Andrew Young

{{Short description|American politician, diplomat, activist and pastor (born 1932)}}
{{other people||Andrew Young (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Andrew Young
| image               = Andrew Young at the second annual Tom Johnson lecture DIG13465.jpg
| caption             = Young in 2013
| office              = 55th [[List of mayors of Atlanta|Mayor of Atlanta]]
| term_start          = January 4, 1982
| term_end            = January 2, 1990
| predecessor         = Maynard Jackson
| successor           = [[Maynard Jackson]]
| office1             = 14th [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]]
| president1          = [[Jimmy Carter]]
| term_start1         = January 30, 1977
| term_end1           = September 23, 1979
| predecessor1        = [[William Scranton]]
| successor1          = [[Donald McHenry]]
| state2              = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| district2           = {{ushr|GA|5|5th}}
| term_start2         = January 3, 1973
| term_end2           = January 29, 1977
| predecessor2        = [[Fletcher Thompson]]
| successor2          = [[Wyche Fowler]]
| birth_name          = Andrew Jackson Young Jr.
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1932|3|12}}
| birth_place         = [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Jean Childs Young|Jean Childs]]|1954|1994|reason=her death}}
* {{marriage|Carolyn McClain|1996}}
}}
| children            = 4
| education           = [[Howard University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br />[[Hartford Seminary]] ([[Bachelor of Divinity|BDiv]])
}}

'''Andrew Jackson Young Jr.''' (born March 12, 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, and activist. Beginning his career as a pastor, Young was an early leader in the [[civil rights movement]], serving as executive director of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] (SCLC) and a close confidant to [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] Young later became active in politics, serving as a U.S. Congressman from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] in the [[Carter administration|Carter Administration]], and 55th [[Mayor of Atlanta]]. He was the first African American elected to Congress from Georgia since Reconstruction, as well as one of the first two African Americans elected to Congress from the former Confederacy since Reconstruction, alongside [[Barbara Jordan]] of Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/barbara-jordan-biography-3528702|title=Barbara Jordan|website=ThoughtCo.|language=en|access-date=October 7, 2023}}</ref> Since leaving office, Young has founded or served in many organizations working on issues of public policy and political lobbying.

==Early life==
Andrew Young was born on March 12, 1932, in [[New Orleans]], to Daisy Young, a schoolteacher, and Andrew Jackson Young, a dentist. Young's father hired a professional boxer to teach Andrew and his brother to defend themselves. In a 1964 interview with author [[Robert Penn Warren]] for his book, ''[[Who Speaks for the Negro?]],'' Young recalls the tensions of segregation in New Orleans, especially growing up in a fairly well-to-do household. He recalls his parents trying to "compensate for segregation" by providing for their children but were reluctant to help less wealthy black communities in the area.<ref name=vanderbilt-whospeaks />

Young attended [[Dillard University]] for one year before graduating from [[Howard University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/honorable-andrew-young|title=The Honorable Andrew Young's Biography|website=The HistoryMakers|language=en|access-date=January 5, 2020}}</ref> He then earned a divinity degree from [[Hartford Seminary]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], in 1955. He is a member of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] fraternity.<ref name="civil-rights-ambassador" />

==Early career==

Young was appointed to serve as pastor of a church in [[Marion, Alabama]]. It was there in Marion that he met [[Jean Childs Young|Jean Childs]], who later became his wife. Young became interested in [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s concept of [[nonviolent]] resistance as a tactic for social change. He encouraged African Americans to register to vote in Alabama, and sometimes faced death threats while doing so. It was at this time that he became a friend and ally of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]

In 1955 he accepted a pastorate at [[Bethany Congregational Church (Thomasville, Georgia)|Bethany Congregational Church]] in [[Thomasville, Georgia]].<ref>[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/andrew-young-b-1932 Biography] in [[New Georgia Encyclopedia]]</ref>

In 1957, Young and Jean moved to New York City when he accepted a job with the Youth Division of the [[National Council of Churches]]. While in New York City, Young regularly appeared on ''Look Up and Live'', a weekly Sunday morning television program on [[CBS]], produced by the National Council of Churches in an effort to reach out to secular youth.<ref name=templetons />

Young served as a pastor of the [[Evergreen Congregational Church and School|Evergreen Congregational Church]] in [[Beachton, Georgia]], from 1957 to 1959.<ref name=nrhpdoc>{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=02001260}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Evergreen Congregational Church and School |publisher=[[National Park Service]]|author=Steven H. Moffson and Mishie M. Bryant |date=September 1, 2002 |access-date=March 6, 2017 }} with {{NRHP url|id=02001260|photos=y|title=18 photos}} (see photo captions pages 14-15 of text document)</ref>

In 1960, he joined the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]].<ref name=deroche-cosmopolitan-christian-young /> No longer satisfied with his work in New York City, Young moved to [[Atlanta]], Georgia, in 1961 upon the invitation of [[Bernard Lafayette]] and worked to register black voters. Young played a key role in the 1963 events in Birmingham, Alabama, serving as a mediator between the white and black communities as they negotiated against a background of protests.

In 1964, Young was named executive director of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]. As a colleague and friend of Martin Luther King Jr., he was a strategist and negotiator during the Civil Rights Campaigns in [[Birmingham campaign|Birmingham]] (1963), [[St. Augustine Movement|St. Augustine]] (1964), [[Selma to Montgomery march|Selma]] (1965), and Atlanta (1966). He was jailed for his participation in civil rights demonstrations, both in [[Selma, Alabama|Selma]], Alabama, and in [[Saint Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], Florida. The movement gained congressional passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]]. Young was with King in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], Tennessee, when [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|King was assassinated]] in 1968.<ref name=lat-12212012 />

==Congress==

In 1970, Young ran as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] for the 5th District seat in the US House of Representatives, from Georgia, but was unsuccessful. After his defeat, Rev. Fred C. Bennette Jr. introduced him to Murray M. Silver, an Atlanta attorney, who served as his campaign finance chairman. Young ran again in 1972 and won. He later was re-elected in 1974 and in 1976. During his four-plus years in Congress, he was a member of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]], and was involved in several debates regarding foreign relations, including the decision to stop supporting the Portuguese attempts to hold on to their colonies in southern Africa. Young also sat on the powerful Rules Committee and the Banking and Urban Development Committee. Young opposed the Vietnam War,<ref name=britannica-andrewyoung /> helped enact legislation that established the [[U.S. Institute for Peace]], established the [[Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area]] and negotiated federal funds for [[Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority|MARTA]] and the Atlanta Highways.

==American Ambassador to the United Nations==
[[File:STU-I.Young.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ambassador Young, calling from New York City on an [[STU-I]] secure phone during the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty|Egypt–Israel peace talks]]. (NSA museum)]]
 
In 1977, President [[Jimmy Carter]] appointed Young to serve as the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]]. Young was the first African American to hold the position. Atlanta city councilman [[Wyche Fowler]] won the special election to fill Young's seat in Congress.

Although the US and the UN enacted an arms embargo against South Africa, as President Carter's UN ambassador, Young vetoed economic sanctions.<ref name=pm-01122012 />

Young caused controversy when, during a July 1978 interview with French newspaper ''[[Le Matin de Paris]]'' while discussing the [[Soviet Union]] and its treatment of political dissidents, he said, "We still have hundreds of people that I would categorize as [[political prisoner]]s in our prisons", in reference to jailed civil-rights and anti-war protestors. In response, US Representative [[Larry McDonald]] (D-GA) sponsored a resolution to impeach Young, but the measure failed 293 to 82. Carter referred to it in a press conference as an "unfortunate statement."<ref name=civil-rights-ambassador />

In 1979, Young played a leading role in advancing a settlement in [[Rhodesia]] with [[Robert Mugabe]] and [[Joshua Nkomo]], who had been two of the rebel leaders in the [[Rhodesian Bush War]], which had ended in 1979. The settlement paved the way for Mugabe to take power as Prime Minister of the newly formed [[Republic of Zimbabwe]]. There had been a [[1979 Rhodesian general election|general election in 1979]], bringing Bishop [[Abel Muzorewa]] to power as leader of the [[United African National Council]] leading to the short-lived country of [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]]. Though majority rule had been implemented, many in the international community felt that the reforms were not wide-ranging enough. Young refused to accept the election results and described the election as "neofascist," a sentiment echoed by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 445]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 448|448]]. The situation was resolved the next year with the [[Lancaster House Agreement]] and the establishment of [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=civil-rights-ambassador />

Young's favoring of Mugabe and Nkomo over Muzorewa and his predecessor and ally, [[Ian Smith]], has been controversial. Many African-American activists, including [[Jesse Jackson]] and [[Coretta Scott King]], supported the anticolonialism represented by Mugabe and Nkomo.<ref name=civil-rights-ambassador /> However, it was opposed by others, including civil-rights leader [[Bayard Rustin]], who argued that the 1979 election had been "free and fair",<ref name=war-against-zimbabwe /> as well as Senators [[Harry F. Byrd Jr.]] (I-VA) and [[Jesse Helms]] (R-NC). It was later criticized in 2005 by Gabriel Shumba, executive director of the anti-Mugabe [[Zimbabwe Exiles Forum]].<ref name=hill-mugabe />

In July 1979, Young discovered that an upcoming report by the [[United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights]] called for the creation of a [[Palestinian State]]. Young wanted to delay the report because the Carter Administration was dealing with too many other issues at the time. He met with the UN representatives of several Arab countries to try to convince them the report should be delayed; they agreed in principle but insisted that the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] also had to agree. As a result, on July 20, Young met with [[Zuhdi Labib Terzi]], the UN representative of the PLO, at the apartment of the UN Ambassador from [[Kuwait]]. On August 10, news of the meeting became public when the [[Mossad]] leaked its illegally-acquired transcript of the meeting first to Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]], and then through his office to ''[[Newsweek]]''.<ref name=ostrovsky /> The meeting was highly controversial since the United States had already promised Israel that it would not meet directly with the PLO until it recognized [[Israel's right to exist]].<ref name=civil-rights-ambassador />

During the controversy, Young took a break and was invited by [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]] to speak about [[apartheid]] in South Africa at [[Brown University]].<ref name=Landau />

Young's UN ambassadorship ended on August 14.<ref name=civil-rights-ambassador /><ref name=frum /><ref name=ebony-magazine /> Carter denied any complicity in what was called the "Andy Young Affair" and asked Young to resign. Asked about the incident by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' soon afterward, Young stated, "It is very difficult to do the things that I think are in the interest of the country and maintain the standards of protocol and diplomacy.... I really don't feel a bit sorry for anything that I have done."<ref name=time-fall-of-young /> Soon afterward, on the television show ''[[Meet the Press]]'', he stated that Israel was "stubborn and intransigent."<ref name=frum />

After his ambassadorship ended, Young became a guest lecturer at [[Michigan State University]] in [[East Lansing, Michigan]].<ref name=argus-press-colemanyoung />

==Atlanta mayor==
In 1981, after being urged by a number of people, including [[Coretta Scott King]], the widow of Martin Luther King Jr., Young ran for mayor of [[Atlanta]]. He was elected later that year with 55% of the vote, succeeding [[Maynard Jackson]]. As mayor of Atlanta, he brought in $70 billion of new private investment.<ref name=chautauquan-vision /> He continued and expanded Jackson's programs for including minority and female-owned businesses in all city contracts. The Mayor's Task Force on Education established the Dream Jamboree College Fair that tripled the college scholarships given to Atlanta public school graduates. In 1985, he was involved in renovating the Atlanta Zoo, which was renamed [[Zoo Atlanta]].<ref name=nytimes-1987-10-05 /> Young was re-elected as mayor in 1985 with more than 80% of the vote. Atlanta hosted the [[1988 Democratic National Convention]] during Young's tenure. He was prohibited by [[term limits]] from running for a third term. During his tenure, he talked about how he was "glad to be mayor of this city, where once the mayor had me thrown in jail."<ref name=chi-tribune-young-wins />

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] saw Young ranked as the fifteenth-best American big-city mayor to serve between the years 1820 and 1993.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Holli | first = Melvin G. | title = The American Mayor | publisher = PSU Press | year = 1999 | location = University Park | url = https://archive.org/details/americanmayorbes0000holl | isbn = 0-271-01876-3 }}</ref> The survey also saw Young ranked the fifth-best big-city mayor to serve in office post-1960.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holli |first1=Melvin G. |title=American Mayors: The Best and the Worst since 1960 |journal=Social Science Quarterly |date=1997 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=149–157 |jstor=42863681 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42863681 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |issn=0038-4941}}</ref>

== 1990 Georgia gubernatorial election ==

After leaving the mayor's office in early 1990,<ref name=bioguide /> Young launched a bid for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1990.<ref name=nytimes-1989-11-26 /> He ran in a primary that included three former or future governors of Georgia: then lieutenant governor [[Zell Miller]], then-state senator [[Roy Barnes]], and former governor [[Lester Maddox]]. The field also contained then state representative Lauren "Bubba" McDonald. The first poll put Young at 38 percent to Miller's 30 percent, 15 percent for Maddox and 10 percent for Barnes with McDonald trailing at 7 percent. Young campaigned hard but by the primary, with no central message, his campaign ran into trouble against the well-heeled and prepared lieutenant governor. Miller led the primary with 40 percent to Young's 29 percent and 21 percent for Barnes, Maddox got 7 percent and McDonald rounded out at 3 percent. Future U.S. senator [[Johnny Isakson]] won the Republican nomination.<ref name=nytimes-1990-07-18 /> After Miller's stunning and broad-based primary win, Young's campaign floundered. Many think he failed in his effort by trying to garner support amongst rural, conservative white voters, rather than turning out his urban and African-American base. Also, Young never found an issue that roused supporters, unlike Miller, who won voters by championing a state lottery. Miller won the runoff, 2 to 1 and ended Young's gubernatorial aspirations for good.<ref name=chi-tribune-young-loses-governor />

==Post-mayoral career==

Young has been a director of the [[Drum Major Institute]] for Public Policy, and is also the chairman of the board for the Global Initiative for the Advancement of Nutritional Therapy.<ref name=giant-global />

In 1996, Young was co-chairman of the [[1996 Summer Olympic Games]].

From 2000 to 2001, Young served as president of the National Council of Churches.<ref name=ncccusa-young />

In 2003, Young founded the Andrew Young Foundation, an organization meant to support and promote education, health, leadership and human rights in the United States, Africa and the Caribbean.<ref name=andrewyoung-foundation />

From February to August 2006, Young served as the public spokesman for [[Working Families for Walmart]], an advocacy group for the retail chain [[Walmart]].<ref name=atlanta-jc-walmart />{{dead link|date=December 2016}} Young resigned from the position soon after a controversial interview with the ''[[Los Angeles Sentinel]]'', in which, when asked about Walmart hurting [[independent business]]es, he replied, "You see those are the people who have been overcharging us, and they sold out and moved to Florida. I think they've ripped off our communities enough. First it was Jews, then it was Koreans and now it's Arabs."<ref name=nytimes-2006-08-18 />

In 2007, GoodWorks Productions released the documentary film ''Rwanda Rising'',<ref name=imdb-rwanda-rising /> about Rwanda's progress since the [[Rwandan genocide]] of 1994. Young also served as the film's narrator. ''Rwanda Rising'' premiered as the opening night selection at the [[Pan African Film Festival]] in Los Angeles in 2007.<ref name=chattanoogan-rwanda-rising />

An edited version of ''Rwanda Rising'' served as the pilot episode of ''Andrew Young Presents'',<ref name=imdb-andrewyoung-presents /> a series of quarterly, hour-long specials airing on nationally syndicated television.<ref name=andrewyoung-presents />

On January 22, 2008, Young appeared as a guest on the television show ''[[The Colbert Report]]''. Host [[Stephen Colbert]] invited Young to appear during the writers' strike, because, in 1969, Young and Colbert's father had worked together to mediate a hospital workers' strike.<ref name=time-2008-11-03 /> Young made another appearance on ''The Colbert Report'' on November 5, 2008, to talk about the election of [[Barack Obama]] to the presidency.<ref name=tvguide-2008-11-05 />

On January 19, 2015, Young gave the keynote address at [[Vanderbilt University]]'s Martin Luther King Jr. Commemoration Day. The theme was "Dismantling Segregation: Race, Poverty, and Privilege", and Young spoke about his experiences in Selma, stories of traveling with King, and his advice to the next generation of leaders.<ref name=young-mlkjr />

On May 13, 2019, Young gave the keynote address at [[Emory University]]'s spring commencement ceremony.

On May 29, 2020, Young remarked on the protests in Atlanta in reaction to the [[murder of George Floyd]]. He stated that riots, violence, and looting "hurt the cause instead of helping it".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/ambassador-andrew-young-says-atlanta-protest-disintegrated-into-foolishness/85-e691ffdd-fc66-4f6e-a644-370585ed7a01 |title=Ambassador Andrew Young says Atlanta protest 'disintegrated into foolishness' |last=Haney |first=Adrianne M|publisher=WXIA-TV |date=May 29, 2020 |access-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref>

Young is co-chairman of [[Rodney Cook Sr. Park]] along with [[National Monuments Foundation]] president [[Rodney Mims Cook Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://www.rodneycooksrpark.org/board-of-directors|access-date=December 29, 2020|publisher=[[Rodney Cook Sr. Park]]|language=en}}</ref> This peace park is located in the Vine City neighborhood on Atlanta's westside and has a strong civil rights focus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 21, 2020|title=Cook Park to open soon after years of waiting. Longer wait to come on civil rights monuments.|url=https://saportareport.com/cook-park-to-open-soon-after-years-of-waiting-longer-wait-to-come-on-civil-rights-monuments/columnists/maggie-lee/maggie/|access-date=December 29, 2020|website=SaportaReport|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, Young launched the "Andrew Young HBCU Scholarship Program"<ref>{{Cite web |last=YOUNG |first=AMBASSADOR ANDREW |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Shining an educational light in the darkness |url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/09/15/shining-an-educational-light-in-the-darkness/ |access-date=October 2, 2023 |website=New York Amsterdam News |language=en-US}}</ref> funded by [[McGraw Hill Education]] in partnership with the [[Institute of World Politics]] Chair of Law and Human Rights, [[Matthew Daniels]] and the [[Thurgood Marshall College Fund]]. The scholarship is awarded to students who "demonstrate the vision and leadership potential to be an ambassador for the unifying, non-violent principles of Dr. King and Ambassador Young, rooted in respect for the fundamental dignity, rights, and equality of all human beings."<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023-2024 TMCF {{!}} Andrew Young Scholarship |url=https://www.tmcf.org/students-alumni/scholarship/2023-2024-tmcf-andrew-young-scholarship/ |access-date=October 2, 2023 |website=Thurgood Marshall College Fund |language=en-US}}</ref> Young also endorsed a companion bible study for those seeking to apply Dr. King's teachings to improving their communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Hamil R. |date=August 16, 2023 |title=Six-Part Bible Study Inspired by MLK's 'Dream' Encourages Action |url=http://www.washingtoninformer.com/six-part-bible-study-inspired-by-mlks-dream-encourages-action/ |access-date=October 2, 2023 |website=The Washington Informer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life and family==

Young has four children with his first wife, [[Jean Childs Young]], who died of liver cancer in 1994.<ref name=jet-1994-10-03 /> His mother-in-law was [[Idella Jones Childs]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18423907/the_montgomery_advertiser_montgomery/|title=Inductee's Activism Praised|last=Benn|first=Alvin|date=March 8, 2002|work=The Montgomery Advertiser|access-date=March 10, 2019|page=3B|via=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18423959/the_montgomery_advertiser_montgomery/|title=Activism: Katz Supported Equal Rights Amendment|date=March 8, 2002|work=The Montgomery Advertiser|access-date=March 10, 2019|page=6B|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> He married Carolyn McClain in 1996.<ref name=jet-1996-04-15 />

In September 1999, Young was diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] which was successfully removed with surgery in January 2000.<ref name=ebscohost-pros-cancer />

==Books==

*''An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America''. (January 1998);
*''A Way Out of No Way''. (June 1996);
*''Andrew Young at the United Nations''. (January 1978);
*''Andrew Young, Remembrance & Homage''. (January 1978);
*''The History of the Civil Rights Movement''. (9 volumes) (September 1990);
*''Trespassing Ghost: A Critical Study of Andrew Young''. (January 1978);
*''Walk in My Shoes: Conversations between a Civil Rights Legend and his Godson on the Journey Ahead'' with Kabir Sehgal. (May 2010) {{ISBN|978-0-230-62360-6}};

==Writings==

*Young, Andrew, Harvey Newman, and Andrea Young. 2016. ''Andrew Young and the Making of Modern Atlanta.'' Macon, GA: [[Mercer University Press]].

==Awards and honors==

* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]];<ref name=britannica-andrewyoung />
* France's [[Légion d'honneur]];
* The [[NAACP]] Spingarn Medal;
* Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Worship;<ref name=roosevelt-institute />{{dead link|date=December 2016}}
* More than 45 honorary degrees including awards from [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]], [[Yale]], [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]], [[Clark Atlanta University|Clark Atlanta]], [[Emory University|Emory]], [[Oglethorpe University]], [[Lakeland University]] and the [[University of Georgia]];
* 1978 Adam Clayton Powell Award ([[List of Phoenix Award winners|Phoenix Award]])<ref name=":0">"Past Phoenix Award Honorees (1996 – 2018)". https://s7.goeshow.com/cbcf/annual/2020/documents/CBCF_ALC_-_Phoenix_Awards_Dinner_Past_Winners.pdf</ref>
* Legend in Leadership Award, [[Yale University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute Honors Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella with Legend in Leadership Award {{!}} Yale School of Management |url=https://som.yale.edu/story/2022/yale-chief-executive-leadership-institute-honors-microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-legend |access-date=May 28, 2023 |website=som.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* 1983 Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=  https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref> 
* 1995 Eagle Award from the [[United States Sports Academy]]. The Eagle Award is the Academy's highest honor and was awarded to Young for his significant contribution to international sport.
* 1996 Harold Washington Award ([[List of Phoenix Award winners|Phoenix Award]])<ref name=":0" /><ref>Haywood, R. L. (September 30, 1996). CBCF convenes <dfn>26th annual legislative</dfn> conference in nation's capital. ''Jet, 90'', 4.</ref>
* Honorary Co-Chair of the [[World Justice Project]];
* 2005 "Louisiana Legend" by [[Louisiana Public Broadcasting]] in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], along with timber industrialist Roy O. Martin Jr., comedian [[Kix Brooks]], and the [[Louisiana State University]] athletic legends [[Paul Dietzel]] and [[Sue Gunter]]<ref name=legacy-legend />
* 2010 Heroes, Saints and Legends Honoree, given by the Foundation of Wesley Woods;<ref name=atlanta-biz-2010-01-18 />
* The 2011 Lifetime Achievement [[Emmy Award]], for his involvement on ''Look Up and Live'';<ref name=cbs-emmys-honor-young />
* 2012 Georgia Trustee. Given by the [[Georgia Historical Society]], in conjunction with the [[Governor of Georgia]], to individuals whose accomplishments and community service reflect the ideals of the founding body of [[Trustee Georgia|Trustees]], which governed the Georgia colony from 1732 to 1752.<ref name=savannah-2012-01-22 />
* 2018 Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage.<ref name=ivan-allen-prize />
* 2023 induction into the [[Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Fame |first=Black Music and Entertainment Walk of |title=Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame Announces its Black History Month Class of Inductees |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/black-music-and-entertainment-walk-of-fame-announces-its-black-history-month-class-of-inductees-301736121.html |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Places named after Andrew Young===

* In 1999 [[Georgia State University]] in Atlanta renamed its public policy school the [[Andrew Young School of Policy Studies]] to honor Young.<ref name=young-school />
* International Boulevard, near [[Centennial Olympic Park]], was renamed Andrew Young International Boulevard, in honor of his involvement in bringing the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] to Atlanta.
* The Andrew Young Center for International Affairs at [[Morehouse College]] was named after Young.
* The Andrew and Walter Young YMCA, the only full-service [[YMCA]] operating in Southwest Atlanta, is named after Young and his younger brother.<ref name=atlantamag-ymca />
* A [[Delta Air Lines]] [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] bears Young's name in recognition of his civil rights achievements.<ref name=delta-honor />
* On March 11, 2021, Delta Air Lines renamed the building at the entrance to their headquarters as the "Ambassador Andrew J. Young International Building<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delta renames Atlanta headquarters building in honor of Ambassador Andrew Young|url=https://news.delta.com/delta-renames-atlanta-headquarters-building-honor-ambassador-andrew-young|access-date=2021-03-11|website=Delta News Hub|language=en}}</ref>"
* The Andrew Young Crossing<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrew Young Crossing|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/andrew-young-crossing|website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> in St. Augustine, FL

==In popular culture==

Young is played by [[Andre Holland]] in the 2014 film [[Selma (film)|''Selma'']].

Young is played by [[Howard Rollins|Howard E. Rollins Jr.]] in the 1978 television miniseries ''[[King (miniseries)|King]]''.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics}}
* [[List of African-American United States representatives]]
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[Timeline of Atlanta#1950s-1990s|Timeline of Atlanta]], 1980s

== References ==
{{Reflist | 30em | refs =

<!-- WEBSITE REFERENCES -->

<ref name=andrewyoung-presents>{{cite web | title = Andrew Young Presents | url = http://andrewyoungpresents.blogspot.com}}</ref>

<ref name=andrewyoung-foundation>{{cite web | title = Andrew Young Foundation homepage | url = http://andrewyoungfoundation.org | publisher = [[Andrew Young Foundation]] | date = November 7, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=atlanta-jc-walmart>{{cite web|date=April 25, 2006 |title=Young faces criticism in position on Wal-Mart |url=http://www.ajc.com/search/content/shared/money/stories/coxnews/WALMART_YOUNG25_COX_W5015.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212171849/http://www.ajc.com/search/content/shared/money/stories/coxnews/WALMART_YOUNG25_COX_W5015.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |website=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] }}</ref>

<ref name=atlantamag-ymca>{{cite web|title=Andrew and Walter Young Celebrate a YMCA Milestone |url=http://www.atlantamagazine.com/history/Story.aspx?id=1195830 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |date=February 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707182726/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/history/Story.aspx?id=1195830 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 }} ().</ref>

<ref name=atlanta-biz-2010-01-18>{{cite web | last = Saporta | date = January 18, 2010 | first = Maria | title = Cobb Chamber seeks region-minded president | url = http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2010/01/18/newscolumn2.html?page=3 | website = [[Atlanta Business Chronicle]]}}</ref>

<ref name=britannica-andrewyoung>{{cite web | title=Andrew Young | url = https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-9078051 | website = Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

<ref name=cbs-emmys-honor-young>{{cite web|title=Emmys honor former Atlanta Mayor Andrew Young |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/23/ap/celebrities/main20035508.shtml |website=[[CBS]] |date=February 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035127/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/23/ap/celebrities/main20035508.shtml |archive-date=June 29, 2011 }} ().</ref>

<ref name=chattanoogan-rwanda-rising>{{cite web | title = Premiere Of Rwanda Rising Is Sept. 1 | url = http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_111492.asp | website = [[The Chattanoogan]] | date = August 13, 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110623172622/http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_111492.asp | archive-date = June 23, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=chi-tribune-young-wins>{{cite web | title = Young Easily Wins Again In Atlanta | url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-10-10/news/8503090318_1_write-in-votes-nonpartisan-election-andrew-young | website = Chicago Tribune | date = October 10, 1985}}</ref>

<ref name=chi-tribune-young-loses-governor>{{cite web | last = Schmich | first = Mary T. | date = August 8, 1990 | title = Young Loses Governor Runoff | url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-08-08/news/9003060477_1_blacks-whites-atlanta-mayor-andrew-young | website = [[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref>

<ref name=chautauquan-vision>{{cite web | last = White | first = Jessica | date = August 6, 2012 | title = Young returns to share his global vision | url = http://chqdaily.com/2012/08/06/young-returns-to-share-his-global-vision | website = [[The Chautauquan Daily]]}}</ref>

<ref name=bioguide>{{cite web | title = Young, Andrew Jackson Jr. (1932–) | url = http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=Y000028 | website = Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}</ref>

<ref name=ebscohost-pros-cancer>{{cite web | title = Andrew Young Released from Hospital after Cancer Surgery in Atlanta | url = http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9606163684/andrew-young-bride-carolyn-wed-again-atlanta | website = [[Ebscohost]] | agency = [[Jet (magazine)]] | date = June 3, 1996}}{{dead link|date=November 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

<ref name=delta-honor>{{cite web | title = Delta Aircraft Livery | url = http://www.deltamuseum.org/exhibits/delta-history/delta-brand/aircraft-livery_group/special-livery | website = [[Delta Flight Museum]]}}</ref>

<ref name=giant-global>{{cite web|title=Global Initiative For The Advancement of Nutritional Therapy |url=http://www.giantglobal.org/ |website=Giant Global |date=April 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410212228/http://www.giantglobal.org/ |archive-date=April 10, 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name=imdb-andrewyoung-presents>{{IMDb title|1319763|"Andrew Young Presents" (2008)}}</ref>

<ref name=imdb-rwanda-rising>{{IMDb title|0976054|Rwanda Rising (2007)}}</ref>

<ref name=lat-12212012>{{cite web | title = With Andrew Young in 1968 | url = https://www.latimes.com/news/mlk_lsswndp7,0,3313243.photo | website = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = December 21, 2012 | access-date = February 18, 2020 | archive-date = May 19, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519195903/http://www.latimes.com/news/mlk_lsswndp7,0,3313243.photo | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name=legacy-legend>{{cite web | url = http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/shreveporttimes/obituary.aspx?pid=86903167#sthash.mVei6WBp.dpuf | title = Roy O. Martin Jr. obituary | website =[[The Times (Shreveport)|The Shreveport Times]] | date = March 24, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=ncccusa-young>{{cite web | title = NCC PRESIDENT 2000-2001: Ambassador Andrew Young | url = http://www.ncccusa.org/news/2000GA/young.html | publisher = Ncccusa.org}}</ref>

<ref name=nytimes-1987-10-05>{{cite web | first = Ronald | last = Smothers | date = October 5, 1987 | title = Atlanta's Zoo Rebounds After Deaths of Animals | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/05/us/atlanta-s-zoo-rebounds-after-deaths-of-animals.html?src=pm | website = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name=nytimes-1989-11-26>{{cite web | last = Smothers | first = Ronald | date = November 26, 1989 | title = Andrew Young Going Afield to Run for Governor | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/26/us/andrew-young-going-afield-to-run-for-governor.html | website = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name=nytimes-1990-07-18>{{cite web | last = Smothers | first = Ronald | date = July 18, 1990 | title = Young Gains Berth in a Runoff To Run for Governor of Georgia | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/18/us/young-gains-berth-in-a-runoff-to-run-for-governor-of-georgia.html | website = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name=nytimes-2006-08-18>{{cite web | last1 = Barbaro | first1 = Michael | last2 = Greenhouse | first2 = Steven | date = August 18, 2006 | title = Wal-Mart Image-Builder Resigns | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/18/business/18walmart.html | website = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name=pm-01122012>{{cite web | last = Fuchs | first = Cynthia | date = January 12, 2012| title = Doc Series 'Have You Heard From Johannesburg' Premieres on PBS 1/12 | url = https://www.popmatters.com/pm/post/153173-doc-series-have-you-heard-from-johannesburg-premieres-on-pbs-112 | website = [[PopMatters]]}}</ref>

<ref name=roosevelt-institute>{{cite web | title = Four Freedoms Award | url = http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121101030549/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards| url-status = dead| archive-date = November 1, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=savannah-2012-01-22>{{cite web | last = Mobley | first = Chuck | date = January 22, 2012 | title = Civil rights icon, Atlanta developer will share stage at Feb. 11 GHS gala | url = http://savannahnow.com/accent/2012-01-22/civil-rights-icon-atlanta-developer-will-share-stage-feb-11-ghs-gala | website = [[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref>

<ref name=templetons>{{cite web | title = Charles Templeton memoir | url = http://www.templetons.com/charles/memoir/tv-start.html | website = Templetons.com}}</ref>

<ref name=time-2008-11-03>{{cite magazine | last = Poniewozik | first = James | date = November 3, 2008 | title = The Colbert Report, Jan. 22 episode | url = http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1855948_1863367_1863376,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100227025253/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1855948_1863367_1863376,00.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 27, 2010 | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

<ref name=time-fall-of-young>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920547,00.html |title=The Fall of Andy Young |magazine=Time |date=August 27, 1979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628235945/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C920547%2C00.html |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=young-mlkjr>{{cite web | title = 2015 Schedule of Events | url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/mlk/schedule-of-events | website = [[Vanderbilt University]] | access-date = April 17, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150418083708/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/mlk/schedule-of-events/ | archive-date = April 18, 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name=tvguide-2008-11-05>{{cite web | url = http://video.tvguide.com/The+Colbert+Report/The+Colbert+Report+11508/8164122?autoplay=true&partnerid=tvguide | title = The Colbert Report - The Colbert Report 11/5/08 | work = [[TV Guide]] | date = November 5, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=vanderbilt-whospeaks>{{cite web | last = Warren | first = Robert Penn | date = March 17, 1964 | title = Andrew Young | url = http://whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu/interview/andrew-young | website = Robert Penn Warren's Who Speaks for the Negro? (Archive)}}</ref>

<ref name=young-school>{{cite web | title = 1996: The Creation of a Policy Powerhouse | url = http://aysps.gsu.edu/andrew-young-timeline-4 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130217033736/http://aysps.gsu.edu/andrew-young-timeline-4 | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 17, 2013 | website = [[Georgia State University]] | year = 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=ivan-allen-prize>{{cite web | title = Andrew Young to Receive Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage | url = https://www.news.gatech.edu/2018/09/10/lessons-courage-andrew-young | website = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] | year = 2018}}</ref>

<!-- BOOK REFERENCES -->

<ref name=civil-rights-ambassador>{{cite book | last = DeRoche | first = Andrew | author-link = Andrew DeRoche | year = 2003 | title = Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SzSYoGvUWLgC | isbn = 0-8420-2956-7}}</ref>

<ref name=frum>{{cite book | last = Frum | first = David | author-link = David Frum | year = 2000 | title = How We Got Here: The '70s | location = New York City | publisher = [[Basic Books]] | pages = [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/272 272–273] | isbn = 0-465-04195-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/272 }}</ref>

<ref name=hill-mugabe>{{cite book | last = Hill | first = Geoff | author-link = Geoff Hill (South African journalist) | year = 2005 | title = What happens after Mugabe? | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RTL93ULq3TIC&pg=PA8 | page = 8 | publisher = Zebra Press | isbn = 978-1-77007-102-5}}</ref>

<ref name=ostrovsky>{{cite book | last = Ostrovsky | first = Victor | author-link = Victor Ostrovsky | year = 1990 | title = By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer | url = https://archive.org/details/pdfy-fkyMnNzkeT5fzxTg | location = New York | publisher = St Martin's Press | pages = [https://archive.org/details/pdfy-fkyMnNzkeT5fzxTg/page/n287 280]–283 | isbn = 0312056133}}</ref>

<ref name=Landau>{{cite book | last = Landau | first = Elaine | author-link = Elaine Landau | year = 2000 | title = John F. Kennedy, Jr. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4x_FXrXt-7IC | publisher = Twenty-First Century Books | page = 78 | isbn = 978-0761318576}}</ref>

<!-- JOURNAL REFERENCES -->

<ref name=deroche-cosmopolitan-christian-young>{{cite journal | last = DeRoche | first = Andrew J. | date = 1994 | title = A Cosmopolitan Christian: Andrew Young and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1964-68 | url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rfh&AN=ATLA0000905982&site=eds-live | journal = Journal of Religious Thought | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–80}}</ref>

<ref name=war-against-zimbabwe>{{cite journal|last=Rustin |first=Bayard |author-link=Bayard Rustin |date=July 1979 |title=The War Against Zimbabwe |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-war-against-zimbabwe-6140 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119170321/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-war-against-zimbabwe-6140 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] }}</ref>

<!-- MAGAZINE REFERENCES -->

<ref name=ebony-magazine>{{cite magazine | title = Foreign Policy, Black America and the Andy Young Affair | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3MsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116 | magazine = [[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] | date = January 1980|publisher = Johnson Publishing Company}}</ref>

<ref name=jet-1996-04-15>{{cite magazine | title = Andrew Young Weds Carolyn McClain In Cape Town, S. Africa | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XjkDAAAAMBAJ&q=Andrew+Young+weds+Carolyn+McClain+in+Cape+Town%2C+S.+Africa&pg=PA12 | magazine = [[Jet (magazine)|Jet]] | date = April 25, 1996|publisher = Johnson Publishing Company}}</ref>

<ref name=jet-1994-10-03>{{cite magazine | title = Jean C. Young, 61, Educator, Activist And Wife Of Former Atlanta Mayor Andrew Young, Dies of Cancer | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-sEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6 | magazine = [[Jet (magazine)|Jet]] | date = October 3, 1994|publisher = Johnson Publishing Company}}</ref>

<!-- NEWSPAPER REFERENCES -->

<ref name=argus-press-colemanyoung>{{cite news | title = Atlanta's Young Hopes To Use a Page from Coleman Young's Book | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19511113&id=tkMiAAAAIBAJ&pg=2752,1488904 | website = [[Google News]] | publisher = [[The Argus-Press]] | date = November 13, 1951}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* DeRoche, Andrew J. ''Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador'' (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003).
* Hornsby Jr, Alton. "Andrew Jackson Young: Mayor of Atlanta, 1982-1990." ''Journal of Negro History'' 77.3 (1992): 159–182. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717559 online]
* Jones, Barlett C. ''Flawed Triumphs: Andy Young at the United Nations'' (1996).
* Levy, Jessica Ann. "Selling Atlanta: black mayoral politics from protest to entrepreneurism, 1973 to 1990." ''Journal of Urban History'' 41.3 (2015): 420–443.
* Mitchell, Nancy. ''Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War'' (Stanford UP, 2016), 913pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Jimmy-Carter-Africa-International-History-ebook/dp/B01FAN5UBA/  excerpt]
* Thomson, Alex. "The Diplomacy of Impasse: the Carter Administration and Apartheid South Africa." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 21.1 (2010): 107–124.
* Van Wyk, Anna-Mart, and Jackie Grobler. "The Carter administration and the institution of the 1977 mandatory arms embargo against South Africa: rhetoric or active action?." ''Historia'' 51.1 (2006): 163–199. [https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/3028/VanWyk_Carter%282006%29.pdf?sequence= online]

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1395&sug=y Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010181128/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1395&sug=y |date=October 10, 2012 }} in the [[New Georgia Encyclopedia]]
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0080/menu.html Oral History Interview with Andrew Young] from [[Oral Histories of the American South]]
* [https://achievement.org/achiever/andrew-young/#interview Andrew Young Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement]
* [http://aysps.gsu.edu/ Andrew Young School of Policy Studies]
* [http://www.visionaryproject.com/youngandrew Andy Young's oral history video excerpts] at The National Visionary Leadership Project
* [http://www.goodworksintl.com Good Works International, founder]
* [https://whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu/ ''Who Speaks for the Negro'' Vanderbilt documentary website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070102235223/http://www.newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/Andrew_Young.php Andrew Young's federal campaign contribution report]
{{CongBio|Y000028}}
* {{C-SPAN|2384}}
* {{IMDb name|0949258}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/y/andrew_j_young}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Fletcher Thompson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from Georgia|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br />from [[Georgia's 5th congressional district]]|years=1973–1977}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wyche Fowler]]}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Scranton]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]]|years=1977–1979}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Donald McHenry]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Maynard Jackson]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of mayors of Atlanta|Mayor of Atlanta]]|years=1982–1990}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Maynard Jackson]]}}
|-
{{s-prec|usa}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tom Malinowski]]|as=Former US Representative}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of precedence of the United States]]<br>''{{small|as Former US Representative}}''|years=}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ben Jones (American actor and politician)|Ben Jones]]|as=Former US Representative}}
{{s-end}}

{{Civil rights movement}}
{{Carter cabinet}}
{{USUNambassadors}}
{{Mayors of Atlanta}}
{{Spingarn Medal}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Andrew}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century mayors of places in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:African-American activists]]
[[Category:African-American Christian clergy]]
[[Category:African-American diplomats]]
[[Category:African-American mayors in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:African-American members of the Cabinet of the United States]]
[[Category:African-American members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:American Christian clergy]]
[[Category:American people of Sierra Leonean descent]]
[[Category:Carter administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Hartford Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Howard University alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of Atlanta]]
[[Category:Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Politicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]
[[Category:United Church of Christ ministers]]
[[Category:United Nations Foundation]]
[[Category:Writers from New Orleans]]