1st century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from AD 1 to AD 100}}
<imagemap>File:1st century collage.png|thumb|From top left, clockwise: [[Jesus]] is '''[[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucified by Roman authorities in Judaea]]''' (17th century painting). Four different men ([[Galba]], [[Otho]], [[Vitellius]], and [[Vespasian]]) '''[[Year of the Four Emperors|claim the title of Emperor within the span of a year]]'''; The '''[[Great Fire of Rome]]''' (18th-century painting) sees the destruction of two-thirds of the city, precipitating the empire's [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire#Neronian persecution|first persecution against Christians]], who are blamed for the disaster; The Roman [[Colosseum]] is built and '''[[Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre|holds its inaugural games]]'''; Roman forces '''[[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|besiege Jerusalem]]''' during the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] (19th-century painting); The [[Trưng sisters]] '''[[Trung sisters' rebellion|lead a rebellion]]''' against the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] (anachronistic depiction); [[Boudica]], queen of the British [[Iceni]] leads '''[[Boudican revolt|a rebellion against Rome]]''' (19th-century statue); [[Ancient Chinese coinage|Knife-shaped coin]] of the '''[[Xin dynasty]]'''.|335px
rect 30 30 737 1077 [[Crucifixion of Jesus]]
rect 767 30 1815 1077 [[Year of the Four Emperors]]
rect 1846 30 3223 1077 [[Great Fire of Rome]]
rect 30 1108 1106 2155 [[Boudican revolt]]
rect 1136 1108 2010 2155 [[Xin dynasty]]
rect 2041 1108 3223 2155 [[Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre]]
rect 30 2186 1650 3223 [[Trung sisters' rebellion]]
rect 1681 2186 3223 3223 [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)]]
</imagemap>
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The '''1st century''' was the [[century]] spanning [[AD 1]] (represented by the [[Roman numeral]] I) through [[AD 100]] (C) according to the [[Julian calendar]]. It is often written as the {{nowrap|'''1st century [[Anno Domini|AD]]'''}} or {{nowrap|'''1st century [[Common Era|CE]]'''}} to distinguish it from the [[1st century BC]] (or BCE) which preceded it. The 1st century is considered part of the [[Classical era]], epoch, or [[History by period|historical period]]. The [[Roman Empire]], [[Han dynasty|Han China]] and the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian Persia]] were the most powerful and hegemonic states.

During this century, the [[Roman Empire]] (ruled by the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian]] and [[Flavian dynasty|Flavian]] dynasties) continued to be in a period of relative stability known as [[Pax Romana]], withstanding [[Financial crisis of 33|a financial crisis in 33]] and a [[Year of the Four Emperors|civil war in 69]]. In Europe, Rome [[Roman conquest of Britain|expanded into Britain]] and fought [[Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes|wars in Germania]] [[Domitian's Dacian War|and Dacia]]. In Africa, Rome was challenged by [[Tacfarinas]], who led his own [[Musulamii]] tribe and a loose and changing coalition of other Berber tribes before being defeated in 24. In West Asia, Rome [[First Jewish–Roman War|defeated a Jewish rebellion (66–73)]] and [[Roman–Parthian War of 58–63|fought a war with Parthia from 58–63]], though the latter conflict was inconclusive. In East Asia, the Chinese [[Western Han]] dynasty was overthrown and replaced by the [[Xin dynasty]] in 9, which in turn faced its own rebel movements (namely the [[Red Eyebrows]] and [[Lulin]]), and was replaced by the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] in 25. The Eastern Han dynasty then [[Trung sisters' rebellion|faced and quelled a rebellion]] by the [[Trưng sisters]] (40–43). In 58, the Eastern Han dynasty entered a golden age with the [[Rule of Ming and Zhang]], who were generally regarded as able administrators who cared about the welfare of the people and who promoted officials with integrity. On its northern frontier, the Chinese dynasties [[Han–Xiongnu War|waged intermittent war]] with the [[Xiongnu]] before emerging victorious in 91. The states of [[Funan]] and [[Xianbei state|Xianbei]] were also established in this century.

The century saw the origination of [[Christianity]] from [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. In the early 30s, Roman governor [[Pontius Pilate]] sentenced [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus to crucifixion]]; his suffering and [[Redeemer (Christianity)|redemptive]] death by crucifixion would become central aspects of [[Christian theology]] concerning the doctrines of [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation and atonement]]. [[Alexandrian riots (38 CE)|Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Alexandria]] in 38. In 64, the [[Great Fire of Rome]] destroyed two-thirds of the city, precipitating the empire's [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|first persecution of Christians]], who were blamed for the disaster. Later in 70, the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|siege and subsequent sack of Jerusalem]] and the [[Second Temple]] during the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] marked a major turning point in Jewish history. The loss of mother-city and temple necessitated a reshaping of Jewish culture to ensure its survival. Judaism's Temple-based sects, including the [[Priesthood (ancient Israel)|priesthood]] and the [[Sadducees]], diminished in importance. [[Second Temple Judaism]] came to an end, while a new form of [[Judaism]] that became known as [[Rabbinic Judaism]] developed out of [[Pharisees|Pharisaic school]]. Furthermore, the [[White Horse Temple]], the first [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple in China, was traditionally constructed in 68, though it is not recorded in contemporary sources before 289.

Several natural disasters took place in this century. [[AD 17 Lydia earthquake|In 17, an earthquake struck]] the region of [[Lydia]] in the [[Roman province]] of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] in [[Asia Minor]] (now part of [[Turkey]]), causing the destruction of at least 12 cities, with [[Sardis]] being most affected. Around 44 to 48, a [[Judaea (Roman province)#Under a procurator (44–66)|famine took place in Judea]], precipitating assistance by [[Helena of Adiabene]] and her son, [[Izates II]]. [[AD 62 Pompeii earthquake|In 62, an earthquake of an estimated magnitude of between 5 and 6]] and a maximum intensity of IX or X on the [[Mercalli scale]] struck the towns of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], severely damaging them. The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum both suffered major damage, with damage to some buildings also reported from [[Naples]] and [[Nocera Inferiore|Nuceria]]. In 79, [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD|Mount Vesuvius violently spewed]] forth a deadly cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of {{convert|33|km|mi|abbr=on}}, ejecting [[Lava|molten rock]], pulverized [[pumice]] and [[Volcanic ash|hot ash]]. The event destroyed several towns and minor settlements in the area, at the time part of the [[Roman Empire]], with [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]] being the most famous examples. The total population of both cities was over 20,000. The remains of over 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum so far, although the total death toll from the eruption remains unknown.

== Regional politics ==
{{Main|List of political entities in the 1st century}}
* [[Western Europe]]: [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]], [[Sami people|Saami]] and [[Finns|Finnic]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]] and the [[Roman Empire]]
* [[Eastern Europe]]: [[Roman Empire]], [[Dacians|Dacian]], [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]], [[West Slavs|Venedae]] and [[Balts|Balt]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s
* [[North Africa]]: [[Roman Empire]], [[Garamantes]], [[Mauri people|Mauri]], [[Punics|Libyan]] and [[Gaetuli]]an [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s
* [[West Africa]]: [[Gur languages|Gur]], [[Volta–Niger languages|Kwa]], [[Soninke people|Soninke]] and [[Mandé peoples|Mande]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s
* [[Central Africa]]: [[Bantu peoples|Bantu tribes]], collapsing [[Nok culture]], [[Nok civilization]]
* [[East Africa]]: [[Kingdom of Kush]], Kingdom of [[Blemmyes]], [[Kingdom of Aksum]]
* [[Southern Africa]]: [[Bantu peoples|Bantu tribes]], [[Khoisan]]
* [[Western Asia]]: Roman and [[Parthian Empire]]s, [[Sabaeans|Sabaean]] and Arabian Kingdoms
* [[Central Asia]]: [[Kushan Empire]], [[Sarmatian]], [[Dahae]] and other [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s
* [[South Asia]]: Kushan Empire, [[Western Satraps]], [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana Empire]], [[Tamilakam|Dravidian Kingdoms]], Kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]], [[Zhangzhung]]
* [[Southeast Asia]]: [[Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)|Mandala]] of [[city-state]]s, [[Kingdom of Funan]]
* [[East Asia]]: [[Han dynasty]], [[Yamatai]], [[Xiongnu]] and [[Xianbei]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s, [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] ([[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]] and [[Silla]])
* [[Central America]]: [[Maya civilization|Mayan]], [[Teotihuacan]] and [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]] [[civilization]]s
* [[South America]]: [[Nazca culture|Nazca]], [[Moche culture|Moche]] [[civilization]]s, [[Tairona]] [[tribe|tribal]] [[chiefdom]]s

== Events ==
=== 0s ===
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=== 90s ===
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=== 100 ===
{{Hatnote|AD 100 is the concluding year of the 1st century (AD 1 to AD 100).}}
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== Inventions, discoveries, introductions ==
{{See also|Timeline of historic inventions#1st century}}
* [[Codex]], the first form of the modern book, appears in the Roman Empire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* Various inventions by [[Hero of Alexandria]], including the [[steam turbine]] (aeolipile), [[water organ]], and various other water-powered machines.
* c. [[AD 23]]: the Chinese astronomer [[Liu Xin (scholar)|Liu Xin]] dies, he documented 1080 different stars, amongst other achievements.
* [[AD 31]]: the [[Han dynasty]] Chinese engineer and statesman [[Du Shi]] (d. [[AD 38]]) from [[Nanyang, Henan|Nanyang]] invented the first-known [[hydraulic]]-powered [[bellows]] to heat the [[blast furnace]] in smelting [[cast iron]]. He used a complex mechanical device that was powered by the rushing current against a [[waterwheel]], a practice that would continue in China.
* [[AD 78]]: the beginning of the Saka Era used by South Asian calendars.
* c. [[AD 80]]: although [[Philo of Byzantium]] described the saqiya [[chain pump]] in the early 2nd century BC, the square-pallet [[chain pump]] was innovated in China during this century, mentioned first by the philosopher [[Wang Chong]] around AD 80. Wang Chong also accurately described the [[water cycle]] in [[meteorology]], and argued against the mainstream 'radiating influence' theory for [[solar eclipse]]s, the latter of which was accepted by many, including [[Zhang Heng]].

== References ==
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[[Category:1st century| ]]
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[[Category:Centuries|01st century]]