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Do not fill this in! ==== Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) ==== {{Main|Greek War of Independence}} {{See also|Modern Greek Enlightenment|Wikisource:Greek_Declaration_of_Independence|label 2=Greek Declaration of Independence|First Hellenic Republic}} [[File:The sortie of Messologhi by Theodore Vryzakis.jpg|thumb|''The sortie (exodus) of [[Messolonghi]]'', depicting the [[third siege of Missolonghi]], painted by [[Theodoros Vryzakis]]]] In the late eighteenth century, an increase in secular learning during the [[Modern Greek Enlightenment]] led to the emergence among [[Westernization|Westernized]] Greek-speaking [[elite]]s of the diaspora of the [[Greek nationalism|notion of a Greek nation]] tracing its existence to [[ancient Greece]], distinct from the other Orthodox peoples, and having a right to [[political autonomy]]. One of the organizations formed in this intellectual milieu was the [[Filiki Eteria]], a secret organization formed by merchants in [[Odesa]] in 1814.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2009|pp=81–3}}.</ref> Appropriating a long-standing tradition of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] messianic prophecy aspiring to the resurrection of the [[eastern Roman empire]] and creating the impression they had the backing of [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]], they managed amidst a crisis of Ottoman trade, from 1815 onwards, to engage the Greek Orthodox world in their [[liberal nationalism|liberal nationalist]] cause.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2009}}. For the crisis of maritime trade from 1815 onwards, see {{harvnb|Kremmydas|1977}} and {{harvnb|Kremmydas|2002}}.</ref> The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the [[Peloponnese]], the [[Danubian Principalities]] and [[Constantinople]]. The first revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the [[Maniots]] declared war on the Ottomans.<ref name="Brewer, D. 2001, pp. 235">Brewer, D. ''The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation.'' Overlook Press, 2001, {{ISBN|1-58567-172-X}}, pp. 235–36.</ref> By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt and by October 1821 the Greeks under [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] had captured [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripolitsa]]. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Central Greece]], which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottomans. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, committing wholesale [[Massacres during the Greek Revolution|massacres]] of the population.<ref name="Brewer, D. 2001, pp. 235" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851096725 | page=1140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1140}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html|title=The Chios Massacre Of 1822|work=Queens Gazette|access-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173817/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html|archive-date=11 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> This galvanized opinion in western Europe in favour of the Greek rebels.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Klose|first1=Fabian|title=The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice...|date=2016|publisher=Clays|isbn=9781107075511|page=175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMvZCgAAQBAJ&q=castlereagh+chios&pg=PA175|access-date=6 August 2017}}</ref> Tensions developed among Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mahmud II]] negotiated with [[Mehmet Ali of Egypt]], who agreed to send his son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willert|first=Trine Stauning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1tDwAAQBAJ&q=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction|title=The New Ottoman Greece in History and Fiction|date=4 September 2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-93849-3|pages=71–100|language=en}}</ref> Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control. Although Ibrahim was defeated in [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]], he succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese, and Athens had been retaken.<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Ibrahim Pasha |volume=14 |pages=223–224 |inline=1}}</ref> After years of negotiation, three [[great powers]], [[Bourbon Restoration in France|France]], [[Russian Empire]], and the UK, intervened in the conflict and each sent a navy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Woodhouse |first=Christopher Montague |year=1965 |title=The Battle of Navarino |pages=117–18, 137, 139}}</ref> Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of [[Hydra, Saronic Islands|Hydra]], the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet and destroyed it at the [[Battle of Navarino]]. The Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. The [[First Hellenic Republic|nascent Greek state]] was finally recognised under the [[London Protocol (1830)|London Protocol]] in 1830.<ref>{{cite book |title=Η αντιπολίτευση κατά του κυβερνήτη Ιωάννη Καποδίστρια |first=Χρήστος |last=Λούκος |publisher=Θεμέλιο |year=1988 |location=Αθήνα, Ελλάδα |page=187 |language=el}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page