1-last=Archer |title=Jerome's Commentary of Daniel |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_daniel_02_text.htm |access-date=June 7, 2010 |type=Translation |year=1958 |orig-year=347–420 |publisher=Baker Book House |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526033151/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_daniel_02_text.htm |archive-date=May 26, 2010 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Bernard |last1=McGinn |title=Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination With Evil |year=1994 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=New York}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cabinet |first=Kristofer Widholm and Bernard McGinn |title=Antichrist: An Interview with Bernard McGinn |journal=[[Cabinet (magazine)|Cabinet Magazine]] |year=2001 |series=Issue 5 Evil Winter |url=http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/widholm.php |publisher=Cabinet Magazine |access-date=October 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808210627/http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/widholm.php |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Origen |editor1-first=Rev. Alexander |editor1-last=Roberts |others=James Donaldson |title=Ante-Nicene Christian Library |trans-title=Writings of the Fathers |access-date=June 6, 2010 |volume=XXIII |year=1872 |publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |location=Edinburgh |pages=385–388 |chapter=Writings of Origen, vol 2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9oYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386 |orig-year=185–254}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfg7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA291 |first1=Philip |last1=Schaff |first2=David Schley |last2=Schaff |title=History of the Christian Church |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |access-date=January 18, 2009 |year=1885}}
* {{cite book |last=Cohn |first=Norman |title=The Pursuit of the Millennium |year=1970 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0195004564 |url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofmillenn00cohn |url-access=registration |quote=Norman Cohn. |author-link=Norman Cohn |edition=Rev. and expanded.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schneemelcher |first1=Wilhelm |author-link=Wilhelm Schneemelcher |title=New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects, Vol. 2 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Westminster John Knox]] |location=[S.l.] |isbn=978-0664227227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IqqnEoN3QC&q=antichrist+new+testament&pg=PA577 |edition=sixth German edition 1989, 1992, 2003 |first2=Robert McLachlan (trans.) |last2=Wilson}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary-inline|antichrist}}
{{wikiquote-inline|antichrist}}
{{Commons category-inline|Antichrist}}
* ''[http://acacia.pair.com/Acacia.John.Bunyan/Sermons.Allegories/Antichrist.Ruin/index.html Of Antichrist and His Ruin]'' (1692) by John Bunyan. Online as part of the Acacia John Bunyan Online Library.
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Lerner |first=Robert E. |date=March 22, 2007 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007814/Antichrist |title=Antichrist |edition=online}}
* {{cite web |translator1=[[Alexander Roberts]] |translator2=William Rambaut |editor=Knight |editor-first=Kevin |title=Against Heresies: Book V: Chapter 25 |url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103525.htm |work=[[Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)|Ante-Nicene Fathers]], Vol. 1. |publisher=[[New Advent]] |location=Buffalo, New York}}
* {{cite Jewish Encyclopedia |last=Ginzberg |first=Louis |title=Antichrist |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1577-antichrist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130192708/http://wlsessays.net/subject/A/Antichrist Lutheran Scholarly Works on the Antichrist]{{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{cite EB9 |last=Davidson |first=Samuel |wstitle=Antichrist |volume=2 |pages=124–127 |noicon=x |short=x}}
** {{cite EB1911 |last=Bousset |first=Wilhelm |wstitle=Antichrist |volume=2 |pages=121–123 |noicon=x |short=x}}
** {{cite CE1913 |last= Maas |first=Anthony John |wstitle=Antichrist |volume=1 |noicon=x |short=x}}
** {{Cite EBD|wstitle=Antichrist |noicon=x |short=x}}
** {{cite Biblica|wstitle=[[s:Encyclopaedia Biblica/Antichrist-Apocalypse#ANTICHRIST|Antichrist]]|volume=1 |noicon=x |short=x}}
** {{cite book|last=Nietzsche |first=Friedrich |year=2006 |orig-year=1918 |author-link=Friedrich Nietzsche |title=The Antichrist: Curse on Christianity |translator-last=Mencken |translator-first=Henry Louis|title-link=s:The Antichrist }}
}}

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{{Christian theology}}
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[[Category:Antichrist| ]]
[[Category:Book of Revelation]]
[[Category:Christian eschatology]]
[[Category:Christian messianism]]
[[Category:Christian mythology]]
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[[Category:Self-declared messiahs]]
[[Category:Supernatural legends]]
[[Category:Unnamed people of the Bible]]
[[Category:First Epistle of John]]
[[Category:Second Epistle of John]]
[[Category:Satanism]]