Vote buying

=== Africa ===
The fifth [[Afrobarometer]] survey showed that 48% of voters in 33 African countries feared violence during elections, and 16% of voters were offered money or other goods in exchange for voting a particular way in the most recent election.<ref name="Mares" />

==== Nigeria ====
On a self-reported survey that was conducted, 1 in 5 Nigerian has experienced an offer for their vote. The rewards offered by Nigerian politicians include money, commodities such as food and clothing, or a job.<ref name="Bratton2008">{{cite journal|last1=Bratton|first1=Michael|year=2008|title=Vote buying and violence in Nigerian election campaigns|journal=Electoral Studies|volume=27|issue=4|page=621|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2008.04.013}}</ref> Although the practice of vote buying is widespread, 58% of Nigerians surveyed at the time of the 2007 election viewed vote buying as immoral.<ref name=Bratton2008 /> Despite this, when asked if they thought it was wrong to accept rewards or monetary compensation for your vote, 78% said no.<ref name=Bratton2008 /> One factor that needs to be iterated when it comes to studies that are based on surveys is that since vote buying is illegal in most countries, a researcher's ability to collect accurate data is hindered. This is because many citizens may not feel comfortable revealing their experience or involvement with corrupt activities, or fear that they will suffer repercussions from their governments for coming forward with such information.<ref name=Bratton2008 />

==== Kenya ====
Since the 1990s, Kenya has had regular multiparty elections in which vote buying has played a central role. In his article, scholar Eric Kramon states that: "According to the data gathered by the Coalition for Accountable Political Finance in Kenya, cash handouts to voters represents around 40% of the average parliamentary candidates' campaign budget, making up the largest budget item."<ref name=Kramon2016>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2016.09.006 |title=Where is vote buying effective? Evidence from a list experiment in Kenya |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=44 |page=397 |year=2016 |last1=Kramon |first1=Eric |doi-access=free}}</ref> These handouts are made in various ways including stops on the campaign trail, and at-large campaign rallies.<ref>{{cite book|title=Election Shenanigans – Kenyan Hybrid Warfare |asin=B08DMZJ893}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Election Shenanigans – Kenyan Hybrid Warfare |asin=B08DGP72MH}}</ref> "In the 2002 election, 40% of surveyed adult Kenyans reported having accepted a bribe in exchange for their vote, and 22% for the 2007 elections."<ref name=Kramon2016 />

It is noted by Kramen that access to information is a huge factor in determining the success of vote buying in Kenya. If the voters have little access to political information or lack political knowledge then they are more likely to be swayed by clientelistic reasoning.<ref name=Kramon2016 /> Moreover, if the voter does have access to information about an incumbent, then the price to sway their vote is more likely to go up. Additionally, Kramon notes that citizens of Kenya tend to value candidates who provide rewards because their ability to do so points to how great their abilities will be once they are in office.<ref name=Kramon2016 />