Anointing

====Judaism==== <!--linked-->
[[File:Samuel e david.jpg|thumb|[[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]] anoints David, [[Dura Europos]], [[Syria]], 3rd century.]]
{{main|Holy anointing oil}}
In antiquity, use of a [[holy anointing oil]] was significant in the [[Hebrews]]' consecration of priests,<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|29:7|KJV}}</ref> the [[Kohen Gadol]] (High Priest),<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|29:29|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|4:3|KJV}}</ref> and the sacred vessels.<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|30:26|KJV}}</ref>{{sfnp|Easton|1897}} [[Prophet]]s{{refn|group=n|See, e.g., the [[1st Book of Kings]],<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Kings|19:16|KJV}}</ref> the [[1st Book of Chronicles]],<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|16:22|KJV}}</ref> and [[Psalm 105]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalm|105:15|KJV}}</ref>}} and the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Israelite]] kings were anointed as well,{{sfnp|Easton|1897}} the kings from a horn.<ref name="bibleverse|1|Samuel|16:13|KJV">{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|16:13|KJV}}</ref> Anointment by the [[holy anointing oil|chrism]] prepared according to the ceremony described in the [[Book of Exodus]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|30:22-25|KJV}}</ref> was considered to impart the "Spirit of the Lord".<ref name="bibleverse|1|Samuel|16:13|KJV"/> It was performed by [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]] in place of a [[coronation]] of both [[Saul]]<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Sam|10:1|KJV}}</ref> and [[David]].{{sfnp|Easton|1897}} The practice was not always observed and seems to have been essential only at the consecration of a new line or dynasty.{{sfnp|EB|1878}}

Because of its importance, the High Priest and the king were sometimes called "the Anointed One".{{refn|group=n|As, e.g., in [[Leviticus]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|4:3-5|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|4:16|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|6:20|KJV}}</ref> and [[Psalm 132]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalm|132:10|KJV}}</ref>}}{{sfnp|Easton|1897}}  The term—{{lang|he|מָשִׁיחַ|rtl=yes}}, ''Mashiaẖ''—gave rise to the prophesied figure of the [[Messiah]] (''q.v.''){{refn|group=n|As, e.g., in [[Psalm 2]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalm|2:2|KJV}}</ref> and the [[Book of Daniel]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Daniel|7:13|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Daniel|9:25-26|KJV}}</ref>}} and a [[Jewish messianism|long history of claimants]].

The expression "anoint the shield" which occurs in [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|21:5|KJV}}</ref> is a related or poetic usage, referring to the practice of rubbing oil on the leather of the shield to keep it supple and fit for war.{{sfnp|Easton|1897}}  The practice of anointing a shield predates the anointing of other objects in that the "smearing" (Hebrew "mashiach") of the shield renewed the leather covering on a wooden shield.  A victorious soldier was elevated on his shield by his comrades after a battle or upon his selection as a new king.  The idea of protection and selection arose from this and was extended to the idea of a "chosen one" thus leading to the modern concept of a Messiah (Hebrew for the one who was anointed.){{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}