Future Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==In art and culture== ===Futurism=== <!--"Wat Phra Dhammakaya#Layout of building complex" links here --> {{Main|Futurism}} Futurism as an [[art movement]] originated in [[Italy]] at the beginning of the 20th century. It developed largely in [[Italy]] and in [[Russia]], although it also had adherents in other countries—in England and Portugal for example. The Futurists explored every medium of art, including [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[poetry]], [[theatre]], [[music]], [[architecture]], and even [[gastronomy]]. Futurists had passionate loathing of ideas from the past, especially political and artistic traditions. They also espoused a love of [[speed]], [[technology]], and [[violence]]. Futurists dubbed the love of the past ''passéisme''. The car, the plane, and the industrial town were all legendary for the Futurists because they represented the technological triumph of people over [[nature]]. The ''[[Futurist Manifesto]]'' of 1909 declared: "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman."<ref name="futurmanifest">{{cite web|url=http://www.italianfuturism.org/manifestos/foundingmanifesto/|title=The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism|date=22 August 2008|publisher=italianfuturism.org (Originally published on [[Le Figaro]], [[Paris]], February 20, 1909)}}</ref> Though it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to [[political radicalism|radical political movements]], it had little involvement in politics until the autumn of 1913.<ref>Martin, Marianne W., p .186</ref> Futurism in Classical Music arose during this same time period. Closely identified with the central Italian Futurist movement were brother composers [[Luigi Russolo]] (1885–1947) and [[Antonio Russolo]] (1877–1942), who used instruments known as ''[[intonarumori]]''—essentially [[sound box]]es used to create music out of noise. Luigi Russolo's futurist manifesto, "[[The Art of Noises]]", is considered one of the most important and influential texts in 20th-century musical aesthetics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Daniel |last2=Cox |first2=CChristoph |title=Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music |publisher=Continiuum International Publishing Group LTD |year=2004 |location=London |isbn=0-8264-1615-2 |page=10}}</ref> Other examples of futurist music include [[Arthur Honegger]]'s "[[Pacific 231]]" (1923), which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive, [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]]'s "[[Le pas d'acier (Prokofiev)|The Steel Step]]" (1926), [[Alexander Mosolov]]'s "[[Iron Foundry]]" (1927), and the experiments of [[Edgard Varèse]]. [[Futurism (literature)|Literary futurism]] made its debut with [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti|F.T. Marinetti]]'s ''[[Futurist Manifesto|Manifesto of Futurism]]'' (1909). Futurist poetry used unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem). Futurist theater works have scenes a few sentences long, use nonsensical humor, and try to discredit the deep-rooted dramatic traditions with parody. Longer literature forms, such as novels, had no place in the Futurist aesthetic, which had an obsession with speed and compression. Futurism expanded to encompass other artistic domains and ultimately included painting, sculpture, ceramics, [[graphic design]], industrial design, interior design, theatre design, textiles, drama, literature, music and architecture. In architecture, it featured a distinctive thrust towards [[rationalism]] and [[modernism]] through the use of advanced building materials. The ideals of futurism remain as significant components of modern [[Western culture]]; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial [[film|cinema]] and commercial culture. Futurism has produced several reactions, including the 1980s-era literary genre of [[cyberpunk]]—which often treated technology with a critical eye. ===Science fiction=== {{Main|Science fiction|Near future in science fiction|Far future in science fiction}} [[File:Sortie de l'opéra en l'an 2000-2.jpg|thumb|upright|Print (c. 1902) by [[Albert Robida]] showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera.<ref>{{cite book |chapter= Science Fiction: Its Nature, Faults and Virtues |title= The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism |publisher= Advent Publishers |last1= Heinlein |first1= Robert A. |first2=Cyril |last2=Kornbluth |first3=Alfred |last3=Bester |first4=Robert |last4=Bloch |year= 1959 |location= University of Chicago}}</ref>]] More generally, one can regard science fiction as a broad genre of [[fiction]] that often involves speculations based on current or future [[science]] or [[technology]]. Science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. Science fiction differs from [[Fantasy literature|fantasy]] in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though ''some'' elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). Settings may include the future, or alternative time-lines, and stories may depict new or speculative scientific principles (such as [[time travel]] or [[psionics]]), or new technology (such as [[nanotechnology]], [[faster-than-light]] travel or [[robot]]s). Exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas".<ref> {{cite web | author = Marg Gilks, Paula Fleming and Moira Allen | title = Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas | publisher =WritingWorld.com | year =2003 | url = http://www.writing-world.com/sf/sf.shtml }} </ref> Some [[science fiction]] authors construct a postulated [[history]] of the future called a "[[future history]]" that provides a common background for their fiction. Sometimes authors publish a [[Chronology|timeline]] of events in their history, while other times the reader can reconstruct the order of the stories from information in the books. Some published works constitute "future history" in a more literal sense—i.e., stories or whole books written in the style of a history book but describing events in the future. Examples include [[H.G. Wells]]' ''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]'' (1933)—written in the form of a history book published in the year 2106 and in the manner of a real history book with numerous footnotes and references to the works of (mostly fictitious) prominent historians of the 20th and 21st centuries. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page