Philippines

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of the Philippines}}
The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot [[dry season]] from March to May, a [[Wet season|rainy season]] from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines" /> The southwest [[monsoon]] (known as the {{lang|fil|habagat}}) lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon ({{lang|fil|[[amihan]]}}) lasts from November to April.<ref name="Carating-2014">{{cite book |last1=Carating |first1=Rodelio B. |last2=Galanta |first2=Raymundo G. |last3=Bacatio |first3=Clarita D. |title=The Soils of the Philippines |series=World Soils Book Series |date=April 23, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-8682-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320145709/https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|name=24–25}}}} The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude; average annual temperature is around {{convert|26.6|C|F}} but is {{convert|18.3|C|F}} in [[Baguio]], {{convert|1500|m|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref name="PAGASA-Climate">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Climate of the Philippines |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418140425/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-date=April 18, 2018 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]]}}</ref> The country's average [[humidity]] is 82 percent.<ref name="Carating-2014" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|name=24–25}}}} Annual rainfall is as high as {{convert|5000|mm|sp=us}} on the mountainous east coast, but less than {{convert|1000|mm|sp=us}} in some sheltered valleys.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines" />

The [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] has 19 [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoons]] in a typical year,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chong |first1=Kee-Chai |url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |title=Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System |last2=Smith |first2=Ian R. |last3=Lizarondo |first3=Maura S. |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |date=February 1982 |location=Tokyo, Japan |isbn=978-92-808-0346-4 |chapter=Chapter III: The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds |access-date=July 4, 2020 |chapter-url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E06.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181709/http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> usually from July to October;<ref name="LocGov-Philippines">{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 2005 |title=Country Profile: Philippines |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717172656/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2005 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] – [[Federal Research Division]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> eight or nine of them make [[landfall]].<ref>{{cite report|last=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) |date=January 2009 |title=Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session |url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320001056/http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=December 17, 2009 |publisher=[[ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee]] |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Digital Typhoon: Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts (Active Typhoon Maps) |url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421190314/http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en |archive-date=April 21, 2008 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |publisher=KITAMOTO Asanobu / [[National Institute of Informatics]] |language=en}}</ref> The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped {{convert|2210|mm|sp=us}} in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |title=Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) |date=2009 |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |isbn=978-92-63-11045-9 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |page=223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802160749/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref> The country [[Climate change in the Philippines|is among]] the world's ten most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]].<ref>{{Cite tech report |last=Overland |first=Indra |date=November 2017 |title=Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/IGtfM |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[ResearchGate]] |publisher=[[Norwegian Institute of International Affairs]] and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies |issn=1894-650X |author-link1=Indra Øverland}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kapucu |editor-first1=Naim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ |title=Disaster and Development: Examining Global Issues and Cases |series=Environmental Hazards |editor-last2=Liou |editor-first2=Kuotsai Tom |date=April 11, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |location=New York |isbn=978-3-319-04468-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 292] |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306104213/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>