Mayo Clinic

=== Contributions to medicine and science ===
In the early 20th century, Henry Plummer developed Mayo Clinic's multi-specialty [[Group medical practice in the United States|group practice]] model and an integrated medical record system.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017">{{cite news |title=Mayo rolls out big health record project |last1=Snowbeck |first1=Christopher |url=http://www.startribune.com/mayo-rolls-out-big-health-record-project/444757193/ |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=September 15, 2017 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Plummer's system allowed physicians to share patient information better.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017"/> Before Plummer's system, physicians worked solo. They shared patient information when necessary, either verbally or by letter.<ref name="Snowbeck-09152017"/> Plummer also helped design and fabricate building systems innovations, such as steam sterilization rooms, metal surgical tools and equipment, pneumatic tube systems, and knee operated sinks.<ref name="Campbell-082817">{{cite news |title=Little known characters in America: Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer |last1=Campbell |first1=Cal |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=5PBT-98H1-JBCN-41VC&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=Journal Gazette/Times-Courier |date=August 28, 2017 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Grayson-042519">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic names $1B tech project after big-thinking doc |last1=Grayson |first1=Katharine |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2016/04/25/mayo-clinic-names-1b-tech-project-after-big.html |newspaper=Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal |date=April 25, 2016 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> In 1905, Mayo Clinic advanced a technique of using frozen [[tissue (biology)|tissue]] during surgery to determine if a patient had cancer while the patient was still in the operating room.<ref name="Hansel-070514">{{cite news |title=A century-old technique prevents extra tumor surgeries at Mayo |last1=Hansel |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/a-century-old-technique-prevents-extra-tumor-surgeries-at-mayo/article_99141a13-cc77-5d6a-be93-1d1a46517630.html |newspaper=The Post Bulletin |date=July 5, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Becker's-091214">{{cite news |title=10 Mayo Clinic innovations you probably don't know about |url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/human-capital-and-risk/10-mayo-clinic-innovations-you-probably-don-t-know-about.html |newspaper=Becker's Hospital Review |date=September 12, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic offered the first graduate medical education program in 1915 and the first nonprofit practice aligned with medical education and research.<ref name="Becker's-091214"/> In the 1920s, Albert Compton Broders of the Mayo Clinic created the first index to grade tumors.<ref name="APLM-12">{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=James R. |year=2012 |title=Albert C. Broders' Paradigm Shifts Involving the Prognostication and Definition of Cancer |journal=Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine |volume=136 |issue=11 |pages=1437–46 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2011-0567-HP |pmid=23106590 |s2cid=29502909 |issn=0003-9985 |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=5JJY-J2S1-DY0W-41CW&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic opened the first hospital-based blood bank in Rochester in 1935.<ref name="MayoHistory-091713"/> Early in Mayo Clinic's history, the hospital designed the one-legged mobile instrument stand known as the Mayo stand.<ref name="Meals2010">{{cite journal |last1=Meals |first1=Clifton |last2=Wang |first2=Jeffrey |date=June 2010 |title=Origins of Eponymous Orthopaedic Equipment |journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research |volume=468 |issue=6 |pages=1682–1692 |doi=10.1007/s11999-009-1221-z |pmid=20069394 |pmc=2865605 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 1930s, Mayo Clinic associates Walter M. Boothby, Randolph Lovelace, and [[Arthur H. Bulbulian]] developed a high-altitude oxygen therapy mask known as the BLB flight mask.<ref name="Dill54">{{cite journal |last1=Dill |first1=D. B. |date=October 29, 1954 |title=Walter M. Boothby, Pioneer in Aviation Medicine |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.120.3122.688 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=120 |issue=3122 |page=688 |doi=10.1126/science.120.3122.688 |pmid=13205212 |bibcode=1954Sci...120..688D |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the U.S. Army tasked Mayo Clinic with finding a solution for dying pilots after suffering blackouts. Mayo Clinic hired a team of physicians to research and define the specific physiologic effects causing blackout and unconsciousness during high G forces.<ref name="Hansel-G-Suit">{{cite news |title=Remembrance – Wood was G-suit inventor, Mayo doctor |last=Hansel |first=Jeff |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/remembrance----wood-was-g-suit-inventor-mayo/article_778e2984-32a9-5a6e-a990-dc27679aac9a.html |work=The Post Bulletin |date=March 21, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> [[Physiologist]]s [[Earl Wood|Earl H. Wood]], Edward Baldes, Charles Code, and [[Edward H. Lambert]] developed the [[G-suit]] with air bladders that prevented blood from pooling in pilots' legs.<ref name="Hansel-G-Suit"/> The suit was worn by U.S. pilots toward the end of World War II.<ref>WOOD EH, LAMBERT EH. The effect of anti-blackout suits on blood pressure changes produced on the human centrifuge. Fed Proc. 1946;5(1 Pt 2):115. PubMed {{PMID|21066536}}.</ref><ref>Wood EH. Contributions of aeromedical research to flight and biomedical science. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1986 Oct;57(10 Pt 2):A13-23. Erratum in: Aviat Space Environ Med 1987 Jul;58(7):706. PubMed {{PMID|3778400}}.</ref><ref>Wood EH. Developing methods for preventing acceleration-induced blackout and unconsciousness in World War II fighter pilots. Limitations: present and future. Physiologist. 1987 Feb;30(1 Suppl):S27-30. PubMed {{PMID|3550843}}.</ref>

Two Mayo Clinic physicians were among three people awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in medicine]] in 1950 for the discovery of [[cortisone]].<ref name="Hilchey080696">{{cite news |title=Tadeus Reichstein, 99, Dies; Won Nobel for Cortisone Work |last1=Hilchey |first1=Tim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/06/world/tadeus-reichstein-99-dies-won-nobel-for-cortisone-work.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 6, 1996 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Professor [[Edward C. Kendall]], Ph.D., and [[Philip S. Hench]] of Mayo Clinic were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine alongside [[Tadeus Reichstein]], a Swiss chemist who conducted independent research, for the discovery.<ref name="Hilchey080696"/> They separated and identified compounds from the adrenal cortex that produced cortisone and [[hydrocortisone]].<ref name="NYT-05051972">{{cite news |title=Dr. Kendall Dies; Nobel Laureate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/05/archives/dr-kendall-dies-nobel-laureate-pioneer-in-the-discovery-of.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 5, 1972 |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> Later in the decade, Mayo Clinic began using and refining the Gibbon heart–lung machine in cardiac surgery. It is now known as the Mayo–Gibbon heart–lung machine.<ref name="NMAH-Mayo-Gibbon">{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1213038 |title=Mayo-Gibbon Heart-Lung Machine |work=The National Museum of American History |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic associates Edward Howard Lambert, Lealdes (Lee) McKendree Eaton, and Edward Douglas Rooke were the first physicians to substantially describe the clinic and electrophysiological findings of what is known as [[Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] in 1956.<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2738|Lambert-Eaton-Rooke syndrome}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert EH, Eaton LM, Rooke ED | title=Defect of neuromuscular conduction associated with malignant neoplasms  | journal=Am. J. Physiol. | year=1956 | volume=187 | pages=612–613}}</ref> In 1972, the clustering of LEMS with other autoimmune diseases led to the hypothesis that it was caused by autoimmunity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gutmann L, Crosby TW, Takamori M, Martin JD |title=The Eaton–Lambert syndrome and autoimmune disorders |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=354–6 |date=September 1972 |pmid=4115499 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(72)90179-9}}</ref>

In 1969, Mayo Clinic doctors performed the first [[Food and Drug Administration]]-approved hip replacement in the United States.<ref name="Hansel-031007">{{cite news |title=Mayo is a hip place for surgery |last1=Hansel |first1= Jeff|url=https://www.postbulletin.com/mayo-is-a-hip-place-for-surgery/article_388acbe7-6876-54c4-af30-ce9ceaf27f87.html |newspaper=The Post-Bulletin |date=March 10, 2007 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> In 1973, Mayo Clinic bought the first [[CT scanner]] in the U.S.<ref name="LAT-090708">{{cite news |title=The high cost of precision |last1=Zarembo |first1=Alan |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4TCY-KGX0-TW84-N1JM&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 7, 2008 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic and Roche Molecular Biochemicals developed a rapid [[DNA]] test in 2001 to detect anthrax in humans and in the environment.<ref name="CNN-110501">{{cite news |title=Mayo Clinic touts new test to detect anthrax quickly |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/11/05/mayo.anthrax.test/index.html |work=CNN |date=November 5, 2001 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

The [[Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation]], was established in 2008 and has since worked on over 270 projects.<ref name="Bhatti-030218">{{cite news |title=Putting Humans at the Center of Health Care Innovation |last1=Bhatti |first1=Yasser |last2=del Castillo |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Olson |first3=Kristian |last4=Darzi |first4=Ara |url=https://hbr.org/2018/03/putting-humans-at-the-center-of-health-care-innovation |newspaper=Harvard Business Review |date=March 2, 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Silvis-111615">{{cite news |title=Using Service Design to Understand, Improve Patient Experience |last1=Silvis |first1=Jennifer |url=https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/news/awards-events/using-service-design-understand-improve-patient-experience/ |newspaper=Healthcare Design Magazine |date=November 16, 2015 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>

In 2013, Mayo Clinic specialists in regenerative medicine began the "first-in-human study," whereby patient cells are used to attempt to heal heart damage.<ref name="MayoHistory-091713"/>

After several years of using Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers and mobile devices for patient care and test results, Mayo partnered with Apple in 2014 to develop the Apple Health and HealthKit apps as a central location for personal health information.<ref name="Ungerleider-060514">{{cite news |title=Inside Apple & The Mayo Clinic's New Partnership |last1=Ungerleider |first1=Neal |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3031385/inside-apple-the-mayo-clinics-new-partnership |work=Fast Company |date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Mayo Clinic and Delos Living launched the [[Well Living Lab]] in September 2015. This research facility is designed to simulate real-world, non-hospital environments, allowing Mayo Clinic researchers to study the interaction between indoor spaces and human health.<ref name="Stinson">{{cite news| url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/mayo-clinic-modeled-new-lab-stuffy-office/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |title=Why the Mayo Clinic Modeled Its New Lab on a Stuffy Office |first=Liz |last=Stinson |date=October 4, 2015 |access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>

Mayo Clinic's Advanced Care at Home Model of Care launched in 2020 and assists patients in their own homes through virtual care.<ref name="Launches">{{cite news |last1=Smits |first1=Garry |title=Coronavirus: Mayo Clinic launches advanced care at home in July |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/local/2020/06/25/coronavirus-mayo-clinic-launches-advanced-care-at-home-in-july/41745487/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=The Florida Times-Union}}</ref>

In 2020, Mayo Clinic began running a federally sponsored Expanded Access Program for Convalescent Plasma to treat hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the United States.<ref name="Convalescent">{{cite news |last1=Treisman |first1=Rachel |title=FDA Authorizes Convalescent Plasma As Emergency Treatment For COVID-19 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/23/905277083/fda-authorizes-convalescent-plasma-as-emergency-treatment-for-covid-19 |access-date=7 September 2023 |agency=NPR |date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, Mayo Clinic and UCLA used spinal cord stimulation and physical therapy that allowed a man paralyzed since 2013 to briefly regain his ability to stand and walk with assistance. The patient was able to walk 111 yards for a total of 16 minutes when given artificial electrical stimulation, although he was unable to continue that mobility once the artificial stimulation was removed. The results were published in the journal Nature Medicine.<ref name="Paralyzed">{{cite news |last1=Eileen |first1=Drage O'Reilly |title=Paralyzed man able to walk with assistance in clinical trial |url=https://www.axios.com/2018/09/24/paralyzed-man-able-to-walk-in-clinical-trials |access-date=29 September 2023 |agency=Axios}}</ref>

As of 2023, Mayo Clinic had treated more than 10,000 patients with [[Proton therapy|proton beam therapy]] across two of its facilities. According to [[Post-Bulletin]] reporting, proton beam therapy is limited in the U.S., with only 2 percent of radiation patients being treated with the technology.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dené |first1=Dryden |title=With expansion on the way, Mayo Clinic's proton beam therapy program aims to treat as many patients as possible |url=https://www.postbulletin.com/health/with-expansion-on-the-way-mayo-clinics-proton-beam-therapy-program-aims-to-treat-as-many-patients-as-possible |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=Rochester Post Bulletin |date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928041119/https://www.postbulletin.com/health/with-expansion-on-the-way-mayo-clinics-proton-beam-therapy-program-aims-to-treat-as-many-patients-as-possible |archive-date=28 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Plummer Building]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota]]]]