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Do not fill this in! {{short description|Magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox earthquake | name = 2010 Haiti earthquake | image = Ruins of Haiti National Palace - Port au Prince 2012.jpg | caption = The heavily damaged [[National Palace (Haiti)|National Palace of Haiti]] after the earthquake | timestamp = 2010-01-12 21:53:10 | isc-event = 14226221 | anss-url = iscgem14226221 | local-date = 12 January 2010 | damage = $7.8 billion – 8.5 billion<ref>{{cite web|first1=Kimberly|last1=Amadeo|access-date=19 October 2019|title=Haiti's 2010 Earthquake Caused Lasting Damage|url=https://www.thebalance.com/haiti-earthquake-facts-damage-effects-on-economy-3305660|website=The Balance|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019080126/https://www.thebalance.com/haiti-earthquake-facts-damage-effects-on-economy-3305660|url-status=live}}</ref> | local-time = 16:53:10 [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] | map2 = {{Location map many | Haiti | relief=yes | label= | lat=18.457 | long=-72.533 | mark=Bullseye1.png | marksize=40 | position=top | label2='''[[Port-au-Prince]]''' | label2_size=99 | lat2=18.53 | long2=-72.33 | mark2= | mark2size=10 | position2=right | label3=[[Jacmel]] | lat3=18.23 | long3=-72.53 | mark3=Black pog.svg | mark3size=8 | position3=bottom | label4=[[Petit-Goâve|Petit-<br />Goâve]] | lat4=18.43 | long4=-72.87 | mark4=Black pog.svg | mark4size=8 | position4=left | label5=[[Saint-Marc]] | lat5=19.12 | long5=-72.70 | mark5=Black pog.svg | mark5size=8 | position5=left | label6=[[Léogâne]] | lat6=18.5108 | long6=-72.6339 | mark6=Black pog.svg | mark6size=8 | position6=top | width= 250 | float=center | caption={{maplink|from=2010 Haiti earthquake.map|text=Interactive map}}}} | map_caption = The epicenter of the earthquake and the surrounding major cities in Haiti. | magnitude = 7.0 [[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>w</sub>]] | fault = [[Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone]] | depth = {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} | location = {{Coord|18.46|N|72.53|W|type:event|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | countries affected = [[Haiti]], [[Dominican Republic]] | intensity = {{MMI|10}} <ref name="Miyamoto">{{cite journal |author1=H. Kit Miyamoto |author2=Amir S. J. Gilani |author3=Ken Wong |title=Massive Damage Assessment Program and Repair and Reconstruction Strategy in the Aftermath of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake |journal=Earthquake Spectra |date=1 October 2011 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=219–237 |doi=10.1193/1.3631293|bibcode=2011EarSp..27..219M |s2cid=110899301 }}</ref> | PGA = 0.5 ''[[peak ground acceleration|g]]''<ref name="Lin-Allen">{{cite news|url=https://latimes.com/news/local/la-me-quake-california-20110226,0,1231448.story |title=New Zealand quake raises questions about L.A. buildings |last1=Lin |first1=Rong-Gong |last2=Allen |first2=Sam |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 February 2011 |access-date=27 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303174617/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-quake-california-20110226%2C0%2C1231448.story |archive-date=3 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> | tsunami = Yes (localized)<ref name="BBCtsunami" /> | casualties = 100,000 to 316,000 deaths<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php |title = Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths |access-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122458/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php |archive-date=5 June 2013 }} [[U.S. Geological Survey]], ''Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths''</ref> (the higher figure is from a government estimate widely charged with being deliberately inflated;<ref name="Columbia">[https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/one_year_later_haitian_earthqu.php?page=all] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130060859/http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/one_year_later_haitian_earthqu.php?page=all |date=30 January 2016 }} ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'', "Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute", 20 January 2012</ref> a figure of about 160,000 is provided in a 2010 [[University of Michigan]] study<ref name="Michigan">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/13623699.2010.535279 | pmid=21314081 | volume=26 | issue=4 | title=Mortality, crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake: a random survey of Port-au-Prince households | year=2010 | journal=Medicine, Conflict and Survival | pages=281–297 | last1 = Kolbe | first1 = Athena R. | last2 = Hutson | first2 = Royce A. | last3 = Shannon | first3 = Harry | last4 = Trzcinski | first4 = Eileen | last5 = Miles | first5 = Bart | last6 = Levitz | first6 = Naomi | last7 = Puccio | first7 = Marie | last8 = James | first8 = Leah | last9 = Roger Noel | first9 = Jean | last10 = Muggah | first10 = Robert| s2cid=26000167 }}</ref>) | duration = 30 seconds }} {{History of Haiti}} The '''2010 Haiti earthquake''' was a catastrophic [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude 7.0 M<sub>w</sub>]] earthquake that struck [[Haiti]] at 16:53 local time (21:53 [[UTC]]) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010.<ref name="USGS_Haiti" /><ref name='abc1' /> The [[epicenter]] was near the town of [[Léogâne]], [[Ouest (department)|Ouest department]], approximately {{convert|25|km}} west of [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Haiti]]'s capital. By 24 January, at least 52 [[aftershock]]s measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded.<ref name="forbes24012010"/> An estimated three million people were affected by the quake.<ref name="cbsnews1"/> Death toll estimates range from 100,000<ref name="USGS"/> to about 160,000<ref name="Michigan"/> to Haitian government figures from 220,000<ref name="bbc100210">{{cite news|title=Haiti quake death toll rises to 230,000|date=10 February 2010|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8507531.stm|access-date=10 February 2010|archive-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228181752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8507531.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldvision.com.au/issues/emergencies/current_emergencies/haitiearthquake/ACallToAction_Haiti6Months.aspx "A Call to Action: Haiti at 6 months"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311065525/http://www.worldvision.com.au/Issues/Emergencies/Current_Emergencies/HaitiEarthquake/ACallToAction_Haiti6Months.aspx |date=11 March 2011 }}, World Vision Australia (12 July 2010). Retrieved 13 January 2011</ref> to 316,000,<ref name="USGS"/> although these latter figures are a matter of some dispute.<ref name="Columbia"/> The government of Haiti estimated that 250,000 [[residential area|residences]] and 30,000 [[commercial building]]s had collapsed or were severely damaged.<ref name=age25> {{cite news |title=Haitians angry over slow aid |first=Clarens |last=Renois |work=The Age |date=5 February 2010 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/haitians-angry-over-slow-aid-20100204-ng2g.html |access-date=5 February 2010 |location=Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207005409/http://www.theage.com.au/world/haitians-angry-over-slow-aid-20100204-ng2g.html |archive-date=7 February 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haiti's history of [[External debt of Haiti|national debt]], prejudicial trade policies by other countries, and foreign intervention into national affairs contributed to the existing poverty and poor housing conditions that increased the death toll from the disaster.<ref name="Bell1">{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Beverly |date=2013 |title=Fault Lines: Views across Haiti's Divide |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=32–40 |isbn=978-0-8014-7769-0}}</ref> The earthquake caused major damage in Port-au-Prince, [[Jacmel]] and other cities in the region. Notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the [[National Palace (Haiti)|Presidential Palace]], the [[National Assembly of Haiti|National Assembly]] building, the [[Port-au-Prince Cathedral]], and the main jail. Among those killed were [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Port-au-Prince|Archbishop of Port-au-Prince]] [[Joseph Serge Miot]],<ref name=apny201013 /> and opposition leader [[Micha Gaillard]].<ref name="yahoo1" /><ref name="thaindian" /> The headquarters of the [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti]] (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, collapsed, killing many, including the Mission's Chief, [[Hédi Annabi]].<ref name="unbriefing" /><ref name="bbc16012010" /> Many countries [[humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|responded to appeals for humanitarian aid]], pledging funds and dispatching rescue and medical teams, engineers and support personnel. The most-watched telethon in history aired on 22 January, called "[[Hope for Haiti Now]]," raising US$58 million by the next day.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McAlister|first=Elizabeth|year=2012|title=Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake|journal=Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism|language=en|volume=16|issue=3 39|pages=22–38|doi=10.1215/07990537-1894078|s2cid=144995319|issn=0799-0537|url=https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div2facpubs/158|access-date=10 December 2019|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106163204/https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div2facpubs/158/|url-status=live}}</ref> Communication systems, air, land, and sea transport facilities, hospitals, and electrical networks had been damaged by the earthquake, which hampered rescue and aid efforts; confusion over who was in charge, air traffic congestion, and problems with prioritising flights further complicated early relief work. Port-au-Prince's morgues were overwhelmed with tens of thousands of bodies. These had to be buried in [[mass grave]]s.<ref name="pressassoc21jan" /> As rescues tailed off, supplies, medical care and sanitation became priorities. Delays in aid distribution led to angry appeals from aid workers and survivors, and [[looting]] and sporadic violence were observed. On 22 January, the [[United Nations]] noted that the emergency phase of the relief operation was drawing to a close, and on the following day, the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors. ==Background== The island of [[Hispaniola]], shared by Haiti and the [[Dominican Republic]], is [[seismology|seismically]] active and has [[List of earthquakes in Haiti|a history of destructive earthquakes]]. During Haiti's time as a French colony, earthquakes were recorded by French historian [[Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry|Moreau de Saint-Méry]] (1750–1819). He described damage done by an earthquake in 1751, writing that "only one [[masonry]] building had not collapsed" in Port-au-Prince; he also wrote that the "whole city collapsed" in the [[1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake]]. [[Cap-Haïtien]], other towns in the north of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and the [[Sans-Souci Palace]] were destroyed during an [[1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake|earthquake on 7 May 1842]].<ref name="Prepetit" /> A [[1946 Dominican Republic earthquake|magnitude 8.0 earthquake]] struck the Dominican Republic and shook Haiti on 4 August 1946, producing a [[tsunami]] that killed 1,790 people and injured many others.<ref name="msnbc13012010" /> Haiti is the poorest country in the [[Western Hemisphere]] and is ranked 149th of 182 countries on the [[Human Development Index]].<ref name="hdrstats" /> The Australian government's travel advisory site had previously expressed concerns that Haitian [[emergency services]] would be unable to cope in the event of a major disaster,<ref name="smartraveller" /> and the country is considered "economically vulnerable" by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].<ref name="FAOcast" /> Haiti is no stranger to natural disasters. In addition to earthquakes, it has been struck frequently by tropical cyclones, which have caused flooding and widespread damage. The most recent cyclones to hit the island before the earthquake were [[Tropical Storm Fay (2008)|Tropical Storm Fay]] and hurricanes [[Hurricane Gustav|Gustav]], [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hanna]] and [[Hurricane Ike|Ike]], all in the summer of 2008, causing nearly 800 deaths.<ref name="Guard08112008" /> ==Geology== [[File:2010 haiti shake map.jpg|thumb|left|USGS intensity map]] [[File:Gonâve microplate.png|thumb|Map showing regional tectonic setting of the [[Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone]]]] [[File:2010 Haiti Quake Aftershock Damage Satellite Image.jpg|thumb|Tiny dots of white against the plant-covered landscape (red in this image) are possible landslides, a common occurrence in mountainous terrain after large earthquakes. The Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone runs along the two linear valleys at the top of the image.]] The [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.0 M<sub>w</sub> earthquake occurred inland, on 12 January 2010 at 16:53 (UTC−05:00), approximately {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} WSW from Port-au-Prince at a depth of {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="USGS_Haiti"/> on [[Thrust fault#Blind thrust faults|blind thrust faults]] associated with the [[Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone|Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system]]<ref name="USGSHaiti2" /> and lasted less than 30 seconds. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/earthquake-in-haiti-gone-in-30-seconds-1870284.html |title=Earthquake in Haiti: Gone in 30 seconds |last=Randall |first=David |date=17 January 2010 |website=The Independent |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822190507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/earthquake-in-haiti-gone-in-30-seconds-1870284.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is no evidence of surface rupture; based on seismological, geological and ground deformation data, it is also thought that the earthquake did not involve significant lateral slip on the main Enriquillo fault.<ref name="Hayes">{{cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=G.P.|last2=Briggs|first2=R.W.|year=2010|title=Complex rupture during the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake|journal=Nature Geoscience|doi=10.1038/ngeo977|volume=3|issue=11|pages=800–805|bibcode=2010NatGe...3..800H|last3=Sladen|first3=A.|last4=Fielding|first4=E. J.|last5=Prentice|first5=C.|last6=Hudnut|first6=K.|last7=Mann|first7=P.|last8=Taylor|first8=F. W.|last9=Crone|first9=A. J.|last10=Gold|first10=R.|last11=Ito|first11=T.|last12=Simons|first12=M.|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/21200/2/ngeo977-s1.pdf|access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202124109/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/21200/2/ngeo977-s1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Strong shaking associated with intensity IX on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Modified Mercalli scale]] (MM) was recorded in Port-au-Prince and its suburbs. It was also felt in several surrounding countries and regions, including Cuba (MM III in [[Guantánamo, Cuba|Guantánamo]]), Jamaica (MM II in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]), Venezuela (MM II in [[Caracas]]), Puerto Rico (MM II–III in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]), and the bordering Dominican Republic (MM III in [[Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic|Santo Domingo]]).<ref name=pager2010rja6 /><ref name="USGSHaiti3" /> According to estimates from the [[United States Geological Survey|U.S. Geological Survey]], approximately 3.5 million people lived in the area that experienced shaking intensity of MM VII to X,<ref name=pager2010rja6/> a range that can cause moderate to very heavy damage even to earthquake-resistant structures. Shaking damage was more severe than for other quakes of similar magnitude due to the quake's shallow depth.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bachelet |first=Michelle |title=More than 2 million affected by earthquake, Chile's president says |publisher=CNN |date=27 February 2010 |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-02-27/world/chile.quake_1_magnitude-haiti-quake-chilean-president-michelle-bachelet?_s=PM:WORLD |access-date=8 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118025211/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-02-27/world/chile.quake_1_magnitude-haiti-quake-chilean-president-michelle-bachelet?_s=PM%3AWORLD |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.crustal.ucsb.edu/outreach/faq.php Frequently Asked Questions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203020426/http://www.crustal.ucsb.edu/outreach/faq.php |date=3 December 2010 }} Institute for Crustal Studies</ref> The quake occurred in the vicinity of the northern boundary where the [[Caribbean plate|Caribbean tectonic plate]] shifts eastwards by about {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year in relation to the [[North American plate]]. The [[strike-slip fault]] system in the region has two branches in Haiti, the [[Septentrional-Oriente fault zone|Septentrional-Oriente fault]] in the north and the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in the south; both its location and [[focal mechanism]] suggested that the January 2010 quake was caused by a rupture of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault, which had been locked for 250 years, gathering [[stress (mechanics)|stress]].<ref name="BBC130120101" /> However, a study published in May 2010 suggested that the rupture process may have involved slip on multiple blind thrust faults with only minor, deep, lateral slip along or near the main Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone, suggesting that the event only partially relieved centuries of accumulated left-lateral strain on a small part of the plate-boundary system.<ref name="Hayes"/> The rupture was roughly {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}} long with mean slip of {{convert|1.8|m}}.<ref name="colorado.edu" /> Preliminary analysis of the slip distribution found amplitudes of up to about {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} using [[ground motion]] records from all over the world.<ref name="USGSHaiti4" /><ref name="nagoya" /> A 2007 earthquake hazard study by C. DeMets and M. Wiggins-Grandison noted that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and concluded that a worst-case forecast would involve a 7.2 M<sub>w</sub> earthquake, similar in size to the [[1692 Jamaica earthquake]].<ref name="DeMets" /> Paul Mann and a group including the 2006 study team presented a hazard assessment of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system to the 18th Caribbean Geologic Conference in March 2008, noting the large strain; the team recommended "high priority" historical geologic rupture studies, as the fault was fully locked and had recorded few earthquakes in the preceding 40 years.<ref name="18cgc" /> An article published in Haiti's ''[[Le Matin (Haiti)|Le Matin]]'' newspaper in September 2008 cited comments by geologist Patrick Charles to the effect that there was a high risk of major seismic activity in Port-au-Prince.<ref name="lematinhaiti" /> ===Aftershocks=== [[File:Haiti 2010 history.svg|thumb|History of the main shock and aftershocks with magnitudes larger than 4.0, data from USGS<ref name="USGS database" />]] The U.S. Geological Survey recorded eight [[aftershock]]s in the two hours after the main earthquake, with magnitudes between 4.3 and 5.9.<ref name="USGS database"/> Within the first nine hours, 32 aftershocks of magnitude 4.2 or greater were recorded, 12 of which measured magnitude 5.0 or greater; in addition, on 24 January, the US Geological Survey reported that there had been 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater since the main quake.<ref name="USGS database"/> On 20 January, at 06:03 local time (11:03 [[UTC]]), the strongest aftershock since the earthquake,<ref name="CNN aftershock" /> measuring magnitude 5.9 M<sub>w</sub>, struck Haiti.<ref name="NYT aftershock" /> USGS reported its epicenter was about {{convert|56|km|mi|abbr=on}} WSW of Port-au-Prince,<ref name="USGS database"/> which would place it almost exactly under the coastal town of [[Petit-Goâve]]. A UN representative reported that the aftershock collapsed seven buildings in the town.<ref name="AP aftershock" /> According to staff of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]], which had reached Petit-Goâve for the first time the day before the aftershock, the town was estimated to have lost 15% of its buildings, and was suffering the same shortages of supplies and medical care as the capital.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/haiti-earthquake-update-190110 Haiti earthquake: reaching victims outside the capital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502113711/https://www.icrc.org/en |date=2 May 2021 }}, International Committee of the Red Cross, 19 January 2010</ref> Workers from the charity [[Save the Children]] reported hearing "already weakened structures collapsing" in Port-au-Prince,<ref name="CNN aftershock"/> but most sources reported no further significant damage to infrastructure in the city. Further casualties are thought to have been minimal since people had been sleeping in the open.<ref name="AP aftershock"/> There are concerns that the main earthquake could be the beginning of a new long-term sequence: "the whole region is fearful"; historical accounts, although not precise, suggest that there has been a sequence of quakes progressing westwards along the fault, starting with an earthquake in the Dominican Republic in 1751.<ref name="future" /> ===Tsunami=== The [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] issued a [[tsunami]] warning immediately after the initial quake,<ref name="AJC"/> but quickly cancelled it.<ref name="noaa1">{{cite web|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/messages/caribe/2010/caribe.2010.01.12.233517.txt|title=Tsunami Message Number 3|publisher=NOAA|access-date=12 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100115063820/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/messages/caribe/2010/caribe.2010.01.12.233517.txt| archive-date= 15 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Nearly two weeks later it was reported that the beach of the small fishing town of [[Petit Paradis]] was hit by a localised tsunami shortly after the earthquake, probably as a result of an underwater landslide, and this was later confirmed by researchers.<ref name="BBCtsunami">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8536561.stm Lessons to be learned from Haiti's tsunami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804095657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8536561.stm |date=4 August 2020 }} BBC News, 25 February 2010</ref> At least three people were swept out to sea by the wave and were reported dead. Witnesses told reporters that the sea first retreated and a "very big wave" followed rapidly, crashing ashore and sweeping boats and debris into the ocean.<ref name=tsunamiCNN>{{cite news|author=Rich Phillips |author2=Senior Producer |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/22/haiti.paradise.lost/ |title=In Petit Paradis, earthquake then tsunami |publisher=CNN|date=20 January 2010 |access-date=24 February 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100126123240/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/22/haiti.paradise.lost/| archive-date= 26 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The tsunami reached heights up to {{Convert|3|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=16 August 2021|title= Deadly Tsunami Hits Haiti After Quake|work=National Geographic|date= 23 February 2010|url= https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100223-haiti-earthquake-tsunamis-swarm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210816141312/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100223-haiti-earthquake-tsunamis-swarm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 16 August 2021}}</ref> ==Damage to infrastructure== {{Main|Damage to infrastructure in the 2010 Haiti earthquake}} [[File:Haiti Earthquake building damage.jpg|thumb|Damaged buildings in Port-au-Prince]] ===Essential services=== Amongst the widespread devastation and damage throughout Port-au-Prince and elsewhere, vital infrastructure necessary to respond to the disaster was severely damaged or destroyed. This included all hospitals in the capital; air, sea, and land transport facilities; and communication systems.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} The quake affected the three [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (Doctors Without Borders) medical facilities around Port-au-Prince, causing one to collapse completely.<ref name='metroint' /><ref name="onehospital" /> A hospital in [[Pétion-Ville]], a wealthy suburb of Port-au-Prince, also collapsed,<ref name=HospitalCollapse/> as did the St. Michel District Hospital in the southern town of [[Jacmel]],<ref name="BBCNews8476185" /> which was the largest referral hospital in south-east Haiti.<ref name='unia' /> [[File:Earthquake damage in Jacmel 2010-01-17 4.jpg|thumb|left|Damaged buildings in Jacmel]] The quake seriously damaged the [[control tower]] at [[Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport]].<ref name='nytimesdevastation' /> Damage to the [[Port international de Port-au-Prince|Port-au-Prince seaport]]<ref name="brannigan1" /> rendered the harbor unusable for immediate rescue operations; its [[container crane]] subsided severely at an angle because of weak foundations. [[Gonaïves]] seaport in northern Haiti remained operational.<ref name="brannigan1"/> Roads were blocked with [[road debris]] or the surfaces broken. The main road linking Port-au-Prince with [[Jacmel]] remained blocked ten days after the earthquake, hampering delivery of aid to Jacmel. When asked why the road had not been opened, Hazem el-Zein, head of the south-east division of the UN [[World Food Programme]] said that "We ask the same questions to the people in charge...They promise rapid response. To be honest, I don't know why it hasn't been done. I can only think that their priority must be somewhere else."<ref name="BBCNews8476185"/> There was considerable damage to communications infrastructure. The [[Public switched telephone network|public telephone system]] was not available,<ref name="AJC"/> and two of Haiti's largest [[cellular telephone]] providers, [[Digicel]]<ref name="indiaprwire20100114" /> and [[Comcel Haiti]],<ref name=st119 /> both reported that their services had been affected by the earthquake. [[BDSNi|Fibre-optic connectivity]] was also disrupted.<ref name="WSJ20100115" /> According to [[Reporters Sans Frontières]] (RSF), [[Radio Lumiere|Radio Lumière]], which broadcasts out of Port-au-Prince and reaches 90% of Haiti, was initially knocked off the air, but it was able to resume broadcasting across most of its network within a week. According to RSF, some 20 of about 50 stations that were active in the capital region before the earthquake were back on air a week after the quake.<ref name=rw125 /> ===General infrastructure=== [[File:Haitian national palace earthquake.jpg|thumb|left|Large portions of the [[National Palace (Haiti)|National Palace]] collapsed.]] In February 2010 Prime Minister [[Jean-Max Bellerive]] estimated that 250,000 [[residential area|residences]] and 30,000 [[commercial building]]s were severely damaged and needed to be demolished.<ref name=age25/> The deputy mayor of Léogâne reported that 90% of the town's buildings had been destroyed.<ref name=bbc127 /> Many government and public buildings were damaged or destroyed including the [[Ministry of Justice (Haiti)|Palace of Justice]], the [[National Assembly of Haiti|National Assembly]], the [[Supreme Court of Haiti|Supreme Court]] and [[Port-au-Prince Cathedral]].<ref name="st20100114" /><ref name='obs1' /> The [[National Palace (Haiti)|National Palace]] was severely damaged,<ref name="fox20100112" /><ref name="tsr20100113" /> though [[President of Haiti|President]] [[René Préval]] and his wife [[Elisabeth Delatour Préval]] escaped without injury.<ref name="WP20100119" /><ref name=nytimes /> The Prison Civile de Port-au-Prince was also destroyed, allowing around 4,000 inmates to escape.<ref name=sherwell1-16/> [[File:Haiti earthquake damage overhead.jpg|thumb|Léogâne, close to the earthquake epicenter]] Most of Port-au-Prince's municipal buildings were destroyed or heavily damaged, including the City Hall, which was described by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' as, "a skeletal hulk of concrete and [[stucco]], sagging grotesquely to the left."<ref name=wp /> Port-au-Prince had no municipal petrol reserves and few city officials had working mobile phones before the earthquake, making communications and transportation very difficult.<ref name=wp/> Minister of Education Joel Jean-Pierre stated that the education system had "totally collapsed". About half the nation's schools and the three main universities in Port-au-Prince were affected.<ref name=rwreuter118 /> More than 1,300 schools and 50 health care facilities were destroyed.<ref>{{cite news | first=Ken | last=Hackett | title=Support is touching lives | newspaper=Florida Catholic | location=Orlando, Florida | pages= A2 | date=6–19 August 2010 }}</ref> The earthquake also destroyed a nursing school in the capital and severely damaged the country's primary [[midwifery]] school.<ref name=rwunpf122 /> The [[Haitian art|Haitian art world]] suffered great losses; artworks were destroyed, and museums and art galleries were extensively damaged, among them Port-au-Prince's main art museum, [[Centre d'Art]] school, College Saint Pierre and [[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Port-au-Prince|Holy Trinity Cathedral]].<ref name=lat124 /> The headquarters of the [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti]] (MINUSTAH) at [[Christopher Hotel]]<ref name="unbriefing"/> and offices of the [[World Bank]] were destroyed.<ref name="R20100112" /> The building housing the offices of [[Citibank]] in Port-au-Prince collapsed, killing five employees.<ref name="IBT20100124" /> The clothing industry, which accounts for two-thirds of Haiti's exports,<ref name='bloombergdeath' /> reported structural damage at manufacturing facilities.<ref name="apparelnews" /> The quake created a [[landslide dam]] on the [[Rivière de Grand Goâve]]. {{As of|February 2010}} the water level was low, but engineer Yves Gattereau believed the dam could collapse during the rainy season, which would flood [[Grand-Goâve]] {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} downstream.<ref name="LP20100215" /> ==Conditions in the aftermath== {{See also|2010 Haiti cholera outbreak}} [[File:Haiti earthquake camp.jpg|thumb|Assistance camp set up by the [[Brazilian Army]]]] In the nights following the earthquake, many people in Haiti slept in the streets, on pavements, in their cars, or in makeshift [[shanty town]]s either because their houses had been destroyed, or they feared standing structures would not withstand aftershocks.<ref>Charles, Jacqueline, Clark, Lesley, Robles, Frances [http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/supplies-begin-to-arrive-in-haiti-as-aftershocks-s/nLxLy/ Supplies begin to arrive in Haiti as aftershocks shake stunned nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052548/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/supplies-begin-to-arrive-in-haiti-as-aftershocks-s/nLxLy/ |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''The Miami Herald'', 14 January 2010</ref> Construction standards are low in Haiti; the country has no [[building codes]]. Engineers have stated that it is unlikely many buildings would have stood through any kind of disaster. Structures are often raised wherever they can fit; some buildings were built on slopes with insufficient foundations or steel supports.<ref>Watkins, Tom (13 January 2010) [http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.construction/index.html?iref=allsearch Problems with Haiti building standards outlined] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120002802/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.construction/index.html?iref=allsearch |date=20 January 2010 }} CNN, 13 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.</ref> A representative of [[Catholic Relief Services]] has estimated that about two million Haitians lived as [[squatter]]s on land they did not own. The country also suffered from shortages of fuel and potable water even before the disaster.<ref name="greene">Greene, Richard [http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/14/haiti.aid.hurdles/index.html?hpt=T2 Aid workers heading to Haiti fear for their safety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116112143/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/14/haiti.aid.hurdles/index.html?hpt=T2 |date=16 January 2010 }}, CNN, 14 January 2010.</ref> President Préval and government ministers used police headquarters near the [[Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport]] as their new base of operations, although their effectiveness was extremely limited; several parliamentarians were still trapped in the Presidential Palace, and offices and records had been destroyed.<ref>Romero, Simon, Lacey, Marc [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/16/world/americas/16preval.html?hp Government Struggles to Exhume Itself] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314204954/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/16/world/americas/16preval.html|date=14 March 2017 }}, ''The New York Times'', 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.</ref> Some high-ranking government workers lost family members, or had to tend to wounded relatives. Although the president and his remaining cabinet met with UN planners each day, there remained confusion as to who was in charge and no single group had organized relief efforts as of 16 January.<ref>Robles, Frances, Charles, Jacqueline [http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2010808076_haiticontrol16.html With Haiti's government in ruins, 'only God is in charge'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102217/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2010808076_haiticontrol16.html |date=7 April 2014 }}, ''The Seattle Times'', 15 January 2010</ref> The government handed over control of the airport to the United States to hasten and ease flight operations, which had been hampered by the damage to the air traffic control tower.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1513622820100116?type=marketsNews Update 1-US takes control of Haiti airport to speed aid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106160149/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1513622820100116?type=marketsNews |date=6 November 2020 }}, Reuters, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.</ref> [[File:Fairfax County Urban SAR scales Montana Hotel 2010-01-14.jpg|thumb|Urban Search and Rescue specialists work at the [[Hôtel Montana]].]] Almost immediately Port-au-Prince's [[morgue]] facilities were overwhelmed. By 14 January, a thousand bodies had been placed on the streets and pavements. Government crews collected thousands more by truck, burying them in mass graves.<ref>Charles, Jacqueline, Clark, Lesley, Robles, Frances, Trention, Daniel [http://articles.philly.com/2010-01-15/news/24956170_1_bodies-morgue-rescue-workers Haiti's desperation rises as swell of bodies grows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061110/http://articles.philly.com/2010-01-15/news/24956170_1_bodies-morgue-rescue-workers |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', 15 January 2010</ref> In the heat and humidity, corpses buried in rubble began to decompose and smell. Mati Goldstein, head of the Israeli [[ZAKA]] International Rescue Unit delegation to Haiti, described the situation as "[[Shabbat]] from hell. Everywhere, the acrid smell of bodies hangs in the air. It's just like the stories we are told of the [[Holocaust]] – thousands of bodies everywhere. You have to understand that the situation is true madness, and the more time passes, there are more and more bodies, in numbers that cannot be grasped. It is beyond comprehension."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2010/01/17/1010200/israeli-medical-rescue-workers-help-haitians Israeli medical, rescue workers help Haitians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119183624/http://jta.org/news/article/2010/01/17/1010200/israeli-medical-rescue-workers-help-haitians |date=19 January 2010 }}, JTA, 17 January 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq 8 saved during "Shabbat from hell"] ''Israel 21c Innovation News Service'', 17 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119072338/http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq |date=19 January 2010 }}</ref> Mayor Jean-Yves Jason said that officials argued for hours about what to do with the volume of corpses. The government buried many in mass graves, some above-ground tombs were forced open so bodies could be stacked inside, and others were burned.<ref>Charles, Jacqueline, Pressoir, Jean-Cyril, Brecher, Elinor [http://www.miamiherald.com/582/story/1431224.html No chance to give the dead a proper burial]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}, ''The Miami Herald'', 17 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</ref> Mass graves were dug in a large field outside the settlement of [[Titanyen]], north of the capital; tens of thousands of bodies were reported as having been brought to the site by [[dump truck]] and buried in trenches dug by [[earth mover]]s.<ref>{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Haven |title=By the thousands, Haiti returns dead to the earth |date=20 January 2010 |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.newsday.com/news/world/by-the-thousands-haiti-returns-dead-to-the-earth-1.1715785 |work=[[Newsday]] |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065701/https://www.newsday.com/news/world/by-the-thousands-haiti-returns-dead-to-the-earth-1.1715785 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Max Beauvoir]], a [[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]] priest, protested the lack of dignity in mass burials, stating, "... it is not in our culture to bury people in such a fashion, it is desecration".<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60G2DF20100117 Haiti's voodoo priests object to mass burials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201223457/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60G2DF20100117 |date=1 December 2010 }}, Reuters, 17 January 2010</ref><ref>Cave, Damien [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/world/americas/19grave.html?hp As Haitians Flee, the Dead Go Uncounted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722081902/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/world/americas/19grave.html|date=22 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', 18 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</ref> [[File:Haitians fill ferry in Port-au-Prince 2010-01-16.jpg|thumb|right|The Haitian government began a programme to move homeless people out of Port-au-Prince on a ferry to [[Port Jeremie]] and in hired buses to temporary camps.]] Towns in the eastern Dominican Republic began preparing for tens of thousands of refugees, and by 16 January hospitals close to the border had been filled to capacity with Haitians. Some began reporting having expended stocks of critical medical supplies such as antibiotics by 17 January.<ref>Ian Rawson, managing director, Hôpital Albert Schweitzer, Deschapelles. Retrieved 17 January 2010 [http://hashaiti.blogspot.com/2010/01/overnight-several-patients-have-died-of.html Hôpital Albert Schweitzer Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708041528/http://hashaiti.blogspot.com/2010/01/overnight-several-patients-have-died-of.html |date=8 July 2011 }} Blog, 17 January 2010</ref> The border was reinforced by Dominican soldiers, and the government of the Dominican Republic asserted that all Haitians who crossed the border for medical assistance would be allowed to stay only temporarily. A local governor stated, "We have a great desire and we will do everything humanly possible to help Haitian families. But we have our limitations with respect to food and medicine. We need the helping hand of other countries in the area."<ref name='miamihaiti2'>{{cite news | first1=Jacqueline | last1=Charles |first2=Trenton |last2=Daniel|first3=Frances|last3=Robles|first4=Daniel|last4=Chang | title=Help begins to trickle in, but desperate populace needs widespread relief | date=15 January 2010 |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/01/15/v-fullstory/1426712_help-begins-to-trickle-in-but.html | work =The Miami Herald |access-date = 1 February 2011}}{{Dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref><ref>Roth, Daniel [http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/01/16/1428997/tension-grows-in-the-border-with.html Tension grows in the border with Dominican Republic as Haitians try to escape],{{Dead link|date=February 2011}} ''The Miami Herald'', 16 January 2010</ref> Slow distribution of resources in the days after the earthquake resulted in sporadic violence, with [[looting]] reported.<ref>Romero, Simon, Lacey, Marc [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/17/world/americas/17looting.html?hp Looting Flares as Authority Breaks Down] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722081915/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/17/world/americas/17looting.html|date=22 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', 16 January 2010</ref> There were also accounts of looters wounded or killed by vigilantes and neighbourhoods that had constructed their own roadblock barricades.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/retribution-lynching-haiti-looters |title=Retribution swift and brutal for Haiti's looters|work=The Guardian |date= 17 January 2010|access-date=20 January 2010 | location=London | first=Ed | last=Pilkington| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100120053903/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/17/retribution-lynching-haiti-looters| archive-date= 20 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6991555.ece | title = Haiti quake: first British victim named as violence increases | first = Jenny | last = Booth | work = The Times | date = 17 January 2010 | access-date = 20 January 2010 | location = London | archive-date = 29 April 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110429053016/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6991555.ece | url-status = live }}</ref> Dr Evan Lyon of [[Partners in Health]], working at the General Hospital in Port-au-Prince, claimed that misinformation and overblown reports of violence had hampered the delivery of aid and medical services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/1/19/doctor_misinformation_and_racism_have_frozen |title=Doctor: Misinformation and Racism Have Frozen Recovery Effort at General Hospital in Port-au-Prince |publisher=Democracy Now!|date=19 January 2010 |access-date=20 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100121014240/http://www.democracynow.org/2010/1/19/doctor_misinformation_and_racism_have_frozen| archive-date= 21 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2010/jan/19/haiti-earthquake-updates |title=Haiti earthquake updates: live blog |work=The Guardian |date= 19 January 2010|access-date=20 January 2010 | location=London |first1=Haroon |last1=Siddique |first2=Matthew |last2=Weaver| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100120221031/http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2010/jan/19/haiti-earthquake-updates| archive-date= 20 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[File:AirdropcloseJan18haiti edited.jpg|thumb|left|One of the first [[parachute]] [[air drop]]s after the quake, 18 January]] Former US president [[Bill Clinton]] acknowledged the problems and said Americans should "not be deterred from supporting the relief effort" by upsetting scenes such as those of looting.<ref name=sherwell1-16>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7005554/Haiti-earthquake-looting-and-gun-fights-break-out.html|title=Haiti earthquake: looting and gun-fights break out|last= Sherwell |first=Philip|author2=Patrick Sawer |date=16 January 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=17 January 2010 | location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100119194409/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7005554/Haiti-earthquake-looting-and-gun-fights-break-out.html| archive-date= 19 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Knife Edge">{{Cite news | last = Leonard | first = Tom | title = Haiti earthquake: law and order on a knife edge | journal = The Daily Telegraph | date = 18 January 2010 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7013417/Haiti-earthquake-law-and-order-on-a-knife-edge.html | access-date = 18 January 2010 | archive-date = 22 January 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100122110044/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7013417/Haiti-earthquake-law-and-order-on-a-knife-edge.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Lt. Gen. [[Ken Keen|P.K. Keen]], deputy commander of [[US Southern Command]], however, announced that despite the stories of looting and violence, there was less violent crime in Port-au-Prince after the earthquake than before.<ref>Mackey, Robert [http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/latest-updates-on-the-crisis-in-haiti/?hp Latest Updates on the Crisis in Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121172905/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/latest-updates-on-the-crisis-in-haiti/?hp |date=21 January 2010 }}, ''The New York Times'', 18 January 2010</ref> In many neighbourhoods, singing could be heard through the night and groups of men coordinated to act as security as groups of women attempted to take care of food and hygiene necessities.<ref>Charles, Jacqueline, Burch, Audra [http://www.miamiherald.com/582/story/1429877.html After losing all else, Haitians are keeping the faith]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}, ''The Miami Herald'', 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</ref> During the days following the earthquake, hundreds were seen marching through the streets in peaceful processions, singing and clapping.<ref>Cooper, Anderson, Watson, Ivan [http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/15/haiti.earthquake/?hpt=T1&hpt=T1 Desperation grows: Mass grave found outside Port-au-Prince] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108031744/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/15/haiti.earthquake/?hpt=T1&hpt=T1 |date=8 November 2012 }}, CNN, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.</ref> <!--On Sunday, 17 January, Haitians roamed the streets looking for church services to attend. Impromptu gatherings were held outside churches that had collapsed with a few attendees appearing in their best clothes.<ref>Lacey, Marc, Cave, Damien [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/world/americas/18haiti.html?hp Haitians Seek Solace Amid the Ruins], ''The New York Times'', 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010</ref>--> The earthquake caused an urgent need for outside rescuers to communicate with Haitians whose main or only language is [[Haitian Creole]]. As a result, a [[mobile translation]] program to translate between English and Haitian Creole had to be written quickly. The generation of waste from relief operations was referred to as a “second disaster”. The United States military reported that millions of water bottles and [[styrofoam]] food packages were distributed although there was no operational waste management system. Over 700,000 plastic tarpaulins and 100,000 tents were required for emergency shelters. The increase in plastic waste, combined with poor disposal practices, resulted in open drainage channels being blocked, increasing the risk of [[disease]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2021-10-21 |title=Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> ==Casualties== {{Main|Casualties of the 2010 Haiti earthquake}} [[File:Boy receiving treatment after Haiti earthquake.jpg|thumb|right|A Haitian boy receives treatment at a MINUSTAH logistics base.]] [[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - IDF Coordination with American Doctor (1).jpg|thumb|Israeli and U.S. medical personnel coordinate relief efforts.]] The earthquake struck in the most populated area of the country. The [[IFRC|International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] estimated that as many as 3 million people had been affected by the quake.<ref name="cbsnews1"/> In mid February 2010, the Haitian government reported the death toll to have reached 230,000.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news|title=Haiti quake death toll rises to 230,000|date=10 February 2010|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8507531.stm| access-date= 26 April 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8507531.stm| archive-date= 11 May 2011| url-status= live}}</ref> However, an investigation by Radio Netherlands has questioned the official death toll, reporting an estimate of 92,000 deaths as being a more realistic figure.<ref name="RNW">{{cite web|last=Melissen |first=Hans Jaap |title=Haiti quake death toll well under 100,000 |publisher=[[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]] |date=23 February 2010 |url=http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/haiti-quake-death-toll-well-under-100000 |access-date=28 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330060926/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/haiti-quake-death-toll-well-under-100000 |archive-date=30 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the first anniversary of the earthquake, 12 January 2011, Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive said the death toll from the quake was more than 316,000, raising the figures from previous estimates.<ref name=deathtoll>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/haiti-raises-quake-death-toll-on-anniversary-1.1011363 Haiti raises quake death toll on anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625135103/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/haiti-raises-quake-death-toll-on-anniversary-1.1011363 |date=25 June 2020 }} CBC News, 12 January 2011</ref> Several experts have questioned the validity of the death toll numbers; Anthony Penna, [[professor emeritus]] in [[environmental history]] at [[Northeastern University]], warned that casualty estimates could only be a "[[guesstimate]]",<ref name=time116>{{cite magazine|last1=Fletcher |first1=Dan |title=Are the Death Estimates Accurate? |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953379_1953494_1954342,00.html |date=16 January 2010 |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604062357/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C1953379_1953494_1954342%2C00.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Belgian disaster response expert Claude de Ville de Goyet noted that "[[round number]]s are a sure sign that nobody knows."<ref name=nyt120>{{cite news|first1=Simon|last1=Romero|author-link=Simon Romero|first2=Neil|last2=MacFarquhar|author-link2=Neil MacFarquhar|title=Haiti's Many Troubles Keep Bodies Uncounted|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/world/americas/21deathtoll.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 January 2010|access-date=20 January 2010|archive-date=21 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121042124/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/world/americas/21deathtoll.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Edmond Mulet]], UN [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|Assistant Secretary-General]] for [[DPKO|Peacekeeping Operations]], said, "I do not think we will ever know what the death toll is from this earthquake",<ref name=nyt120/> while the director of the Haitian Red Cross, Jean-Pierre Guiteau, noted that his organization had not had the time to count bodies, as their focus had been on the treatment of survivors.<ref name=nyt120/> While the vast majority of casualties were Haitian civilians, the dead included aid workers, embassy staff, foreign tourists—and a number of public figures, including [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Port-au-Prince|Archbishop of Port-au-Prince]] Monsignor [[Joseph Serge Miot]],<ref name="apny201013"/> aid worker [[Zilda Arns]] and officials in the Haitian government, including opposition leader [[Micha Gaillard|Michel "Micha" Gaillard]].<ref name="yahoo1"/> Also killed were a number of well-known [[Music of Haiti|Haitian musicians]]<ref name=clinacoo115>{{cite news|url=http://www.clicanoo.com/index.php?id_article=233717&page=article |title=Haïti: Un silence assourdissant |language=fr |access-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124012203/http://www.clicanoo.com/index.php?page=article&id_article=233717 |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref> and sports figures, including thirty members of the [[Fédération Haïtienne de Football]].<ref name=jo119>{{cite news|title=Haitian Football Federation says 30 dead |first=Sean A. |last=Williams |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/HAITI-VISIT_7336253 |newspaper=[[Jamaica Observer]] |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125184926/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/HAITI-VISIT_7336253 |archive-date=25 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At least 85 United Nations personnel working with MINUSTAH were killed,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8486991.stm Haiti recovery 'to take decades'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131111350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8486991.stm |date=31 January 2010 }} BBC News, 29 January 2010</ref> among them the Mission Chief, [[Hédi Annabi]], his deputy, [[Luiz Carlos da Costa]],<ref name="bbc16012010" /> and police commissioner Douglas Coates. Around 200 guests were killed in the collapse of the [[Hôtel Montana]] in Port-au-Prince.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,582937,00.html |title=Florida College Scrambles for Information on Students in Haiti |publisher=Fox News |date=13 January 2010 |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116160553/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C582937%2C00.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 31 May 2011, an unreleased draft report based on a survey commissioned by the [[US Agency for International Development]] (USAID) challenged the Haiti earthquake death toll and several damage estimates. The unpublished report put the death toll between 46,000 and 85,000 and put the number of displaced persons at 895,000, of which only 375,000 remained in temporary shelters. The unreleased report, which compiled its figures from a door-to-door survey, was done by a Washington consulting firm, LTL Strategies. A US State Department spokesperson said the report had inconsistencies and would not be released until they were resolved.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13606720 |title=Report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll |date=31 May 2011 |publisher=BBC |access-date=31 May 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110601112733/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13606720| archive-date= 1 June 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> As of January 2012, USAID has not released the report and states on its website that 1.5 million people were displaced, of which 550,000 remain without permanent shelter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://haiti.usaid.gov/issues/docs/121911_shelter_fact_sheet.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123170010/http://haiti.usaid.gov/issues/docs/121911_shelter_fact_sheet.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> The most reliable academic estimate of the number of earthquake casualties in Haiti (over 95% were in the immediate Port-au-Prince area) "within six weeks of the earthquake" appears to be the 160,000 estimate in a 2010 University of Michigan study.<ref name="Michigan"/> ==Early response== {{Main|Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Humanitarian response by non-governmental organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Humanitarian response by for-profit organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake}} [[File:2010 Haiti earthquake relief efforts by the US Army.jpg|thumb|right|Heavy-lift helicopters ferry water from the offshore flotilla, 15 January.]] Appeals for [[humanitarian aid]] were issued by many aid organizations, the United Nations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Haiti-Earthquake-Tensions-Mount-Over-Lack-Of-Aid-As-UN-Launches-Emergency-Appeal/Article/201001315525044?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_1&lid=ARTICLE_15525044_Haiti_Earthquake%3A_Tensions_Mount_Over_Lack_Of_Aid_As_UN_Launches_Emergency_Appeal_|title=Tensions Mount in Haiti Amid Plea For Aid|publisher=Sky News|access-date=16 January 2010|date=16 January 2010|first1=James|last1=Jordan|first2=Huw|last2=Borland|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502113707/https://news.sky.com/?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_1&lid=ARTICLE_15525044_Haiti_Earthquake%3A_Tensions_Mount_Over_Lack_Of_Aid_As_UN_Launches_Emergency_Appeal_|url-status=live}}</ref> and president René Préval. [[Raymond Joseph]], Haiti's ambassador to the United States,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.earthquake.dominican.republic/index.html |title=Dominican Republic aid to Haiti eases historic tensions |publisher=CNN |date= 14 January 2010|access-date=15 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100114065746/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.earthquake.dominican.republic/index.html| archive-date= 14 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> and his nephew, singer [[Wyclef Jean]],<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti.aid/ "Appeals for aid after quake strikes Haiti"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116111403/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti.aid/ |date=16 January 2010 }} CNN, 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</ref> who was called upon by Préval to become a "roving ambassador" for Haiti,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/news/wyclef-jean-be-haiti-s-roving-ambassador-wbna16459449|title=Wyclef Jean to be Haiti's roving ambassador|agency=Reuters|date=3 January 2007|publisher=[[Today.com]]|access-date=13 January 2010|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716080414/http://www.today.com/news/wyclef-jean-be-haiti-s-roving-ambassador-wbna16459449|url-status=live}}</ref> also pleaded for aid and donations. Images and testimonials circulating after the earthquake across the internet and through social media helped to intensify the reaction of global engagement.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McCosker|first=Anthony|title=De-framing disaster: affective encounters with raw and autonomous media|journal=Continuum|year=2013|volume=27|issue=3|page=382|doi=10.1080/10304312.2013.772109|hdl=1959.3/314720|s2cid=143899755|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Many countries responded to the appeals and launched fund-raising efforts, as well as sending search and rescue teams. The neighbouring [[Dominican Republic]] was the first country to give aid to Haiti,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> sending water, food and heavy-lifting machinery.<ref name="globalvoicesonline1">{{cite web|author=Rocio Diaz |url=http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/14/dominican-republic-helping-neighboring-haiti-after-earthquake/ |title=Dominican Republic: Helping Neighboring Haiti After Earthquake |publisher=Global Voices Online |access-date=15 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100119023006/http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/14/dominican-republic-helping-neighboring-haiti-after-earthquake/| archive-date= 19 January 2010 | url-status= live|date=14 January 2010 }}</ref> The hospitals in the Dominican Republic were made available; a combined effort of the Airports Department (DA), together with the Dominican Naval Auxiliaries, the UN and other parties formed the Dominican-Haitian Aerial Support Bridge, making the main Dominican airports available for support operations to Haiti. The Dominican website FlyDominicanRepublic.com<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flydominicanrepublic.com/ |title=flydominicanrepublic.com |publisher=flydominicanrepublic.com |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427064520/http://www.flydominicanrepublic.com/ |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> made available to the internet, daily updates on airport information and news from the operations center on the Dominican side.<ref name="globalvoicesonline1"/> The Dominican emergency team assisted more than 2,000 injured people, while the Dominican Institute of Telecommunications (Indotel) helped with the restoration of some telephone services.<ref name="globalvoicesonline1"/> The [[Dominican Red Cross]] coordinated early medical relief in conjunction with the International Red Cross.<ref name="globalvoicesonline1"/> The government sent eight mobile medical units along with 36 doctors including orthopaedic specialists, traumatologists, anaesthetists, and surgeons. In addition, 39 trucks carrying canned food were dispatched, along with 10 mobile kitchens and 110 cooks capable of producing 100,000 meals per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/latam/republicadominicana/noticia-haiti-republica-dominicana-envia-haiti-equipos-emergencia-ayudar-rescate-victimas-20100113162157.html |title=República Dominicana envía a Haití equipos de emergencia para ayudar en el rescate de las víctimas |publisher=Europa Press |date=18 September 2007 |access-date=15 January 2010 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406051436/http://www.europapress.es/latam/republicadominicana/noticia-haiti-republica-dominicana-envia-haiti-equipos-emergencia-ayudar-rescate-victimas-20100113162157.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 }}</ref> [[File:AcampamentoHaiti2.jpg|thumb|left|Having lost their homes, many Haitians moved to live in precarious camps.]] Other nations from farther afield also sent personnel, medicines, [[materiel]], and other aid to Haiti. The first team to arrive in Port-au-Prince was [[ICE-SAR]] from [[Iceland]], landing within 24 hours of the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icesar.com/|title=The Icelandic urban SAR team has landed at Haiti|date=13 January 2010|publisher=ICESAR|access-date=23 January 2010|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220052649/http://www.icesar.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 50-member Chinese team arrived early Thursday morning.<ref>[http://english.cri.cn/6909/2010/01/15/45s542729.htm Chinese Team Offers Aid in Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118085033/http://english.cri.cn/6909/2010/01/15/45s542729.htm |date=18 January 2010 }} CRIENGLISH.com, 15 January 2010</ref> From the Middle East, the government of [[Qatar]] sent a strategic transport aircraft (C-17), loaded with 50 tonnes of urgent relief materials and 26 members from the Qatari armed forces, the internal security force (Lekhwiya), police force and the Hamad Medical Corporation, to set up a field hospital and provide assistance in Port-au-Prince and other affected areas in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=337312&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |title=Qatar joins global relief effort in Haiti |date=15 January 2010 |work=[[Gulf Times]] |access-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123070653/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=337312&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |archive-date=23 January 2010 }}</ref> A rescue team sent by the [[Israel Defense Forces]]' [[Home Front Command]] established a field hospital near the United Nations building in Port-au-Prince with specialised facilities to treat children, the elderly, and women in labor. It was set up in eight hours and began operations on the evening of 16 January.<ref name='walla'>{{cite news | script-title =he:האסון בהאיטי: אלפים נמלטים מעיר הבירה Disaster in Haiti: Thousands flee from the capital | date =16 January 2010 | work =Walla News | url =http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//1632772 | access-date =17 January 2010 | language =he | archive-date =10 June 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110610125145/http://news.walla.co.il/?w=%2F%2F1632772 | url-status =live }}</ref> A Korean International Disaster Relief Team<ref>[http://www.rescue.go.kr/ 한국국제구호대, 대장 박청웅] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208195750/http://www.rescue.go.kr/ |date=8 February 2011 }} Korea Search and Rescue Team</ref> with 40 rescuers, medical doctors, nurses and 2 k-9s was deployed to epicenters to assist mitigation efforts of Haitian Government. The [[American Red Cross]] announced on 13 January that it had run out of supplies in Haiti and appealed for public donations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=186329|title=American Red Cross says it has run out of medical supplies in Haiti|last=Associated Press|date=13 January 2010|publisher=readingeagle.com|access-date=23 May 2011|archive-date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926174053/http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=186329|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Giving Children Hope]] worked to get much-needed medicines and supplies on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=weather/earthquake_center&id=7217433 |first=Eileen |last=Frere |title=Buena Park charity pack supplies for Haiti |publisher=ABC Local |date=13 January 2010 |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116174404/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=weather%2Fearthquake_center&id=7217433 |archive-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Partners in Health]] (PIH), the largest health care provider in rural Haiti, was able to provide some emergency care from its ten hospitals and clinics, all of which were outside the capital and undamaged.<ref name='pih1'>{{cite news|title=Trip to Port-au-Prince reveals more of the tragedy |date=14 January 2010 |publisher=[[Partners in Health]] |url=http://pih.org/inforesources/news/Haiti_Earthquake.html |access-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117071429/http://www.pih.org/inforesources/news/Haiti_Earthquake.html |archive-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> MINUSTAH had over 9,000 uniformed peacekeepers deployed to the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml |title=Haiti – MINUSTAH – Facts and Figures |publisher=United Nations |access-date=1 February 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110228150916/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml| archive-date= 28 February 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Most of these workers were initially involved in the search for survivors at the organization's collapsed headquarters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_vinson_haiti_update_011310w/|title=Carl Vinson, other ships headed to Haiti|last=Bacon|first=Lance M.|date=13 January 2010|publisher=Navy News|access-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> [[File:USCG transfers Haitians to cutter for medical attention 2010-01-18.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Haitian survivors were transferred to rescue ships for medical aid.]] The [[International Charter on Space and Major Disasters]] was activated, allowing satellite imagery of affected regions to be shared with rescue and aid organizations.<ref>Amos, Jonathan [https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/jonathanamos/2010/01/how-satellites-are-being-used.shtml How satellites are being used in Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817232414/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/jonathanamos/2010/01/how-satellites-are-being-used.shtml |date=17 August 2020 }}, BBC News, 14 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</ref> Members of [[social networking]] sites such as Twitter and Facebook spread messages and pleas to send help.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/science_technology/twitter+search+for+haiti+survivors+/3503342 Twitter search for Haiti survivors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118091500/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/science_technology/twitter+search+for+haiti+survivors+/3503342 |date=18 January 2010 }} Channel 4, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</ref> Facebook was overwhelmed by—and blocked—some users who were sending messages about updates.<ref>[http://miamiherald.typepad.com/poked/2010/01/facebook-users-in-haiti-say-theyre-being-blocke.html Facebook users in Haiti say some access has been blocked] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117082152/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/poked/2010/01/facebook-users-in-haiti-say-theyre-being-blocke.html |date=17 January 2010 }}, ''The Miami Herald'', 14 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.</ref> The American Red Cross set a record for mobile donations, raising US$7 million in 24 hours when they allowed people to send US$10 donations by text messages.<ref>Gross, Doug [http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/01/15/online.donations.haiti/index.html?hpt=T2 Social networks, texts boost fundraising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118221700/http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/01/15/online.donations.haiti/index.html?hpt=T2 |date=18 January 2010 }}, CNN, 14 January 2010</ref> The [[OpenStreetMap]] community responded to the disaster by greatly improving the level of mapping available for the area using post-earthquake satellite photography provided by [[GeoEye]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.okfn.org/2010/01/15/open-street-map-community-responds-to-haiti-crisis/|title=Open Street Map community responds to Haiti crisis|publisher=Open Knowledge Foundation|access-date=15 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100118183500/http://blog.okfn.org/2010/01/15/open-street-map-community-responds-to-haiti-crisis/| archive-date= 18 January 2010 | url-status= live|date=15 January 2010}}</ref> and [[crowdmapping]] website [[Ushahidi]] coordinated messages from multiple sites to assist Haitians still trapped and to keep families of survivors informed.<ref>Hesse, Monica, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011502650.html Crisis mapping brings online tool to Haitian disaster relief effort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115030406/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011502650.html |date=15 November 2016 }} ''The Washington Post'', 16 January 2010</ref> Some [[online poker]] sites hosted poker tournaments with tournament fees, prizes or both going to disaster relief charities.<ref>Stephen A. Murphy, [http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/8320-poker-sites-matching-players-donations-to-haiti Poker Sites Matching Players' Donations to Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119031950/http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/8320-poker-sites-matching-players-donations-to-haiti |date=19 January 2010 }}, Card Player Magazine, 14 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</ref> [[Google Earth]] updated its coverage of Port-au-Prince on 17 January, showing the earthquake-ravaged city. Easing refugee immigration into Canada was discussed by Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]],<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/15/haiti-canada-immigration.html Canada considers fast-tracking Haitian immigration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117044831/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/15/haiti-canada-immigration.html |date=17 January 2010 }}, CBC News, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</ref> and in the US Haitians were granted [[Temporary protected status]], a measure that permits about 100,000 illegal alien Haitians in the United States to stay legally for 18 months, and halts the deportations of 30,000 more, though it does not apply to Haitians outside the US.<ref>{{cite news |author= Stone, Rick |date= 14 January 2010 |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122567003 |title= Miami's 'Little Haiti' Neighborhood Waits For News |publisher= NPR |access-date= 14 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100121174419/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122567003| archive-date= 21 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>Preston, Julia [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/16/world/americas/16immig.html?hp Haitians in U.S. Illegally Given Protected Status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314210348/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/16/world/americas/16immig.html|date=14 March 2017 }}, ''The New York Times'', 15 January 2010</ref> Local and state agencies in [[South Florida]], together with the US government, began implementing a plan ("Operation Vigilant Sentry") for a mass migration from the Caribbean that had been laid out in 2003.<ref>McGrory, Kathleen [http://www.miamiherald.com/460/story/1429883.html Krome detention center readied for possible influx of Haitians], ''The Miami Herald'', 17 January 2010 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Several orphanages were destroyed in the earthquake. After the process for the adoption of 400 children by families in the US and the Netherlands was expedited,<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/17/haiti.orphans/index.html?hpt=T1 Haitian orphans rushed to new homes abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121105841/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/17/haiti.orphans/index.html?hpt=T1 |date=21 January 2010 }}, CNN, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</ref> [[Unicef]] and [[SOS Children]] urged an immediate halt to [[adoption]]s from Haiti.<ref name=guardian1-21>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/20/haiti-aftershock-port-au-prince-orphans US sends 4,000 more troops to Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211716/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/20/haiti-aftershock-port-au-prince-orphans |date=7 March 2016 }}, ''The Guardian'', 21 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_groups_urge_adoption_freeze_fearing_kids_kin_may_be_alive.html |title=Haiti earthquake: Groups urge adoption freeze, believing kids' kin may be alive |work=Daily News|location=New York |date= 21 January 2010|access-date=22 January 2010 | first=Rich | last=Schapiro | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100124053907/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_groups_urge_adoption_freeze_fearing_kids_kin_may_be_alive.html| archive-date= 24 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Jasmine Whitbread, chief executive of [[Save the Children]] said: "The vast majority of the children currently on their own still have family members alive who will be desperate to be reunited with them and will be able to care for them with the right support. Taking children out of the country would permanently separate thousands of children from their families—a separation that would compound the acute trauma they are already suffering and inflict long-term damage on their chances of recovery."<ref name=guardian1-21/> However, several organizations were planning an airlift of thousands of orphaned children to South Florida on humanitarian visas, modelled on a similar effort with Cuban refugees in the 1960s named "[[Operation Peter Pan|Pedro Pan]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Chardy, Alphonso |author2=Bustos, Sergio |date=14 January 2010 |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/breaking-news/story/1425090.html |title=Church, immigrant groups plan to airlift Haitian orphans to S. Florida |work=The Miami Herald |access-date=14 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On 29 January 2010, a group of ten American [[Baptist]] [[missionary|missionaries]] from [[Idaho]] attempted to cross the Haiti-Dominican Republic border with 33 Haitian children. The group, known as the [[New Life Children's Refuge case|New Life Children's Refuge]], did not have proper authorization for transporting the children and were arrested on kidnapping charges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/04/haiti.arrests/index.html|title=U.S. missionaries charged with kidnapping in Haiti - CNN|date=5 February 2010|language=en|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004160359/http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/04/haiti.arrests/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian government worked to expedite around 100 adoption cases that were already underway when the earthquake struck, issuing temporary permits and waiving regular processing fees; the federal government also announced that it would cover adopted children's healthcare costs upon their arrival in Canada until they could be covered under provincially administered public healthcare plans.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/20/kenney-haiti-adoption.html Canada hopes to 'fast-track' Haitian adoptions: Kenney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123182158/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/20/kenney-haiti-adoption.html |date=23 January 2010 }}, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 20 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</ref> ==Rescue and relief efforts== {{For timeline|Timeline of relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake}} Rescue efforts began in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, with able-bodied survivors extricating the living and the dead from the rubble of the many buildings that had collapsed.<ref>Marrapodi, Eric, Lawrence, Chris, Hall, Rick, Phillips, Rich, Watson, Ivan and Candiotti, Susan [http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/14/haiti.earthquake/index.html Haitians dig themselves out as quake damage slows outside aid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117013310/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/14/haiti.earthquake/index.html |date=17 January 2010 }}, CNN, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</ref> Treatment of the injured was hampered by the lack of hospital and morgue facilities: the [[Argentine Air Force Mobile Field Hospital|Argentine military field hospital]], which had been serving [[MINUSTAH]], was the only one available until 13 January.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,20797,26587037-5003402,00.html?from=public_rss |title=Only one hospital open in Haiti's quake hit capital |work=Courier Mail |date=13 January 2010 |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201092351/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0%2C20797%2C26587037-5003402%2C00.html?from=public_rss |archive-date=1 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rescue work intensified only slightly with the arrival of doctors, police officers, military personnel and firefighters from various countries two days after the earthquake.<ref name=IEXPRESS>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/haiti-devastated/567556 Haiti Devastated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118071529/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/haiti-devastated/567556 |date=18 January 2010 }}, ''The Indian Express'', 15 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</ref> [[File:USN MH-53E lands supplies at Port-au-Prince 2010-01-16.jpg|thumb|left|MINUSTAH troops meet a U.S. relief flight on 16 January.]] From 12 January, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]], which has been working in Haiti since 1994, focused on bringing emergency assistance to victims of the catastrophe. It worked with its partners within the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, particularly the Haitian Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/haiti The ICRC in Haiti] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324110603/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/haiti |date=24 March 2010 }} International Committee of the Red Cross.</ref><ref name='icrcwebsite0120' /> The American Red Cross also spearheaded a mobile donation initiative with Mobile Accord to raise over $2 million within the first 24 hours after the earthquake.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/business/01text.html |title=Nonprofits Rush to Solicit Donations via Text, but the System Is Flawed |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 October 2010 |last=Strom |first=Stephanie |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422161511/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/business/01text.html }}</ref> [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (Doctors Without Borders; MSF) reported that the hospitals that had not been destroyed were overwhelmed by large numbers of seriously injured people. The hospitals had to perform many amputations.<ref>AFP [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/medics-report-mass-amputations-in-haiti/story-e6frf7jx-1225820638646 Medics report mass amputations in Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426033612/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/medics-report-mass-amputations-in-haiti/story-e6frf7jx-1225820638646 |date=26 April 2011 }}, ''Herald Sun'', 17 January 2010</ref><ref>Sheridan, Mary Beth [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/17/AR2010011701144.html Patients overwhelm medical teams at Haiti clinics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070706/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/17/AR2010011701144.html |date=2 February 2017 }}, ''The Washington Post'', 17 January 2010</ref> Running short of medical supplies, some teams had to work with any available resources, constructing splints out of cardboard and reusing latex gloves. Other rescue units had to withdraw as night fell, amid security fears.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/Fears+violence+Haitians+grow+desperate/2450845/story.html |title=Fears of violence as Haitians grow desperate for water, food |last=Edwards |first=Steven |author2=Barrera, Jorge |date=17 January 2010 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |access-date=18 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120081649/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Fears%2Bviolence%2BHaitians%2Bgrow%2Bdesperate/2450845/story.html |archive-date=20 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Over 3,000 people had been treated by Médecins Sans Frontières as of 18 January.<ref name=miami1-18>Charles, Jacqueline, Trenton, Daniel, Clark, Lesley [http://www.miamiherald.com/582/story/1431558.html More U.S. troops, relief supplies to arrive in Haiti today; rescue efforts continue as window narrows for survivors], ''The Miami Herald'', 18 January 2010 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Ophelia Dahl]], director of [[Partners in Health]], reported, "there are hundreds of thousands of injured people. I have heard the estimate that as many as 20,000 people will die each day that would have been saved by surgery."<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6112915n&tag=related;photovideo Disaster in Haiti], CBS, 18 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</ref> [[File:EscombrosBelAir5 Edit1.jpg|thumb|right|UN forces took to patrolling the streets of Port-au-Prince.]] An MSF aircraft carrying a field hospital was repeatedly turned away<ref name='aftershockbbc'>{{cite news | title=Strong aftershock shakes Haiti, week after earthquake | date=20 January 2010| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8469800.stm | work =BBC News | access-date = 20 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100121031209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8469800.stm| archive-date= 21 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>Tran, Mark [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/haiti-quake-injured-hospitals Aid plane turned away from Haiti airport, says medical charity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202143146/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/haiti-quake-injured-hospitals |date=2 February 2017 }}, ''The Guardian'', 17 January 2010</ref> by US air traffic controllers, who had assumed control at Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport.<ref name=turnedback>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6992809.ece France and America bicker as Haiti aid fails to reach city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414115754/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6992809.ece |date=14 April 2011 }} ''The Times'', 18 January 2010</ref> Four other MSF aircraft were also turned away.<ref name=turnedback/> In a 19 January press release MSF said, "It is like working in a war situation. We don't have any more morphine to manage pain for our patients. We cannot accept that planes carrying lifesaving medical supplies and equipment continue to be turned away while our patients die. Priority must be given to medical supplies entering the country."<ref name='dwblanding'>{{cite news | title=Doctors Without Borders Plane with Lifesaving Medical Supplies Diverted Again from Landing in Haiti | date=19 January 2010 | publisher=Doctors Without Borders | url=http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4176 | access-date=20 January 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123175040/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4176 | archive-date=23 January 2010 | url-status=dead}}</ref> First responders voiced frustration with the number of relief trucks sitting unused at the airport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.albertalocalnews.com/reddeeradvocate/news/world/Canada_determining_how_and_where_to_direct_relief_to_Haitians_81939462.html |title=Canada determining how and where to direct relief to Haitians |last=Montpetit |first=Jonathan |date=18 January 2010 |agency=The Canadian Press |publisher=Alberta Local News |access-date=1 February 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722035520/http://www.albertalocalnews.com/reddeeradvocate/news/world/Canada_determining_how_and_where_to_direct_relief_to_Haitians_81939462.html |archive-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aid workers blamed US-controlled airport operations for prioritising the transportation of security troops over rescuers and supplies;<ref name="Knife Edge"/> evacuation policies favouring citizens of certain nations were also criticised.<ref name='financialtimes'>{{cite news | first=Harvey | last=Morris| title=EU plays down talk of Haiti rift with US | date=17 January 2010| work =Financial Times| url =http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/558f15be-038b-11df-a601-00144feabdc0.html?nclick_check=1 | access-date = 18 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100314072224/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/558f15be-038b-11df-a601-00144feabdc0.html?nclick_check=1| archive-date=14 March 2010| url-status= live}}</ref> [[File:Pararescue in Haiti 2010.jpg|thumb|A USAF [[pararescue]]man searching through demolished buildings in Port-au-Prince for survivors]] [[File:Hospital ship usnscomfort Jan 20 haiti.jpg|thumb|Helicopters transfer injured earthquake victims to hospital ship [[USNS Comfort|USNS ''Comfort'']] off the coast of Haiti.]] The US military acknowledged the non-governmental organizations' complaints concerning flight-operations bias and promised improvement while noting that up to 17 January 600 emergency flights had landed and 50 were diverted; by the first weekend of disaster operations, diversions had been reduced to three on Saturday and two on Sunday.<ref>{{cite news | first=Anthony | last=Boadle | title=U.S. military says Haiti airport jam easing | date=17 January 2010| agency =Reuters News | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60H00020100118 |access-date = 18 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100121101508/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60H00020100118| archive-date= 21 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The airport staff was strengthened in order to support 100 landings a day, compared to the 35 a day that the airport gets during normal operation. A spokesman for the joint task force running the airport confirmed that, though more flights were requesting [[landing slot]]s, none was being turned away.<ref name=cave1-17>Cave, Damien, Sontag, Deborah [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/world/americas/18quake.html?hp Rescues Beat Dimming Odds in Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722081929/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/world/americas/18quake.html|date=22 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', 17 January 2010</ref> Brazilian Foreign Minister [[Celso Amorim]] and French Minister of State for Cooperation [[Alain Joyandet]] criticised the perceived preferential treatment for US aid arriving at the airport. A spokesman for the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that the French government had not protested officially with regard to the management of the airport.<ref>Fernandes, Adriana [https://archive.today/20120731204006/http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20100117/not_imp496977,0.php Brasil pedirá que ONU defina papéis] (in Portuguese), ''O Estado de S. Paulo'', 17 January 2010</ref><ref>AFP [http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101614140-la-france-citique-la-gestion-de-l-aeroport-de-port-au-prince La France critique la gestion de l'aéroport de Port-au-Prince] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117234030/http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101614140-la-france-citique-la-gestion-de-l-aeroport-de-port-au-prince |date=17 January 2010 }} (in French), ''Libération'', 16 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</ref> US officials acknowledged that coordination of the relief effort is central to Haitian recovery.<ref>Hampton, Olivia [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hRdguNpGRmf2_yTNXr3IXsl898sg Beset by logistical challenges, Haiti relief presses on] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401090922/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hRdguNpGRmf2_yTNXr3IXsl898sg |date=1 April 2013 }}, Agence France-Presse, 16 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010</ref> President Préval asked for calm coordination between assisting nations without mutual accusations.<ref>Scofield Jr., Gilberto [http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/mat/2010/01/16/descoordenacao-atrapalha-ajuda-vitimas-do-terremoto-no-haiti-915543121.asp Descoordenação atrapalha ajuda a vítimas do terremoto no Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120092222/http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/mat/2010/01/16/descoordenacao-atrapalha-ajuda-vitimas-do-terremoto-no-haiti-915543121.asp |date=20 January 2010 }} (in Portuguese), ''O Globo'', 17 January 2010</ref><ref>Morris, Harvey [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/558f15be-038b-11df-a601-00144feabdc0.html Haiti airport delays blamed on US] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917204438/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/558f15be-038b-11df-a601-00144feabdc0.html |date=17 September 2013 }}, ''Financial Times'', 17 January 2010</ref> Based on US Air Force logs documenting activity at the airport, the [[Associated Press]] largely disproved the claim that the US held up aid in favor of military flights. The US military initially gave priority to military units in order to secure the airport, distribute aid, and provide security, but after that, incoming relief flights were cleared or rejected on a first-come, first-served basis. According to a US Air Force captain who had coordinated flight schedules, nearly all groups sending aid insisted their shipment was urgent. Those flights that were rejected were diverted to the [[Dominican Republic]], and their cargoes were unloaded and taken to Haiti by land.<ref name="heraldsun airport">[http://www.heraldsun.com/view/full_story/6401614/article-Haiti-flight-logs-detail-early-chaos]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> At the peak of the relief efforts, the airport was in a state of chaos. Normally, the airport, with a single runway and 10 spaces for large planes, handled 20 flights a day. After the earthquake struck, hundreds of planes rushed to Haiti without designated landing times. On average, a plane would land or take off every two minutes. The situation was complicated by the lack of room on ramps for planes to unload their cargo, and some planes did not have enough fuel to leave.<ref name="heraldsun airport"/> [[File:Haitians pull out a body from the rubbles of a school (12 january 2010).jpg|thumb|left|While international efforts received significant media coverage, much of the local rescue effort was conducted by Haitians.]] While the Port-au-Prince airport ramp has spaces for more than a dozen airliners, in the days following the quake, it sometimes served nearly 40 at once, creating serious delays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/34915151|title=U.S.: Haiti aid bottleneck is easing up – Haiti earthquake|publisher=NBC News|date=18 January 2010|access-date=20 January 2010|archive-date=3 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203145220/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34915151/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last = Boadle | first = Anthony | title = U.S. military says Haiti airport jam easing | work = Reuters | location = Miami | date = 17 January 2010 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60H00020100118 | access-date = 18 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100121101508/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60H00020100118| archive-date= 21 January 2010 | url-status= live}} </ref> The supply backup at the airport was expected to ease as the apron management improved, and when the perceived need for heavy security diminished.<ref name = "Knife Edge"/> Airport congestion was reduced on 18 January when the United Nations and US forces formally agreed to prioritise humanitarian flights over security reinforcement.<ref name='bottleneck'>{{cite news | title =U.S.: Haiti aid bottleneck is easing up | date =18 January 2010 | publisher =NBC News | url =https://www.nbcnews.com/id/34915151 | access-date =20 January 2010 | archive-date =3 December 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20161203145220/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34915151/ | url-status =live }}</ref> By 14 January, more than 20 countries had sent military personnel to the country, with Canada, the United States, and the Dominican Republic providing the largest contingents. The [[supercarrier]] {{USS|Carl Vinson|CVN-70|6}} arrived at [[flank speed|maximum possible speed]] on 15 January with 600,000 emergency food rations, 100,000 ten-litre water containers, and an enhanced wing of 19 helicopters; 130,000 litres of [[drinking water]] were transferred to shore on the first day.<ref>[[Yochi Dreazen|Dreazen, Yochi]] [https://blogs.wsj.com/dispatch/2010/01/15/us-carrier-carl-vinson-joins-relief-efforts/ U.S. Carrier Carl Vinson Joins Relief Efforts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708092149/https://blogs.wsj.com/dispatch/2010/01/15/us-carrier-carl-vinson-joins-relief-efforts/ |date=8 July 2017 }}, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.</ref> The helicopter carrier {{USS|Bataan|LHD-5|6}} sailed with three large [[dock landing ship]]s and two survey/salvage vessels, to create a "sea base" for the rescue effort.<ref name='navymil'>{{cite news | title= Vinson Helicopters Perform Medical Evacuations; "Sea Base" On the Way | date=16 January 2010| publisher=[[United States Navy]] | url =http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50582 | access-date = 17 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100118233402/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50582| archive-date= 18 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name='nvtimes'>{{cite news | first=Lance | last=Bacon | title=3 amphibs leave Virginia for Haiti | date=15 January 2010 | work =Navy Times | url =http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bataanleave_011410w/ | access-date = 17 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bataan_haiti_011510w/ |title=Bataan heads for Haiti |last=Farlan|first=Mark M. |date=16 January 2010 |work=Navy Times |access-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> They were joined by the [[French Navy]] vessel ''[[Francis Garnier (L9031)|Francis Garnier]]'' on 16 January,<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2010/01/15/01011-20100115FILWWW00732-haiti-un-navire-francais-en-route.php Haïti: un navire français en route] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118073346/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2010/01/15/01011-20100115FILWWW00732-haiti-un-navire-francais-en-route.php |date=18 January 2010 }} (in French), ''Le Figaro'', 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.</ref> the same day the hospital ship {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20|6}} and guided-missile cruiser {{USS|Bunker Hill|CG-52|6}} left for Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=57565 |author=Garamone, Jim |others=American Forces Press Service |title=Top Navy Doc Predicts Long USNS Comfort Deployment |date=16 January 2010 |access-date=16 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100301104035/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=57565| archive-date= 1 March 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bunkerhill_011610/ |title=Bunker Hill en route to help Haiti mission |last= Fuentes|first=Gidget |date=16 January 2010 |work=Navy Times |access-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> Another large French vessel was later ordered to Haiti, the [[amphibious transport dock]] ''[[Siroco (L 9012)|Siroco]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tcd.siroco.free.fr/|title=Bienvenue sur le site consacré au TCD Siroco – Page d'accueil|publisher=TCD Siroco|access-date=20 January 2010|archive-date=12 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112165658/http://tcd.siroco.free.fr/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:LA County SAR pulls Haitian woman from earthquake debris 2010-01-17.jpg|thumb|right|A woman is rescued alive from rubble several days after the initial quake.]] International rescue efforts were restricted by traffic congestion and blocked roads.<ref>[https://latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-haiti-roadblock17-2010jan17,0,1993795.story At Haiti roadblock, a lesson in power dynamics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212142658/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-haiti-roadblock17-2010jan17,0,1993795.story |date=12 February 2010 }} ''Los Angeles Times'', 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</ref> Although US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates had previously ruled out dropping food and water by air as too dangerous, by 16 January, US helicopters were distributing aid by drops to areas impossible to reach by land.<ref name="logjam">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953379_1953494,00.html |title=With the Military in Haiti: Breaking the Supply Logjam |last=Padgett |first=Tim |date=17 January 2010 |magazine=Time |access-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117174008/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C1953379_1953494%2C00.html |archive-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Jacmel, a city of 50,000, the mayor claimed that 70 percent of the homes had been damaged and that the quake had killed 300 to 500 people and left some 4,000 injured.<ref>AFP, [http://www.mysinchew.com/node/34251 "In Haiti, the Jacmel cathedral clock stopped at 5:37 pm"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511085653/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/34251 |date=11 May 2011 }} My Sinchew, 20 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010.</ref> The small airstrip suffered damage rendering it unusable for supply flights until 20 January.<ref name=CBC-2010-01-18-CF-Jacmel>{{cite news |title = Canadian Forces head to port town of Jacmel |publisher = [[CBC News]] |date =18 January 2010 |url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canadian-forces-head-to-port-town-of-jacmel-1.950329 |access-date=18 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100121050326/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canadian-forces-head-to-port-town-of-jacmel-1.950329| archive-date= 21 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The Canadian navy vessel [[HMCS Halifax (FFH 330)|HMCS ''Halifax'']] was deployed to the area on 18 January; the Canadians joined Colombian rescue workers, Chilean doctors, a French mobile clinic, and Sri Lankan relief workers who had already responded to calls for aid.<ref name=CNN-20-01-2010-Jacmel-CineInstitute>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/19/obrien.haiti.jacmel/ "O'Brien: Haiti's cultural core suffers, too"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501083254/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/19/obrien.haiti.jacmel/ |date=1 May 2011 }}, CNN, 20 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010.</ref> About 64,000 people living in the three adjacent agricultural communities of [[Durissy, Haiti|Durissy]], [[Morne a Chandelle, Haiti|Morne a Chandelle]], and [[Les Palmes, Haiti|Les Palmes]] were relatively unharmed because most of the people were working in the fields when the quakes struck. All their churches, chapels, and at least 8,000 homes were destroyed.<ref>[http://www.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/index.php?i=33552&m=&l=&p=3&pre=&ver=swf "Symbol of Hope rescued from rubble in Haitian church"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513033918/http://www.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/index.php?i=33552&m=&l=&p=3&pre=&ver=swf |date=13 May 2011 }}, ''Senior Life'', Brevard County Florida, March 2010, page 3</ref> On 17 January 2010, British search and rescue teams were the first to reach Léogane, the town at the epicenter of the quake.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/8465916.stm |title=Haiti quake victims' bodies 'piled up by roads' |work=BBC News |date=18 January 2010| access-date= 26 April 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094741/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/8465916.stm| archive-date= 11 May 2011| url-status= live}}</ref> The Canadian ship [[HMCS Athabaskan (DDH 282)|HMCS ''Athabaskan'']] reached the area on 19 January,<ref>{{cite news |title = HMCS Athabaskan, Halifax to be in Haiti early Tuesday|work = [[The Chronicle Herald]] |date =18 January 2010 |url = http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/9014860.html |access-date=19 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100122060434/http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/9014860.html| archive-date= 22 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> and by 20 January some 250–300 Canadian personnel were assisting relief efforts in the town.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/haiti/canadas-big-task-in-haiti-starts-on-small-airstrip/article1436995/ |title=Canada's big task in Haiti starts on small airstrip |first=Gloria |last=Galloway |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=20 January 2010 |location=Toronto |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125174454/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/haiti/canadas-big-task-in-haiti-starts-on-small-airstrip/article1436995/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 19 January, staff of the International Red Cross had also managed to reach the town, which they described as "severely damaged ... the people there urgently need assistance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/haiti-earthquake-update-190110 |title=Haiti earthquake: reaching victims outside the capital|publisher=ICRC News|date=19 January 2010|access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref> By 20 January they had reached [[Petit-Goâve]] as well, where they set up two first-aid posts and distributed first-aid kits.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/haiti-earthquake-update-200110 Haiti earthquake: ICRC expands relief effort], ICRC News, 20 January 2010</ref> [[File:Usns comfort patient haiti jan22.jpg|thumb|upright|A Haitian child is treated aboard a hospital ship.]] Over the first weekend 130,000 food packets and 70,000 water containers were distributed to Haitians, as safe landing areas and distribution centers such as golf courses were secured.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6108740n&tag=contentMain;contentBody Evening News Online] CBS News (video), 17 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</ref> Nearly 2,000 rescuers had arrived from 43 different groups, with 161 [[search and rescue dog|search dogs]]; the airport had handled 250 tons of relief supplies by the end of the weekend.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120111123517/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/01/17/world/main6107038.shtml?tag=cbsnewsLeadStoriesArea U.N.: Over 70 Rescued From Haitian Rubble] CBS News, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</ref> Reports from Sunday showed a record-breaking number of successful rescues, with at least 12 survivors pulled from Port-au-Prince's rubble, bringing the total number of rescues to 110.<ref>{{cite news | title=Taiwanese search team rescues two survivors in Haiti | date=19 January 2010 | work=Taiwan News | url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1158691&lang=eng_news&cate_img=49.jpg&cate_rss=news_Society_TAIWAN | access-date=20 January 2010 | archive-date=29 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429030953/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1158691&lang=eng_news&cate_img=49.jpg&cate_rss=news_Society_TAIWAN | url-status=live }}</ref> The buoy tender [[USCGC Oak (WLB-211)|USCG ''Oak'']] and {{USNS|Grasp|T-ARS-51}} were on scene by 18 January to assess damage to the port and work to reopen it,<ref>Schept, Susan [http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/coastguard_haiti_port_011910w/ CG continues evacuations, clears port], ''Navy Times'', 19 January 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50601 USNS Grasp, Divers Arrive in Port-au-Prince, Begin Port Assessments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629192810/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50601 |date=29 June 2011 }}, United States Navy, 18 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</ref> and by 21 January one pier at the Port-au-Prince seaport was functional, offloading humanitarian aid, and a road had been repaired to make transport into the city easier.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/21/haiti.earthquake/index.html?hpt=T2 Haiti pier opens, road laid into Port-au-Prince] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124094123/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/21/haiti.earthquake/index.html?hpt=T2 |date=24 January 2010 }}, CNN, 21 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.</ref> In an interview on 21 January, Leo Merores, Haiti's ambassador to the UN, said that he expected the port to be fully functional again within two weeks.<ref name="Bloomberg22" /> The US Navy listed its [[Military asset|resources]] in the area as "17 ships, 48 helicopters and 12 fixed-wing aircraft" in addition to 10,000 sailors and Marines.<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. Fleet Forces Public Affairs |url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50631 |title=U.S. Fleet Forces Commander Provides Update on Navy Contributions to Haiti Relief Efforts |publisher=United States Navy |date=12 January 2010 |access-date=20 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100201141430/http://www.navy.mil//search//display.asp?story_id=50631| archive-date= 1 February 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The Navy had conducted 336 air deliveries, delivered {{Convert|32400|usgal|L}} of water, 532,440 bottles of water, 111,082 meals and {{Convert|9000|lb|abbr=on}} of medical supplies by 20 January. Hospital ship ''Comfort'' began operations on 20 January, completing the arrival of the first group of sea-base vessels; this came as a new flotilla of USN ships were assigned to Haiti, including survey vessels, ferries, elements of the [[Maritime Prepositioning ship|maritime prepositioning]] and [[underway replenishment]] fleets, and a further three amphibious operations ships, including another helicopter carrier, {{USS|Nassau|LHA-4}}.<ref name="autogeneratedmil">{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50696 |title=Maritime Force Serves as Cornerstone of Relief Operations in Haiti |date=20 January 2010 |publisher=US Navy |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-date=27 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127043232/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50696 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Haiti relief landing jan22.jpg|thumb|left|Landing ships move supplies onshore from the rescue fleet.]] On 22 January the UN and United States formalised the coordination of relief efforts by signing an agreement giving the US responsibility for the ports, airports and roads, and making the UN and Haitian authorities responsible for law and order. The UN stated that it had resisted formalising the organization of the relief effort to allow as much leeway as possible for those wishing to assist in the relief effort, but with the new agreement "we're leaving that emergency phase behind". The UN also urged organizations to coordinate aid efforts through its mission in Haiti to allow for better scheduling of the arrival of supplies.<ref name="Bloomberg22">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Dolmetsch |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-22/un-urges-haiti-relief-coordination-as-supplies-flood-airport.html |title=UN Urges Haiti Coordination as Supplies Flood Airport |publisher=Bloomberg |date=22 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-date=25 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425150342/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-22/un-urges-haiti-relief-coordination-as-supplies-flood-airport.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 23 January the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors, and most search and rescue teams began to prepare to leave the country.<ref name="bbc23012010">{{cite news |title=Haiti quake victim rescue operation declared over |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8476474.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=23 January 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100126103049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8476474.stm| archive-date= 26 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> However, as late as 8 February 2010, survivors were still being discovered, as in the case of Evan Muncie, 28, found in the rubble of a grocery store.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/02/10/haiti.rescue.ends/index.html Haiti supermarket rescues called off] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213201724/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/02/10/haiti.rescue.ends/index.html |date=13 February 2010 }} CNN, 10 February 2010</ref> On 5 February, ten [[Baptist]] missionaries from [[Idaho]] led by [[Laura Silsby]] were charged with [[Conspiracy (crime)|criminal association]] and [[kidnapping]] for trying to smuggle 33 children out of Haiti. The missionaries claimed they were rescuing orphaned children but investigations revealed that more than 20 of the children had been taken from their parents after they were told the children would have a better life in America. In an interview, [[Kenneth H. Merten|Kenneth Merten]], the [[United States Ambassador to Haiti]], stated that the US justice system would not interfere and that "the Haitian justice system will do what it has to do."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/americans_charged_with_kidnapping_wMQSWOz5mQfjWjTe3nrPhN |title=10 Americans charged with kidnapping in Haiti |date=5 February 2010 |publisher=Agence France-Presse (AFP) |access-date=27 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421121356/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/americans_charged_with_kidnapping_wMQSWOz5mQfjWjTe3nrPhN |archive-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 9 March 2010, all but Silsby were deported and she remained incarcerated.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/09/haiti.americans.detained/ Freed from Haiti, missionary returns 'with mixed emotions'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413085124/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/09/haiti.americans.detained/ |date=13 April 2010 }} CNN, 10 March 2010</ref> Social networking organizations such as [[Crisis Camp Haiti]] were developed to aid in the structure and coordination of relief efforts in Haiti and future catastrophic events as well.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://huffingtonpost.com/chrissie-brodigan/apps-of-kindness-crisis-c_b_457792.html |title=Apps of Kindness: Crisis Camp Launches 3 New Web Apps for Haiti |date=17 February 2010 |access-date=22 March 2010|work=HuffPost| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100301060839/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chrissie-brodigan/apps-of-kindness-crisis-c_b_457792.html| archive-date= 1 March 2010 | url-status= live | first=Chrissie | last=Brodigan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100202-new-haiti-project-website-pedre-leroux-reconstructing-earthquake-radio-internet |title=Home grown website to help Haitians rebuild |date=2 February 2010 |publisher=France 24 |access-date=22 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428073342/http://www.france24.com/en/20100202-new-haiti-project-website-pedre-leroux-reconstructing-earthquake-radio-internet |archive-date=28 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://haitirewired.wired.com/profiles/blogs/haiti-rewireds-mission |title=How Can Technology Help Haiti? Introducing Haiti Rewired |date=22 January 2010 |access-date=1 February 2011 |publisher=Haiti Rewired |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512232128/http://haitirewired.wired.com/profiles/blogs/haiti-rewireds-mission |archive-date=12 May 2011 }}</ref> By March 4, the American Red Cross, in conjunction with Mobile Accord's {{Proper name|mGive}} platform, had raised a total of $50 million for victims of the Haiti earthquake. James Eberhard of Mobile Accord stated that $32.5 million of the donations came from text giving.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/five-digit_giving# |title=Five-Digit Giving |year=2010 |publisher=Stanford Review |last=Straus |first=Tamara |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422162823/https://ssir.org/articles/entry/five-digit_giving |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 April, due to the potential threat of mudslides and flooding from the upcoming [[Wet season|rainy season]], the Haitian government began operations to move thousands of refugees to a more secure location north of the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8614278.stm |title=Haiti begins relocating quake victims ahead of rains |access-date=13 April 2010 |work=BBC News |date=11 April 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100412053939/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8614278.stm| archive-date= 12 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> ==Recovery== [[File:Haitians in Port-de-Paix await distribution of relief supplies 2010-01-15.jpg|thumb|Haitians await the opening of a supply depot, 16 January.]] US President [[Barack Obama]] announced that former presidents [[Bill Clinton]], who also acts as the UN special envoy to Haiti, and [[George W. Bush]] would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] visited Haiti on 16 January to survey the damage and stated that US$48 million had been raised already in the US to help Haiti recover.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/16/haiti.earthquake/index.html?hpt=T1 Presidents Clinton, Bush lead effort to raise funds for Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117111932/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/16/haiti.earthquake/index.html?hpt=T1 |date=17 January 2010 }}, CNN, 16 January 2010</ref> Following the meeting with Secretary Clinton, President Préval stated that the highest priorities in Haiti's recovery were establishing a working government, clearing roads, and ensuring the streets were cleared of bodies to improve sanitary conditions.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/16/haiti.earthquake/index.html?hpt=T1 Hillary Clinton meets with Haiti leader after arrival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117111932/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/16/haiti.earthquake/index.html?hpt=T1 |date=17 January 2010 }}, CNN, 16 January 2010</ref> US Vice President [[Joe Biden]] stated on 16 January that President Obama "does not view this as a humanitarian mission with a life cycle of a month. This will still be on our radar screen long after it's off the crawler at CNN. This is going to be a long slog."<ref>Reinhard, Beth [http://www.7zz.org/2010/01/biden-meets-with-haitian-american-leaders-in-miami-miamiherald-com/ Biden meets with Haitian-American leaders in Miami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724211649/http://www.7zz.org/2010/01/biden-meets-with-haitian-american-leaders-in-miami-miamiherald-com/ |date=24 July 2011 }}, ''The Miami Herald'', 16 January 2010</ref> [[File:PAPemergencyops.jpg|thumb|left|Planes loaded with aid supplies crowd the tarmac at [[Toussaint Louverture International Airport|Port-au-Prince airport]], waiting to be unloaded, 18 January.]] A remake of the song "Wavin' Flag" by [[Somalis|Somalian]]-[[Canadians|Canadian]] singer [[K’naan]] became a charity single in Canada, reaching number 1 on the "[[Canadian Hot 100]]" chart. The song was later chosen as [[Coca-Cola]]'s promotional anthem for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] hosted by [[South Africa]]. Trade and Industry Minister Josseline Colimon Fethiere estimated that the earthquake's toll on the Haitian economy would be massive, with one in five jobs lost.<ref name=rwjobs135>{{cite news |title=Interview-Quake cost one in five Haitian jobs- minister |first=Patricia |last=Zengerle |agency=Reuters |work=ReliefWeb |date=25 January 2010 |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-8234A3?OpenDocument&query=killed%20haiti&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI |access-date=<!--26 January 2010--> |archive-date=24 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324005952/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-8234A3?OpenDocument&query=killed%20haiti&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to the earthquake, foreign governments offered badly needed financial aid. The European Union promised €330 million for emergency and long-term aid. Brazil announced R$375 million for long-term recovery aid, R$25 million of which in immediate funds.<ref>Terra Notícias [http://noticias.terra.com.br/mundo/noticias/0,,OI4219282-EI14687,00-Governo+quer+indenizar+familias+de+militares+mortos+no+Haiti.html Governo quer indenizar famílias de militares mortos no Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615021401/http://noticias.terra.com.br/mundo/noticias/0,,OI4219282-EI14687,00-Governo+quer+indenizar+familias+de+militares+mortos+no+Haiti.html |date=15 June 2010 }} (in Portuguese), ''Terra'', 21 January 2010</ref> The United Kingdom's Secretary of State for International Development [[Douglas Alexander]] called the result of the earthquake an "almost unprecedented level of devastation", and committed the UK to £20 million in aid, while France promised €10 million. Italy announced it would waive repayment of the €40 million it had loaned to Haiti,<ref name=miami1-18/> and the World Bank waived the country's debt repayments for five years.<ref name="bbc260120100">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8479166.stm |title=Haiti 'can lead quake recovery', Canada summit told |work=BBC News|date=26 January 2010 |access-date=26 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100128101325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8479166.stm| archive-date= 28 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> On 14 January, the US government announced it would give US$100 million to the aid effort and pledged that the people of Haiti "will not be forgotten".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-obama-us-aid |title=Haiti quake: Obama announces $100 m US aid package|work=The Guardian |date=15 January 2010 |access-date=15 January 2010 | location=London | first=James | last=Sturcke| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100116153518/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-obama-us-aid| archive-date= 16 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[File:Haiti Cash-for-Work Programme.jpg|thumb|The [[UN Development Programme]] employed hundreds of Haitians to clear roads and to make fuel pellets in a cash-for-work scheme.]] In the aftermath of the earthquake, the government of Canada announced that it would match the donations of Canadians up to a total of C$50 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3063 |title=Donate to Haiti relief |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister |date=14 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121153911/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3063 |archive-date=21 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Canadians were able to donate through the [[Humanitarian Coalition]] which distributed funds to partner organizations working in the field. During this time the Humanitarian Coalition raised over C$15 Million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Haiti Appeal|url=http://humanitariancoalition.ca/our-appeals/haiti-earthquake-2010|access-date=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230184855/http://humanitariancoalition.ca/our-appeals/haiti-earthquake-2010|archive-date=30 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> After a United Nations call for help for the people affected by the earthquake, Canada pledged an additional C$60 million in aid on 19 January 2010, bringing Canada's total contribution to C$135 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2IptHeJr8BF8LMxPPiqfrMla3Qg |title=Canada pledges 60 million Canadian dollars for Haiti aid |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=19 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-date=23 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423164019/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2IptHeJr8BF8LMxPPiqfrMla3Qg |url-status=live }}</ref> By 8 February 2010, the federal International Co-operation Department, through the [[Canadian International Development Agency]] (CIDA), had already provided about C$85 million in humanitarian aid through UN agencies, the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] and to organizations such as CARE, Médecins du Monde, [[Save the Children]], Oxfam Quebec, the Centre for International Studies and co-operation, and [[World Vision]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-matches-haiti-donations-with-113m-1.905752 |title=Canada matches Haiti donations with $113M |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=8 February 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407145938/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-matches-haiti-donations-with-113m-1.905752 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 January 2010, Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] announced that the federal government had lifted the limit on the amount of money allocated for matching individual donations to relief efforts,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/pm-lifts-cap-for-matching-haiti-donations-1.865328 |title=PM lifts cap for matching Haiti donations |publisher=CBC News |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407151501/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/pm-lifts-cap-for-matching-haiti-donations-1.865328 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that the federal government would continue to match individual donations until 12 February 2010; by the deadline, Canadians had privately raised C$220 million.<ref name=Donor400>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canada-pledges-400m-more-for-haiti-1.870408 |title=Canada pledges $400M more for Haiti |publisher=CBC News |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408003504/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canada-pledges-400m-more-for-haiti-1.870408 |url-status=live }}</ref> On top of matching donations, International Co-operation Minister [[Bev Oda]] pledged an additional C$290 million in long-term relief to be spent between 2010 and 2012, including C$8 million in debt relief to Haiti, part of a broader cancellation of the country's overall World Bank debt.<ref name=Donor400/> The government's commitment to provide C$550 million in aid and debt relief and Canadians' individual donations amount to a total of C$770 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/haiti-raises-quake-death-toll-on-anniversary-1.1011363 |title=Haiti raises quake death toll on anniversary |publisher=CBC News |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704110258/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/haiti-raises-quake-death-toll-on-anniversary-1.1011363 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:2010년 중앙119구조단 아이티 지진 국제출동100119 몬타나호텔 수색활동 (454).jpg|thumb|South Korea's National Rescue Services team]] In addition to Canada's federal government, the governments of several of the [[provinces and territories of Canada]] also announced that they would provide immediate emergency aid to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ns.ca/news/details.asp?id=20100118003 |title=Nova Scotia Responds to Disaster in Haiti |publisher=Emergency Management Office, Government of Nova Scotia |date=15 January 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429213038/http://www.gov.ns.ca/news/details.asp?id=20100118003 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-promises-500k-for-haiti-recovery-1.947208 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812051134/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-promises-500k-for-haiti-recovery-1.947208 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2020 |title=Alberta promises $500K for Haiti recovery |publisher=CBC News |date=17 January 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=68c339cf-e29d-4a28-8e28-e89b6ff80f03 |title=Province of Saskatchewan Provides $250,000 in Aid to Haiti |publisher=Government of Saskatchewan |date=17 January 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501041318/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=68c339cf-e29d-4a28-8e28-e89b6ff80f03 |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref> On 18 January 2010, the province of [[Quebec]], whose largest city – [[Montreal]] – houses the world's largest Haitian diaspora, pledged C$3 million in emergency aid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://montrealgazette.com/Quebec+hands+emergency+Haiti/2453273/story.html |title=Quebec hands out C$3M in emergency aid to Haiti |work=The Gazette |location=Montreal |date=18 January 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126041540/http://www.montrealgazette.com/Quebec%2Bhands%2Bemergency%2BHaiti/2453273/story.html |archive-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> Both the provincial government of Quebec and the Canadian federal government reaffirmed their commitment to rebuilding Haiti at the 2010 [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie Summit]]; Prime Minister Harper used his opening speech to "tell the head of the Haitian delegation to keep up their spirits" and to urge other nations to continue to support recovery efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20101023/canada-haiti-cholera-101023/ |title=Francophonie Summit rallies around Haiti crisis |publisher=CTV News |date=23 October 2010 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026005647/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20101023/canada-haiti-cholera-101023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> President [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] offered interested Haitians free land in Senegal;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/14/senegal-haiti-earthquake-student-refugees|title=Senegal takes in Haitian student refugees|first=Sheriff Jr.|last=Bojang|date=14 October 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 December 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/14/senegal-haiti-earthquake-student-refugees|url-status=live}}</ref> depending on how many respond to the offer, this could include up to an entire region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8463921.stm |title=Senegal offers land to Haitians |work=BBC News |date=17 January 2010 |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302002357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8463921.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 2,000 Haitians applied for this offer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/205330/Haitians-start-new-life-in-Senegal|title=Haitians start new life in Senegal|date=14 October 2010|website=Daily Express|access-date=9 December 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170648/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/205330/Haitians-start-new-life-in-Senegal|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2010, 163 of these applicants arrived in Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/10/14/haitians-take-up-senegals-offer/|title=Haitians take up Senegal's offer|first=Joshua|last=Keating|access-date=9 December 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170406/https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/10/14/haitians-take-up-senegals-offer/|url-status=live}}</ref> They are Haitian students who were selected to continue their education in Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-163-haitian-students-receive-welcome-in-senegal-2010oct14-story.html|title=163 Haitian students receive welcome in Senegal|date=14 October 2010|website=The San Diego Union-Tribune|access-date=9 December 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170406/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-163-haitian-students-receive-welcome-in-senegal-2010oct14-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:FAA mobile control tower & equipment loaded onto Antonov An-124 at HST 2010-01-21 1.JPG|thumb|left|A US mobile air traffic control tower is moved to Haiti by a Russian [[Antonov An-124 Ruslan]].]] Prime Minister Bellerive announced that from 20 January, people would be helped to relocate outside the zone of devastation, to areas where they may be able to rely on relatives or better fend for themselves; people who have been made homeless would be relocated to the makeshift camps created by residents within the city, where a more focused delivery of aid and sanitation could be achieved.<ref name=miami1-18/> Port-au-Prince, according to an international studies professor at the [[University of Miami]], was ill-equipped before the disaster to sustain the number of people who had migrated there from the countryside over the past ten years to find work.<ref>Cave, Damien [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/world/americas/21scene.html?hp Exodus to Countryside Reverses Long Trend] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722081940/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/world/americas/21scene.html|date=22 July 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', 21 January 2010</ref> After the earthquake, thousands of Port-au-Prince residents began returning to the rural towns they came from.<ref>Boyle, Christina [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_looking_for_any_way_out_thousands_flee_ravaged_capital.html Haiti earthquake: Thousands flee ravaged Port-au-Prince following powerful aftershock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123000005/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_looking_for_any_way_out_thousands_flee_ravaged_capital.html |date=23 January 2010 }}, ''Daily News'', 21 January 2010</ref> On 25 January a one-day conference was held in [[Montreal]] to assess the relief effort and discuss further plans. Prime Minister Bellerive told delegates from 20 countries that Haiti would need "massive support" for its recovery from the international community. A donors' conference was expected to be held at the UN headquarters in New York in March,<ref name="bbc260120100" /> however, took more than three months to hold the UN conference. The 26-member international Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commission, headed by Bill Clinton and Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive, convened in June 2010.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/10/haiti-earthquake-aid-survivors Haiti earthquake: six months on] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104231801/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/10/haiti-earthquake-aid-survivors |date=4 November 2016 }} The Observer, 10 July 2010</ref> That committee is overseeing the US$5.3 billion pledged internationally for the first two years of Haiti's reconstruction.<ref>[http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/08/02/1758456/leaders-look-to-end-dispute-over.html Leaders look to end dispute over Haiti earthquake aid] ''The Miami Herald'', 3 August 2010</ref> The commission was critiqued by Haitian groups for lacking Haitian civil society representation and accountability mechanisms. Half the representation on the commission was given to foreigners who effectively bought their seats by pledging certain amounts of money. An international development consultant contracted by the commission was quoted as saying, "Look, you have to realize the IHRC [commission] was not intended to work as a structure or entity for Haiti or Haitians. It was simply designed as a vehicle for donors to funnel multinationals' and NGOs' project contracts."<ref name="Bell2">{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Beverly |date=2013 |title=Fault Lines: Views across Haiti's Divide |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press|page=82 |isbn=978-0-8014-7769-0}}</ref> The Netherlands sponsored a project, called Radio555. The Dutch radio channels [[3FM]], [[Radio 538]] and [[Radio Veronica]] all broadcast under the name of Radio555, funded by a contribution of €80 million.<ref>[http://nos.nl/artikel/129857-donderdag-omroepactie-voor-haiti.html Donderdag omroepactie voor Haïti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423112310/http://nos.nl/artikel/129857-donderdag-omroepactie-voor-haiti.html |date=23 April 2011 }}, NOS Nieuws, 17 January 2010</ref><ref name="Katz 4A">{{Cite news | title=Fights over land stall Haiti quake recovery | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/11/world/main6668155.shtml|publisher=CBS News | date=11 July 2010 | access-date= 26 April 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430155957/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/11/world/main6668155.shtml| archive-date= 30 April 2011| url-status= live}}</ref> Several organizations of the US building industry and government, such as the [[Department of Homeland Security]] and the [[International Code Council]], among others, reported that they were compiling a "Haiti Toolkit" coordinated by the [[National Institute of Building Sciences]]. The toolkit would comprise building technology resources and best practices for consideration by the Haitian government with the goal of creating a more resilient infrastructure to prevent future losses of life.<ref>{{cite web|last=Colker|first=Ryan|title=Haiti Toolkit Factsheet|url=http://www.nibs.org/client/assets/files/nibs/FactSheets/HaitiToolkitFactsheet.pdf|publisher=National Institute of Building Sciences|access-date=31 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214143/http://www.nibs.org/client/assets/files/nibs/FactSheets/HaitiToolkitFactsheet.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Immediately following the earthquake, [[Real Medicine Foundation]] began providing medical staffing, in-kind medical supplies and strategic coordination to help meet the surging needs of the health crisis on the ground. Working in close partnership with other relief organizations, Real Medicine organized deployments of volunteer medical specialists to meet the needs of partner hospitals and clinics at the Haiti–Dominican Republic border and in Port-au-Prince, provided direct funding, medical supplies and pharmaceuticals to local health facilities and partner hospitals, provided advisory services and coordination to local health facilities, including physical therapy support, and coordinated mobile health outreaches, field clinics and food supplies to outlying villages overlooked in the relief effort.<ref>[http://www.realmedicinefoundation.org/initiative/haiti-earthquake-relief-projects Haiti Earthquake Relief Projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104091402/http://www.realmedicinefoundation.org/initiative/haiti-earthquake-relief-projects |date=4 January 2011 }} Real Medicine Foundation</ref> On 15 January 2011, the [[Catholic Relief Services]] announced a US$200 million, five-year relief and reconstruction program that covers shelter, health, livelihoods, and child protection among its program areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=One year later, local efforts to help Haiti rebuild continue|url=http://www.catholicnewworld.com/cnwonline/2011/0116/3.aspx|access-date=1 February 2011|date=16 January 2011|publisher=Catholic New World|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429031005/http://www.catholicnewworld.com/cnwonline/2011/0116/3.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Status of the recovery=== Six months after the quake as much as 98% of the rubble remained uncleared. An estimated 26 million cubic yards (20 million cubic meters) remained, making most of the capital impassable,<ref name="Katz 4A"/><!---hard copy differs from soft copy but is the same article reprinted from associated press---> and thousands of bodies remained in the rubble. The number of people in relief camps of tents and tarps since the quake was 1.6 million, and almost no transitional housing had been built. Most of the camps had no electricity, running water, or sewage disposal, and the tents were beginning to fall apart. Crime in the camps was widespread, especially against women and girls. Between 23 major charities, US$1.1 billion had been collected for Haiti for relief efforts, but only two percent of the money had been released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/national_world&id=7549631 |title=ABC Local |publisher=ABC |date=12 July 2010 |access-date=12 August 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/WN/haiti-earthquake-months-things-stand/story?id=11120059 |title=Haiti Six Months Later: Where Do Things Stand?|work=ABC News|date=8 July 2010|access-date=12 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100715055921/http://abcnews.go.com/WN/haiti-earthquake-months-things-stand/story?id=11120059| archive-date= 15 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> According to a [[CBS]] report, US$3.1 billion had been pledged for humanitarian aid and was used to pay for field hospitals, plastic tarps, bandages, and food, plus salaries, transportation and upkeep of relief workers. By May 2010, enough aid had been raised internationally to give each displaced family a cheque for US$37,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/12/world/main6670281.shtml |title=Haiti Recovery Bogged Down 6 Months after Quake|publisher=CBS News|date=12 July 2010|access-date=12 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100802003548/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/12/world/main6670281.shtml| archive-date= 2 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> In July 2010, [[CNN]] returned to Port-au-Prince and reported, "It looks like the quake just happened yesterday", and Imogen Wall, spokeswoman for the United Nations office of humanitarian affairs in Haiti, said that "six months from that time it may still look the same."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/07/12/haiti.six.months.later/index.html | title=Six months after quake, Haiti still suffers |publisher= CNN | date=12 July 2010| access-date= 26 April 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100826040451/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/07/12/haiti.six.months.later/index.html| archive-date= 26 August 2010| url-status= live}}</ref> Land ownership posed a particular problem for rebuilding because so many pre-quake homes were not officially registered.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} [[File:Rubbles of the cathedral after the earthquake that hit the Capital Port au Prince just before 5 pm on 12 January 2010.jpg|thumb|Remnants of the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Port-au-Prince|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption]] after its collapse. In 2020, the building is still in ruins.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sautreuil|first=Pierre|date=2020-01-12|title=Notre-Dame de Port-au-Prince, cathédrale martyre de Haïti|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/notre-dame-de-port-au-prince-cathedrale-martyre-de-haiti-20200112|website=Le Figaro|language=fr|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018222910/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/notre-dame-de-port-au-prince-cathedrale-martyre-de-haiti-20200112|url-status=live}}</ref>]] Haitian grassroots groups advocated for the government to fulfill the [[right to housing]] as designated in the Haitian constitution, and for donor governments to support this as well. They also worked to push the international community to recognize the wave of evictions from camps that started as early as three months after the earthquake and to put protections in place, but little was done in response.<ref name="Bell3">{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Beverly |url=https://archive.org/details/faultlinesviewsa0000bell/page/135/mode/2up |title=Fault Lines: Views across Haiti's Divide |date=2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7769-0 |location=Ithaca, NY |page=135 |url-access=registration}}</ref> In September 2010 there were over one million refugees still living in tents, and the humanitarian situation was characterized as still being in the emergency phase, according to the [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to Haiti, [[Archbishop]] Bernard Auza. He went on to say that the number was rising instead of diminishing, and reported that the state had decided to first rebuild downtown Port-au-Prince and a new government center, but reconstruction had not yet begun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=27454&lan=eng |title=Nuncio to Haiti |date=21 September 2010 |publisher=Agencia Fides |access-date=23 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924011119/http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=27454&lan=eng |archive-date=24 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2010, [[Refugees International]] characterized the aid agencies as dysfunctional and inexperienced saying,"The people of Haiti are still living in a state of emergency, with a humanitarian response that appears paralyzed". It was reported that gang leaders and land owners were intimidating the displaced and that sexual, domestic, and gang violence in and around the camps was rising.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/10/20101081122418306.html Report: Haiti recovery 'paralysed'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008050313/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/10/20101081122418306.html |date=8 October 2010 }} Al Jazeera, 8 October 2010</ref> They claimed that [[Sexual violence in Haiti|rape of Haitian women and girls]] who had been living in camps since the January earthquake was increasing, in part, because the United Nations wasn't doing enough to protect them.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-07/haiti-earthquake-camps-expose-women-to-sexual-violence-refugee-group-says.html Group: Haiti Earthquake Camps Expose Women to Sex Violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051245/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-07/haiti-earthquake-camps-expose-women-to-sexual-violence-refugee-group-says.html |date=6 August 2014 }} Bloomberg, 7 October 2010</ref> In October, a [[2010 Haitian cholera outbreak|cholera epidemic broke out]], probably introduced by [[United Nations peacekeepers]].<ref name=sontag/> Cholera most often affects poor countries with limited access to clean water and proper sanitation. By the end of 2010, more than 3,333 had died at a rate of about 50 deaths a day.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/12/2010123144850233194.html Haiti's cholera deaths increase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103145653/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/12/2010123144850233194.html |date=3 January 2011 }} Al Jazeera, 31 December 2010</ref> ====2011==== In January 2011, one year after the quake, [[Oxfam]] published a report on the status of the recovery. According to the report, relief and recovery were at a standstill due to government inaction and indecision on the part of the donor countries. The report stated: <blockquote>"One year on, only five percent of the rubble has been cleared and only 15 percent of the required basic and temporary houses have been built. House building on a large scale cannot be started before the enormous amount of rubble is cleared. The government and donors must prioritize this most basic step toward helping people return home".<ref name=Standstill>[http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2011-01-06/year-indecision-leaves-haiti-recovery-standstill A year of indecision leaves Haiti’s recovery at a standstill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116065502/http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2011-01-06/year-indecision-leaves-haiti-recovery-standstill |date=16 January 2011 }} Oxfam International, 6 January 2011</ref></blockquote> Robert Fox, executive director of [[Oxfam Canada]], said: <blockquote>"The dysfunction has been aided unabated by the way the international community has organized itself, where pledges have been made and they haven't followed through [and] where they come to the table with their own agendas and own priorities. Most donors provided funds for transitional housing but very little money for clearing rubble or repairing houses". Fox said that in many instances rubble removal "means it was [moved] off someone's property onto the road in front of the property".<ref>[http://www.canada.com/news/Haiti+reconstruction+standstill+says+Oxfam+report/4065941/story.html Haiti reconstruction at 'standstill,' says Oxfam report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064133/http://www.canada.com/news/Haiti+reconstruction+standstill+says+Oxfam+report/4065941/story.html |date=15 January 2011 }} Canada.com, 5 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010 Haiti Progress Report 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111043729/http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/haiti-progress-report-2010 |date=11 January 2011 }} Oxfam International, 6 January 2011</ref></blockquote> According to a [[UNICEF]] report, "Still today more than one million people remain displaced, living in crowded camps where livelihoods, shelter and services are still hardly sufficient for children to stay healthy".<ref>[http://www.unicefusa.org/assets/pdf/Children-in-Haiti-One-Year-After.pdf Children in Haiti: One Year After — The long road from relief to recovery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112080130/http://www.unicefusa.org/assets/pdf/Children-in-Haiti-One-Year-After.pdf |date=12 January 2011 }} UNICEF, January 2011</ref> [[Amnesty International]] reported that armed men were preying with impunity on girls and women in displacement camps, worsening the trauma of victims who have lost homes, livelihoods and loved ones.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/haiti-sexual-violence-against-women-increasing-2011-01-06 Haiti: Sexual violence against women increasing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224181408/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/haiti-sexual-violence-against-women-increasing-2011-01-06 |date=24 December 2014 }} Amnesty International, 6 January 2011</ref> On the first anniversary of the earthquake, Haitian-born [[Michaëlle Jean]], who served as the [[Governor General of Canada]] at the time of the disaster, and who became [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) [[Special envoy|Special Envoy for Haiti]] on 8 November 2010, voiced her anger at the slow rate of aid delivery. She blamed the international community for abandoning its commitments. In a public letter co-authored with UNESCO head [[Irina Bokova]], Jean said, "As time passes, what began as a natural disaster is becoming a disgraceful reflection on the international community."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/haiti-raises-quake-death-toll-on-anniversary-1.1011363 |title=Haiti raises quake death toll on anniversary |date=12 January 2011 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=13 January 2011 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704110258/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/haiti-raises-quake-death-toll-on-anniversary-1.1011363 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Interim Haiti Recovery Commission, led by former US President [[Bill Clinton]] and Haitian Prime Minister [[Jean-Max Bellerive]], had been set up to facilitate the flow of funds toward reconstruction projects in April 2010, but as of January 2011, no major reconstruction had started.<ref name=Standstill/> ====2012==== In January 2012, two years since the quake, figures released by the United Nations show that of the nearly US$4.5 billion pledged for reconstruction projects in 2010 and 2011, only 43% has been delivered.<ref name="Goldberg">{{cite news | url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/11/haiti-earthquake-recovery_n_1197730.html | work=HuffPost | first=Eleanor | last=Goldberg | title=Haiti Earthquake Recovery: Where Did All The Money Go? (INFOGRAPHIC) | date=11 January 2012 | access-date=11 December 2019 | archive-date=5 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605014927/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/11/haiti-earthquake-recovery_n_1197730.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Venezuela and the US, which promised the major share of reconstruction funds, have disbursed only 24% and 30%, respectively. Japan and Finland are among the few donors to have fully met their pledges. The data shows that some crucial sectors face particularly large funding gaps. In 2010 and 2011, for example, donors disbursed just US$125 million of the US$311 million in grants allocated to agriculture projects, and only US$108 million of the US$315 million in grants allocated to health projects. Only 6% of bilateral aid for reconstruction projects has gone through Haitian institutions, and less than 1% of relief funding has gone through the government of Haiti.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/datablog/2012/jan/12/haiti-earthquake-aid-money-data | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Claire | last=Provost | title=Haiti earthquake: Where has the aid money gone? | date=12 January 2012 | access-date=13 December 2016 | archive-date=20 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320170923/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/datablog/2012/jan/12/haiti-earthquake-aid-money-data | url-status=live }}</ref> A January 2012 [[Oxfam]] report said that a half a million Haitians remained homeless, still living under tarps and in tents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfamamerica.org/press/pressreleases/two-years-on-and-haitis-reconstruction-proceeds-at-a-snails-pace-leaving-half-a-million-haitians-homeless |title=Two years on and Haiti's reconstruction proceeds at a 'snail's pace,' leaving half a million Haitians homeless – Oxfam America |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905135102/http://www.oxfamamerica.org/press/pressreleases/two-years-on-and-haitis-reconstruction-proceeds-at-a-snails-pace-leaving-half-a-million-haitians-homeless |archive-date=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Watchdog groups have criticized the reconstruction process saying that part of the problem is that charities spent a considerable amount of money on "soaring rents, board members' needs, overpriced supplies and imported personnel," the ''[[Miami Herald]]'' reported. "A lot of good work was done; the money clearly didn't all get squandered," but, "A lot just wasn't responding to needs on the ground. Millions were spent on ad campaigns telling people to wash their hands. Telling them to wash their hands when there's no water or soap is a slap in the face."<ref name="Goldberg"/> The [[Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti]], Let Haiti Live, and the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] have recommended immediate changes to recovery efforts to ensure that critical human rights concerns are addressed. A report found that, "The conditions in the displaced persons camps are abysmal, particularly for women and girls who too often are victims of gender‐based violence". They call for more oversight of accountability of reconstruction plans, asking, "Why have only 94,000 transitional shelters been built to date despite a stated goal of 125,000 in the first year?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ijdh.org/archives/24151|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430020806/http://ijdh.org/archives/24151|url-status=dead|title=Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti » Blog Archive » Press Release: Two Years After The Earthquake, Where Did The Money Go? Human Rights Groups Urge Immediate Changes I...|archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> On 25 August 2012, recovery was hampered due to [[Hurricane Isaac (2012)|Tropical Storm Isaac]] impacting Haiti's southern peninsula. There it caused flooding and 29 deaths according to local reporting. As a result of the 2010 earthquake, more than 400,000 Haitians continue to live in tents and experienced the storm without adequate shelter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tropical Storm Isaac douses Haiti, killing 4 before crossing Cuba and aiming at Florida |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/tropical-storm-isaac-douses-haiti-killing-4-before-crossing-cuba-and-aiming-at-florida/2012/08/25/8ec69584-ef13-11e1-b624-99dee49d8d67_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829213939/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/tropical-storm-isaac-douses-haiti-killing-4-before-crossing-cuba-and-aiming-at-florida/2012/08/25/8ec69584-ef13-11e1-b624-99dee49d8d67_story.html |archive-date=29 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/24/13462431-aid-workers-prep-haitis-tent-city-residents-for-isaacs-onlsaught?lite Aid workers prep Haiti's tent city residents for Isaac's onlsaught – World News<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825235800/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/24/13462431-aid-workers-prep-haitis-tent-city-residents-for-isaacs-onlsaught?lite |date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> In late October, with over 370,000 still living in tent camps, a second tropical storm, [[Hurricane Sandy]], killed 55 and left large portions of Haiti under water.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/Hurricane+Sandys+death+toll+rises+flooding+continues+Haiti/7469821/story.html |title=65 dead as Hurricane Sandy crosses Caribbean; 'the whole south is under water,' says Haitian PM (with video) |access-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101035841/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Hurricane+Sandys+death+toll+rises+flooding+continues+Haiti/7469821/story.html |archive-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the 2012 Consultative Group meeting of the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), the Haitian delegation shared a "bottom-up" approach to disaster reduction and management based on community integration and sustainable development with a group of experts from approximately 38 nations.<ref name="preventionweb.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/go/26298|title=Haiti's disaster risk management and recovery experience showcased at GFDRR meeting|website=preventionweb.net|date=18 April 2012 |access-date=9 December 2019|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502114156/https://www.preventionweb.net/news/view/26298|url-status=live}}</ref> ====2013==== According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], more than half of the {{convert|10000000|m3|yd3}} of debris have been removed, and 20% of it has been recycled.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite news | url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/12/haiti-earthquake-recovery-2013_n_2451267.html | work=HuffPost | first=Zoe | last=Mintz | title=LOOK: Haiti 3 Years Later: Where Has The Money Gone? | date=12 January 2013 | access-date=11 December 2019 | archive-date=11 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011164158/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/12/haiti-earthquake-recovery-2013_n_2451267.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2010 Haiti cholera outbreak|2010 cholera outbreak]] has continued. According to [[U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] it is considered the worst epidemic of cholera since the 1994 outbreak in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (called [[Zaire]] at that time).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/haitis-cholera-epidemic-not-waningvaccination-to-begin-134083213/164624.html|title=Haiti's Cholera Epidemic Not Waning; Vaccination to Begin|date=16 November 2011 |access-date=29 September 2013|archive-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002111451/http://www.voanews.com/content/haitis-cholera-epidemic-not-waningvaccination-to-begin-134083213/164624.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By August 2013, it had killed over 8,231 Haitians and hospitalized hundreds of thousands more.{{clarify|as usual, Haitian government sources are cited which tend to be notoriously inflated. The figures report a gross casualty rate of "maybe" 4%, not much worse than any other 3rd world country. That means that the claim of "worse" health care is incorrect or needs better justification|date=September 2013}} More than 6% of Haitians have had the disease. Care of cholera patients remains inadequate with much now done in tent facilities with rows of cots for patient treatment.<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name="Huffington Post">{{cite news| url=https://huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20121128/cb-haiti-cholera-plan/?ir=homepage| work=HuffPost| title=Haiti, DR to eliminate cholera with $2.2 billion| access-date=11 December 2019| archive-date=4 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215435/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20121128/cb-haiti-cholera-plan/?ir=homepage| url-status=live}}</ref> The United Nations peacekeeping force, widely believed responsible for the cholera outbreak,<ref name=sontag>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/americas/haitis-cholera-outraced-the-experts-and-tainted-the-un.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=In Haiti, Global Failures on a Cholera Epidemic |last1=Sontag |first1=Deborah |date=31 March 2012 |work=The New York Times |access-date=25 July 2013 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530025124/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/americas/haitis-cholera-outraced-the-experts-and-tainted-the-un.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> continues to refuse to accept responsibility,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ijdh.org/advocacies/our-work/cholera-advocacy/ |title= The Cholera Accountability Project |publisher= Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti |access-date= 25 July 2013 |archive-date= 7 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160707173825/http://www.ijdh.org/advocacies/our-work/cholera-advocacy/ |url-status= live }}</ref> however, they have launched a $2.2 billion initiative to combat cholera and the construction of a $17 million teaching hospital in Mirebalais which will employ 800 Haitians and treat 185,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roos|first=Robert|title=Cholera has struck more than 6% of Haitians|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/fs/food-disease/news/jan0913cholera.html|newspaper=CIDRAP|date=9 January 2013|access-date=25 September 2013|archive-date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506193329/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/fs/food-disease/news/jan0913cholera.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Government of Haiti, health ministry http://www.mspp.gouv.ht/site/downloads/Rapport%20%20Web%2012.08_Avec_Courbes_Departementales.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927155229/http://www.mspp.gouv.ht/site/downloads/Rapport%20%20Web%2012.08_Avec_Courbes_Departementales.pdf |date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> By the beginning of the year only a small part—$215 million—of the total funds collected for aid had been spent on permanent housing, with most of it—$1.2 billion—going for short-term solutions including tent camps, temporary shelters, and cash grants that paid a year's rent.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> A 2013 survey disclosed that of the 1.5 million Haitians living in camps following the quake, about 279,000 remained in a total of 352 camps. 15% of the camps had no basic protection services,{{clarify|not sure what this means in a country when you run the other way when you see a cop coming|date=September 2013}} and 48% no health services.{{clarify|how does this compare against the rest of Haiti which mostly lacks health services|date=September 2013}} While 20% lacked functioning toilets, this is higher than the population outside tent cities, where 50% lack toilets.<ref name="Huffington Post"/> Many camps remained at a risk for flooding and more than a third of the camps (108) were at risk for evictions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eshelter-cccmhaiti.info/jl/images/sheltercccm%20cluster%20-%20hct%20meeting%2014082013%20.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.eshelter-cccmhaiti.info |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926225933/http://www.eshelter-cccmhaiti.info/jl/images/sheltercccm%20cluster%20-%20hct%20meeting%2014082013%20.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In a 2013 statement, the American Red Cross reported that almost all of the money collected for quake relief has been spent or is scheduled for making progress permanent by ensuring people can leave camps and return to stable communities, which includes building new homes, repairing homes, completing a new hospital and clinic, and signing an agreement for a second hospital.<ref>[http://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m16140573_Haiti-Three-Year-Update.pdf Haiti Earthquake Response – Three -Year Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515014651/http://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m16140573_Haiti-Three-Year-Update.pdf |date=15 May 2013 }} Red Cross. January 2013.</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, [[NPR]] and [[ProPublica]] investigated the disappearance of US$500 million donated to the American Red Cross for earthquake relief, earlier described by the charity as the result of "one of the most successful fundraisers ever". Despite the claims of the American Red Cross that 130,000 homes had been built, the investigation discovered that only six had been built. The investigation reviewed "hundreds" of pages of internal documents and interviewed "more than a dozen" former and current staff members, investigating the organization's claim that 4.5 million Haitians had been helped "back on their feet." Joel Boutroue, a Haitian government advisor, said that this number would cover "100 percent of the urban area", and observed that it would mean the Red Cross had served every city in Haiti. Numerous other claims did not hold up under investigation. NPR found that the project was riddled with "multiple staffing changes", bureaucratic delays and a language barrier, as many of the Red Cross officials spoke neither French nor Haitian Creole. General counsel for the American Red Cross, David Meltzer, provided investigators with the NGO's official statistics, but would not elaborate on them. The public affairs office of the Red Cross disputed NPR and ProPublica's claims in an email, and claimed that their investigative report could cause an international incident. By June the American Red Cross had transferred the rebuilding efforts to the Haitian Red Cross.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/06/03/411524156/in-search-of-the-red-cross-500-million-in-haiti-relief |title=In Search of the Red Cross' $500 Million in Haiti Relief |website=NPR.org |date=3 June 2015 |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731080724/http://www.npr.org/2015/06/03/411524156/in-search-of-the-red-cross-500-million-in-haiti-relief |url-status=live }}</ref> ====2016==== In 2016 Haiti was struck by [[Hurricane Matthew]] which leveled entire communities and caused an upsurge in the [[2010 Haiti cholera outbreak|ongoing cholera epidemic]] which was introduced to the island by United Nations peacekeepers.<ref name=sontag/><ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/> As of March 2017, around 7% of Haiti's population (around 800,665 people) have been affected with cholera, and 9,480 Haitians have died. ====2017==== In 2017, the United Nations reported that 2.5 million Haitians were still in need of humanitarian aid. U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator Mourad Wahba said, "There are still about 55,000 people in camps and makeshift camps. Many are still living in unsanitary conditions due to displacement caused by the earthquake. We have a very long way to go."<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news|last1=Cook|first1=Jesselyn|title=7 Years After Haiti's Earthquake, Millions Still Need Aid|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/haiti-earthquake-anniversary_us_5875108de4b02b5f858b3f9c|newspaper=HuffPost|access-date=11 January 2018|date=12 January 2017|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105051855/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/haiti-earthquake-anniversary_us_5875108de4b02b5f858b3f9c|url-status=live}}</ref> ==In literature== The Haiti 2010 earthquake has been depicted in the novel ''God Loves Haiti'', by [[Dimitry Elias Léger]].<ref name="NYTLeger">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/books/review/new-books-by-emma-hooper-quan-barry-and-dimitry-elias-Léger.html|title=Debut Novels, New Books by Emma Hopper, Quan Barry and Dimitry Elias Léger | newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=6 February 2015| access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Haiti|Caribbean}} * [[2010 Haiti cholera outbreak]] * [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] * [[2018 Haiti earthquake]] * [[2021 Haiti earthquake]] * [[List of earthquakes in 2010]] * [[List of earthquakes in Haiti]] * [[List of natural disasters in Haiti]] * [[List of natural disasters by death toll#Deadliest earthquakes|List of deadliest earthquakes]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name="USGS_Haiti">{{cite web|title=USGS Magnitude 7.0 – HAITI REGION |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/ |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115110510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/ |archive-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name='abc1'>{{cite news| first=Lisa| last=Millar| title=Tens of thousands isolated at quake epicentre| date=17 January 2010| url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/17/2794190.htm| work =ABC News | access-date = 18 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100120070235/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/17/2794190.htm| archive-date= 20 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> <ref name="forbes24012010">{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorkdailytimes.com/news/story/y/75005_as-haiti-mourns-quake-survivor-found-in-rubble.htm |title=As Haiti mourns, quake survivor found in rubble |date=24 January 2010 |work=New York Daily Times |access-date=1 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427015403/http://www.newyorkdailytimes.com/news/story/y/75005_as-haiti-mourns-quake-survivor-found-in-rubble.htm |archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="cbsnews1">{{cite news| url= https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/01/13/world/main6090601.shtml?tag=cbsnewsSectionContent.4| title=Red Cross: 3M Haitians Affected by Quake| publisher=CBS News| date=13 January 2010| access-date=13 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100120005255/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/01/13/world/main6090601.shtml?tag=cbsnewsSectionContent.4| archive-date= 20 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> <ref name=apny201013>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=Archbishop of Port-Au-Prince Dies in Haiti Quake |work=The Times of India |date=14 January 2010 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Archbishop-of-Port-au-Prince-dies-in-Haiti-earthquake/articleshow/5442266.cms |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330065721/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Archbishop-of-Port-au-Prince-dies-in-Haiti-earthquake/articleshow/5442266.cms |archive-date=30 March 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="yahoo1">{{cite news|url=http://de.news.yahoo.com/26/20100115/tdefault-boschafter-mehrere-minister-unter-de-7458eeb.html |title=Boschafter: Mehrere Minister unter den Toten |date=15 January 2010 |publisher=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] 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https://web.archive.org/web/20100122224623/http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/Haiti%20Earthquake.html| archive-date= 22 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> <ref name="USGSHaiti4">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/finite_fault.php|title=Finite Fault Model Preliminary Result of the 12 January 2010 Mw 7.0 Haiti Earthquake|access-date=14 January 2010|publisher=USGS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116190829/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/finite_fault.php|archive-date=16 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="nagoya">{{cite web| url=http://www.seis.nagoya-u.ac.jp/sanchu/Seismo_Note/2010/NGY24.html |title=NGY Seismology Note No.24 (in Japanese)| date=13 January 2010|publisher=Research Center for Seismology Volcanology and Disaster Mitigation Nagoya University| access-date= 26 April 2011 | archive-url= 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url-status= live}}</ref> <ref name="future">[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/science/26fault.html A Deadly Quake in a Seismic Hot Zone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616062308/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/science/26fault.html |date=16 June 2017 }} ''The New York Times'', 25 February 2010</ref> <ref name='metroint'>{{cite news|first=Michelle |last=McQuigge |title=Aid workers face frightening challenges in wake of massive quake in Haiti |date=13 January 2010 |work=Metro News |publisher=Metro International |url=http://www.whistlerquestion.com/article/20100113/WHISTLER20/301139905/-1/WHISTLER/aid-workers-face-frightening-challenges-in-wake-of-massive-quake-in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072600/http://www.whistlerquestion.com/article/20100113/WHISTLER20/301139905/-1/WHISTLER/aid-workers-face-frightening-challenges-in-wake-of-massive-quake-in |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=14 January 2010 }}</ref> <ref 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Carter Ross |magazine=Radio World |date=25 January 2010 |url=http://www.rwonline.com/article/93612 |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202073959/http://www.rwonline.com/article/93612 |archive-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> <ref name=bbc127>{{cite news |title=Rebuilding Haiti from rubble and dust |first=Karern|last=Allen |work=BBC News |date=28 January 2010 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8484512.stm |access-date=28 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100129054127/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8484512.stm| archive-date= 29 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> <ref name="st20100114">[http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_476705.html "Haitian palace collapses"] ''[[The Straits Times]]'', 13 January 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117035802/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_476705.html |date=17 January 2010 }}</ref> <ref name='obs1'>{{cite news|title=Haïti: les rescapés évacués à la Martinique décrivent le "chaos" |date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Nouvel OBS |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/depeches/societe/20100114.FAP2717/haiti_les_rescapes_evacues_a_la_martinique_decrivent_le.html |access-date=15 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic|fix-attempted=yes}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> <ref name="fox20100112">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/slideshow/world/2010/01/12/earthquake-rocks-haiti |title=Earthquake Rocks Haiti |publisher=Fox News |date=12 January 2010 |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115115246/http://www.foxnews.com/slideshow/world/2010/01/12/earthquake-rocks-haiti |archive-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="tsr20100113">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsr.ch/tsr/index.html?siteSect=200001&sid=11711317&cKey=1263396099000 |title=Info – Séisme à Haïti: les autorités s'attendent au pire |publisher=tsr.ch |date=13 January 2010 |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408215918/https://www.rts.ch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WP20100119">{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/01/19/haitis_president_narrowly_missed_injury_in_quake/|title=Haiti's president narrowly missed injury in quake|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=19 January 2010|first=Jonathan M.|last=Katz| access-date= 26 April 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103430/http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/01/19/haitis_president_narrowly_missed_injury_in_quake/| archive-date= 11 May 2011| url-status= live}}</ref> <ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |first=Marc|last=Lacey |title=U.S. Troops Patrol Haiti, Filling a Void |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/world/americas/20haiti.html|work=The New York Times |date=19 January 2010 |access-date=19 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100120232639/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/world/americas/20haiti.html| archive-date= 20 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> <ref name=wp>{{cite news|first=Manuel|last=Roig-Franzia|title=Shattered city government in quake-ravaged Port-au-Prince in need of help itself|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/19/AR2010011904614.html?hpid=topnews|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=20 January 2010|access-date=20 January 2010|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211210454/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/19/AR2010011904614.html?hpid=topnews|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=rwreuter118>{{cite news |title=Interview-Haitian education system 'totally collapsed' |agency=Reuters |work=ReliefWeb |date=18 January 2010 |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-7ZT9P6?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421052600/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-7ZT9P6?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=rwunpf122>{{cite news |title= Midwifery and Nursing School Destroyed by Haiti Earthquake |agency= [[United Nations Population Fund]] |work= [[ReliefWeb]] |date= 22 January 2010 |url= http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/EGUA-7ZXUS3?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI |access-date= 26 January 2010 |archive-date= 21 April 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100421052537/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/EGUA-7ZXUS3?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI |url-status= live }}</ref> <ref name=lat124>{{cite news|title=A cultural agony in a nation where art is life |first=Tracy |last=Wilkinson |work=Los Angeles Times |date=24 January 2010 |url=https://latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-haiti-artists24-2010jan24,0,5707519.story |access-date=24 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127174933/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-haiti-artists24-2010jan24%2C0%2C5707519.story |archive-date=27 January 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="R20100112">{{cite news |title=World Bank to assess Haiti damage, plan rebuilding |work=Reuters |date=12 January 2010 |first=Lesley |last=Wroughton |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1213577020100113?type=marketsNews |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326224433/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1213577020100113?type=marketsNews |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="IBT20100124">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/citigroup-resumes-operations-haiti-364203|title=Citigroup resumes operations in Haiti|work=[[IB Times]]|date=24 January 2010|access-date=25 January 2010|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407125112/http://www.ibtimes.com/citigroup-resumes-operations-haiti-364203|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name='bloombergdeath'>{{cite news | first1=Bill | last1=Faries | first2=William|last2=Varner | title=Earthquake in Haiti May Have Killed 'Over 100,000' | date=10 January 2010| work =Bloomberg News | publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] | url =https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=acLZCbL2jFvI&pos=8 | access-date = 20 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100118014229/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=acLZCbL2jFvI&pos=8| archive-date= 18 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> <ref name="apparelnews">{{cite news|url=http://www.apparelnews.net/news/international/011510-Apparel-Makers-Assess-Damages-in-Haiti-and-Organize-Donations|title=Apparel Makers Assess Damages in Haiti and Organize Donations|date=15 January 2010|publisher=ApparelNews.net|access-date=15 January 2010|archive-date=26 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426195939/http://www.apparelnews.net/news/international/011510-Apparel-Makers-Assess-Damages-in-Haiti-and-Organize-Donations|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="LP20100215">{{cite news|work=La Presse|url=http://www.cyberpresse.ca/international/amerique-latine/seisme-en-haiti/201002/15/01-949725-un-barrage-menace-de-ceder-a-grand-goave.php|title=Un barrage menace de céder à Grand-Goâve|first=Philippe|last=Mercure|date=15 February 2010|access-date=16 February 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100328155935/http://www.cyberpresse.ca/international/amerique-latine/seisme-en-haiti/201002/15/01-949725-un-barrage-menace-de-ceder-a-grand-goave.php| archive-date= 28 March 2010 | url-status= live|language=fr}}</ref> }} == Sources == {{Free-content attribution | title = Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics | publisher = United Nations Environment Programme | documentURL = https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics | license statement URL = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf | license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO }} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|last=TIME|first=Haiti|title=Earthquake Haiti: Tragedy and Hope|year=2010|publisher=TIME Inc. Home Entertainment: Richard Fraiman|isbn=978-1-60320-163-6|page=80|author2=Richar Stengel |author3=Nancy Gibbs |author4=Timothy Fadek |author5=Shaul Schwarz |author6=Amy Wilentz |author7=Bryan Walsh |author8= Bill Clinton|editor=Michael Elliot |editor2=Jeffery Kluger |editor3=Richard Lacayo |editor4=Mary Beth Protomastro|location=New York}} ==External links== {{Commons category|2010 Haiti earthquake}} * {{curlie|Science/Earth_Sciences/Natural_Disasters_and_Hazards/Earthquakes/Past_Earthquakes/Haiti_2010/News_and_Media|2010 Haiti Earthquake News and Media}} * [http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/haiti-earthquake-2010/en/ FAO and the Haiti earthquake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029102516/https://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/haiti-earthquake-2010/en/ |date=29 October 2021 }} * [http://www.icrc.org/eng/haiti The ICRC in Haiti], Features, photos, videos * [https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2010/01/26/science/26fault_graphic.html Illustration -Major earthquakes in the Caribbean since the 1600s and Haiti earthquake] NY Times * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100919133444/http://www.alnap.org/current/Haitilearningportal.aspx Haiti Learning and Accountability Portal] Overview of ongoing and planned evaluation and accountability efforts by aid agencies operating in Haiti * [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo44892 Haiti Reconstruction: USAID Infrastructure Projects Have Had Mixed Results and Face Sustainability Challenges: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 9 October 2013] [[Government Accountability Office]] * [http://www.viddler.com/explore/frontlineclub/videos/389/ Aid-workers, academics and journalists discuss the social context of the earthquake and international response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717010457/http://www.viddler.com/explore/frontlineclub/videos/389/ |date=17 July 2010 }} The Frontline Club, February 2010 * [http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:htiearthquake2010/Haiti%20earthquake%202010/ PreventionWeb 2010 Haiti Earthquake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212152637/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:htiearthquake2010/Haiti%20earthquake%202010/ |date=12 February 2012 }} * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nT6D-XPOgew&feature=youtu.be&t=20s Moment the quake destroyed the Haitian Presidential Palace ] - [[Voice Of America]] on YouTube * {{EQ-isc-link|14226221}} * {{ReliefWeb-link|eq-2010-000009-hti}} {{2010 Haiti earthquake}} {{Earthquakes in 2010}} {{Earthquakes in the Caribbean}} {{Haiti topics}} {{Humanitarian Aid|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2010 Haiti earthquake| ]] [[Category:2010 earthquakes|Haiti earthquake]] [[Category:2010 in Haiti|Haiti Earthquake, 2010]] [[Category:2010 tsunamis]] [[Category:Earthquakes in Haiti]] [[Category:January 2010 events in North America]] [[Category:Buried rupture earthquakes]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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