Evangelicalism

===Christian fundamentalism===
{{main|Christian fundamentalism}}
Christian fundamentalism has been called a subset<ref name="waldman-2004">{{cite web |last1=waldman |first1=steve |title=Evangelicals v. Fundamentalists |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/evangelicals/vs.html#:~:text=Evangelicals%20have%20a%20somewhat%20broader,dispensational%20view%20of%20the%20Bible. |website=Frontline |access-date=9 December 2023 |date=29 April 2004}}</ref> or "subspecies"<ref name="Marsden-Svelmoe"/> of Evangelicalism. Fundamentalism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Harriet A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXkSDAAAQBAJ |title=Fundamentalism and Evangelicals |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-826960-1 |location=Oxford |pages=58–59 |quote=The overriding implication of Fundamentalism is that conservative evangelicals are in fact fundamentalist but that they reject the term because of its pejorative connotations: 'By what term would "fundamentalists" prefer to be called? The term favored at present, at least in Great Britain, is "conservative evangelical"'. |access-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref> regards biblical inerrancy, the [[virgin birth of Jesus]], [[penal substitution]]ary atonement, the literal [[resurrection of Christ]], and the [[Second Coming of Christ]] as fundamental Christian doctrines.{{sfn|Bauder|2011|pp=30–32}} 
Fundamentalism arose among evangelicals in the 1920s—primarily as an American phenomenon, but with counterparts in Britain and British Empire<ref name="Marsden-Svelmoe">{{cite web |last1=Marsden |first1=George M. |last2=Svelmoe |first2=William L. |title=EVANGELICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL CHRISTIANITY |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/evangelical-and-fundamental-christianity |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=9 December 2023 |origyear=1987|year=2005}}</ref>—to combat modernist or [[Liberal Christianity|liberal theology]] in mainline Protestant churches. Failing to reform the mainline churches, fundamentalists separated from them and established their own churches, refusing to participate in [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] organizations (such as the [[National Council of Churches]], founded in 1950), and making [[Ecclesiastical separatism|separatism]] (rigid separation from nonfundamentalist churches and their [[culture]]) a true test of faith. Most fundamentalists are Baptists and [[dispensationalist]] {{sfn|Marsden|1991|pp=3–4}} or [[Pentecostals]] and [[Charismatic Christianity|Charismatics]].<ref>Steve Brouwer, Paul Gifford, Susan D. Rose, ''Exporting the American Gospel: Global Christian Fundamentalism'', Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2013, p. 25, 27, 29, 31</ref>

Great emphasis is placed on the [[literal interpretation]] of the Bible as the primary method of Bible study as well as the [[biblical inerrancy]] and the [[Infallibility of the Church|infallibility]] of their [[Biblical hermeneutics|interpretation]].<ref>W. Glenn Jonas Jr., ''The Baptist River: Essays on Many Tributaries of a Diverse Tradition'', Mercer University Press, USA, 2008, p. 125: "Independents assert that the Bible is a unified document containing consistent propositional truths. They accept the supernatural elements of the Bible, affirm that it is infallible in every area of reality, and contend that it is to be interpreted literally in the vast majority of cases. Ultimately, they hold not merely to the inerrancy of Scripture, but to the infallibility of their interpretation of Scripture. The doctrine of premillennialism serves as a case in point. Early on in the movement, Independents embraced premillennialism as the only acceptable eschatological view. The BBU made the doctrine a test of fellowship. When Norris formed his Premillennial Missionary Baptist Fellowship (1933), he made premillennialism a requirement for membership. He held this doctrine to be the only acceptable biblical position, charging conventionism with being postmillennial in orientation."</ref> Adherence to [[Christian fundamentalism and conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories]] is particularly important.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beaty |first=Katelyn |date=August 17, 2020|title=QAnon: The alternative religion that's coming to your church |url=https://religionnews.com/2020/08/17/qanon-the-alternative-religion-thats-coming-to-your-church/ |access-date=August 17, 2023|website= [[Religion News Service]]}}</ref>