Crucifixion of Jesus

===Gnosticism===
Some early Christian [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] sects, believing Jesus did not have a physical substance, denied that he was crucified.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunderberg, Ismo |author2=Christopher Mark Tuckett; Kari Syreeni |title=Fair play: diversity and conflicts in early Christianity: essays in honour of Heikki Räisänen |year=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-12359-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSVNH95ckNUC |page=488 |access-date=November 28, 2015 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154440/https://books.google.com/books?id=cSVNH95ckNUC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Pagels |first=Elaine H. |title= The Gnostic gospels |year=2006 |publisher= Phoenix |isbn=0-7538-2114-1 |page=192 |author-link= Elaine Pagels}}</ref> In response, [[Ignatius of Antioch]] insisted that Jesus was truly born and was truly crucified and wrote that those who held that Jesus only seemed to suffer only seemed to be Christians.<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Barclay+%22truly+crucified%22+%22tenets+of+Gnosticism%22&btnG= William Barclay, ''Great Themes of the New Testament''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128032535/http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Barclay+%22truly+crucified%22+%22tenets+of+Gnosticism%22&btnG= |date=January 28, 2016 }}. Westminster John Knox Press. 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-664-22385-4}}. p. 41.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-roberts.html|title=St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans (Roberts-Donaldson translation)|website=www.earlychristianwritings.com|access-date=March 10, 2012|archive-date=March 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323002406/http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-roberts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>