Ebola

===Initial case===
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[[File:Bushmeat - Buschfleisch Ghana.JPG|thumb|[[Bushmeat]] having been smoked in [[Ghana]]. In Africa, wild animals including fruit bats are hunted for food and are referred to as bushmeat.<ref name="CDC2014Bush">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2014 |title=Risk of Exposure |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016205158/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2014 |title=FAO warns of fruit bat risk in West African Ebola epidemic |url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/239123/icode/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013151812/http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/239123/icode/ |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |website=fao.org}}</ref> In equatorial Africa, human consumption of bushmeat has been linked to animal-to-human transmission of diseases, including Ebola.<ref name="urlAfrican monkey meat that could be behind the next HIV – Health News – Health & Families – The Independent">{{Cite news | vauthors = Williams E |title=African monkey meat that could be behind the next HIV |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/african-monkey-meat-that-could-be-behind-the-next-hiv-7786152.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622133307/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/african-monkey-meat-that-could-be-behind-the-next-hiv-7786152.html |archive-date=22 June 2017 |quote=25 people in Bakaklion, Cameroon killed due to eating of ape }}</ref>]]

Although it is not entirely clear how Ebola initially spreads from animals to humans, the spread is believed to involve direct contact with an infected wild animal or fruit bat.<ref name=CDC2014T/> Besides bats, other wild animals that are sometimes infected with EBOV include several species of monkeys such as [[baboon]]s, [[great apes]] ([[chimpanzee]]s and [[gorilla]]s), and [[duikers]] (a species of [[antelope]]).<ref name="urlEbolavirus – Pathogen Safety Data Sheets">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2001 |title=Ebolavirus – Pathogen Safety Data Sheets |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/ebola-eng.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820211755/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/ebola-eng.php |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada }}</ref>

Animals may become infected when they eat fruit partially eaten by bats carrying the virus.<ref name=Gon2007/> Fruit production, animal behavior and other factors may trigger outbreaks among animal populations.<ref name="Gon2007">{{Cite book |title=Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission |vauthors=Gonzalez JP, Pourrut X, Leroy E |work=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |year=2007 |isbn=978-3540709619 |series=Ebolavirus and other filoviruses |volume=315 |pages=363–387 |chapter=Ebolavirus and Other Filoviruses |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_15 |pmc=7121322 |pmid=17848072}}</ref>

Evidence indicates that both domestic dogs and pigs can also be infected with EBOV.<ref name="Weingartl_2013">{{Cite book |title=Vaccines and Diagnostics for Transboundary Animal Diseases |vauthors=Weingartl HM, Nfon C, Kobinger G |chapter=Review of Ebola Virus Infections in Domestic Animals |date=May 2013 |work=Dev Biol |isbn=978-3318023657 |series=Developments in Biologicals |volume=135 |pages=211–218 |doi=10.1159/000178495 |pmid=23689899 |author-link3=Gary Kobinger}}</ref> Dogs do not appear to develop symptoms when they carry the virus, and pigs appear to be able to transmit the virus to at least some primates.<ref name="Weingartl_2013" /> Although some dogs in an area in which a human outbreak occurred had antibodies to EBOV, it is unclear whether they played a role in spreading the disease to people.<ref name="Weingartl_2013" />