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Do not fill this in! ==== 42nd Street Redevelopment, further revitalization ==== [[File:42nd Street in New York.jpg|thumb|The [[wikt:New York minute|pace]], extensive [[Times Squareβ42nd Street station|transit connectivity]], and [[42nd Street (musical)|theatrical tradition]] of [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]], between [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh]] and [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Eighth Avenue]]s, have made this one of the best known streets in the Times Square neighborhood and the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway Theater]] [[Theater District, Manhattan|District]].]] The [[Empire State Development Corporation]] (ESDC), an agency of the New York state government, had proposed redeveloping the area around a portion of West 42nd Street in 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lueck |first=Thomas J. |date=February 14, 1988 |title=The Region: Redevelopment; Times Square Plan Takes A Shaky Step Forward |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/14/weekinreview/the-region-redevelopment-times-square-plan-takes-a-shaky-step-forward.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917225606/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/14/weekinreview/the-region-redevelopment-times-square-plan-takes-a-shaky-step-forward.html |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Four towers designed by [[Philip Johnson]] and [[John Burgee]] were to be built around 42nd Street's intersections with [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] and Seventh Avenue.<ref name="Stephens p. 92">{{cite magazine |last=Stephens |first=Suzanne |date=Mar 2000 |title=Four Times Square |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2000-03.pdf |url-status=live |volume=188 |pages=92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929213251/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2000-03.pdf |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |journal=Architectural Record}}</ref><ref name="nyt19920803">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=August 3, 1992 |title=Long Delay Likely in Rebuilding Plan for Times Square |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/03/nyregion/long-delay-likely-in-rebuilding-plan-for-times-square.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917183927/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/03/nyregion/long-delay-likely-in-rebuilding-plan-for-times-square.html |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> These towers would have been redeveloped by George Klein of Park Tower Realty, though the [[Prudential Insurance Company of America]] joined the project in 1986.<ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|pp=690β691}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 8, 1986 |title=Metro Datelines; Times Sq. Gets New Partner |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/08/nyregion/metro-datelines-times-sq-gets-new-partner.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917185159/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/08/nyregion/metro-datelines-times-sq-gets-new-partner.html |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Polsky |first=Carol |date=October 8, 1986 |title=Prudential Company Joins Times Square |pages=20 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85494241/prudential-company-joins-times/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917183921/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85494241/prudential-company-joins-times/ |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> Furthermore, as part of the West Midtown special zoning district created in 1982, the New York City government had allowed new buildings in Times Square to be developed with an increased floor area ratio. To ensure the area would not be darkened at nightfall, the city passed zoning regulations that encouraged developers to add large, bright signs on their buildings.<ref name="Stephens p. 92" /><ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|p=645}}</ref> In 1990, the [[New York (state)|State of New York]] took possession of six of the nine historic theaters on 42nd Street, and the [[New 42nd Street]] [[non-profit organization]] was appointed to oversee their restoration and maintenance. The theaters underwent renovation for Broadway shows, conversion for commercial purposes, or demolition.<ref name="nyt20150107" /> Opposition to the towers on Times Square, along with Prudential and Park Tower's inability to secure tenants for the proposed buildings,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=November 9, 1991 |title=Times Square Redevelopers Seek Delay in Project |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/09/nyregion/times-square-redevelopers-seek-delay-in-project.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917183929/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/09/nyregion/times-square-redevelopers-seek-delay-in-project.html |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> led government officials to allow Prudential and Park Tower to postpone the project in 1992.<ref name="nyt19920803" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Henry |first=David |date=August 4, 1992 |title=Remodeling Times Square, Part IV |pages=27 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85494516/remodeling-times-square-part-ivdavid/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917183923/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85494516/remodeling-times-square-part-ivdavid/ |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> By then, Prudential had spent $300 million on condemning the sites through [[eminent domain]].<ref name="nyt19951121">{{Cite news |last=Pulley |first=Brett |date=November 21, 1995 |title=Key Developer Seeks a Role In Times Sq. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/21/nyregion/key-developer-seeks-a-role-in-times-sq.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917185157/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/21/nyregion/key-developer-seeks-a-role-in-times-sq.html |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The partners retained the right to develop the sites in the future,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=September 16, 1993 |title=Choreographing Times Sq. Into 21st Century |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/16/nyregion/choreographing-times-sq-into-21st-century.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917183925/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/16/nyregion/choreographing-times-sq-into-21st-century.html |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the ESDC's zoning guidelines remained in effect.<ref name="Stephens p. 92" /> In exchange for being permitted to delay construction of the sites until 2002, Prudential and Park Tower were compelled to add stores and install large signage on the existing buildings.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bagli |first1=Charles V. |last2=Kennedy |first2=Randy |date=April 5, 1998 |title=Disney Wished Upon Times Sq. And Rescued a Stalled Dream |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925215237/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1992, the Times Square Alliance (formerly the Times Square [[Business Improvement District]], or "BID" for short), a coalition of city government and local businesses dedicated to improving the quality of commerce and cleanliness in the district, started operations in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.timessquarenyc.org/about_us/info_center.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304132155/http://www.timessquarenyc.org/about_us/info_center.html |url-status=dead |title=Times Square Alliance |archive-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref> In 1998, the alliance opened a tourist information center in the former [[Embassy Theatre (New York City)|Embassy Theatre]] at 1560 Broadway;<ref>{{cite web |date=December 30, 1997 |title=Times Square BID Unveils New Visitors Center; Opens to Public Sept. 2 |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/times-square-bid-unveils-new-visitors-center-opens-to-public-sept-2-com-77157 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |website=Playbill |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102220731/https://www.playbill.com/article/times-square-bid-unveils-new-visitors-center-opens-to-public-sept-2-com-77157 |url-status=live }}</ref> the information center operated until 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 26, 1925 |title=Embassy 1 Theatre in New York, NY |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/7212 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |website=Cinema Treasures |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102220725/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/7212 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:0480New York City Madame Tussauds crop.jpg|thumb|left|[[Madame Tussauds New York|Madame Tussauds Wax Museum]] and [[Ripley's Believe It or Not!]] Odditorium are two of the newer attractions on the redeveloped [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]].]] In the mid-1990s, Mayor [[Rudolph Giuliani]] led an effort to clean up the area, an effort that is described by Steve Macek in ''Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right, and the Moral Panic Over the City'': Security was increased, pornographic theatres were closed, and "undesirable" low-rent residents were pressured to relocate, and then more tourist-friendly attractions and upscale establishments were opened. Advocates of the [[remodeling]] claim that the neighborhood is safer and cleaner. Detractors have countered that the changes have homogenized or [[Disneyfication|"Disneyfied"]] the character of Times Square and have unfairly targeted lower-income New Yorkers from nearby neighborhoods such as [[Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan|Hell's Kitchen]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Macek |first=Steve |title=Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right, And the Moral Panic Over the City |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |date=2006 |isbn=9780816643608 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzfLbx1rkxoC&pg=PA111 |page=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rofes |first=Eric E. |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/glq/summary/v007/7.1rofes.html |title=Imperial New York: Destruction and Disneyfication under Emperor Giuliani. Review of ''Times Square Red, Times Square Blue''. Samuel R. Delany. New York: New York University Press, 1999 |journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |year=2001 |pages=101β09 |doi=10.1215/10642684-7-1-101 |s2cid=144081737 |access-date=April 30, 2014 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204114119/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/glq/summary/v007/7.1rofes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The changes were shaped in large part by the actions of [[The Walt Disney Company]], which bought and restored the [[New Amsterdam Theatre]] after several attempts at redevelopment had failed. As part of a contract with Disney, officials from the city and state evicted the pornographic theaters and contracted with [[Madame Tussauds]] and [[AMC Theatres]] to move onto 42nd Street. This spurred the construction of new office towers, hotels, and tourist attractions in the area.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html |title=Disney Wished Upon Times Sq. and Rescued a Stalled Dream |last1=Bagli |first1=Charles V. |date=April 5, 1998 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 15, 2017 |last2=Kennedy |first2=Randy |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925215237/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prudential and Klein dissolved their partnership for the four office-building sites at Times Square's southern end in 1996.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 719">{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|p=719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=March 31, 1998 |title=2 Developers Bid Top Dollar For What's Left in Times Sq. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/nyregion/2-developers-bid-top-dollar-for-what-s-left-in-times-sq.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195035/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/nyregion/2-developers-bid-top-dollar-for-what-s-left-in-times-sq.html |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The same year, [[Douglas Durst]] acquired the site at the northeast corner of Broadway and 42nd Street,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lueck |first=Thomas J. |date=April 12, 1996 |title=Developer Buys the Rights to Build a Times Square Tower |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/nyregion/developer-buys-the-rights-to-build-a-times-square-tower.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917183921/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/nyregion/developer-buys-the-rights-to-build-a-times-square-tower.html |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and he developed [[4 Times Square]] there.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lueck |first=Thomas J. |date=May 8, 1996 |title=Conde Nast Is to Move to a New Times Square Tower, Officials Say |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/08/nyregion/conde-nast-is-to-move-to-a-new-times-square-tower-officials-say.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918004524/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/08/nyregion/conde-nast-is-to-move-to-a-new-times-square-tower-officials-say.html |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The northwest corner of Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street was taken by [[Reuters]], which enlisted [[Rudin Management]] as its development partner and built [[3 Times Square]] on that corner;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 6, 1997 |title=Reuters to Build 32-Story Headquarters in Times Sq. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/nyregion/reuters-to-build-32-story-headquarters-in-times-sq.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925223209/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/nyregion/reuters-to-build-32-story-headquarters-in-times-sq.html |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Peter |date=September 8, 1997 |title=Reuters' new tower will get Rudin byline |pages=27 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85975925/reuters-new-tower-will-get-rudin/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925223210/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85975925/reuters-new-tower-will-get-rudin/ |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> that building opened in 2001.<ref name="n86065892">{{Cite news |date=June 5, 2001 |title=Reuters Opens New HQ in Heart of City |pages=47 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86065892/reuters-opens-new-hq-in-heart-of-city/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927162939/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86065892/reuters-opens-new-hq-in-heart-of-city/ |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1998, a joint venture of Klein, [[The Blackstone Group]], and [[Boston Properties]] won the right to acquire the sites at the southwest and southeast corners of 42nd Street and Seventh Avenue for $330 million.<ref name="p398611537">{{cite news |date=April 1, 1998 |title=Blackstone Partnership To Buy Times Square Sites |page=C22 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|398611537}}}}</ref><ref name="n86125629">{{Cite news |last=Standora |first=Leo |date=March 31, 1998 |title=Last 2 major Times Sq. sites go in 300M deal |pages=6 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86125629/last-2-major-times-sq-sites-go-in-300m/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928144646/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86125629/last-2-major-times-sq-sites-go-in-300m/ |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> [[5 Times Square]] was completed on the southwest-corner site in 2002,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=Feb 2003 |title=Leasing |volume=58 |page=22 |id={{ProQuest|216569107}}|magazine=Real Estate Forum|number=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Boss |first=Shira J. |date=June 24, 2002 |title=Moving industry packs punch |volume=18 |issue=25 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|219202175}}|magazine=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> and [[Times Square Tower]] opened on the southeast-corner site in 2004.<ref name="nyt20040701">{{Cite news |last=Elliott |first=Stuart |date=July 1, 2004 |title=The Media Business: Advertising; Target is putting its bull's-eyes on Times Square Tower. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/01/business/media-business-advertising-target-putting-its-bull-s-eyes-times-square-tower.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929161750/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/01/business/media-business-advertising-target-putting-its-bull-s-eyes-times-square-tower.html |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>{{clear left}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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