Chambersburg, Pennsylvania

==== Accusations of war crimes ====

[[File:Jubal Early disguised as a farmer, 1865.jpg|thumb|right|Accused war criminal, General Early, disguised as a farmer, while escaping to Mexico, 1865.]]
Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early was accused of war crimes for ordering Chambersburg burned. The actual burning divided two of his cavalry commanders, because when Maryland-born Gen. Bradley Johnson saw the behavior of Gen. McCausland's troops in Chambersburg, he refused to participate in a similar burning at Cumberland and Hancock, Maryland not far to the south, so both those towns survived despite likewise not paying ransoms.<ref>Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee's Lieutenants (abridged 1-volume version edited by Stephen W. Sears) (Scribner 1998) p. 745</ref> Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. [[William W. Averell]], although initially misdirected toward Baltimore and thus late to arrive to prevent the atrocities, also pursued the Confederates, who sustained several defeats and lost most of the [[Shenandoah Valley]] by November. Furthermore, when the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered on April 9, 1865, Early escaped to Texas by horseback, where he hoped to find a Confederate force still holding out.  He proceeded to Mexico, and from there, sailed to [[Cuba]] and [[Canada]]. Living in [[Toronto]], he wrote his [[memoir]], ''A Memoir of the Last Year of the War for Independence, in the Confederate States of America'', which focused on his Valley Campaign and was published in 1867.