Latin Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Contemporary Latin=== {{Main|Contemporary Latin|Ecclesiastical Latin}} Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. ==== Religious use ==== [[File:Wallsend platfom 2 02.jpg|thumb|The signs at [[Wallsend Metro station]] are in English and Latin, as a tribute to [[Wallsend]]'s role as one of the outposts of the [[Roman Empire]], as the eastern end of [[Hadrian's Wall]] (hence the name) at [[Segedunum]].]] The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the [[Catholic Church]]. The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, which permitted the use of the [[vernacular language|vernacular]]. Latin remains the language of the [[Roman Rite]]. The [[Tridentine Mass]] (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the [[Mass of Paul VI]] (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of the [[Holy See]], the primary language of its [[public journal]], the {{lang|la|[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]}}, and the working language of the [[Roman Rota]]. [[Vatican City]] is also home to the world's only [[automatic teller machine]] that gives instructions in Latin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |title=Pope's Latinist pronounces death of a language |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1540843/Popes-Latinist-pronounces-death-of-a-language.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=28 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826081734/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1540843/Popes-Latinist-pronounces-death-of-a-language.html |archive-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[pontifical university|pontifical universities]] postgraduate courses of [[Canon law]] are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are a small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=University Sermons |url=https://www.universitychurch.ox.ac.uk/content/university-sermons |website=University Church Oxford |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> [[File:Former logo of the European Council and Council of the European Union (2009).svg|thumb|right|The polyglot [[European Union]] has adopted Latin names in the logos of some of its institutions for the sake of linguistic compromise, an "ecumenical nationalism" common to most of the continent and as a sign of the continent's heritage (such as the [[Council of the European Union|EU Council]]: {{lang|la|Consilium}}).]] ==== Use of Latin for mottos ==== In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of [[Western culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="Does Anybody Know What 'Veritas' Is?" {{!}} Gene Fant|url=https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2011/08/e2809cdoes-anybody-know-what-veritas-ise2809d|access-date=2021-02-19|website=First Things|date=August 2011 |language=en}}</ref> Canada's motto {{lang|la|[[A mari usque ad mare]]}} ("from sea to sea") and most [[list of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols|provincial mottos]] are also in Latin. The [[Victoria Cross (Canada)|Canadian Victoria Cross]] is modelled after the British [[Victoria Cross]] which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin {{lang|la|Pro Valore}}. Spain's motto {{Lang|la|[[Plus ultra]]}}, meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/espana/simbolosdelestado/Paginas/index.aspx|title=La Moncloa. Símbolos del Estado|website=www.lamoncloa.gob.es|language=es|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> It is taken from the personal motto of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and is a reversal of the original phrase {{lang|la|Non terrae plus ultra}} ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to [[legend]], this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the [[Pillars of Hercules]], the rocks on both sides of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In the United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was ''[[E pluribus unum]]'' meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the [[Great Seal of the United States|Great Seal]], it also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from the British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States [[list of U.S. state and territory mottos|have Latin mottos]], such as: * [[Arizona]]'s {{lang|la|Ditat deus}} ("God enriches"); * [[Connecticut]]'s {{lang|la|Qui transtulit sustinet}} ("He who transplanted sustains"); * [[Kansas]]'s {{lang|la|[[Per aspera ad astra|Ad astra per aspera]]}} ("Through hardships, to the stars"); * [[Colorado]]'s {{lang|la|Nil sine numine}} ("Nothing without providence"); * [[Michigan]]'s {{lang|la|Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice}} ("If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you"), is based on that of Sir [[Christopher Wren]], in [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]; * [[Missouri]]'s {{lang|la|[[Salus populi suprema lex esto]]}} ("The health of the people should be the highest law"); * [[New York (state)]]'s {{lang|la|[[Coat of arms of New York|Excelsior]]}} ("Ever upward"); * [[North Carolina]]'s {{lang|la|[[Esse Quam Videri]]}} ("To be rather than to seem"); * [[South Carolina]]'s {{lang|la|[[Dum spiro spero]]}} ("While [still] breathing, I hope"); * [[Virginia]]'s {{lang|la|[[Sic semper tyrannis]]}} ("Thus always to [[tyrant]]s"); and * [[West Virginia]]'s {{lang|la|[[Montani Semper Liberi]]}} ("Mountaineers [are] always free"). Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: * {{lang|la|[[Semper Paratus]]}} ("always ready"), the motto of the [[United States Coast Guard]]; * {{lang|la|[[Semper Fidelis]]}} ("always faithful"), the motto of the [[United States Marine Corps]]; * [[Semper supra|''Semper Supra'']] ("always above"), the motto of the [[United States Space Force]]; * {{lang|la|[[Per ardua ad astra]]}} ("Through adversity/struggle to the stars"), the motto of the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF); and * {{Lang|la|Vigilamus pro te}} ("We stand on guard for thee"), the motto of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]]. A law governing body in the Philippines have a Latin motto, such as: * {{lang|la|Justitiae Pax Opus}} ("Justice, peace, work"), the motto of the [[Department of Justice (Philippines)]]; Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example [[Harvard University]]'s motto is {{lang|la|[[Veritas]]}} ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. ==== Other modern uses ==== Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name {{lang|la|[[Helvetia]]}} on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's [[Languages of Switzerland|four official languages]]. For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code ''CH'', which stands for {{lang|la|Confoederatio Helvetica}}, the country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as ''[[Sebastiane]]'', ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' and ''[[Barbarians (2020 TV series)]]'', have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'' and ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'' ("[[Jughead (Lost)|Jughead]]"). Subtitles are usually shown for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also [[list of songs with Latin lyrics|songs written with Latin lyrics]]. The libretto for the opera-oratorio {{lang|la|[[Oedipus rex (opera)|Oedipus rex]]}} by [[Igor Stravinsky]] is in Latin. The continued instruction of Latin is often seen as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British [[public school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] and grammar schools, the Italian {{lang|it|[[liceo classico]]}} and {{lang|it|[[liceo scientifico]]}}, the German {{lang|de|Humanistisches [[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]]}} and the Dutch {{lang|nl|[[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]}}. [[File:QDP Ep 84 - De Ludo "Mysterium".webm|thumb|QDP Ep 84 – De Ludo "Mysterium": A Latin-language podcast from the US]] Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include [[Radio Bremen]] in Germany, [[YLE]] radio in Finland (the [[Nuntii Latini]] broadcast from 1989 until it was shut down in June 2019),<ref name=RTE2019-06-24a>{{cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2019/0624/1057298-latin/|title=Finnish broadcaster ends Latin news bulletins|publisher=[[RTÉ News]]|date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625001655/https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2019/0624/1057298-latin/|archive-date=25 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ |title=Latein: Nuntii Latini mensis lunii 2010: Lateinischer Monats rückblick |publisher=Radio Bremen |language=la |access-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618130408/https://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ |archive-date=18 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6079852.stm|title=Finland makes Latin the King|last=Dymond|first=Jonny|date=24 October 2006|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103171037/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6079852.stm|archive-date=3 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/ |title=Nuntii Latini |publisher=YLE Radio 1 |language=la |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718065851/https://www.yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/ |archive-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 September 2015|title=About us (English)|url=https://www.circuluslatinuslondiniensis.co.uk/in-english/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Circulus Latínus Londiniénsis|language=la|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114430/https://www.circuluslatinuslondiniensis.co.uk/in-english/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include the University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Latin at Jesus College – Oxford Latinitas Project|url=https://oxfordlatinitas.org/2020/12/01/active-latin-at-jesus-college/|access-date=2021-06-29|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Graduate Certificate in Latin Studies – Institute for Latin Studies {{!}} Modern & Classical Languages, Literatures & Cultures|url=https://mcl.as.uky.edu/latin-institute|access-date=2021-06-29|website=mcl.as.uky.edu}}</ref> There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The [[Latin Wikipedia]] has more than 130,000 articles. [[Urdaneta, Pangasinan|Urdaneta City]]'s motto {{lang|la|Deo servire populo sufficere}} ("It is enough for the people to serve God") the Latin motto can be read in the old seal of this Philippine city. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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