Printing press

== Industrial printing presses ==
{{See also|History of printing}}
At the dawn of the [[Industrial Revolution]], the mechanics of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press were still essentially unchanged, although new materials in its construction, amongst other innovations, had gradually improved its printing efficiency. By 1800, [[Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope|Lord Stanhope]] had built a press completely from [[cast iron]] which reduced the force required by 90%, while doubling the size of the printed area.<ref name="meggs130-133">Meggs, Philip B. ''A History of Graphic Design''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 130–133) {{ISBN|0-471-29198-6}}</ref> With a capacity of 480 pages per hour, the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press.<ref name="Bolza 1967, 80">{{harvnb|Bolza|1967|p=80}}</ref> Nonetheless, the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious.

[[File:Koenig's steam press - 1814.png|thumb|left|[[Friedrich Koenig|Koenig]]'s 1814 steam-powered printing press]]

Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically: First, the use of steam power for running the machinery, and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders. Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer [[Friedrich Koenig]] in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818.<ref name="Bolza 1967, 88">{{harvnb|Bolza|1967|p=88}}</ref> Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig soon met [[Thomas Bensley]] and secured financial support for his project in 1807.<ref name="meggs130-133"/> Patented in 1810, Koenig had designed a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a [[steam engine]]."<ref name="meggs130-133"/> The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811. He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer [[Andreas Friedrich Bauer]].

Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to ''[[The Times]]'' in [[London]] in 1814, capable of 1,100 impressions per hour. The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814. They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once. This began the long process of making [[newspaper]]s available to a mass audience (which in turn helped spread literacy), and from the 1820s changed the nature of [[book]] production, forcing a greater standardization in titles and other [[metadata (computing)|metadata]]. Their company [[Koenig & Bauer AG]] is still one of the world's largest manufacturers of printing presses today.

===Rotary press===
The steam-powered [[rotary printing press]], invented in 1843 in the [[United States]] by [[Richard M. Hoe]],<ref name="meggs147">{{Cite book|last=Meggs|first=Philip B.|author-link=Philip B. Meggs|title=A History of Graphic Design|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=1998|edition=Third|page=147|isbn=978-0-471-29198-5}}</ref> ultimately allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace. Hoe's original design operated at up to 2,000 revolutions per hour where each revolution deposited 4 page images, giving the press a throughput of 8,000 pages per hour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard March Hoe {{!}} American inventor and manufacturer |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-March-Hoe |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> By 1891, The [[New York World]] and Philadelphia Item were operating presses producing either 90,000 4-page sheets per hour or 48,000 8-page sheets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Harry Thurston. |title=The International Cyclopædia A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Revised with Large Additions · Volume 12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YpRAAAAYAAJ |year=1895 |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |access-date=28 June 2020 |page=168}}</ref>

Also, in the middle of the 19th century, there was a separate development of [[jobbing presses]], small presses capable of printing small-format pieces such as [[billhead]]s, letterheads, business cards, and envelopes. Jobbing presses were capable of quick setup (average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes) and quick production (even on treadle-powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour [iph] with one pressman, with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work).{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost-effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time.