France

===Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914)===
{{Main|History of France#Napoleonic France (1799–1815)|History of France#Long 19th century, 1815–1914}}
{{See also|France in the long nineteenth century|History of France (1900–present)}}
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built a [[First French Empire|vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6|publisher=Greenwood Publishing }}</ref>]]
General [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|seized control of the Republic]] in 1799 becoming [[French Consulate|First Consul]] and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] (1804–1814; 1815). As a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars, changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed as monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref>

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], the [[Napoleonic Code]] and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. In June 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching Moscow. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After the catastrophic Russian campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations.

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]. In that year, French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. In 1848, general unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848|February Revolution]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage, which were briefly enacted during the French Revolution, was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, the president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]] which resulted in the annexation of the [[Duchy of Savoy]] and the [[County of Nice]], then part of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[File:France colonial Empire10.png|thumb|upright=1.6|The first (light blue) and second (dark blue) [[French colonial empire]]]]

France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]], in various forms since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its [[List of largest empires|global overseas colonial empire]] extended greatly and became the second-largest in the world behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name=":8"/> Including metropolitan France, the total area of land under French [[sovereignty]] reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 8.6% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was a period characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]].