Richard Nixon

== 1960 presidential campaign ==
{{main|1960 United States presidential election}}
[[File:Kennedy Nixon debate first Chicago 1960.jpg|thumb|[[John F. Kennedy]] and Nixon before their first [[1960 United States presidential debates|televised 1960 debate]]]]
[[File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg|thumb|[[1960 United States presidential election|1960 electoral vote]] results]]
In 1960, Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States, officially announcing on January 9, 1960.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nixon Makes it Official |work=The Desert Sun |date=January 9, 1960}}</ref> He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries{{sfn|UPI 1960 in Review}} and chose former Massachusetts Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] as his running mate.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}} His Democratic opponent was [[John F. Kennedy]] and the race remained close for the duration.{{sfn|Museum of Broadcast Communications, "Kennedy–Nixon Debates"}} Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower–Nixon administration]] had [[missile gap|allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in quantity and quality of ballistic missiles]].{{sfn|Steel|2003-05-25}} While Kennedy faced issues about his Catholicism, Nixon remained a divisive figure to some.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Costello |first=William |title=The Facts About Nixon |publisher=Viking Adult |date=June 24, 1960 |isbn=978-0670018918}}</ref>

Televised [[United States presidential election debates|presidential debates]] made their debut as a political medium during the campaign. In the first of four such debates, Nixon appeared pale, with a [[five o'clock shadow]], in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}} Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought Nixon had won.{{sfn|Foner|p=843}} Nixon narrowly lost the election, with Kennedy winning the popular vote by only 112,827 votes (0.2&nbsp;percent).{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}}

There were charges of [[voter fraud]] in Texas and Illinois, both states won by Kennedy. Nixon refused to consider contesting the election, feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world and that the uncertainty would hurt U.S. interests.{{sfn|Carlson|2000-11-17}} At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961, Nixon and his family returned to California, where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book, ''[[Six Crises]]'', which included coverage of the Hiss case, Eisenhower's heart attack, and the Fund Crisis, which had been resolved by the Checkers speech.{{sfn|Nixon Library, Vice President}}{{sfn|Black|p=431}}
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