Amsterdam

==Geography==
[[File:Amsterdam Photo 2020 Copernicus Sentinel-2.jpg|alt=|260px|thumb|Satellite photo of Amsterdam, 2020]]
Amsterdam is located in the Western Netherlands, in the province of [[North Holland]], the capital of which is not Amsterdam, but rather [[Haarlem]]. The river [[Amstel]] ends in the city centre and connects to a large number of canals that eventually terminate in the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]]. Amsterdam's elevation is about {{cvt|-2|m|ft|abbr=off}} [[above mean sea level|below sea level]].<ref name="elevation">{{Cite web |title=Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland |url=http://www.ahn.nl/ |access-date=18 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> The surrounding land is flat as it is formed of large [[polder]]s. An artificial forest, [[Amsterdamse Bos]], is in the southwest. Amsterdam is connected to the [[North Sea]] through the long [[North Sea Canal]].

Amsterdam is intensely urbanised, as is the [[Amsterdam metropolitan area]] surrounding the city. Comprising {{cvt|219.4|km2|1}} of land, the [[city limits|city proper]] has 4,457 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup> and 2,275 houses per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="density">{{Cite web |title=Kerncijfers Amsterdam 2007 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2007_jaarboek_hoofdstuk_01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004554/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2007_jaarboek_hoofdstuk_01.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=18 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> Parks and [[nature reserve]]s make up 12% of Amsterdam's land area.<ref name="12percent">{{Cite web |title=Openbare ruimte en groen: Inleiding |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/feitenencijfers/24112/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624164359/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/feitenencijfers/24112/ |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=18 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="305" heights="200">
File:Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg|Topographic map of Amsterdam
File:Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg|Large-scale map of the city centre of Amsterdam, including sightseeing markers, {{as of|2017|April|lc=y}}.
</gallery>

===Water===
Amsterdam has more than {{cvt|100|km|mi|-1}} of [[Canals of Amsterdam|canals]], most of which are navigable by boat. The city's three main canals are the [[Prinsengracht]], the [[Herengracht]] and the [[Keizersgracht]].

In the [[Middle Ages]], Amsterdam was surrounded by a moat, called the [[Singel]], which now forms the innermost ring in the city, and gives the city centre a horseshoe shape. The city is also served by a [[Port of Amsterdam|seaport]]. It has been compared with [[Venice]], due to its division into about 90 islands, which are linked by more than 1,200 bridges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=Adventure |url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-amsterdam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709051911/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-amsterdam.htm |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Nieuwendammerdijk, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands - panoramio (3).jpg|thumb|left|[[Nieuwendammerdijk en Buiksloterdijk]], [[Amsterdam-Noord]], winter 2010]]
Amsterdam has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'')<ref name="Weatherbase">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam, Netherlands Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=4260&cityname=Amsterdam,+North+Holland,+Netherlands&units= |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=Weatherbase}}</ref> strongly influenced by its proximity to the [[North Sea]] to the west, with prevailing westerly winds.

Amsterdam, as well as most of the North Holland province, lies in [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Hardiness zone]] 8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent. Even then, because Amsterdam is surrounded on three sides by large bodies of water, as well as having a significant [[Urban heat island|heat-island effect]], nights rarely fall below {{cvt|-5|°C|0}}, while it could easily be {{cvt|-12|°C|0}} in [[Hilversum]], {{cvt|25|km|0}} southeast.

Summers are moderately warm with a number of hot and humid days with occasional rain every month. The average daily high in August is {{cvt|22.1|°C|0}}, and {{cvt|30|°C}} or higher is only measured on average on 2.5 days, placing Amsterdam in AHS Heat Zone 2. The record extremes range from {{cvt|-19.7|°C}} to {{cvt|36.3|°C}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=06240: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (Netherlands) |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=06240&ano=2019&mes=7&day=25&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 |access-date=25 July 2019 |publisher=OGIMET}}</ref><ref name="Extreme temps">{{Cite web |title=Extreme temperatures around the world |url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |access-date=2 March 2012 |publisher=Herrera, Maximiliano}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2021}} 
Days with more than {{cvt|1|mm|2}} of [[precipitation]] are common, on average 133 days per year.

Amsterdam's average annual precipitation is {{cvt|838|mm|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stationsdata station Schiphol 1981–2010 |url=http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_240.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_240.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2013 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute}}</ref> A large part of this precipitation falls as light rain or brief showers. Cloudy and damp days are common during the cooler months of October through March.
{{clear}}
{{Weather box
| collapsed = yes
| location = [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]]
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 14.0
| Feb record high C = 16.6
| Mar record high C = 24.1
| Apr record high C = 28.0
| May record high C = 31.5
| Jun record high C = 33.2
| Jul record high C = 36.3
| Aug record high C = 34.5
| Sep record high C = 31.0
| Oct record high C = 25.3
| Nov record high C = 18.2
| Dec record high C = 15.5
| year record high C = 36.3
| Jan high C = 6.2
| Feb high C = 6.9
| Mar high C = 10.1
| Apr high C = 14.3
| May high C = 17.8
| Jun high C = 20.3
| Jul high C = 22.5
| Aug high C = 22.4
| Sep high C = 19.2
| Oct high C = 14.7
| Nov high C = 10.0
| Dec high C = 6.9
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 3.8
| Feb mean C = 4.1
| Mar mean C = 6.5
| Apr mean C = 9.8
| May mean C = 13.3
| Jun mean C = 16.0
| Jul mean C = 18.1
| Aug mean C = 18.0
| Sep mean C = 15.1
| Oct mean C = 11.3
| Nov mean C = 7.4
| Dec mean C = 4.6
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = 1.2
| Feb low C = 1.0
| Mar low C = 2.8
| Apr low C = 5.2
| May low C = 8.6
| Jun low C = 11.3
| Jul low C = 13.5
| Aug low C = 13.4
| Sep low C = 11.0
| Oct low C = 7.7
| Nov low C = 4.5
| Dec low C = 1.5
| year low C = 
| Jan record low C = -16.3
| Feb record low C = -19.7
| Mar record low C = -16.7
| Apr record low C = -4.7
| May record low C = -1.1
| Jun record low C = 2.3
| Jul record low C = 5.0
| Aug record low C = 5.0
| Sep record low C = 2.0
| Oct record low C = -3.4
| Nov record low C = -8.1
| Dec record low C = -14.8
| year record low C = -19.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 66.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 54.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 51.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 39.6
| May precipitation mm = 53.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 64.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 82.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 98.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 84.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 86.7
| Nov precipitation mm = 85.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 81.7
| year precipitation mm = 850.3
| unit precipitation days = 1&nbsp;mm
| Jan precipitation days = 12.2
| Feb precipitation days = 10.8
| Mar precipitation days = 9.7
| Apr precipitation days = 8.6
| May precipitation days = 8.9
| Jun precipitation days = 9.7
| Jul precipitation days = 10.9
| Aug precipitation days = 11.6
| Sep precipitation days = 10.9
| Oct precipitation days = 12.4
| Nov precipitation days = 13.4
| Dec precipitation days = 14.1
| year precipitation days = 133.2
| Jan snow cm = 4.8
| Feb snow cm = 5.3
| Mar snow cm = 2.8
| Apr snow cm = 0.2
| May snow cm = 0
| Jun snow cm = 0
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 0.1
| Nov snow cm = 0.8
| Dec snow cm = 3.9
| year snow cm = 17.9
| Jan humidity = 87.3
| Feb humidity = 84.9
| Mar humidity = 81.0
| Apr humidity = 75.6
| May humidity = 74.5
| Jun humidity = 76.3
| Jul humidity = 77.2
| Aug humidity = 78.3
| Sep humidity = 81.8
| Oct humidity = 84.9
| Nov humidity = 88.4
| Dec humidity = 88.5
| Jan sun = 69.0
| Feb sun = 94.3
| Mar sun = 146.0
| Apr sun = 197.7
| May sun = 230.7
| Jun sun = 217.2
| Jul sun = 225.4
| Aug sun = 203.5
| Sep sun = 154.2
| Oct sun = 116.9
| Nov sun = 66.8
| Dec sun = 58.2
| year sun = 1779.9
| Jan percentsun = 26.8
| Feb percentsun = 33.6
| Mar percentsun = 39.6
| Apr percentsun = 47.4
| May percentsun = 47.4
| Jun percentsun = 43.4
| Jul percentsun = 44.7
| Aug percentsun = 44.6
| Sep percentsun = 40.4
| Oct percentsun = 35.3
| Nov percentsun = 25.2
| Dec percentsun = 24.1
| year percentsun = 37.7
| Jan uv = 1
| Feb uv = 1
| Mar uv = 2
| Apr uv = 4
| May uv = 5
| Jun uv = 6
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 5
| Sep uv = 4
| Oct uv = 2
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 0
| source = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] (1991–2020 normals)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimaattabel Schiphol, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1991–2020 |url=https://www.knmi.nl/klimaat-viewer/grafieken-tabellen/klimaattabellen-per-station/schiphol/klimaattabel_schiphol_1991-2020 |access-date=30 March 2022 |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] |language=nl}}</ref> (1971–2000 extremes)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimaattabel Schiphol, langjarige extremen, tijdvak 1971–2000 |url=http://www.knmi.nl/klimatologie/normalen1971-2000/per_station/stn240/5-extremen/240_extremen.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.knmi.nl/klimatologie/normalen1971-2000/per_station/stn240/5-extremen/240_extremen.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2013 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute |language=nl}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and Weather Atlas (UV index)<ref name="Yu Media Group">{{Cite web |publisher=Yu Media Group |title=Amsterdam, Netherlands – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/netherlands/amsterdam-climate |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=Weather Atlas}}</ref>
| date = June 2014
}}