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Do not fill this in! {{short description|Event held in New York City}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox World's Fair | image = New York World's Fair August 1964.jpeg | caption = [[Unisphere]] viewed from observation towers of the [[New York State Pavilion]] | class = Unrecognized | year = 1964–1965 | name = 1964–1965 New York World's Fair | motto = Peace through Understanding<ref name=park/> | building = [[Unisphere]]<ref name=park/> | area = {{cvt|646|acre|km2}} <ref name=ibm/> | invent = 140 pavilions,<ref name=ibm/> [[picture phone]], CRT [[light pen]], [[Audio-Animatronics]] | visitors = 51,607,307 <ref name=park/> | organized = [[Robert Moses]] | cnt = 80 <ref name=park/> (hosted by 37 nations) | org = 15 | biz = General Electric, Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, Disney, IBM, Bell Telephone, US Steel, Pepsi Cola, Seven Up, Dupont, RCA, Westinghouse | country = [[United States]] | city = [[New York City]] | venue = [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] | cand = 1955 | award = Never | open = {{unbulleted list|{{start date|1964|04|22}}|{{start date|1965|04|21}}}} | close = {{unbulleted list|{{start date|1964|10|18}}|{{start date|1965|10|17}}}} | suppl = Universal | prevsuppl = [[Century 21 Exposition]] | prevsupcity = [[Seattle]] | nextsuppl = [[Expo 67]] | nextsupcity = [[Montreal]] | website = {{URL|www.nywf64.com}}}} The '''1964–1965 New York World's Fair''' was a [[world's fair]] that held over 140 pavilions and 110 restaurants representing 80 nations, 24 [[U.S. states]], and over 45 corporations with the goal and the final result of building exhibits or attractions at [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] in [[Queens]], New York City.<ref name=park/><ref name=ibm/><ref>[http://archny.org/history/1960-1980.html Archdiocese History] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071129215756/http://archny.org/history/1960-1980.html |date=November 29, 2007 }}, Archdiocese of New York. Retrieved November 5, 2007.</ref> The immense fair covered {{cvt|646|acre|km2}} on half the park, with numerous pools or fountains, and an amusement park with rides near the lake. However, the fair did not receive official support or approval from the [[Bureau of International Expositions]] (BIE). Hailing itself as a "universal and international" exposition, the fair's theme was "Peace Through Understanding", dedicated to "Man's Achievement on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe". [[United States|American]] companies dominated the exposition as exhibitors. The theme was symbolized by a 12-story-high, stainless-steel model of the Earth called the [[Unisphere]], built on the foundation of the [[Perisphere]] from the [[1939 New York World's Fair|1939 World's Fair]].<ref name="Gordon">Gordon, John Steele (October 2006). "[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/world%E2%80%99s-fair-1 "The World's Fair: It was a disaster from the beginning]". ''American Heritage''.</ref> The fair ran for two six-month seasons, April 22 – October 18, 1964, and April 21 – October 17, 1965. Admission price for adults (13 and older) was $2.00 in 1964 ({{Inflation|US|2|1964|r=2|fmt=eq|cursign=$}} after calculating for inflation). Admission in 1965 increased to $2.50 ({{Inflation|US|2.50|1965|r=2|fmt=eq|cursign=$}} after calculating for inflation). In both years, children (2–12) admission cost $1.00 ({{Inflation|US|1|1964 |r=2 |fmt=eq}} after calculating for inflation).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnold |first1=Martin |title=FAIR INCREASING ADMISSION TO $2.50; 50-Cent Raise Does Not Apply to Children's Rates – Longer Run Possible |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/13/archives/fair-increasing-admission-to-250-50cent-raise-does-not-apply-to.html |access-date=April 25, 2016 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=January 13, 1965}}</ref> The fair is noted as a showcase of mid-twentieth-century American culture and technology. The nascent [[Space Age]], with its vista of promise, was well represented. More than 51 million people attended the fair, though fewer than the hoped-for 70 million. It remains a cultural touchstone for many American [[Baby Boomers]] who visited the optimistic exposition as children a few short years before the social and political turmoil of the [[Vietnam War]] era and the massive cultural changes of the later [['60s]]. In many ways the fair symbolized a grand consumer show, covering many products then-produced in America for transportation, living, and consumer electronic needs in a way that would never be repeated at future world's fairs in [[North America]]. American manufacturers of pens, chemicals, computers, and automobiles had a major presence.<ref name="ibm">{{cite web |title=IBM Pavilion NY World's Fair |url=http://www.eamesoffice.com/the-work/ibm-pavilion-ny-worlds-fair/ |website=EamesOffice.com |date=2015 |access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name="park">{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 |website=nycgovparks.org |access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> The fair gave many attendees their first ever interaction of any sort with computer hardware; corporations demonstrated the use of [[mainframe computer]]s, [[computer terminal]]s with keyboards and [[CRT display]]s, [[teleprinter|teletype]] machines, [[punch card]]s, and [[telephone modem]]s in an era when computers had rooms of their own in the [[back office]], decades before the advent of personal computers and the [[Internet]]. ==Site history== The selected site, [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] in the [[Borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Queens]], was originally a natural wetland straddling the [[Flushing River]].<ref name="Appendix: History">{{cite web |title=Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=November 12, 2017 |page=52}}</ref> [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] had been a Dutch settlement, named after the city of [[Vlissingen]] (anglicized into "Flushing").<ref name="Steinberg 2015"/>{{rp|220}} The site was then converted into the Corona Ash Dumps,<ref name="Steinberg 2015">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arkrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |title=Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York |last=Steinberg |first=Ted |date=July 21, 2015 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-1-4767-4128-4 |pages=209–225}}</ref>{{rp|212}} which were featured prominently in [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' as the "Valley of Ashes".<ref name="Appendix: History"/> The site was used for the [[1939 New York World's Fair|1939–1940 New York World's Fair]], and at the conclusion of the fair, was used as a park.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2520a%2520-%25204231.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132724/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940%20a%20-%204231.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-29 |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2017 |work=[[The Sun (New York)]] |via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]] |date=August 15, 1940 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flushing Meadow |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2FLong%2520Island%2520%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2520-%25204917.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132730/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949/Long%20Island%20%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949%20-%204917.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-29 |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2017 |work=Long Island Star-Journal |via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]] |date=July 13, 1949 |page=4}}</ref> Preceding these fairs was the 1853–1854 [[Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations]], located in the [[New York Crystal Palace]] at what is now [[Bryant Park]] in the New York City borough of [[Manhattan]].<ref name="NYHCGuide">{{cite web |title=Guide to the New York Crystal Palace Records |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/nyccrystalpalace.html |publisher=The New York Historical Society |access-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> ==Beginnings== The 1964–1965 Fair was conceived by a group of New York businessmen who remembered their childhood experiences at the [[1939 New York World's Fair]]. Thoughts of an economic boon to the city as the result of increased tourism was a major reason for holding another fair 25 years after the 1939–1940 extravaganza.<ref name=NYT81059>{{cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |title=World's Fair Planned Here in '64 at Half Billion Cost |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 10, 1959}} [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/articles/ny-times/8-10-59-fair-announced.pdf Reprint] This articles includes a full list of the original members of the Fair committee, mostly corporate and union leaders.</ref> Then-New York City mayor, [[Robert F. Wagner, Jr.]], commissioned Frederick Pittera, a producer of international fairs and exhibitions, and author of the history of International Fairs & Exhibitions for the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and ''[[Compton's Encyclopedia]]'', to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. He was joined by [[Austria]]n architect [[Victor Gruen]] (creator of the shopping mall) in studies that eventually led the Eisenhower Commission<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 New York World's Fair 1965 – The Fair – Building the Fair – Page Four |url=http://www.nywf64.com/building04.shtml |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.nywf64.com}}</ref> to award the world's fair to New York City in competition with a number of American cities. The year 1964 was nominally selected for the event to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the naming of New York,<ref name=NYT81059/> after [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] sent an English fleet to seize it from the Dutch in 1664. Prince James (the Duke of York) then renamed the former Dutch colony New Amsterdam as New York. Organizers turned to private financing and the sale of bonds to pay the huge costs to stage the event. The organizers hired New York's "Master Builder" [[Robert Moses]], to head the corporation established to run the fair because he was experienced in raising money for vast public projects. Moses had been a formidable figure in the city since coming to power in the 1930s. He was responsible for the construction of much of the city's highway infrastructure and, as parks commissioner for decades, the creation of much of the city's park system. In the mid-1930s, Moses oversaw the conversion of a vast Queens [[tidal marsh]] garbage dump into the fairgrounds that hosted the 1939–1940 World's Fair.<ref name="Caro">{{Cite Power Broker}}</ref> Called [[Flushing Meadows Park]], it was Moses's grandest park scheme. He envisioned this vast park, comprising some {{convert|1300|acre|km2}} of land, easily accessible from Manhattan, as a major recreational playground for New Yorkers. When the 1939–1940 World's Fair ended in financial failure, Moses did not have the available funds to complete work on his project. He saw the 1964–1965 Fair as a means to finish what the earlier fair had begun.<ref>{{cite news|title=Moses Lists Work Required for Fair; Sees 85 Millions as Needed to Prepare Subway and Roads in Flushing |author=Benjamin, Philip |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=August 12, 1959}}</ref> To ensure profits to complete the park, fair organizers knew they would have to maximize receipts. An estimated attendance of 70 million people would be needed to turn a profit and, for attendance that large, the fair would need to be held for two years. The World's Fair Corporation also decided to charge site-rental fees to all exhibitors who wished to construct pavilions on the grounds. This decision caused the fair to come into conflict with the [[Bureau of International Expositions]] (BIE), as the international body headquartered in Paris that sanctions world's fairs: BIE rules stated that an international exposition could run for one six-month period only, and no rent could be charged to exhibitors. In addition, the rules allowed only one exposition in any given country within a 10-year period, and the [[Seattle World's Fair]] had already been sanctioned for 1962, as two years prior.<ref name=Caro/> The United States was not a member of the BIE at the time, but fair organizers understood that approval by the BIE would ensure that its nearly 40 member nations would participate in the fair. Moses, undaunted by the rules, journeyed to [[Paris]] to seek official approval for the New York fair. When the BIE balked at New York's bid, Moses, used to having his way in New York, angered the BIE delegates by taking his case to the press, publicly stating his disdain for the BIE and its rules.<ref name=Caro/> The BIE retaliated by formally requesting its member nations ''not'' to participate in the New York fair.<ref name=Caro/> The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair is the only significant world's fair since the formation of the BIE to be held without its endorsement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/collections/worldsfair/ |title=Endorsement |publisher=nysl.nysed.gov |date=October 13, 2017}}</ref> ==Architecture== {{external media||width=230px|video1=[https://archive.org/details/43294castlefilmsthenyworldfairfromtheairvwr "1964 New York World's Fair From the Air" – promotional film of the architectural styles utilized in the fairgrounds (1964) on archive.org]}} Many of the pavilions were built in a [[Mid-century modern]] style that was heavily influenced by "[[Googie architecture]]". This was a [[Futurist architecture|futurist architectural]] style influenced by [[car culture]], [[jet aircraft]], the [[Space Age]], and the [[Atomic Age]], which were all on display at the fair. Some pavilions were explicitly shaped like the product they were promoting, such as the [[United States Rubber Company|US Royal]] [[Uniroyal Giant Tire|tire-shaped Ferris wheel]], or even the [[corporate logo]], such as the [[Johnson Wax]] pavilion. Other pavilions were more abstract representations, such as the [[oblate spheroid]]-shaped IBM pavilion, or the [[General Electric]] circular dome shaped "[[Carousel of Progress]]". The pavilion architectures expressed a new-found freedom of form enabled by modern building materials, such as [[reinforced concrete]], [[fiberglass]], [[plastic]], [[tempered glass]], and [[stainless steel]]. The facade or the entire structure of a pavilion served as a giant [[billboard]] advertising the country or organization housed inside, flamboyantly competing for the attention of busy and distracted fairgoers. By contrast, some of the smaller pavilions were built in more traditional styles, such as a [[Chinese temple]] or a Swiss [[chalet]]. Countries took this opportunity to showcase culinary aspects of their culture as well, with fondue being promoted at the Swiss Pavilion's Alpine restaurant thanks to the [[Swiss Cheese Union]].<ref>Lawrence R. Samuel, ''End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair'', p. 153 {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/903437527]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/901505841]] cite #20 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> After the fair's final closing in 1965, some pavilions crafted of wood were carefully disassembled and transported elsewhere for re-use. Other pavilions were "[[decorated shed]]s", using plain structural shells embellished with applied decorations. This allowed designers to simulate a traditional style while bypassing expensive and time-consuming methods of traditional construction. The expedient was considered acceptable for temporary buildings planned to be used for only two years, and then demolished. The [[Underground World Home]] which was designed by architect [[Jay Swayze]] was also featured at the fair. Fairgoers could tour the home for the price of one dollar.<ref name="Bounds">{{cite book |last1=Bounds |first1=Anna Maria |title=Bracing for the apocalypse : an ethnographic study of New York's 'prepper' subculture |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-0415788489 |edition= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Underground+World+Home+world%27s+fair&pg=PT52 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> It was a large underground bunker-home and it was unveiled in response to the [[Cold War]].<ref name="Pike">{{cite book |last1=Pike |first1=David L. |title=Cold War space and culture in the 1960s and 1980s : the bunkered decades |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0192846167 |page=249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMxKEAAAQBAJ&dq=Underground+World+Home+world%27s+fair&pg=PA249 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> The home had ten rooms and {{convert|6000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} and was entirely underground. It featured air conditioning and backlit murals to create the illusion of the outdoor lighting.<ref name="Bounds"/> ==International participation== [[File:1965 new york world fair.jpg|thumbnail|View of the Unisphere with world flags]] The [[Bureau International des Expositions|BIE]] withholding official recognition was a serious handicap for fair promoters. The absence of Canada, Australia, most of the major European nations, and the [[Soviet Union]], all members of the BIE, tarnished the image of the fair.<ref name=Caro/> Additionally, New York was forced to compete with both [[Century 21 Exposition|Seattle]] and [[Expo 67|Montreal]] for international participants, with many nations choosing the officially-sanctioned world's fairs of those other North American cities over the New York Fair. The promoters turned to trade and tourism organizations within many countries to sponsor national exhibits in lieu of official government sponsorship of pavilions. New York City, in the middle of the twentieth century, was at a zenith of economic power and world prestige. Unconcerned by BIE rules, nations with smaller economies (as well as private groups in (or relevant to) some BIE members<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Pavilion of Paris – Page One |url=http://www.nywf64.com/pavpar01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612173031/http://www.nywf64.com/pavpar01.shtml |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Berlin – Page One |url=http://www.nywf64.com/berlin01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612172215/http://www.nywf64.com/berlin01.shtml |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/belvil01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Belgian Village – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/switz02.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Switzerland – Page Two |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/fiesta01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Fiesta – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref>) saw it as an honor to host an exhibit at the Fair.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seanmunger.com/2014/04/21/mosess-great-boondoggle-the-1964-65-new-york-worlds-fair-part-i/ |title=Small Nations |publisher=seanmunger.com |date=October 13, 2017 |access-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014132824/https://seanmunger.com/2014/04/21/mosess-great-boondoggle-the-1964-65-new-york-worlds-fair-part-i/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Therefore, smaller nations made up the majority of the international participation. [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Spain – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |url=http://www.nywf64.com/spain01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612173236/http://www.nywf64.com/spain01.shtml |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2009}}</ref> [[Vatican City]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/vatican01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Vatican – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Republic of China]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Republic of China – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |url=http://www.nywf64.com/china01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611190616/http://www.nywf64.com/china01.shtml |archive-date=Jun 11, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=Sep 12, 2021}}</ref> [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/japan01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Japan – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=August 16, 1964 |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Mexico]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/mexico01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Mexico – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Sweden]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/sweden01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Sweden – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=August 30, 1964 |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Austria]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/austria01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Austria – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Denmark]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/denmark01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Denmark – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=May 9, 1965 |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Thailand]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/thai01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Thailand – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/philip01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Philippines – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Greece]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/greece01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Greece – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/pakist01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Pakistan – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=August 15, 1965 |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Hong_Kong#British_colony|Hong Kong]], and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] to name some, hosted national presences at the Fair. [[Indonesia]] sponsored a pavilion, but relations deteriorated rapidly between that nation and the United States during 1964, fueled by anti-Western and anti-American rhetoric and policies by Indonesian president [[Sukarno]], which angered U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]]. Indonesia withdrew from the [[United Nations]] in January 1965, and officially from the Fair in March. The Fair Corporation then seized and shut down the Indonesian pavilion, and it remained closed and barricaded for the 1965 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/indones08.shtml |title=The Indonesia Controversy at the New York World's Fair 1964–1965 |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=October 21, 2019}}</ref> [[File:Michelangelo's Pieta 5450 cut out black.jpg|thumb|Loaned from the Vatican, the sculpture by Michelangelo titled ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'' was among the most popular exhibits at the fair]] One of the fair's most popular exhibits was the Vatican Pavilion, which featured [[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'', brought in from [[St. Peter's Basilica]] with the permission of [[Pope John XXIII]]; today, a small plaza and [[exedra]] monument mark the spot (and [[Pope Paul VI]]'s visit in October 1965). People waited in line for hours to view the Michelangelo sculpture; a novel [[conveyor belt]] system was used to move them through the viewing in an orderly fashion. A modern replica of the artwork had been transported beforehand to ensure that the statue could be installed without being damaged. The copy is now on view in the [[Cathedral College of the Immaculate Conception|Immaculate Conception Seminary in Douglaston, Queens, New York]].<ref name="Felthousen-Post">{{cite web |last1=Felthousen-Post |first1=Cyn |title=1964 World's Fair Pavilions: Where Are They Now? |url=https://groovyhistory.com/1964-worlds-fair-pavilions-queens-new-york/8 |website=Groovy History |access-date=2022-08-13 |language=en}}</ref> The exedra monument is now used with permits since 1975 for prayer vigils by Our Lady of the Roses relocated from Bayside, New York.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} A recreation of a nook of a medieval [[Belgium|Belgian]] village proved very popular. Fairgoers were treated to the "Bel-Gem Brussels Waffle"—a combination of [[waffle]], strawberries and whipped cream, sold by a Brussels couple, Maurice Vermersch and his wife.<ref>[https://theworld.org/stories/2014-04-22/it-was-1964-worlds-fair-when-americans-fell-love-belgian-waffles It was the 1964 World's Fair when Americans fell in love with Belgian waffles], theworld.org (PBS), April 22, 2014</ref> Fairgoers could also enjoy sampling sandwiches from around the world at the popular [[7-Up International Sandwich Garden]] pavilion, which featured an innovative fiberglass [[Seven Up]] Tower.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. September 29, 1964. p. 21.</ref><ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. May 31, 1964. p. R1.</ref> In addition to complimentary 7-Up beverages, a menu offered varied culinary delights for sale representing the cuisines of sixteen countries. While dining, visitors enjoyed live performances on four circular stages from various instrumentalists, which included a five piece musical ensemble, the 7-Up Continental Band.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. September 12, 1964. p. 21.</ref><ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. October 16, 1964. p. 31.</ref> The dining pods featured furnishings designed by the futuristic Finnish-American architect [[Eero Saarinen]] and were enclosed by twenty-four futuristic fiberglass domes that were topped by a commanding clock tower that soared more than {{convert|107|ft}} above the pavilion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/seven-up.htm |title=Seven-Up |website=www.worldsfairphotos.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/sevup05.shtml |title=1964 New York World's Fair 1965 – Attractions – Seven Up – Page Five |website=www.nywf64.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/sevenup.htm |title=1964 World's Fair – Seven-Up |website=www.westland.net}}</ref> [[File:Berlin Pavilion.jpg|thumbnail|200px|West Berlin Pavilion, by Hans Wehrhahn]] Emerging African nations displayed their wares in the Africa Pavilion. Controversy broke out when the [[Jordan]]ian pavilion displayed a mural emphasizing the plight of the [[Palestinian people]]. The Jordanians also donated an [[Column of Jerash|ancient column]] which still remains at the former fair site.<ref name=nycgovparks>{{cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/812 |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments – Column of Jerash |publisher=NYC Parks |access-date=September 4, 2022}}</ref> The city of [[West Berlin]], a [[Cold War]] hot-spot, hosted a popular exhibit in a pavilion that was designed by Hans Wehrhahn.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Berlin Pavilion by Hans Wehrhahn |url=http://www.wehrhahn-architekten.com/kleine-bauten/pavillon_weltausstellung-88}}</ref> On April 21, 1965, as part of the opening ceremonies for the second season of the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, Ethiopian long-distance runners [[Abebe Bikila]] and [[Mamo Wolde]] participated in an exclusive ceremonial half marathon.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/lo-a-magic-city-awakens-and-wizard-rejoices-people-flock-in-to-the.html |title=Lo, a Magic City Awakens and Wizard Rejoices... |last=Phillips |first=Mccandlish |date=April 22, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |url-access=subscription|access-date=January 26, 2017 }}</ref> They ran from the [[Arsenal (Central Park)|Arsenal]] in [[Central Park]] at 64th Street & [[Fifth Avenue]] in [[Manhattan]] to the [[Singer Bowl]] at the fair.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/the-fair-resumes-today-with-many-new-exhibits-the-worlds-fair.html |title=The Fair Resumes Today With Many New Exhibits... |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=April 4, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |url-access=subscription|access-date=January 26, 2017 }}</ref> They carried with them a parchment scroll with greetings from [[Haile Selassie]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/15/archives/ethiopia-marathon-star-here-for-fair.html |title=Ethiopia Marathon Star Here for Fair |last=Jones |first=Theodore |date=April 4, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |url-access=subscription|access-date=January 26, 2017 }}</ref> ==Federal and state exhibits== ===United States Pavilion=== The United States Pavilion was titled "Challenge to Greatness", and focused on President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s "[[Great Society]]" proposals. The main show in the multimillion-dollar pavilion was a 15-minute ride through a filmed presentation of American history. Visitors seated in moving grandstands rode past movie screens that slid in, out, and above the path of the traveling audience. Elsewhere, there were tributes to the late [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]], who had broken ground for the pavilion in December 1962 but had been assassinated in November 1963 before the fair opened. The pavilion displayed a painting by the Belgian artist [[Luc-Peter Crombé]], a semi-religious presentation of three young men challenging flames.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 8, 1964 |title=Luc Crombé op W.T. te New York bekroond|trans-title=Luc Crombé awarded on W.T. in New York |language=nl |work=Gazet van Antwerpen |location=Belgium}}</ref> ==== Civil rights protests ==== The [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) organized a protest during the World's Fair.{{when|date=March 2024}} About 700 protestors participated; of those, 300 were arrested.<ref name="demnow">{{Cite web |title=Protesting the 1964 World's Fair: Activists Recall Effort to Highlight Civil Rights, Labor Struggles |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2014/4/25/protesting_the_1964_world_s_fair |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref> Demonstrators used [[walkie-talkie]]s to communicate during the protest.<ref name="demnow"/> Protestors demanded that the Civil Rights Act be passed and criticized the lack of inclusive hiring for the World's Fair.<ref name="demnow"/> During President Johnson's speech, demonstrators shouted "Jim Crow must go!" and "Freedom now!" and jeered as he outlined his plans for the Great Society.<ref name="Tirella"/> The mayor of New York later publicly apologized on behalf of the city.<ref name="Tirella"/> More radically, [[Louis Lomax]], of the Brooklyn chapter of CORE, had proposed a "stall-in"; 500 drivers would go to the fair and stop or deliberately run out of gas on the way there, creating a traffic jam.<ref name="Tirella">{{Cite web |last=Tirella |first=Joseph |date=2014-04-22 |title=Fifty Years Ago Today, Rogue Civil Rights Activists Tried to Ruin Robert Moses' Greatest Triumph |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/04/cores-1964-stall-in-the-planned-civil-rights-protest-that-kept-thousands-away-from-the-worlds-fair-in-new-york.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYT19640422">{{Cite news |date=1964-04-22 |title=Drivers Take Up Positions To Block Roads at 7 A.M. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/drivers-take-up-positions-to-block-roads-at-7-am.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Because it would clog the highways, it would also have been a protest against [[Robert Moses]] and his newly renovated traffic networks.<ref name="Tirella"/> [[Henry Barnes (traffic engineer)|Henry A. Barnes]], the New York City Traffic Commissioner, made it illegal to intentionally run out of gas on a New York roadway.<ref name="Tirella"/> Tactics such as using emergency brakes to stop subways and releasing rats during Johnson's speech were also proposed.<ref name="demnow"/> [[James Farmer]], who was the national chair of CORE at the time, suspended the group.<ref name="Tirella"/> [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] wrote a letter stating that he did not support the stall-in as a tactic, but also would not condemn it. He wrote: "Which is worse, a 'Stall-In' at the World's Fair or a 'Stall-In' in the United States Senate? The former merely ties up the traffic of a single city. But the latter seeks to tie up the traffic of history, and endanger the psychological lives of twenty million people".<ref name="Tirella"/> Despite a ''New York Times'' article stating that "the stall is on",<ref name="NYT19640422"/> only a few drivers actually showed up.<ref name="Tirella"/> Isaiah Brunson, chair of the Brooklyn chapter, promised future protests, but went into hiding a few days later.<ref name="Tirella"/> ===United States Space Park=== [[File:255-CC-65-HC-223, front.jpg|thumb|upright|Space Park, as it appeared in December 1963 before its official opening]] A {{convert|2|acre|ha|adj=on}} United States Space Park was sponsored by [[NASA]], the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and the fair. Exhibits included a [[Thor-Delta]] rocket, an Atlas booster rocket with a [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] capsule, a [[Titan II GLV|Titan II]] booster with a [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] capsule, and a full-scale model of the aft skirt and five giant [[F-1 (rocket engine)|F-1]] engines of the [[S-IC|first stage]] of a [[Saturn V]] (as would be used in U.S. [[Apollo program]] moon launches). On display at ground level were ''[[Aurora 7]]'', the Mercury capsule flown by [[Scott Carpenter]] on the second American-crewed orbital flight; full-scale models of an [[X-15]] aircraft, an [[RM-81 Agena|Agena upper stage]]; a Gemini spacecraft; an Apollo [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]], and a [[Lunar Module|Lunar Excursion Module]]. Replicas of uncrewed spacecraft included lunar probe [[Ranger 7]]; [[Mariner 2]] and [[Mariner 4]]; [[Syncom]], [[Telstar|Telstar 1]], and [[Project_Echo#Echo_2|Echo 2]] communications satellites; [[Explorer 1]] and [[Explorer 16]]; and [[Tiros]] and [[Nimbus program|Nimbus]] weather satellites.<ref>[http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/technology.htm "Showcasing Technology at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair"], Stanton, Jeffrey (2006)</ref> ===New York State Pavilion=== {{main|New York State Pavilion}} New York played host to the fair at its six-million-dollar open-air pavilion called the "Tent of Tomorrow". Designed by famed modernist architect [[Philip Johnson]], the 350-feet-by-250-feet (107 × 76 m) pavilion was supported by sixteen 100-feet-high (30-metre) concrete columns, from which a 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m<sup>2</sup>) roof of polychrome tiles was suspended. Complementing the pavilion were the fair's three [[observation tower]]s, two of which had cafeterias in their in-the-round observation-deck crowns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Highlights - New York State Pavilion : NYC Parks |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12632 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=www.nycgovparks.org}}</ref> The pavilion's main floor, used for local art and industry displays including a {{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=off|adj=on}} scale reproduction of the [[New York State Power Authority]]'s St. Lawrence hydroelectric plant, comprised a 9,000-square-foot (800 m<sup>2</sup>) [[terrazzo]] replica of the official [[Texaco]] highway map of New York State, displaying the map's cities, towns, routes and Texaco gas stations in 567 mosaic panels.<ref name="cbs-nys-pav">{{cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/03/25/long-shuttered-n-y-state-pavilion-in-queens-to-reopen-for-3-hours-next-month/ |title=Long-Shuttered N.Y. State Pavilion In Queens To Reopen For 3 Hours Next Month |date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> ===Other state pavilions=== [[File:Wisconsin Pavilion.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wisconsin Pavilion]]]] [[Wisconsin]] exhibited the "World's Largest Cheese". [[Florida]] brought a [[dolphin show]], [[flamingo]]s, a talented [[cockatoo]] from [[Miami]]'s [[Parrot Jungle]], and water skiers to New York. [[Oklahoma]] gave weary fairgoers a restful park to relax in. [[Missouri]] displayed the state's space-related industries. Visitors could dine at [[Hawaii]]'s "Five Volcanoes" restaurant. ===New York City Pavilion=== At the New York City pavilion, the ''[[Panorama of the City of New York]]'' (a huge scale model of the city) was on display, complete with a simulated helicopter ride around the metropolis for easy viewing.<ref name="Leuthner">{{cite web |last=Leuthner |first=Stuart |title=Small World |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/small-world |work=American Heritage |publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company |access-date=May 1, 2012}}</ref> Left over from the 1939 Fair, this building had been used partially as a recreational public [[roller skating rink]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=2016-08-30 |title=10 NYC Remnants of the 1939 World's Fair at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park - Page 3 of 10 |url=https://untappedcities.com/2016/08/30/remnants-of-the-1939-worlds-fair-at-flushing-meadows-corona-park/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Untapped New York |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Bourbon Street Pavilion=== [[File:Bourbon Street.jpg|thumb|upright|Bourbon Street Pavilion]] [[Louisiana]] had a pavilion called "Louisiana's Bourbon Street" (later renamed to just "[[Bourbon Street]]"), which was inspired by [[New Orleans]]' [[French Quarter]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nywf64.com |title=Bourbon Street ... at nywf64.com |url=http://www.nywf64.com/boustr01.shtml |access-date=June 11, 2012}}</ref> It started off with financial trouble, not being able to complete its construction and subsequently filing for bankruptcy. A private company, called Pavilion Property, bought up the assets and assumed its debts. This prompted [[List of Governors of Louisiana|Louisiana Governor]] [[John McKeithen]] to sever all ties and withdraw state's sanction, leaving the pavilion completely to private enterprise. Special media attention was given to a racially integrated [[minstrel show]] that was intended to be a satirical anti-bigotry review,{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} called "America, Be Seated", and produced by [[Mike Todd, Jr.|Mike Todd Jr.]] During the opening of the fair, several civil rights protests were staged by members of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]], who believed that the "minstrel-style" show was demeaning to [[African-American]]s.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The pavilion included ten theater restaurants, which served a variety of [[Louisiana Creole cuisine|Creole food]], a [[Jazz|Jazz club]] called "Jazzland" which hosted live jazz artists,<ref> {{cite news |title=Jazz Club at World's Fair |newspaper=Billboard |date=March 21, 1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> miniature [[New Orleans Mardi Gras|Mardi Gras parades]], a teenage dancing venue, a voodoo shop, and a doll museum. Due to the presence of the various bars, the pavilion was especially popular at night. Notable [[go-go dancer]] [[Candy Johnson]] headlined a show at a venue called "Gay New Orleans Nightclub". <!-- It is impossible to determine without individual examination which of the following citations support which claims in the above section. They need to be parsed, assigned to specific claims, and lesser redundancies eliminated: <ref>{{cite book |author=Lisanti, Tom |title=Drive-In Dream Girls: A Galaxy of B-Movie Starlets of the Sixties |publisher=Mcfarland & Co Inc Pub |date=March 2003 |pages=40, 270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwFbcgV_LDgC&pg=PA270 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |isbn=978-0-7864-1575-5}}</ref> Near the closure of the fair, the pavilion was reported to have achieved the highest gross income of any single commercial pavilion at the fair.<ref name="Cotter Young"/>{{rp|77}} <ref name="End of the Innocence">{{cite book |author=Samuel, Lawrence R. |title=The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |date=August 1, 2010 |pages=27, 34, 48, 74, 130, 164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PF05Yq5aibgC&pg=PA48 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |isbn=978-0-8156-0956-8}} </ref> <<ref>{{cite book |title=Ebony |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=June 1964 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC8yxuzqfi4C&pg=PA170 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Jet |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=May 28, 1964 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Jet |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=May 7, 1964 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=America Be Seated out of World Fair |newspaper=Washington Afro-American |date=May 12, 1964 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2238&dat=19640512&id=X5YlAAAAIBAJ&pg=4198,1805813 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Have You Seen 'America, Be Seated' |newspaper=The Morning Record |date=April 10, 1964 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=19640410&id=sKFIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2284,4902147 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Photos of Louisiana/Bourbon Street pavillion |url=http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/louisiana.htm |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>--> ==American industry== Many of the large U.S. corporations built pavilions to demonstrate their wares, vision, and corporate cultures. ===General Motors=== [[File:GM Concept Car 1964 NY World's Fair.jpg|thumbnail|Concept car inside the General Motors Pavilion]] Industries played a major role at the [[1939 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair of 1939–1940]] by hosting huge, elaborate exhibits. Many of them returned to the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965 with even more elaborate versions of the shows that they had presented 25 years earlier. The most notable of these was [[General Motors Corporation]] whose [[Futurama (New York World's Fair)#Legacy|Futurama II]] proved to be the fair's most popular exhibit, in which visitors seated in moving chairs glided past elaborately detailed miniature 3D model scenery showing what life might be like in the "near-future". Nearly 26 million people took the journey into the future during the fair's two-year run. ===IBM=== The [[IBM]] Corporation had a popular pavilion, where a giant 500-seat grandstand called the "People Wall" was pushed by [[hydraulic ram]]s high up into an [[ellipsoidal]] theater designed by [[Eero Saarinen]]. There, a film by [[Charles and Ray Eames]] titled ''Think'' was shown on fourteen projectors on nine screens, illuminating the workings of [[Boolean logic|computer logic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.barbican.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/eamesibm_gall2.jpg|title = Read, Watch & Listen | Barbican}}</ref> At ground level beneath the theater, visitors could explore ''[[Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond]]'' (an exhibit of mathematical models and curiosities) and view the ''Mathematics Peep Show'' (a series of short films illustrating basic mathematical concepts).<ref>{{cite web |last=IBM Labs |title=Free iPad App from IBM Reinvents Iconic '60s Era Exhibit on History of Mathematics |url=http://ibmresearchnews.blogspot.com/2012/04/free-ipad-app-from-ibm-reinvents-iconic.html |work=IBM Research |publisher=IBM Corporation |access-date=July 19, 2013 |date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> ===Bell System=== The [[Bell System]] (prior to [[Bell system divestiture|its break up into regional companies]]) hosted a 15-minute ride in moving armchairs depicting the history of communications in dioramas and film named ''Ride of Communications''. Other Bell exhibits included the [[Picturephone]] as well as a demonstration of the [[computer modem]]. ===Westinghouse=== [[File:Westinghouse 1964 exhibit.gif|thumb|upright|Westinghouse Pavilion]] The [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)|Westinghouse Corporation]] planted a second [[time capsule]] next to an earlier 1939 version; today both [[Westinghouse Time Capsules]] are marked by a monument southwest of the Unisphere which is to be opened in the year 6939.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/1552 |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments - Time Capsule II Marker : NYC Parks |website=www.nycgovparks.org|access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> Some of its contents were a [[1965 Official Guide New York World's Fair|World's Fair Guidebook]], an [[electric toothbrush]], [[credit card]]s (relatively new at the time), and a 50-star [[United States flag]]. ===Sinclair Oil=== The [[Sinclair Oil Corporation]] sponsored "Dinoland", featuring life-size replicas of nine different [[dinosaur]]s, including the corporation's signature [[Brontosaurus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinclair ... at nywf64.com |url=http://nywf64.com/sinclair06.shtml |publisher=nywf64.com |access-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref> The statues were created by [[Louis Paul Jonas]] Studios in [[Hudson, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinclair's New York World's Fair (1964-65) "Dinoland" Pavilion |url=https://www.sinclairoil.com/history/worlds_fair_01.html |publisher=Sinclair Oil Corporation |access-date=August 5, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062326/https://www.sinclairoil.com/history/worlds_fair_01.html |archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Dinoland1">(1) {{cite web |title=Sinclair at the New York World's Fair |work=1960s |url=https://www.sinclairoil.com/history/1960.html |publisher=[[Sinclair Oil Corporation]] |access-date=July 5, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505133148/https://www.sinclairoil.com/history/1960.html |archive-date=May 5, 2016}}<br />(2) {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410041139/http://aoghs.org/oil-almanac/sinclair-dinosaur/ |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |url=http://aoghs.org/oil-almanac/sinclair-dinosaur/ |title=Dinosaur Fever – Sinclair's Icon |work=Petroleum History Almanac |publisher=American Oil & Gas Historical Society |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2016 |access-date=July 2, 2016}}<br />(3) {{cite web |publisher=Frank J. Leskovitz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024647/http://gombessa.tripod.com/scienceleadstheway/id32.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url=http://gombessa.tripod.com/scienceleadstheway/id32.html |title=Sinclair Dinoland: New York World's Fair 1964-65 |work=Science Leads the Way |year=2016 |access-date=July 2, 2016}}</ref> They also contained a "space age" gas station with orbiting gas pumps shaped like rockets,<ref>[https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2016/06/15/midweek-matinee-sinclair-at-the-worlds-fair-1965/ "Midweek Matinee: Sinclair at the World's Fair, 1965", by Ed Heys (Hemmings Motor News; June 15th, 2016)]</ref> and a marine fuel station in the vicinity of the World's Fair Marina.<ref>[https://dissolve.com/video/Sinclair-created-floating-service-station-marina-royalty-free-stock-video-footage/001-D378-37-006 Sinclair created a floating service station at the marina at the New York World's Fair (RetroFootage; Dissolve)]</ref> ===Ford=== The [[Ford Motor Company]] introduced the Ford Mustang automobile to the public at its pavilion on April 17, 1964. The Ford pavilion featured the "Magic Skyway" ride, in which guests rode in Ford, Mercury, and Lincoln convertibles past scenes featuring [[dinosaur]]s and [[Caveman|cavemen]], concluding with a futuristic cityscape.<ref name="thehenryford.org">{{cite web |url=http://blog.thehenryford.org/2014/05/ford-meets-disney-at-the-magic-skyway/ |title=Ford Meets Disney at the Magic Skyway - Blog - The Henry Ford |website=blog.thehenryford.org}}</ref> The vehicles used were the [[Ford Mustang (first generation)|Mustang]], [[Ford Galaxie#1964|Galaxie]], [[Ford Thunderbird (fourth generation)|Thunderbird]], [[Ford Falcon (North America)#Second generation (1964–1965)|Falcon]], [[Mercury Park Lane#Second generation (1964–1968)|Mercury Park Lane]], [[Mercury Comet#Second generation (1964–1965)|Mercury Comet]] and [[Lincoln Continental]]. After the Fair, the Audio-Animatronic dinosaurs would move to [[Disneyland]], becoming part of the [[Disneyland Railroad#Changes since 1960|Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad]]'s "Primeval World" diorama in 1966,<ref name="thehenryford.org"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yesterland.com/notgone.html |title=They Haven't Gone to Yesterland |website=www.yesterland.com}}</ref> while the vehicles were collected by Ford and sent to the Dearborn Headquarters where employees purchased the cars as used and at a discount. When the fair opened again for 1965, all-new vehicles were again used as convertibles only. ===DuPont=== [[DuPont]] presented a musical review by composer [[Michael Brown (writer)|Michael Brown]] called ''[[The Wonderful World of Chemistry]]''. ===Parker Pen=== At the [[Parker Pen Company]]'s exhibit, a computer would make a match to an international [[penpal]]. ===Chunky Candy=== The [[Chunky (candy bar)|Chunky Candy Corporation]] put on what was a state-of-the-art, transparent display of candy manufacturing where visitors were able to view "all the steps in a highly automated process".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/chucan01.shtml |title=1964 New York World's Fair 1965 - Attractions - Chunky Candy - Page One |website=www.nywf64.com}}</ref> The Pavilion also included an interactive sculpture playground called "Sculpture Continuum", designed by [[Oliver O'Connor Barrett]]. ==Films== [[File:Johnson Wax Pavilion.jpg|thumb|Original appearance of the Golden Rondelle at the [[1964-65 World's Fair]]]] The fair was also a showplace for independent films. One of the most noted was a religious film titled ''[[Parable (film)|Parable]]'' which showed at the [[Protestant]] Pavilion. It depicted humanity as a traveling circus and [[Jesus Christ]] as a clown.<ref>[[IMDbTitle:0320239|Parable (1964) - IMDb]]</ref> This marked the beginning of a new depiction of Jesus<ref name="artsandfaith.com">{{cite web |url=http://artsandfaith.com/index.php?showtopic=6350 |title=The films of Rolf Forsberg |publisher=Arts and Faith |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> and was the inspiration for the 1971 musical ''[[Godspell]]''. ''Parable'' later went on to be honored at [[Cannes]], as well as the [[Edinburgh Film Festival]] and [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref name="artsandfaith.com"/> Another religious film was presented by evangelist [[Billy Graham]] called ''[[Man in the 5th Dimension]]''. It was shot in the [[70mm]] [[Todd-AO]] widescreen process for exclusive presentation in a specially designed theater equipped with audio equipment that enabled viewers to listen to the film in Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish.<ref name="IN70">[http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm "Man in the 5th Dimension"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525223201/http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm |date=May 25, 2011 }}. ''The 70mm Newsletter''.</ref> The 13-½ minute film ''[[Man's Search for Happiness]]'' was made for the [[Mormon]] Pavilion.<ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1989/10/legacy-of-the-mormon-pavilion?lang=eng "Legacy of the Mormon Pavilion - Ensign October 1989"]. churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved April 4, 2012.</ref> The surprise hit of the fair was a non-commercial movie short presented by the [[S. C. Johnson & Son]] company called ''[[To Be Alive!]]''. The film celebrated the joy of life found worldwide and in all cultures, and it won a special award from the [[New York Film Critics Circle]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyfcc.com/awards/?cat=6 |title=Awards - New York Film Critics Circle - NYFCC |website=www.nyfcc.com}}</ref> and the 1966 [[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1966 |title=The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners |access-date=May 5, 2016 |work=oscars.org}}</ref> The [[Golden Rondelle Theater]] designed for the movie's exhibition at the fair was later moved to the company's headquarters in [[Racine, Wisconsin]], where it remains in service today.<ref name=SCJ>{{cite web|title=The Golden Rondelle and SC Johnson Films|url=http://scjohnson.com/en/company/architecture/golden-rondelle.aspx|publisher=S. C. Johnson & Son|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref> ==Disney influence== [[File:Fountains, NY Worlds Fair '64.JPG|thumb|Fountains and a reflecting pool mark the approach to the Unisphere.]] The fair is remembered as the venue that [[Walt Disney]] used to design and perfect his system of "[[Audio-Animatronics]]", in which electromechanical actuators and computers control the movement of lifelike robots to act out scenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magicalkingdoms.com/blog/2008/07/08/the-history-of-disneys-audio-animatronics/ |title=The History of Disney's Audio Animatronics |date=July 8, 2008 }}</ref> [[Walt Disney Imagineering|WED Enterprises]] designed and created four shows at the fair: * "Pepsi-Cola Presents Walt Disney's '[[It's a Small World]]'—a Salute to [[UNICEF]] and the World's Children" at the [[Pepsi-Cola]] pavilion: Animated dolls and animals frolicked in a spirit of international unity accompanying a boat ride around the world. The song was written by the [[Sherman Brothers]]. * [[General Electric]] sponsored "Progressland" where audiences were seated in a series of ring-shaped revolving auditoriums called the "[[Carousel of Progress]]", where they viewed an audio-animatronic presentation of the historical progress of electrical technology in the home. The [[Sherman Brothers]] composed the theme song "[[There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow]]" for this attraction. The highlight of the exhibit demonstrated a brief plasma "explosion" of controlled [[nuclear fusion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/genele08.shtml|title=1964 New York World's Fair 1965 - Attractions - General Electric - Page Eight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/general-electric-2.htm|title = The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair - General Electric}}</ref> * [[Ford Motor Company]] presented "Ford's Magic Skyway", a WED Imagineering-designed pavilion which was the second-most popular exhibit at the fair. It featured 354 1964 and 1965 Ford, Mercury and Lincoln [[convertible]] vehicles with the engines, transmissions and gas tanks removed, including the all-new Mustang, in an early prototype of what became the [[PeopleMover]] ride system. Audience members entered the vehicles on the main platform as they moved slowly along the track. The ride moved the audience through scenes featuring life-sized, audio-animatronic dinosaurs and cavemen concluding with a diorama of a futuristic city. When the fair opened again in 1965, the vehicles were updated to 1965 models of the same convertible models. A video compilation was released using sketches from the original project. * At the [[Illinois]] pavilion, a lifelike President [[Abraham Lincoln]] recited his famous speeches in "[[Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln]]", voiced by [[Royal Dano]]. WED also created the {{convert|120|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} ''Tower of the Four Winds'' which was located at the ''It's a Small World'' pavilion. In addition, costumed versions of Walt Disney's famous cartoon characters roamed around the fairgrounds and interacted with guests. After the fair, there was some discussion of [[The Walt Disney Company]] retaining these exhibits on-site and converting Flushing Meadows Park into an East Coast version of Disneyland, but this idea was abandoned. Instead, Disney relocated several of the exhibits to [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]] in [[Anaheim, California]], and subsequently replicated them at other Disney theme parks. [[Walt Disney World]] near [[Orlando, Florida]], which opened with [[Magic Kingdom]] in 1971, is essentially the realization of the original concept of an "East Coast Disneyland"; [[Epcot]], which opened in 1982, was designed as a permanent world's fair.<ref name="Morison">{{cite web |last=Morison |first=Elting E. |title=What Went Wrong with Disney's Worlds Fair |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/what-went-wrong-disney%E2%80%99s-worlds-fair |work=American Heritage |publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company |access-date=May 1, 2012 |date=December 1983}}</ref> ==Music== The fair featured an official band, the [[Cities Service]]'s World's Band of America (C.S.W.F.B.A.) conducted by [[Paul Lavalle]]. It was a 50-piece group, operating seven days a week, on location 7 to 9 hours a day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-04-23 |title=Music: A Listener's Fill; Fair Has an Official Band, Many Other Ensembles and a Brand-New Suite |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/music-a-listeners-fill-fair-has-an-official-band-many-other.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> They toured the fairgrounds on a 72-foot long bandwagon that went into a V-shape when performing. The opening day's big musical performance was Lavalle conducting a 94-piece orchestra in the world premiere of [[Ferde Grofé]]'s "World's Fair Suite" commissioned by [[Robert Moses]]. Moses had previously commissioned Grofé to compose the theme for his [[1939 New York World's Fair]]. Mr. Grofé was present, listening from a wheelchair, having suffered a stroke in 1961. His score was in five movements—"Unisphere", "International", "Fun at the Fair", "Pavilions of Industry" and "National". Numerous other ensembles performed throughout the fair, including [[Guy Lombardo]] and the [[United States Marine Band]].<ref>"Music: A listener's Fill" ''[[New York Times]]''. April 23, 1964. p. 31.</ref> ==Amusement attractions== One of the fair's major crowd-attracting and financial shortcomings was the absence of a [[Midway (fair)|midway]]. The fair's organizers were opposed on principle to the [[honky-tonk]] atmosphere engendered by midways, and this omission was another thing that had irked the BIE, which insisted that all officially sanctioned fairs have a midway. What amusements the fair actually hosted often failed to attract crowds. The Meadow Lake Amusement Area was not easily accessible, and officials objected to shows being advertised. Furthermore, although the Amusement Area was supposed to remain open for four hours after the exhibits closed at 10pm, the fair presented a fountain-and-fireworks show every night at 9pm at the Pool of Industry. Fairgoers would see this show and then leave the fair rather than head to the Amusement Area, and few people remained on the fairgrounds by midnight. The fair's big entertainment spectacles, including the ''Wonder World'' at the Meadow Lake Amphitheater, ''To Broadway with Love'' in the Texas Pavilion, and [[Dick Button]]'s ''Ice-travaganza'' in the New York City Pavilion, all were closed prematurely with heavy financial losses. It became apparent that fairgoers did not go to the fair to watch "entertainment" programs, especially as there was plenty of entertainment in Manhattan.<ref>"But Where's the Fun? Lost in a $7 Million Fiasco" ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''. August 7, 1964. pp. 85–87.</ref> A notable exception was a minor attraction, the ''[[Les Poupées de Paris]]'' (''The Dolls of Paris''), an adults-only [[musical theater|musical]] [[puppet]] show created, produced and directed by [[Sid and Marty Krofft]]. This show, modeled after the Paris revues ''[[Le Lido|Lido]]'' and ''[[Folies Bergère]]'', was heavily attended, and financially successful.<ref name="TimeAO">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896379,00.html "Adults Only"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325021318/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C896379%2C00.html |date=March 25, 2012 }} ''Time''</ref> Some spectacles were staged for the newsreel cameras, such as a May 1964 demonstration by [[Bell Aerosystems]] where [[Bill Suitor]] ("Jetpackman") performed a 16-second flight, hopping over the "Court of the Presidents of the United States", the circular path surrounding the [[Unisphere]] fountain.<ref name="RocketBeltMan">{{cite web |title=Rocket Belt Man - (1964) at the New York World's Fair showing off the PERSONAL JETPACK !!! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzBrTIrlJYE |website=Youtube |access-date=January 31, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ==Alleged financial mismanagement== The fair ended in controversy over allegations of financial mismanagement. Controversy had plagued it during much of its two-year run. The Fair Corporation sold ''advanced'' tickets ahead of opening for each season, thus reflecting distorted profits compared to actual sales ''during'' the seasons. The receipts of advanced sales were booked entirely against the first season of the fair.<ref name=Caro/> This made it appear that the fair had plenty of operating cash when, in fact, it was borrowing from the second season's gate to pay the bills. Before and during the 1964 season, the fair spent much money despite underwhelming attendance, below expectations. By the end of the 1964 season, Moses and the press began to realize that there would not be enough money to pay the bills, and accordingly the fair teetered on bankruptcy.<ref name=Caro/> In March 1965, a group of bankers and politicians asked showman [[Billy Rose]] to take over the fair, which he declined, stating: "I'd rather be hit by a baseball bat", adding that "cancer in its last stages never attracted me very much".<ref name="End of the Innocence">{{cite book |author=Samuel, Lawrence R. |title=The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |date=August 1, 2010 |pages=27, 34, 48, 74, 130, 164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PF05Yq5aibgC&pg=PA48 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |isbn=978-0-8156-0956-8}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Alden, Robert |title=Ford Fair Exhibit to Add Entrance; Will Let Visitors in Product Area but Not on Ride |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 16, 1965 |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00916FA3B54177A93C4A81788D85F418685F9 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> While the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair returned a generous 40 cents on the dollar to bond investors, bondholders for the 1964–1965 fair received nearly a 20% profit on their investment (19.2 cents on the dollar).<ref name=Caro/> ==Reuse of site and structures== ===On-site structures=== <!-- This section is ONLY for directly related developments at the ORIGINAL SITE of the World's Fair. --> <!-- Cultural influences and fictional works should be mentioned in a later section --> [[File:Unisphere-20100731.jpg|thumb|The [[Unisphere]] (2010)]] New York City was left with a much-improved Flushing Meadows–Corona Park following the fair, with the government taking possession of the park from the Fair Corporation in June 1967.<ref name="NYTimes-FMCP-Jun1967">{{cite news|last1=Schumach|first1=Murray|title=MOSES GIVES CITY FAIR SITE AS PARK; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03E5D6123AE63ABC4C53DFB066838C679EDE&legacy=true|access-date=March 28, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 4, 1967|archive-date=November 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122062009/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03E5D6123AE63ABC4C53DFB066838C679EDE&legacy=true|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 21st century, the paths and their names remain almost unchanged from the days of the fair.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio|url=https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re|publisher=[[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]]|access-date=March 31, 2017|date=May 3, 2015|archive-date=April 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145529/https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re|url-status=live|page=71}}</ref> The Unisphere stands at the center of the park as a symbol of "Man's Achievements on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe". The Unisphere has become the iconic sculptural feature of the park, as well as a symbol of the borough of [[Queens]] in general. It stands on the site formerly occupied by the [[Perisphere]] during the earlier 1939–1940 Fair.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unisphere |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/unisphere.pdf |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=March 28, 2017 |date=May 16, 1995 |pages=1–3 |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301085029/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/unisphere.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Framework Appendix"/>{{rp|53}} An ancient Roman column from [[Jordan]] still stands near the Unisphere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2014/06/the-religious-controversy-behind-lonely.html |title=The religious controversy behind a lonely Roman column just standing around by itself in Flushing Meadows Park |last=Boys |first=Bowery |date=June 26, 2014 |website=The Bowery Boys: New York City History |language=en|access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> A stone bench marking the site of the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] pavilion also stands east of the main fountain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/1623 |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments - Vatican Shrine : NYC Parks |website=www.nycgovparks.org|access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> The [[New York Hall of Science]], founded during the 1964 World's Fair, was one of the country's first dedicated science museums;{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}{{dubious|date=August 2022}} it still operates in an expanded facility in its original location at the park's northern corner.<ref name="remi">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/hopeful-future-museum-but-citys-hall-of-science-still-retains-aura.html |title=Hopeful Future Museum; But City's Hall of Science Still Retains Aura Reminiscent of the World's Fair |date=September 22, 1966 |access-date=April 6, 2008 |author=Walter Sullivan |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Hall of Science anchors a Space Park exhibiting the rockets and vehicles used in America's early space exploration projects. The Space Park gradually deteriorated due to neglect, but in 2004 the surviving rockets were restored and placed back on display.<ref name="Framework Appendix">{{cite book |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Strategic Framework Plan |author=Quennell Rothschild & Partners |author2=Smith-Miller + Hawkinson Architects |chapter=Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=November 12, 2017 |pages=49–72}}</ref>{{rp|53}} The carousel that was the centerpiece of Carousel Park in the Lake Amusement Area was relocated to the former Transportation Area outside of the Queens Zoo in the northwestern part of the park. It still operates as the [[Flushing Meadows Carousel]], and is now listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/03/you-spin-me-right-round-baby-right-round-like-a-carousel/ |title=You Spin Me Right Round, Baby, Right Round Like a Carousel ... |date=March 7, 2012 |work=[[WNET]] |access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> [[File:WorldFairTower1.jpg|thumb|upright|Ruins of the New York State Pavilion observatory towers in 2006]] The [[New York State Pavilion]], constructed as the state's exhibit hall for the World's Fair, is also a prominent visible structure in the park. However, no new use for the building was found after the Fair, and the building sat derelict and decaying for decades. A suggestion to reinstall the mosaic floor at the World Trade Center did not materialize.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} In 1993,<ref name="NYDN Queens Theatre"/> the [[Queens Theatre in the Park]] took over the Circarama adjacent to the towers and continues to operate there, using the ruined state pavilion as a storage depot.<ref name="NYDN Queens Theatre">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/swing-latin-america-fest-article-1.774979 |title=Swing Thru Latin America Via Fest |last=Ruiz |first=Albor |date=July 21, 1997 |work=NY Daily News|access-date=April 5, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"[http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/flushing_meadows_corona_park/ Flushing Meadows Corona Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508111245/https://nymag.com/listings/attraction/flushing_meadows_corona_park/ |date=May 8, 2021 }}" New York Magazine, December 11, 2015</ref> The ruins were featured in the 1997 movie ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]''.<ref name="Curbed-MIB-WF">{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Zoe |title=New York State Pavilion preservation effort gets funding infusion |website=Curbed NY |date=April 28, 2017 |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/28/15468644/new-york-state-pavilion-preservation-nyc | access-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> Some conservation and restoration techniques were demonstrated in 2008 by researchers from the [[University of Pennsylvania]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The New York State Pavilion was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2009.<ref name="nps">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20100625.htm |title=National Register of Historic Places |date=June 25, 2010 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> In fall 2013, NYC Parks announced plans to restore the pavilion for $73 million,<ref name=cbs-nys-pav/> and in 2015, the entire structure was repainted yellow.<ref name="Colangelo">{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/ny-state-pavilion-3-million-facelift-free-article-1.2210973 |title=Iconic New York State Pavilion in Flushing Meadows Corona Park getting $3 million facelift – FOR FREE |date=May 5, 2015 |work=New York Daily News |publisher=NYDailyNews.com |last1=Colangelo |first1=Lisa L. |access-date=July 27, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Curbed-MIB-WF" /> A pre-existing structure from the 1939 fair served as the temporary headquarters of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], and then became the New York City Pavilion in the 1964 fair. Afterwards, it was subdivided into the Queens Center for Art (now [[Queens Museum]]) and an ice-skating rink.<ref name="nyt 201311">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/08/arts/design/the-expanded-queens-museum-reopens.html?_r=0 |title=A Local Place for a Global Neighborhood |last=Cotter, Holland |date=November 7, 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 2, 2015}}</ref> The Museum continues to display the scale model ''[[Panorama of the City of New York]]'', which is updated occasionally.<ref name="Leuthner"/> The Museum also has a large display of memorabilia from the two world's fairs, as well as an original 3D scale model of the entire 1964 World's Fair site. In April 2011, the Queens Museum started an expansion project that almost doubled its floor space, bringing the total to about {{convert|100,000|sqft|m2}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Queens Museum – New York City Building |url=http://www.queensmuseum.org/about/aboutbuilding-history |publisher=Queens Museum |access-date=February 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115115029/http://www.queensmuseum.org/about/aboutbuilding-history |archive-date=January 15, 2012}}</ref> The space formerly occupied by the ice skating rink was incorporated into the museum's expansion, completed in 2013.<ref name="nyt 201311"/> The Pavilion (World's Fair Building / Winston Churchill Tribute)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/churchill.htm |title=World's Fair Building / Churchill Tribute |work=westland.net |publisher=Jeffrey Stanton |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> was dismantled after the fair, and reassembled by 1968 on the fairgrounds site as the [[aviary]] for the Flushing Meadows Zoo (now the [[Queens Zoo]]). The building was a {{convert|175|ft|adj=on}} diameter [[geodesic dome]] attributed to either [[Buckminster Fuller]] or Thomas C. Howard, and produced by [[Synergetics (Fuller)|Synergetics]] of [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref name="Dunlap">{{cite news|last1=Dunlap |first1=David W. |title=50 Years Later, Questions Over Who Designed a World's Fair Dome:City Room |url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/50-years-later-questions-over-who-designed-a-worlds-fair-dome/ |access-date=February 10, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|issn=0362-4331 |date=May 7, 2014}}</ref> It remains as the aviary of the Queens Zoo, which was closed in 1988 and then reopened in 1992 after a $16 million renovation project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/03/realestate/streetscapes-the-queens-aviary-a-great-outside-interior-space.html |title=Streetscapes: The Queens Aviary; A Great Outside Interior Space |first=Christopher |last=Gray |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 3, 1993 |access-date=August 23, 2013}}</ref> Other buildings remained for a while after the 1964 Fair's conclusion in hopes that a new use for them could be found, but were subsequently demolished. This included the Travel and Transportation Pavilion, destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a [[fire station]], and the Federal Pavilion, demolished in 1977 after extensive deterioration.<ref name="Cotter Young">{{cite book |first1=Bill |last1=Cotter |first2=Bill |last2=Young |title=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-7zAgAAQBAJ |access-date=April 26, 2017 |date=January 20, 2014 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4396-4214-6}}</ref>{{rp|55, 67}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio |url=https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re |publisher=[[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] |access-date=March 31, 2017 |date=May 3, 2015 |page=18}}</ref> ===Pavilions and major exhibits elsewhere=== <!-- This section is ONLY for re-use of pavilion buildings or major components ELSEWHERE than the original site --> [[File:New York Worlds Fairgrounds.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of some remaining structures in Flushing Meadows in 2004, including the ruins of the New York State Pavilion in the foreground]] [[File:Stone Mountain Carillon.jpg|thumb|The [[carillon]] was moved to [[Stone Mountain]] in Georgia]] [[File:Rocky Point State Park1.JPG|thumb|One of the [[General Mills]] arches was moved to [[Rocky Point State Park]] in Rhode Island]] Like its 1939 predecessor, the 1964 World's Fair lost money. It was unable to repay its financial backers their investment, and it became embroiled in legal disputes with its creditors until 1970, when the books were finally closed and the Fair Corporation was dissolved. Most of the pavilions constructed for the fair were demolished within six months following the fair's close. While only a handful of pavilions and exhibits survived, some of them traveled great distances and found new homes following the fair: * The Austria pavilion became a [[ski lodge]] at Cockaigne Ski Resort in western New York. On January 25, 2011, the building was destroyed by fire.<ref>{{cite news |last=Emke |first=Dave |title=Trying To Regroup: Ski Center Owners Look To Future After Fire Destroys Lodge |newspaper=[[The Post-Journal]] |date=January 26, 2011 |url=http://www.post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/578606/Trying-To-Regroup.html |access-date=February 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171537/http://www.post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/578606/Trying-To-Regroup.html |archive-date=February 22, 2014}}</ref> * The Wisconsin pavilion's front teepee-like portion became a radio station in [[Neillsville, Wisconsin]]. The pavilion's large rear structure that formed a squat-looking "H" (if seen from above) is the combined kitchen, dining hall, and recreation hall of [[Camp Ramah in the Poconos|Camp Ramah]] in upstate Lakewood, Pennsylvania.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} * The [[United States Rubber Company|US Royal]] tire-shaped [[Ferris wheel]] was relocated to become a [[Uniroyal Giant Tire|landmark]] along [[Interstate 94]] in the [[Metro Detroit]] [[Downriver]] community of [[Allen Park, Michigan]].<ref name="Patton">{{cite news |last=Patton |first=Phil |title=When Cars Ruled the World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/automobiles/collectibles/when-cars-ruled-the-worlds-fair.html |access-date=April 12, 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=April 11, 2014}}</ref> * The Pavilion of Spain relocated to [[St. Louis, Missouri]], and is now a part of a [[Hilton Hotel]].<ref name="ONeil">{{cite news |last=O'Neil |first=Tim |title=A Look Back • Spanish Pavilion, toast of New York, flops in St. Louis but endures as hotel lobby |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/a-look-back-spanish-pavilion-toast-of-new-york-flops/article_0b42227a-9363-56db-9937-29776df674c8.html |access-date=July 12, 2017 |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date=June 17, 2012}}</ref> * The [[Parker Pen]] pavilion became offices for the Lodge of Four Seasons in [[Lake of the Ozarks]], Missouri.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} * The [[Golden Rondelle Theater]] was reworked by Taliesin Associated Architects,<ref name="SCJ" /> and moved to the [[S. C. Johnson & Son|S. C. Johnson]] [[Johnson Wax Headquarters|administration complex]] in [[Racine, Wisconsin]],<ref name="Cotter Young"/>{{rp|90}} which was designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].<ref name="SCJ"/> * The chapel and stained glass windows from the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] pavilion were built into a Roman Catholic church called Saint Mary Mother of the Redeemer in [[Groton, Connecticut]].<ref name="mom">{{cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.stmarysgroton.org/?page_id=231 |website=Saint Mary Mother of the Redeemer | date=December 7, 2014 |access-date=July 1, 2015}}</ref> * The [[Christian Science]] pavilion became a church in [[Poway, California]]. The structure was demolished in 2006.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} * The [[Mormon]] pavilion became a church in [[Plainview, New York]], dedicated December 2, 1967, and is still in use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mormon Pavilion at the 1964–65 New York World's Fair {{!}} Religious Studies Center |url=https://rsc.byu.edu/eye-faith/mormon-pavilion-1964-65-new-york-worlds-fair#_edn18 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=rsc.byu.edu}}</ref> * A large oil painting of a woman, painted in 1964 by [[Roy Lichtenstein]] and titled ''New York World's Fair'', is in the [[Weisman Art Museum]] in [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota.<ref name="Felthousen-Post"/> * The [[carillon]] from the [[Coca-Cola]] Pavilion was moved to [[Stone Mountain Park]], near [[Atlanta, Georgia]]. The musical instrument was expanded from 610 to 732 bells in total.<ref name="Felthousen-Post"/> * ''[[Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond]]'', an interactive exhibit from the [[IBM]] Pavilion, was relocated to the [[Pacific Science Center]] in [[Seattle]], but is no longer there. An identical copy of the exhibit was obtained by the [[New York Hall of Science]] around 2000, and now remains on display not far from the site of the original 1964 installation.<ref name=Nysci>{{cite web |title=Mathematica |url=http://nysci.org/mathematica/ |publisher=New York Hall of Science |access-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306220038/http://nysci.org/mathematica/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * For many years the fair's [[amateur radio]] station console was used by the [[American Radio Relay League]]. Later sold, in 2006 it was purchased by a [[Collins Radio]] collector in Texas.<ref>''QST'', September 2009, pp. 92–3, "Vintage Radio: Displaying Your Collection"</ref> * The illuminated "G" from the large fiberglass [[square and compasses]] that stood in front of the [[Masonic]] Brotherhood Center was moved to the New York Masonic Home campus in [[Utica, New York]], and installed into a smaller sculpture. The [[Grand Lodge of New York]] installed a bronze sculpture by artist [[Donald De Lue]], of [[George Washington]] in Masonic regalia at the fairgrounds after it closed. It still stands near the soccer fields. (De Lue also sculpted the Fair's iconic ''[[Rocket Thrower]]'' sculpture.){{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} * Sinclair Oil "Dinoland" spent a period of time as a traveling exhibit. The [[Stegosaurus]] model was eventually donated to [[Dinosaur National Monument]]. The Stegosaurus and some of the others still remain in displays at various locations.<ref name="Dinoland1"/><ref name="Felthousen-Post"/> * The [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-created attraction ''[[It's a Small World]]'' was transferred to Disneyland, along with the "[[Carousel of Progress]]" and the first Abraham Lincoln audio-animatronic figure for the original ''Great Moments With Mr. Lincoln'' show. Scenery and the audio-animatronics dinosaurs from the Ford Magic Skyway show were installed in the Disneyland Railroad's Primeval World Diorama, and the attraction's actual WEDway ride system was improved upon and re-used for Tomorrowland's PeopleMover.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} * Some of the light fixtures that lined the walkways can be found still functioning at [[Penn Hills Resort]] in the [[Pocono Mountains]], Analomink, Pennsylvania, and the [[Orange County Fair (New York)|Orange County Fair]]grounds in [[Middletown, Orange County, New York|Middletown, New York]]. Until 2011, [[Canobie Lake Park]] in [[Salem, New Hampshire]], also had the Illuminators, but they have since been replaced. Canobie Lake Park also has been reusing street mailbox-shaped trash cans from the World's Fair.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} * The Skyway cable car tower structures and gondolas were moved to ''[[Six Flags Great Adventure]]'' (at that time called ''Great Adventure'') in [[New Jersey]] for use from 1974 to the present.<ref>[http://www.greatadventurehistory.com/Skyride.htm "1964 World's Fair Sky Ride at Great Adventure"].</ref> * The New England Pavilion was disassembled and moved to [[South Portland, Maine]], where most of it was reassembled and used as a small shopping mall at 50 Maine Mall Road.<ref name="Collins">{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Kate Irish |title=South Portland's Maine Mall area to get another hotel |url=http://www.theforecaster.net/south-portlands-maine-mall-area-to-get-another-hotel/ |access-date=May 6, 2017 |work=The Forecaster |date=August 12, 2016}}</ref> In August 2016, these buildings were torn down to make way for new businesses.<ref name="Collins" /> * The ''Triumph of Man'' exhibit from the Traveler's Insurance Pavilion<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/travellersinsurance.htm |title=Traveler's Insurance Pavilion |work=westland.net |publisher=Jeffrey Stanton |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> was on display at the original location of the [[COSI Columbus|Center of Science and Industry (COSI)]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]], from 1966 to 1999 when the museum moved. It had been revamped as the ''Time Tunnel'' in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mindspring.com/~tluthman/triumphofman/triumphofman.swf |title=Virtual TRIUMPH OF MAN |work=mindspring.com |publisher=Tom Luthman |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306155234/http://www.mindspring.com/~tluthman/triumphofman/triumphofman.swf |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcosi.com/triumph.htm |title=The Triumph of Man |work=oldcosi.com |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcosi.com/timetunnel.htm |title=Time Tunnel |work=oldcosi.com |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> * The Belgian Village carousel after the 1964 World's Fair went to [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada, where it was part of [[Expo '67]] in the Carrefour International at the [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] amusement area. After that fair closed, the ride was moved into the Kiddieland area of the now-permanent La Ronde Amusement Park. The 1885 "Le Galopant" carousel was restored in 2008, but has been out of service since 2019. It still can be found at LaRonde today (albeit for display purposes only), which is now owned by [[Six Flags]]. * The [[R33 World's Fair (New York City Subway car)|R33]] and [[R36 World's Fair (New York City Subway car)|R36]] cars built for the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Flushing Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Flushing}}) ran in [[revenue service]] through 2003. Some of the rolling stock still survives today in maintenance work use or in storage. Five of these cars (9306, 9307, 9310, 9586, 9587) are in the collection of the [[New York Transit Museum]], with 9306 regularly on display there. The rest of the fleet has been sunk to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean as part of the "[[Redbird Reef]]" off the coast of the Northeast United States, to serve as an [[artificial reef|artificial barrier reef]] habitat for marine life.<ref name=nytreef>{{cite web |title=Growing Pains for a Deep-Sea Home Built of Subway Cars |website=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=April 8, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/08/us/08reef.html | access-date=April 15, 2020 |last=Urbina |first=Ian}}</ref> * One of the 11 steel arches commissioned by [[General Mills]] for the fair was later moved to the [[Rocky Point Amusement Park]] in [[Warwick, Rhode Island]], although it is unclear when, why or how it came to be placed in the park.<ref name="projoarch">{{cite web |last1=Kozma |first1=Carol |title=Warwick's Rocky Point arch gets a facelift thanks to Rhode Island Foundation + video |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/news/20160526/warwicks-rocky-point-arch-gets-facelift-thanks-to-rhode-island-foundation--video |website=Providence Journal |access-date=March 4, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The arch remained in Rocky Point after the amusement park was closed and abandoned in 1995. It was repainted and restored in 2016, and acts as an entrance landmark for the current [[Rocky Point State Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Repainted, the symbolic Rocky Point "arch" is unveiled |url=http://www.630wpro.com/2016/09/26/repainted-the-symbolic-rocky-point-arch-is-unveiled/ |website=WPRO |access-date=March 4, 2019 |date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> * The [[Queens Museum]] has approximately 900 items on permanent display from both the 1964/1965 and 1939/1940 World's Fairs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.queensmuseum.org/exhibitions/2013/11/15/worlds-fair-visible-storage/ |title=World's Fair Visible Storage On Long-Term View |author=Queens Museum |website=queensmuseum.org |access-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208103047/http://www.queensmuseum.org/exhibitions/2013/11/15/worlds-fair-visible-storage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==In media== [[File:Cupaloy contents.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|Contents of the 1964 Westinghouse Time Capsule]] [[File:Sign of Men in Black Alien Attack.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|The observation towers of the [[interactive dark ride]] ''[[Men in Black: Alien Attack]]'' are cleaned-up smaller replicas of the original structures.]] * [[Connecticut Public Television]] produced ''The 1964 World's Fair'', a documentary about the fair narrated by [[Judd Hirsch]] (1996).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janson.com/rights/2009/02/06/1964-worlds-fair/ |title=The 1964 World's Fair |publisher=Janson Media DVD Catalog |date=February 6, 2009 |access-date=May 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907084540/http://www.janson.com/rights/2009/02/06/1964-worlds-fair/ |archive-date=September 7, 2013}}</ref> Other documentaries about the fair are ''[http://www.worldsfairmovie.com After the Fair]'', ''[https://www.facebook.com/1964NYWFdocumentary/ Peace Through Understanding: The 1964/65 New York World's Fair]'', and ''[https://www.aquarelapictures.com/ Modern Ruin: A World's Fair Pavilion]''. * The first ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'' episode, "[[Hi Diddle Riddle]]" (1966), opens with thirty seconds of stock footage of the fair. * In the 1993 animated film ''[[Batman: Mask of the Phantasm]]'' the "Gotham World's Fair" seen in flashbacks is modeled after the New York World's Fair, featuring the globe centerpiece, a PeopleMover, a "Home of the Future", and a concept car that apparently inspired the design of the [[Batmobile]]. Later in the film, the abandoned fairgrounds are used as [[The Joker]]'s hideout. When attempting to escape [[Batman]], he uses the [[Bell Rocket Belt]] demonstrated at the New York World's Fair. * In the 1993 season 4 ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Marge vs. the Monorail]]" the logo on the monorail cars which is revealed as Homer attempts to stop the speeding train shows they were first used during the 1964 World's Fair, though that event's train actually used cars suspended from an overhead rail. * The 1997 film ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]'' presents the fair as having been a cover for the first arrival of alien life forms on Earth, with their two spaceships being incorporated into the observation towers. * The fair features heavily in the 2015 [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] film ''[[Tomorrowland (film)|Tomorrowland]]''. * Alternative rock band [[They Might Be Giants]] have often referred to the exposition in their songs, including the song "[[Ana Ng]]" referencing the event directly, and the music video for "[[Don't Let's Start]]" which was filmed on the former site of the fair. * In the 1965 season 5 ''[[The Flintstones]]'' episode "[[List of The Flintstones episodes#Season 5 (1964–65)|Time Machine]]" [[Fred Flintstone|Fred]] and [[Wilma Flintstone]], and [[Barney Rubble|Barney]] and [[Betty Rubble]] attend the World's Fair. There was also a comic book about their visit. The event is also mentioned in "The Hatrocks And The Gruesomes", as well as the ''[[Jonny Quest]]'' episode "Attack Of The Tree People". *In [[The Amazing Race 1|season one]] of ''[[The Amazing Race (American TV series)|The Amazing Race]]'' (2001), the Unisphere hosted the Finish Line for the inaugural season. * In the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] the fair is depicted as having been organised by [[Howard Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Howard Stark]] and in ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' it is revealed that the fairgrounds layout depicts the formula for a new element he had synthesised. Decades later his son [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark]] used the fairgrounds to host his own Stark expo which is attacked at the climax of the film. * In season two episode five of Godfather of Harlem, titled It's A Small World, the opening scene takes place at site of the fair during its set-up.<ref name="Darwish">{{cite news |last1=Darwish |first1=Meaghan |title='Godfather of Harlem's Giancarlo Esposito Previews Powell's Politics in Season 2 |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/998770/godfather-of-harlem-season-2-episode-5-giancarlo-esposito-adam-clayton-powell/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=TV Insider |date=15 May 2021}}</ref> * The interior of the Underground World Home features in the 2009 [[CSI: NY]] episode ''Manhattanhenge'' as a killer's anachronistic lair. ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> File:Westinghouse replicas Sep 65.jpg|Westinghouse Time Capsule File:RCA Pavilion.jpg|RCA Pavilion File:Johnson Wax Pavilion.jpg|Johnson Wax Pavilion File:Kodak Pavilion.jpg|Kodak Pavilion File:Ford Pavilion.jpg|Ford Pavilion File:Transportation & Travel Pavilion.jpg|Transportation and Travel Pavilion File:Alaska Pavilion.jpg|Alaska Pavilion File:Hong Kong Pavilion.jpg|Hong Kong Pavilion File:Underground World Home exhibit.png|[[Underground World Home]] exhibit File:FlushingMeadowNY HallofScience exterior.jpg|The [[New York Hall of Science|Hall of Science]] is a science museum today. File:1964 New York World Fair Stamp.jpg|1964{{endash}}1965 New York World's Fair U.S. postage stamp File:1964 New York Worlds Fair Ashtray.jpg|Souvenir ashtray </gallery> ==See also== {{Portal|1960s|New York City|Holidays}} * [[List of world expositions]] * [[List of world's fairs]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== * ''World's Fair Legacies'' William P. Young. * ''Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Today'' William P. Young * ''International Participation in the New York World's Fair 1964–1965''. Sharyn Elise Jackson. * Editors, Time-Life Books ''Official Guide: 1964–1965 New York World's Fair''. Book Sales: 1963–1965. * ''Third Supplemental Report on New York World's Fair 1964–1965 Corporation Covering Operations from Inception to December 31, 1966''. October 26, 1967. * {{cite book |last1=Cotter |first1=Bill |last2=Young |first2=Bill |title=The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair: Creation and Legacy (Images of America) |date=July 21, 2008 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0738557458 |page=128}} * {{cite book |last1=Samuel |first1=Lawrence R. |title=The End of the Innocence: The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair |edition=First |date=August 30, 2007 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |isbn=978-0815608905 |page=243}} * [[New York Public Library]] archives of '64–'65 World's Fair. Manuscripts & Archives Division of Fair Administration, Construction, Maintenance, Participation, and Public Relations. * [[John Steele Gordon|Gordon, John Steele]], "[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/world%E2%80%99s-fair-1 The World's Fair: It was a disaster from the beginning]", ''American Heritage'' Magazine, October 2006, Volume 57, Issue 5. ==External links== {{Commons}} * [http://www.nywf64.com The website of the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair - nywf64.com] * [http://nyspproject.com New York State Pavilion Project] * [http://www.westland.net/ny64fair New York 1964–1965 World's Fair] * [https://archive.org/details/1964-65NewYorkWorldsFairGroundbreakingAndDedicationBooklets/ 1964-65 New York World's Fair Groundbreaking and Dedication Booklets] Published by the New York World's Fair 1964-1965 Corporation to commemorate pavilion groundbreakings or dedications. {{List of world's fairs in the United States}} {{List of world exhibitions}} {{Flushing Meadows-Corona Park}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1964 New York World's Fair| ]] [[Category:Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] [[Category:1960s in Queens]] [[Category:Robert Moses projects]] [[Category:1964 in New York City]] [[Category:1964 in science]] [[Category:Futurism]] [[Category:1965 in New York City]] [[Category:New York (state) historical anniversaries]] Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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