Crusades

===Third Crusade===
{{main|Third Crusade}}
The years following the founding of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met with multiple disasters. The [[Second Crusade]] did not achieve its goals, and left the Muslim East in a stronger position with the rise of [[Saladin]]. A united Egypt–Syria led to the loss of Jerusalem itself, and Western Europe had no choice but to launch the [[Third Crusade]], this time led by the kings of Europe.<ref>Nicholson, Helen (2006). "Third Crusade (1189–1192)". In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 1174–1181.</ref>

The news of the disastrous defeat at the [[battle of Hattin]] and subsequent fall of Jerusalem gradually reached Western Europe. [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]] died shortly after hearing the news, and his successor [[Pope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]] issued the bull ''[[Audita tremendi]]'' on 29 October 1187 describing the events in the East and urging all Christians to take up arms and go to the aid of those in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land{{snd}}the [[Third Crusade]]{{snd}}to be led by [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]] and [[Richard I of England]].{{sfn|Tyerman|2006|pp=375–401|loc=The Call of the Cross}}

[[File:Richard-Coeur-de-Lion-on-his-way-to-Jerusalem.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Richard the Lionheart on his way to Jerusalem, James William Glass (1850)]]

Frederick took the cross in March 1188.<ref name=":4">Johnson, Edgar N. (1977). "[http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0017.pdf The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI].". In Setton, K,. ''A History of the Crusades: Volume II.'' pp. 87–122.</ref> Frederick sent an ultimatum to Saladin, demanding the return of Palestine and challenging him to battle and in May 1189, Frederick's host departed for Byzantium. In March 1190, Frederick embarked to Asia Minor. The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, defeating the Turks and reaching as far as [[Cilician Armenia]]. On 10 June 1190, Frederick drowned near [[Silifke Castle]]. His death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home. The remaining German army moved under the command of the English and French forces that arrived shortly thereafter.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=420–422|loc=The Fate of the German Crusade}}

[[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]] had already taken the cross as the [[Count of Poitiers|Count of Poitou]] in 1187. His father [[Henry II of England]] and [[Philip II of France]] had done so on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin.<ref>Painter, Sidney (1977). "[http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0016.pdf The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus].". In Setton, K. ''A History of the Crusades: Volume II.'' pp. 45–86.</ref>{{sfn|Murray|2009}} Richard I and [[Philip II of France]] agreed to go on the Crusade in January 1188. Arriving in the Holy Land, Richard led his support to the stalemated [[Siege of Acre (1189–1191)#The kings at Acre|siege of Acre]]. The Muslim defenders surrendered on 12 July 1191. Richard remained in sole command of the Crusader force after the departure of Philip II on 31 July 1191. On 20 August 1191, Richard had more than 2000 prisoners beheaded at the [[Massacre at Ayyadieh|massacre of Ayyadieh]]. Saladin subsequently ordered the execution of his Christian prisoners in retaliation.{{sfn|Norgate|1924|pp=152–175|loc=The Fall of Acre, 1191}}

Richard moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the [[battle of Arsuf]] on 7 September 1191. Three days later, Richard took [[Jaffa#Crusader/Ayyubid period|Jaffa]], held by Saladin since 1187, and advanced inland towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Oman|1924|pp=306–319|loc=Tactics of the Crusades: Battles of Arsouf and Jaffa (Volume I)}} On 12 December 1191 Saladin disbanded the greater part of his army. Learning this, Richard pushed his army forward, to within 12 miles from Jerusalem before retreating back to the coast. The Crusaders made another advance on Jerusalem, coming within sight of the city in June before being forced to retreat again. [[Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy|Hugh III of Burgundy]], leader of the Franks, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast.

On 27 July 1192, Saladin's army began the [[Battle of Jaffa (1192)|battle of Jaffa]], capturing the city. Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from the sea and the Muslims were driven from the city. Attempts to retake Jaffa failed and Saladin was forced to retreat.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=70–72|loc=Richard's Last Victory (1192)}} On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin entered into the [[Treaty of Jaffa (1192)|Treaty of Jaffa]], providing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to freely visit the city. This treaty ended the Third Crusade.{{sfn|von Sybel|1861|pp=89–91|loc=Treaty with Saladin}}

Three years later, [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] launched the [[Crusade of 1197]]. While his forces were en route to the Holy Land, Henry VI died in Messina on 28 September 1197. The nobles that remained captured the Levant coast between Tyre and Tripoli before returning to Germany. The Crusade ended on 1 July 1198 after capturing [[Sidon#Crusader-Ayyubid period|Sidon]] and [[Beirut#Middle Ages|Beirut]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=97–98|loc=The German Crusade of 1197}}