Quebec

===Climate===
[[File:Quebec_Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Quebec]]
In general, the climate of Quebec is cold and humid, with variations determined by latitude, maritime and elevation influences.<ref name="climat2">{{cite web|title=Climat au Québec|url=http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/normales/climat-qc.htm|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212211615/http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/normales/climat-qc.htm|archivedate=December 12, 2019|accessdate=December 12, 2019|publisher=Government of Quebec|language=fr}}</ref> Because of the influence of both storm systems from the core of North America and the Atlantic Ocean, precipitation is abundant throughout the year, with most areas receiving more than {{convert|1000|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation, including over {{convert|300|cm|abbr=on}} of snow in many areas.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Climat-Québec|title=Climate Normals, tabular, year|url=http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=norm_entab&mpn=stati_clim&slt_nomStations=34&slt_idStations=7016294&slt_variable=10&slt_periode=2&sub=Afficher|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827223813/http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=norm_entab&mpn=stati_clim&slt_nomStations=34&slt_idStations=7016294&slt_variable=10&slt_periode=2&sub=Afficher|archivedate=August 27, 2011|accessdate=July 13, 2011}}</ref> During the summer, severe weather patterns (such as [[tornado]]es and severe [[thunderstorm]]s) occur occasionally.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Climat-Québec|title=Tornadoes|url=http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=p23&mpn=ev_mto_sig|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827224256/http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=p23&mpn=ev_mto_sig|archivedate=August 27, 2011|accessdate=July 13, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Baie-Saint-Paul.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Baie-Saint-Paul]] during winter]]
Quebec is divided into four climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, humid continental and East maritime. From south to north, average temperatures range in summer between {{convert|25|and|5|C}} and, in winter, between {{convert|-10|and|-25|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|website=Quebec Portal|date=October 12, 2006|title=Zones climatiques du Québec|url=http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/geographie/climat/zonesclimatiques/?lang=fr|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094342/http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/geographie/climat/zonesclimatiques/?lang=fr|archivedate=August 6, 2011|accessdate=January 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Immigration Québec|title=Moyenne mensuelle des températures de Québec (ville) et Montréal|url=http://www.immigration-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/avantages/territoire/climat/moyenne-temperatures.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140325110816/http://www.immigration-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/avantages/territoire/climat/moyenne-temperatures.html|archivedate=March 25, 2014|accessdate=June 2, 2011}}</ref> In periods of intense heat and cold, temperatures can reach {{convert|35|C}} in the summer<ref name="climatetabular2">{{cite web|publisher=Climat-Québec|date=August 30, 2010|title=Climate Normals, Tabular|url=http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=norm_entab&mpn=stati_clim&slt_nomStations=34&slt_idStations=7016294&slt_variable=0&slt_periode=0&sub=Afficher|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827223341/http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=norm_entab&mpn=stati_clim&slt_nomStations=34&slt_idStations=7016294&slt_variable=0&slt_periode=0&sub=Afficher|archivedate=August 27, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> and {{convert|-40|C}} during the Quebec winter,<ref name="climatetabular2" /> Most of central Quebec, ranging from 51 to 58 degrees North has a [[subarctic climate]] (Köppen ''Dfc'').<ref name="climat2" /> Winters are long, very cold, and snowy, and among the coldest in eastern Canada, while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and the greater influence of Arctic air masses. Precipitation is also somewhat less than farther south, except at some of the higher elevations. The northern regions of Quebec have an [[Climate of the Arctic|arctic climate]] (Köppen ''ET''), with very cold winters and short, much cooler summers.<ref name="climat2" /> The primary influences in this region are the Arctic Ocean currents (such as the [[Labrador Current]]) and continental air masses from the High [[Arctic]].

The all-time record high temperature was {{convert|40.0|C}} and the all-time record low was {{convert|-51.0|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Normales climatiques du Québec 1981-2010|url=http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/normales/index.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212211601/http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/normales/index.asp|archivedate=December 12, 2019|accessdate=December 12, 2019|publisher=Government of Quebec|language=fr}}</ref> The all-time record of the greatest precipitation in winter was established in winter 2007–2008, with more than five metres<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Environment Canada|date=December 29, 2008|title=Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2008|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/doc/smc-msc/2008/s3_eng.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807170704/http://www.ec.gc.ca/doc/smc-msc/2008/s3_eng.html|archivedate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> of snow in the area of Quebec City.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records de neige|url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/explorateur/histoire/index.asp?no_contenu=7253|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140418223711/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/explorateur/histoire/index.asp?no_contenu=7253|archivedate=April 18, 2014|accessdate=January 23, 2010|publisher=CBC }}</ref> March 1971, however, saw the "[[Eastern Canadian Blizzard of March 1971|Century's Snowstorm]]" with more than {{convert|40|cm|abbr=on}} in Montreal to {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in [[RCAF Station Mont Apica|Mont Apica]] of snow within 24 hours in many regions of southern Quebec. The winter of 2010 was the warmest and driest recorded in more than 60 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 19, 2010|title=Climat : L'hiver le plus chaud de l'histoire du pays|url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/National/2010/03/19/001-hiver-le-plus-chaud.shtml?ref=rss|publisher=CBC|language=fr}}</ref>